HOST LISTS AND KEYS FOR EACH PLANT GENUS
(in alphabetical order)
Tra-Uva
| Trachelanthus | Boraginaceae |
| Trachelanthus korolkowii | Brachycaudus bicolor |
| Trachelium | Campanulaceae |
| Trachelium caeruleum | Dysaphis henrystroyani |
| Trachelospermum | Apocynaceae |
| Trachelospermum asiaticum | Aphis gossypii; Eutrichosiphum parvulum |
| T. jasminoides | Aphis aurantii, gossypii; Eutrichosiphum parvulum; Myzus persicae |
Key to apterae on Trachelospermum:-
| – | SIPH cigar-shaped with numerous long bristle-like hairs, like those on dorsal body and appendages. Dorsum with a dark sclerotic shield | …..Eutrichosiphum parvulum |
| – | SIPH without hairs. Dorsum without a dark sclerotic shield | …..go to key to polyphagous aphids |
| Trachomitum see Apocynum | Apocynaceae |
| Trachycarpus | Arecaceae |
| Trachycarpus excelsus = Rhapis excelsa | |
| T. fortunei | Aphis gossypii; Rhopalosiphum padi; Sinomegoura citricola |
Use key to polyphagous aphids.
| Trachymene | Apiaceae |
| Trachymene sp. | Aphis fabae |
| Trachyspermum | Apiaceae |
| Trachyspermum ammi | Hyadaphis coriandri |
| Trachystemon | Boraginaceae |
| Trachystemon orientalis | Myzus ornatus |
| Tradescantia (including Setoreasea, Zebrina) | Commelinaceae |
| Tradescantia fluminensis | Aphis gossypii; Aulacorthum solani; Myzus persicae; Neomyzus circumflexus |
| T. pallida | Aulacorthum solani |
| T. pendula = T. zebrina | |
| T. purpurea = T. pallida | |
| T. virginiana | Myzus persicae |
| T. zebrina | Aphis gossypii |
| Tradescantia sp. | Myzus ornatus |
Use key to polyphagous aphids.
| Tragopogon | Asteraceae |
| Tragopogon altaicus | Brachycaudus tragopogonis |
| T. angustifolius | Brachycaudus tragopogonis |
| T. borysthenicus | Brachycaudus tragopogonis |
| T. brevirostris | Brachycaudus tragopogonis |
| T. collinus | Aphis fabae; Brachycaudus tragopogonis |
| T. coloratus | Brachycaudus tragopogonis; Uroleucon lebanonense |
| T. crocifolius (incl. nebrodensis) | Brachycaudus tragopogonis |
| T. dasyrhynchus | Brachycaudus tragopogonis |
| T. dubianskyi | Brachycaudus tragopogonis |
| T. dubius | Brachycaudus [prunicola], tragopogonis; Protaphis aralensis, terricola |
| T. glaber = Geropogon hybridus | |
| T. graminifolius | Acyrthosiphon gossypii; Aphis fabae; Brachycaudus helichrysi, [prunicola], tragopogonis |
| T. hybridus = Geropogon hybridus | |
| T. kasahstanicus | Aphis craccivora |
| T. longirostris = T. porrifolius ssp. longirostris | |
| T. major | Brachycaudus tragopogonis |
| T. major ssp. dubius = T. dubius | |
| T. marginifolius | Brachycaudus tragopogonis; Protaphis aralensis |
| T. nebrodensis = T. crocifolius ssp. nebrodensis | |
| T. orientalis | [Aphis jacobaeae]; Brachycaudus cardui, tragopogonis, tragopogonis ssp. setosus; Hyperomyzus lactucae; Uroleucon cirsicola, cirsii |
| T. paradoxus | Brachycaudus tragopogonis |
| T. phaenopappus = T. coloratus | |
| T. podolicus | Brachycaudus tragopogonis |
| T. porrifolius | Aphis gossypii, nasturtii; Brachycaudus [prunicola], tragopogonis; Hyperomyzus lactucae; Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Prociphilus erigerononsis; Smynthurodes betae; Trama caudata |
| T. porrifolius ssp. longirostris | Aphis spiraecola; Brachycaudus tragopogonis ssp. setosus |
| T. pratensis | Aphis craccivora, fabae; Brachycaudus [prunicola], tragopogonis; Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus persicae; Protaphis terricola; Trama troglodytes; Uroleucon jaceae, [ochropus], [riparium] |
| T. pseudomajor | Brachycaudus tragopogonis |
| T. songoricus | Aphis craccivora; Brachycaudus tragopogonis; [Uroleucon cichorii] |
| T. tauricus = T. dubius | |
| T. transcarpaticus = T. pratensis | |
| T. turkestanicus | Brachycaudus tragopogonis |
| T. ucrainicus | Brachycaudus tragopogonis |
| T. volgensis = T. podolicus | |
| Tragopogon spp. | [Anuraphis ferganica (nomen nudum)]; Aphis blackmani; Protaphis middletonii; Uroleucon erigeronense |
Key to apterae on Tragopogon:-
| 1 | HT II very elongate, more than 0.5 × hind tibia | …..2 |
| – | HT of normal length. SIPH (if present) tubular | …..3 |
| 2 | SIPH as small low cones. Eyes with 12 or more facets | …..Trama caudata |
| – | SIPH completely absent. Eyes of only 3 facets | …..Trama troglodytes |
| 3 | Dorsum with extensive dark sclerotisation, including broad dark cross-bands on thorax and ABD TERG 1-7, the more anterior ones divided in middle. Cauda helmet-shaped, less than 0.8 × its basal width in dorsal view | …..4 |
| – | Dorsal abdomen unsclerotised, or with a different pattern of sclerotisation. Cauda rounded, helmet-shaped, bluntly conical or finger-like, 0.9-2.5 × its basal width | …..5 |
| 4 | ABD TERG 3 with hairs 8-15 μm long | …..Brachycaudus tragopogonis |
| – | ABD TERG 3 with hairs 16-40 μm long | …..Brachycaudus tragopogonis ssp. setosus |
| 5 | SIPH mainly or entirely dark with a zone of reticulation comprising numerous small polygonal cells on distal 0.16-0.35 of length | …..6 |
| – | SIPH if present and dark then without polygonal reticulation | …..11 |
| 6 | Dorsal hairs not arising from dark scleroites | …..7 |
| – | Dorsal hairs arising from dark scleroites | …..8 |
| 7 | SIPH with pale basal section. ANT I and II and coxae pale | …..Uroleucon erigeronense |
| – | SIPH entirely dark, or sometimes a little paler in middle. ANT I and II and coxae dark | …..Uroleucon sonchi |
| 8 | First tarsal segments with 3 hairs. Cauda tapering from base to apex, with 12-18 hairs | …..Uroleucon lebanonense |
| – | First tarsal segments with 5 hairs. Cauda long and finger-like, with 20-45 hairs | …..9 |
| 9 | Cauda dark like SIPH | …..Uroleucon jaceae |
| – | Cauda much paler than SIPH | …..10 |
| 10 | Crescent-shaped antesiphuncular sclerites present. SIPH 0.25-0.34 × BL. Cauda with 20-33 hairs | …..Uroleucon cirsii |
| – | No antesiphuncular sclerites. SIPH 0.32-0.42 × BL. Cauda with 30-45 hairs | …..Uroleucon cirsicola |
| 11 | SIPH distinctly clavate, ANT III with 4-20 rhinaria, and ANT PT/BASE 4.6-8.0. Head smooth with well-developed, broadly divergent ANT tubercles | …..Hyperomyzus lactucae |
| – | Without that combination of characters | …..12 |
| 12 | ANT PT/BASE within range 0.6-1.3. SIPH 0.65-0.77 × cauda, which bears 16-18 hairs | …..Protaphis aralensis* (or P. terricola – see text)? |
| – | ANT PT/BASE less than 0.5 or more than 1.5. SIPH (if present) more than 0.8 × cauda, or with less hairs | …..13 |
| 13 | SIPH pale or only darker at apices, and 1.2-1.6 × cauda. R IV+V 1.5-1.8 × HT II | …..Aphis blackmani* |
| – | SIPH dark or if pale then more than 1.8 × cauda, and R IV+V less than 1.5 × HT II | …..go to key to polyphagous aphids |
| Tragus | Poaceae |
| Tragus sp. | Rhopalosiphum maidis |
| Trapa | Lythraceae |
| Trapa natans (incl. var. bispinosa) | Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae |
| Trautvetteria | Ranunculaceae |
| Trautvetteria caroliniensis | Amphorophora sp. (see aphidtrek.org) |
| Trema | Cannabaceae |
| Trema amboinensis = T. cannabina | |
| T. “aureantalia” = T. orientalis? | Aphis gossypii |
| T. cannabina | Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii |
| T. micrantha | Aphis spiraecola |
| T. orientalis (?) | Sumatraphis celti |
| – | SIPH tubular with a dsital ring of about 4 hairs, plus 1-2 hairs on the basal half. ABD TERG 7 withy 4 finger-like processes. ANT PT/BASE 0.25-0.30 | …..Sumatraphis celti |
| – | Without that combination of characters | …..go to key to polyphagous aphids |
| Trevoa | Rhamnaceae |
| Trevoa trinervia = Retanilla trinervia |
| Triadenum | Hypericaceae |
| Triadenum virginicum | Hyalomyzus pocosinus |
| Trianthema | Aizoceae |
| Trianthema portulacastrum | Aphis gossypii |
| Tribolium (including Plagiochloa) | Poaceae |
| Tribolium uniolae | Geoica lucifuga |
| Tribulus | Zygophyllaceae |
| Tribulus bimucronatus | [Hyadaphis foeniculi]; Aphis craccivora |
| T. cistoides | Aphis craccivora |
| T. cristatus | Aphis craccivora |
| T. maximus = Kallstroemia maxima | |
| T. pentandrus | Aphis gossypii |
| T. pterophorus | Aphis craccivora |
| T. terrestris | Aphis craccivora, fabae, gossypii; Myzus persicae |
| T. zeyheri | Aphis craccivora |
Use key to polyphagous aphids.
| Trichachne see Digitaria | Poaceae |
| Trichilia | Meliaceae |
| Trichilia lagoensis | Aphis sp. (Brazil: BMNH collection) |
| Trichocentrum | Orchidaceae |
| Trichocentrum cebolleta | Aphis spiraecola |
(or use key to aphids on orchids under Cymbidium)
| Trichodesma | Boraginaceae |
| Trichodesma indicum | [Aphis sp. (Pakistan)]; [Myzakkaia verbasci] |
| T. physaloides | Macrosiphum euphorbiae |
| T. zeylanicum | Aphis gossypii; Brachycaudus helichrysi; Macrosiphum euphorbiae |
Use key to polyphagous aphids.
| Tricholaena | Poaceae |
| Tricholaena repens = Melinis repens | |
| T. rosea = Melinis repens | |
| T. teneriffae | Colopha graminis |
| Tricholaena sp. | Sipha flava |
Use key to apterae on grasses under Digitaria.
| Tricholepis | Asteraceae |
| Tricholepis furcata | Capitophorus tricholepidis; Uroleucon kumaoni |
| T. stewartei | Uroleucon kumaoni |
Key to apterae on Tricholepis:-
| – | Body and appendages pale. Dorsal body hairs long and thick, arising from tuberculate bases, with knobbed apices. SIPH long, thin and pale, without polygonal reticulation. ANT III without rhinaria | …..Capitophorus tricholepidis |
| – | Body and appendages with dark pigmentation, incl. small scleroites at bases of dorsal hairs, which do not have distinctly knobbed apices. SIPH black, rather thick, with a distal zone of polygonal reticulation. ANT III with 39-49 rhinaria | …..Uroleucon kumaoni |
| Trichopilia | Orchidaceae |
| Trichopilia coccinea = T. marginata | |
| T. fragrans | Sitobion luteum |
| T. marginata | Sitobion luteum |
(Or use key to apterae on orchids under Cymbidium)
| Trichophorum | Cyperaceae |
| Trichophorum caespitosum | Hyalopterus pruni |
| Trichosanthes | Cucurbitaceae |
| Trichosanthes anguina | Aphis gossypii, [umbrella] |
| T. cucumerina | Aphis gossypii |
| T. cucumeroides | Aphis gossypii |
| T. dioica | Aphis gossypii, [umbrella] |
| Trichostigma | Phytolaccaceae |
| Trichostigma octandrum | Aphis gossypii |
| Tricomaria | Malpighiaceae |
| Tricomaria usillo | Aphis craccivora, mirabilis |
Key to aphids on Tricomaria:-
| – | Clypeus swollen (i.e., maximal width of the clypeus 0.75–1.15 times minimal ventral distance between antennal alveoli and maximal distance between the outer edges of the mandibular lamina 1.10–1.35 times minimal ventral distance between the antennal alveoli). Abdominal segments 1 to 5 or 6 diversely sclerotized, from discal plate (entire or fragmented), to widely or entirely membranous. Processus terminalis of antennal segment VI rarely longer than 1.9 and frequently shorter than 1.5 times the base of the segment. Longest seta on abdominal segment 8 goes to 48 µm | ….Aphis mirabilis |
| – | ANT PT/BASE 2.6-3.5. Clypeus not swollen (i.e. maximal width of the clypeus 0.65–0.85 times minimal ventral distance between antennal alveoli and maximal distance between the outer edges of the mandibular lamina 0.90–1.20 times minimal ventral distance between the antennal alveoli). Abdominal segments 1 to 5 or 6 usually with discal plate (it covers spinal, pleural and marginal areas), sometimes a bit fragmented, only exceptionally and in poor environmental conditions reduced. Processus terminalis of antennal segment VI usually longer than 2.0 times and rarely shorter than 1.6 the base of the segment. Longest seta on abdominal segment 8 usually shorter than 30 µm | ….Aphis craccivora |
| Tricuspis see Tridens | Poaceae |
| Tricuspis sesleroides = T. flavus |
| Tricyrtis | Asparagaceae |
| Tricyrtis formosana | Aulacorthum solani |
| T. hirta | Aulacorthum solani |
| Tridax | Asteraceae |
| Tridax procumbens | Aphis craccivora, gossypii, spiraecola; Brachycaudus helichrysi; Hyperomyzus carduellinus; [Hysteroneura setariae]; Myzus ornatus, persicae; [Rhodobium porosum]; Uroleucon ambrosiae |
Key to apterae on Tridax:-
| – | SIPH distinctly clavate, and almost smooth. ANT III with 11-29 rhinaria, and sec. rhinaria also often present on IV and V. Head smooth with well-developed divergent ANT tubercles | …..Hyperomyzus carduellinus |
| – | Without that combination of characters | …..go to key to polyphagous aphids |
| Tridens | Poaceae |
| Tridens flavus (= Tricuspis seslerioides) | Hyalopteroides humilis; Hysteroneura setariae |
Use key to apterae on grasses under Digitaria.
| Trientalis | Primulaceae |
| Trientalis europea ssp. latifolia | Aulacorthum solani; Myzus persicae |
| T. latifolia = T. europea ssp. latifolia |
Use key to polyphagous aphids.
| Trifolium | Fabaceae |
| Trifolium agrarium = T. aureum | |
| T. alexandrinum | Acyrthosiphon gossypii, pisum; Aphis craccivora, gossypii; Nearctaphis bakeri; Smynthurodes betae; Therioaphis trifolii |
| T. alpestre | Acyrthosiphon pisum; Aphis craccivora; Aulacorthum solani; Myzus ascalonicus, ornatus, persicae; Therioaphis luteola, subalba |
| T. ambiguum | Acyrthosiphon kondoi, pisum; Aphis craccivora; Therioaphis trifolii |
| T. angustifolium | Acyrthosiphon pisum; Aphis craccivora, fabae; Nearctaphis bakeri |
| T. arvense | Acyrthosiphon pisum; Aphis craccivora; Brachycaudus helichrysi; Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Therioaphis [ononidis], trifolii |
| T. aureum | Acyrthosiphon pisum; [Aphis loti]; Therioaphis trifolii |
| T. badium | Aphis craccivora |
| T. campestre | Acyrthosiphon pisum; Aphis coronillae, craccivora, gossypii; Myzus ornatus; Subacyrthosiphon cryptobium; Therioaphis [ononidis], trifolii |
| T. caucasicum | Aphis coronillae |
| T. cherleri | Acyrthosiphon pisum; Therioaphis trifolii |
| T. cryptopodium | Aphis craccivora |
| T. dichroanthum | Acyrthosiphon pisum |
| T. dubium | Acyrthosiphon pisum; Aphis ?coronillae (as scaliai); Myzus ornatus, persicae; Therioaphis trifolii |
| T. elatius see T. incarnatum | |
| T. filiforme auct. = T. dubium | |
| T. fragiferum | Aphis coronillae |
| T. hirtum | Acyrthosiphon pisum |
| T. hybridum | Acyrthosiphon [malvae], pisum; Aphis coronillae, craccivora, nasturtii; Aulacorthum solani; Brachycaudus helichrysi; Myzus ornatus; Nearctaphis bakeri, crataegifoliae; Prociphilus erigeronensis; Therioaphis trifolii |
| T. incarnatum (incl. elatius) | Acyrthosiphon pisum; Aphis craccivora, fabae; Aulacorthum solani; Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus ornatus; Nearctaphis bakeri; Therioaphis trifolii |
| T. lappaceum | Acyrthosiphon pisum |
| T. leucanthum | Aphis craccivora |
| T. lupinaster | Acyrthosiphon pisum; Aphis craccivora; Therioaphis trifolii |
| T. macrocephalum | Nearctaphis bakeri |
| T. medium | Acyrthosiphon pisum; Aphis coronillae; Myzus persicae; Subacyrthosiphon cryptobium; Therioaphis luteola, [ononidis], subalba, trifolii |
| T. microphyllum | Nearctaphis bakeri |
| T. montanum | Acyrthosiphon pisum; Aphis craccivora; Therioaphis subalba, trifolii |
| T. nigrescens | Acyrthosiphon pisum; Aphis craccivora; Myzus persicae; Therioaphis trifolii |
| T. ochroleucon | Acyrthosiphon pisum; Aphis craccivora |
| T. officinale | Acyrthosiphon pisum; Therioaphis riehmi |
| T. pannonicum | Acyrthosiphon pisum |
| T. pratense | Acyrthosiphon kondoi, pisum; Aphis coronillae, craccivora, fabae, gossypii, nasturtii, spiraecola; Aulacorthum solani; Brachycaudus helichrysi; [Geoica utricularia]; Macrosiphum euphorbiae, [gei]; Megoura viciae; Myzus ornatus, persicae; Nearctaphis bakeri, [sensoriata]; Pemphigus ?populi (Zwölfer 1958), Pemphigus sp. (as lactucae); [Sitobion akebiae]; Therioaphis brachytricha, luteola, subalba, trifolii |
| T. procumbens = T. campestre | |
| T. prutetianum | Aphis craccivora; Myzus persicae |
| T. repens (incl. var. latum) | Acyrthosiphon kondoi, pisum; Aphis coronillae, [coronillae ssp. arenaria], craccivora, fabae, [glycines], gossypii; Aulacorthum solani; Brachycaudus helichrysi; [Geoica lucifuga; Myzus ornatus, persicae; Nearctaphis bakeri; Neomyzus circumflexus; [Sipha glyceriae]; Subacyrthosiphon cryptobium; Therioaphis trifolii |
| T. resupinatum | Acyrthosiphon pisum; Aphis craccivora, gossypii; Aulacorthum solani; Myzus ornatus; Nearctaphis bakeri; Therioaphis trifolii |
| T. rubens | Acyrthosiphon pisum |
| T. scabrum | Acyrthosiphon pisum; Aphis craccivora; Brachycaudus helichrysi |
| T. striatum | Smynthurodes betae |
| T. subterraneum | Acyrthosiphon pisum; Aphis craccivora; Aulacorthum solani; [Geoica lucifuga]; [Schizaphis hypersiphonata] |
| T. tomentosum | Aphis craccivora |
| Trifolium spp. | Abstrusomyzus phloxae; [Brachycaudus cardui]; Nearctaphis californica, zabapsis; [Semiaphis heraclei] |
Key to apterae on Trifolium (couplets 1-2 only can also be applied to alatae) :-
| 1 | Fore coxae greatly enlarged. SIPH in form of small truncate cones. Cauda knobbed, anal plate bilobed | .….2 |
| – | Fore coxae normal. Form of SIPH (if present) various. Cauda tongue- or finger-shaped, anal plate entire | …..6 |
| 2 | (All viviparae are usually alate.) ABD TERG 1-7 each with 4 hairs 16-26 μm long | …..Therioaphis riehmi |
| – | (Apterae commonly present.)ABD TERG 1-7 each usually with more than 4 hairs, the longest of which are either less than 16 μm or more than 26 μm long | …..3 |
| 3 | All hairs on ABD TERG 1-7 very short, 7-10 μm long, much shorter than ANT BD III, arising from rugose sclerotic patches (Fig.40c) | …..Therioaphis brachytricha |
| – | Longest hairs on ABD TERG 1-7 more than 30 μm long and arising from conical processes | …..4 |
| 4 | ABD TERG 1-5 each with only 4 long hairs (2 spinal, 2 marginal) arising from large conical processes, although often with additional much smaller hairs in pleural region (Fig.53a) | …..Therioaphis subalba |
| – | ABD TERG 1-5 mostly with at least 6 long hairs of similar length all arising from large conical processes | …..5 |
| 5 | ABD TERG 1-5 each rather regularly with 6 long hairs, arising from conical processes on evenly pigmented dusky sclerites without dark borders (Fig.53b) | …..Therioaphis luteola |
| – | ABD TERG 1-5 each with more than 6 hairs, arising from conical processes on sclerites that have dark borders (Fig.40f) | …..Therioaphis trifolii (s. lat.) |
| 6 | Head spiculose or nodulose, but with ANT tubercles undeveloped. SIPH with close-set, strongly spiculose imbrication | …..7 |
| – | Head smooth or, if spiculose or nodulose then with ANT tubercles well developed. SIPH (if present) with normal imbrication | …..11 |
| 7 | Hind tibiae with numerous circular scent glands | …..Nearctaphis sensoriata |
| – | Hind tibiae without scent glands | …..8 |
| 8 | Dorsal abdomen with extensive sclerotisation, variably developed but at least with complete broad dark cross-bands covering most of ABD TERG 5-8 | …..9 |
| – | Dorsal abdomen with at most with dark bars on ABD TERG 5-8, more anterior segments having small dark or pale brown sclerites at bases of hairs | …..10 |
| 9 | Dorsal surface of head evenly and densely nodulose. ANT PT/BASE 2.1-2.7 | …..Nearctaphis californica |
| – | Dorsal surface of head with dispersed spicules. ANT PT/BASE 1.3-1.7 | …..Nearctaphis zabapsis* |
| 10 | R IV+V 0.14-0.18 mm long, and usually with 4 accessory hairs. Dorsal hairs mostly not arising from dark scleroites. SIPH dusky or dark | …..Nearctaphis crataegifoliae |
| – | R IV+V 0.10-0.13 mm long, with 2 (-3) accessory hairs. Dorsal hairs all or mostly arising from dark scleroites. SIPH pale | …..Nearctaphis bakeri |
| 11 | ANT tubercles very well developed and head not densely spiculose/nodulose | …..12 |
| – | Either ANT tubercles are not developed or only weakly developed, or head is densely spiculose/nodulose | …..17 |
| 12 | Head black. SIPH black and swollen in middle, similar in length to cauda, which is also black | …..Megoura viciae |
| – | Head pale or dusky. SIPH pale or dark towards apices, not swollen in middle and much longer than the cauda, which is also pale | …..13 |
| 13 | ANT tubercles scabrous or nodulose ventrally (Fig.53c). Small dark ante- and post-siphuncular sclerites present, and dusky sclerotic cross-bands on ABD TERG 7 and 8 | …..Subacyrthosiphon cryptobium |
| – | ANT tubercles not scabrous or nodulose. No dark dorsal sclerotisation | …..14 |
| 14 | SIPH with a subapical zone of reticulation, comprising 4-5 rows of large polygonal cells. Longest hairs on ANT III 0.6-1.0 × BD III | …..Macrosiphum euphorbiae |
| – | SIPH without polygonal reticulation. Hairs on ANT III all shorter than BD III | …..15 |
| 15 | SIPH tapering from base to apex, not attenuate distally; diameter at midlength greater than middle diameter of hind tibia. ANT I with 6-10 hairs. ANT BASE VI 1.0-1.5 × longer than R IV+V | …..Acyrthosiphon kondoi |
| – | SIPH attenuate distally, with diameter at midlength similar to or less than middle diameter of hind tibia. ANT I with 9-23 (usually 12 or more) hairs. ANT BASE VI 1.8-3.0 × longer than R IV+V | ..…16 |
| 16 | SIPH 2.2-3.3 × cauda and 0.33-0.45 × BL | …..Acyrthosiphon gossypii |
| – | SIPH 1.2-1.9 × cauda and 0.22-0.37 × BL | …..Acyrthosiphon pisum |
| 17 | Dorsal abdomen with extensive dark sclerotisation, divided into polygons | …..18 |
| – | Dorsal abdomen not extensively sclerotised | …..go to key to polyphagous aphids |
| 18 | ABD TERG 2-4 (-6) rather regularly bearing dome-shaped marginal tubercles (MTu), totalling 4-10 on these tergites | …..Aphis coronillae |
| – | ABD TERG 2-6 usually without MTu, rarely with 1-3 small ones | …..Aphis craccivora |
| Triglochin | Juncaginaceae |
| Triglochin maritima | Aphis triglochinis; Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae, padi;Schizaphis palustris; Sitobion avenae |
| T. palustre | Rhopalosiphum padi; Schizaphis palustris |
Key to apterae on Triglochin:-
| 1 | SIPH dark with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation, 1.1-1.4 × the much paler cauda | …..Sitobion avenae |
| – | SIPH without polygonal reticulation, and SIPH and cauda with similar pigmentation | …..2 |
| 2 | ANT PT/BASE 1.1-1.8 | …..Aphis triglochinis |
| – | ANT PT/BASE 2.6-5.2 | …..3 |
| 3 | Dorsal cuticle dusky/dark, sclerotic and very rough, with close-set irregular angular denticulation. Marginal abdominal tubercles (MTu) absent. SIPH short, tapering without a subapical constriction, 0.08-0.11 × BL. ANT PT/BASE 2.6-3.1 | …..Schizaphis palustris |
| – | Dorsal cuticle pale, ornamented with a pattern of spinules arranged in polygons. Small MTu present on ABD TERG 1 and 7. SIPH 0.11-0.21 × BL, clavate or cylindrical on distal half, with a smooth constricted region close to flange. ANT PT/BASE 3.1-5.8 | …..4 |
| 4 | SIPH clavate, more than 2 × cauda. ANT PT/BASE 3.1-4.0 | …..Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae |
| – | SIPH not clavate; not more than 2 × cauda. ANT PT/BASE 3.6-5.2 | …..Rhopalosiphum padi |
| Trigonella | Fabaceae |
| Trigonella anguina | Therioaphis riehmi |
| T. arabica | Aphis craccivora |
| T. arcuata = Medicago medicaginoides | |
| T. caerulea | Therioaphis riehmi |
| T. corniculata | Acyrthosiphon pisum |
| T. foenum-graecum | Acyrthosiphon gossypii, pisum; Aphis craccivora, fabae, gossypii; Myzus persicae; Smynthurodes betae; Therioaphis riehmi, trifolii |
| T. geminiflora | Aphis craccivora |
| T. laciniata | Acyrthosiphon pisum; Aphis craccivora |
| T. orthoceras = Medicago orthoceras | |
| T. polycerata = Medicago polyceratia | |
| T. procumbens | Aphis craccivora |
| T. radiata = Medicago radiata | |
| T. stellata | Acyrthosiphon gossypii, pisum; Aphis craccivora |
Use key to apterae on Melilotus.
| Trinia | Apiaceae |
| Trinia glauca | Aphis spiraephaga |
| T. muricata | Hyadaphis coriandri |
| Triplaris | Polygonaceae |
| Triplaris americana | Macrosiphum euphorbiae |
| T. brasiliana = T. americana | |
| T. cumingiana | Aphis gossypii |
Use key to polyphagous aphids.
| Triplochlamys see Pavonia | Malvaceae |
| Triplochlamys multiflora = Pavonia multiflora |
| Tripleurospermum | Asteraceae |
| Tripleurospermum ambiguum | [Acyrthosiphon ilka]; Aphis craccivora; Macrosiphoniella tapuskae |
| T. disciforme | Aphis fabae |
| T. inodorum (incl. perforatum) | [Acyrthosiphon ilka, pisum]; Aphis craccivora, fabae, gossypii, nasturtii, solanella, vandergooti; Aulacorthum solani; Brachycaudus cardui, [cerasicola], helichrysi, lateralis; Coloradoa inodorella; Macrosiphoniella abrotani, millefolii, oblonga, [pulvera], tanacetaria, tapuskae; Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Metopeurum [fuscoviride], matricariae; Myzus persicae; Pemphigus bursarius, fuscicornis; Protaphis dudichi; Trama troglodytes; [Uroleucon sonchi] |
| T. maritimum (incl. var. phaenocephalum) | Aphis fabae, lindae; Aulacorthum solani; Brachycaudus cardui, helichrysi |
| T. perforatum = T. inodorum | |
| T. tenuifolium | Aphis fabae |
Use key to apterae on both Matricaria and Tripleurospermum under Matricaria.
| Tripodion | Fabaceae |
| Tripodion tetraphyllum | Aphis craccivora |
| Tripogon | Poaceae |
| Tripogon jacquemontii | Hysteroneura setariae |
(or use key to apterae of grass-feeding aphids under Digitaria)
| Tripolium | Asteraceae |
| Tripolium pannonicum ssp. tripolium | Aphis fabae, [triglochinis], tripolii; Brachycaudus helichrysi; Macrosiphoniella asteris; Myzus persicae; Pemphigus trehernei; [Staticobium loochooense] |
Use key to apterae on Aster.
| Tripsacum | Poaceae |
| Tripsacum latifolium | Hysteroneura setariae |
| T. laxum | Rhopalosiphum maidis |
Use key to apterae of grass-feeding aphids under Digitaria.
| Tripteris | Asteraceae |
| Tripteris vaillantii | Myzus persicae |
| Trisetaria | Poaceae |
| Trisetaria koelerioides | Sipha maydis; Sitobion avenae, fragariae |
| T. linearis | Rhopalosiphum padi; Sipha maydis; Schizaphis graminum; Sitobion fragariae |
Use key to apterae of grass-feeding aphids under Digitaria.
| Trisetum | Poaceae |
| Trisetum flavescens | Chaetosiphella stipae; Forda formicaria; Metopolophium dirhodum; Rhopalosiphum padi; Sipha maydis; Sitobion avenae, fragariae; Tetraneura ulmi |
| T. koelerioides = Trisetaria koelerioides | |
| T. lineare = Trisetaria linearis | |
| T. sibiricum | Rhopalosiphum padi; Sitobion avenae |
| T. spicatum | Rhopalosiphum padi; Sitobion fragariae |
| T. subspicatum = T. spicatum | |
| Trisetum sp. | Sipha elegans |
Use key to apterae of grass-feeding aphids under Digitaria.
| Tristania | Myrtaceae |
| Tristania conferta | Aphis aurantii, gossypii; Myzus ornatus |
Use key to polyphagous aphids.
| Tristemma | Melastomataceae |
| Tristemma mauritianum | Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii |
| Tristerix | Loranthaceae |
| Tristerix sp. | Aphis spiraecola, Aphis sp. (conflicta by Nieto Nafría et al. 2008); Myzus persicae |
Key to apterae on Tristerix:-
| – | ABD TERG 1 and 7 without MTu. ANT tubercles well-developed, with convergent inner faces, scabrous. SIPH mostly pale | ….Myzus persicae |
| – | ABD TERG 1 and 7 with MTu. Frons sinuous and smooth. SIPH black | ….Aphis spiraecola |
| Triteleia | Asparagaceae |
| Triteleia hyacinthina | Aulacorthum solani |
| Triticum | Poaceae |
| Triticum aestivum | Anoecia corni, fulviabdominalis, furcata, [radiciphaga], similiradiciphaga, vagans; Aphis craccivora; Baizongia pistaceae; Carolinaia rhois; Cavariella aquatica; Diuraphis frequens, noxia, tritici; Forda [auralenta], formicaria, hirsuta, marginata, [multicoma], orientalis, pawlowae, riccobonii; Geoica lucifuga, setulosa, utricularia; Hysteroneura setariae; Israelaphis lambersi; Laingia psammae; Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Metopolophium dirhodum, festucae ssp. cerealium, longicaudatum; Myzus obtusirostris, persicae; Neomyzus circumflexus; Paracletus bykovi, cimiciformis; Protaphis middletonii; Pemphigus [betae], vulgaris; [Rectinasus buxtoni]; Rhopalosiphoninus latysiphon; Rhopalosiphum maidis, oxyacanthae, padi, padiformis, rufiabdominale; Schizaphis graminum; Sipha [arenarii], elegans, flava, maydis, uvarovi; Sitobion africanum, akebiae, avenae, fragariae, graminis, miscanthi, yakini; Smynthurodes betae; Tetraneura africana, akinire caerulescens, chui, radicicola, ulmi |
| T. asiaticum = T. aestivum | |
| T. boeoticum | Sipha elegans |
| T. caninum = Elymus caninus | |
| T. compactum | Metopolophium dirhodum |
| T. dicoccoides | Melanaphis pyraria; Sitobion fragariae |
| T. dicoccum | Aploneura lentisci; Metopolophium dirhodum; Rhopalosiphum padi; Sipha maydis; Sitobion avenae |
| T. durum | Anoecia vagans; Aphis fabae; Aploneura lentisci; Diuraphis noxia; Geoica harpazi, lucifuga, utricularia; Hysteroneura setariae; Metopolophium dirhodum; Myzus persicae; Rhopalosiphum maidis, padi, rufiabdominale; Schizaphis graminum; Sipha elegans, maydis; Sitobion akebiae, avenae, fragariae; Smynthurodes betae; Tetraneura africana, ulmi |
| T. monococcum | Diuraphis noxia; Metopolophium durhodum; Sipha elegans |
| T. polonicum | Metopolophium durhodum; Rhopalosiphum maidis, padi; Sitobion fragariae |
| T. repens = Elymus repens | |
| T. sativum = T. aestivum | |
| T. spelta | Metopolophium dirhodum; Sipha maydis |
| T. trichophorum = Elymus hispidus | |
| T. turanicum | Anoecia corni; Aphis craccivora; Aploneura lentisci; Diuraphis noxia; Forda formicaria, orientalis; Geoica utricularia; Metopolophium dirhodum; Rhopalosiphum maidis, padi; Schizaphis graminum; Sipha elegans, maydis; Sitobion avenae; Smynthurodes betae; Tetraneura ulmi |
| T. turgidum | Metopolophium dirhodum |
| T. vulgare = T. aestivum | |
| Triticum sp. | Paracletus donisthorpei; Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae; Sipha glyceriae |
Use key to apterae of grass-feeding aphids under Digitaria.
| Tritonia (including Montbretia) | Iridaceae |
| Tritonia crocata | Neomyzus circumflexus |
| T. fenestrata = T. crocata | |
| Tritonia sp. | Macrosiphum euphorbiae; [Sitobion fragariae] |
Use key to apterae on Iris.
| Triumfetta | Tiliaceae |
| Triumfetta bogotensis | Brachycaudus helichrysi; Myzus persicae; Neomyzus circumflexus |
| T. pentandra | Aphis gossypii |
| T. pilosa = T. bogotensis | |
| T. rhomboidea | Aphis gossypii, spiraecola; Aulacorthum solani; Myzus ornatus; Sitobion triumfettae; Uroleucon compositae |
Key to apterae on Triumfetta:-
| – | SIPH dark with polygonal reticulation on subapical 0.10-0.17 of length. Cauda pale. Dorsal abdomen pale or with faint sclerotic cross-bands. Longest hairs on ANT III 0.3-0.4 × BD III | …..Sitobion triumfettae |
| – | Without the above combination of characters | …..go to key to polyphagous aphids |
| Trochodendron | Trochodendraceae |
| Trochodendron aralioides | Elatobium trochodendri |
| Trollius | Ranunculaceae |
| Trollius altaicus | Aphis nasturtii |
| T. chinensis | Aphis fabae |
| T. europaeus | Aulacorthum solani; [Brachycaudus cardui]; Macrosiphum [cholodkovskii], trollii |
| T. pumilus | Aulacorthum solani |
| Trollius sp. (and cult.) | Myzus persicae |
Key to apterae on Trollius:-
| – | SIPH with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation. ANT III with 20-36 small rhinaria in an irregular row over 0.4-0.75 of length | …..Macrosiphum trollii |
| – | Without that combination of characters | …..go to key to polyphagous aphids |
| Trommsdorffia | Asteraceae |
| Trommsdorffia uniflora = Hypochaeris uniflora |
| Tropaeolum | Tropaeolaceae |
| Tropaeolum incisum | Aphis tropaeoli |
| T. majus | Aphis craccivora, fabae, fabae mordvilkoi, gossypii, nasturtii; Aulacorthum solani; Brevicoryne brassicae; Lipaphis erysimi; Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus ornatus, persicae; Neomyzus circumflexus |
| T. minus | Aphis fabae |
| T. peregrinum | Aphis fabae |
| T. tricolor | Myzus persicae |
| Tropaeolum sp. | Aphis tropaeoli |
Key to apterae on Tropaeolum:-
| 1 | SIPH slightly swollen, but not clavate (without narrow section on basal half). ANT tubercles absent, or if developed then not projecting forward beyond middle part of head, so that front of head is convex, straight or sinuate in dorsal view. ABD TERG 1 and 7 without marginal tubercles (MTu) | …..2 | |
| – | Without this combination of characters; i.e. if SIPH are present then they are tapering, cylindrical or clavate (with narrow section on basal half), and either ANT tubercles are very well-developed or ABD TERG 1 and 7 have MTu | .…3 | |
| 2 | ANT III 2.5-3.7 × SIPH, which are 0.8-1.0 × the broad-based triangular cauda. Dorsal abdomen usually with paired dark markings on most tergites | …..Brevicoryne brassicae | |
| – | ANT III 1.2-1.7 × SIPH, which are 1.2-1.6 × the tongue-shaped cauda. Dorsal abdomen usually with cross-bands on ABD TERG 7 and 8, but without markings anterior to SIPH | …..Lipaphis erysimi | |
| 3 | SIPH and cauda both equally dark. Cauda with 5-24 hairs. Longest hairs on ANT III are at least 0.6 × BD III | …..4 | |
| – | Without that combination of characters | …..go to key to polyphagous aphids | |
| 4 | ABD TERG 1-7 with variably-developed dark cross-bands, partially fused between segments. Longest hairs on ANT III 0.6-1.3 × BD III. R IV+V 0.8-0.9 × HT II. Cauda elongate triangular, tapering almost to a point, with 5-12 hairs | …..Aphis tropaeoli | |
| – | ABD TERG 1-5 without broad dark cross-bands, at most with only scattered dark irregular sclerites. Longest hairs on ANT III 0.8-2.4 × BD III. R IV+V 0.9-1.4 × HT II. Cauda tongue-shaped, rather rounded at apex, and bearing 11-24 hairs | …..5 | |
| 5 | Length of rostrum (from base of protractor apodeme) 0.69-0.79 mm. R IV+V (0.9-)1.0-1.4 × HT II | …..Aphis fabae mordvilkoi | |
| – | Length of rostrum 0.44-0.62 mm. R IV+V 0.85-1.05 × HT II | …..Aphis fabae |
| Tsuga Hemlocks | Pinaceae |
| Tsuga brunoniana = T. dumosa | |
| T. canadensis | Adelges tsugae; Prociphilus pini |
| T. caroliniana | Adelges tsugae |
| T. chinensis (incl. ssp. formosana) | Adelges tsugae; Cinara taiwana |
| T. diversifolia | Adelges tsugae; [Cinara ozawai] |
| T. dumosa | Adelges lepsimon, tsugae; Prociphilus taxus |
| T. formosana = T. chinensis | |
| T. forrestii | Adelges tsugae |
| T. heterophylla | Adelges tsugae; [Aphis fabae]; Cinara [piceae], pilicornis, tsugae; Illinoia patriciae |
| T. mertensiana | Cinara tsugae, [wahsugae]; [Macrosiphum opportunisticum] |
| T. sieboldii | Adelges tsugae; Mindarus ?abietinus; Tsugaphis sorini |
Key to aphids on Tsuga (apterous parthenogenetic morph except where otherwise stated):-
| 1 | Body pear-shaped, broadest anteriorly, with conspicuous wax pores on all segments. Chitinous ovipositor present. Antennae very short, 3-segmented | …..Adelges tsugae |
| – | Body not broadest anteriorly, with or without wax glands. No chitinous ovipositor. Antennae with 4 to 6 segments | …..2 |
| 2 | Body aleyrodiform; flattened, elliptical, divided about equally into cephalothorax and abdomen, with legs and 4-segmented antennae concealed beneath. Cauda knobbed, anal plate bilobed | …..Tsugaphis sorini |
| – | Body of normal aphid form, with exposed legs and 5- or 6-segmented antennae. Cauda variable, anal plate entire | …..3 |
| 3 | SIPH absent, or present as minute pores only. Wax glands present | …..4 |
| – | SIPH present as tubes or large pores on broad hairy cones. Wax glands absent | …..6 |
| 4 | R IV+V 0.5× HT II or less. Cauda bluntly triangular. Alata with dark transverse bars on abdomen, usually with a once-branched media and secondary rhinaria on ANT III only (sometimes 1-2 distally on IV) | …..Mindarus abietinus |
| – | R IV+V equal to or longer than HT II. Cauda not bluntly triangular. Alata (sexupara) without dorsal abdominal markings, an unbranched media and secondary rhinaria on ANT III-V or II-VI | …..5 |
| 5 | R IV+V more than 0.16 mm. Alate sexupara with BL 2.4-3.0 mm, and ABD TERG 8 extended as an anocaudal process | …..Prociphilus taxus |
| – | R IV+V less than 0.14 mm. Alate sexupara with BL 1.1-1.9 mm and without an anocaudal process | …..Prociphilus pini |
| 6 | SIPH long, tubular, slightly swollen on distal half with a subapical, constricted zone of polygonal reticulation. Cauda long, finger-like, about 0.5× SIPH. Hairs on body and appendages very short and blunt | …..Illinoia patriciae |
| – | SIPH as large pores on broad hairy cones. Cauda rounded. Hairs on body and appendages mainly long and pointed | …..7 |
| 7 | Hind tibiae pale except distally. SIPH cones pale | …..Cinara pilicornis |
| – | Hind tibiae mainly dark. SIPH cones strongly pigmented | …..8 |
| 8 | Hairs on antennae, legs and ABD TERG 2-7 long and fine | …..Cinara taiwana* |
| – | Hairs on antennae, legs and ABD TERG 2-7 short and blunt | …..Cinara tsugae |
| Tulipa | Liliaceae |
| Tulipa bakeri = T. saxatilis | |
| T. gesneriana | Acyrthosiphon malvae group; Aphis fabae, gossypii; Aulacorthum solani; Dysaphis tulipae; Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus ascalonicus, persicae; Neomyzus circumflexus; Rhopalosiphoninus staphyleae; Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominale; Sitobion akebiae |
| T. kaufmanniana | Dysaphis tulipae |
| T. prismatica (?) | Macrosiphum euphorbiae |
| T. saxatilis | Myzus ornatus |
| T. sylvestris | Dysaphis tulipae; Myzus ascalonicus |
| Tulipa spp. | Aphis craccivora, spiraecola; Myzus cymbalariae; Rhopalosiphoninus latysiphon, staphyleae ssp. tulipaellus |
Key to apterae on Tulipa:-
| 1 | Cauda helmet-shaped, not longer than its basal width in dorsal view. Head and ABD TERG 7 and 8 with paired spinal tubercles | …..Dysaphis tulipae |
| – | Without that combination of characters | …..2 |
| 2 | SIPH dark, tapering, 1.4-1.9 × the much paler cauda, and with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation. Longest hairs on ANT III less than 0.6 × BD III | …..Sitobion akebiae |
| – | Without that combination of characters | …..go to key to polyphagous aphids |
| Tupidanthus see Schefflera | Araliaceae |
| Turbina | Convolvulaceae |
| Turbina oblongata | Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus persicae |
Use key to polyphagous aphids.
| Turgenia | Apiaceae |
| Turgenia latifolia | Aphis fabae, gossypii; Brachycaudus crassitibiae; Hyadaphis coriandri |
See key under Caucalis.
| Turibana | Celastraceae |
| Turibana planipes = Euonymus sachalinensis |
| Turnera | Passifloraceae |
| Turnera angustifolia = T. ulmifolia | |
| T. subulata | Aphis gossypii |
| T. ulmifolia | Aphis gossypii; Macrosiphum euphorbiae |
| Turnera sp. | Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii; [Subovatomyzus leucosceptri] |
Use key to polyphagous aphids.
| Turpinia | Staphyleaceae |
| Turpinia pomifera | Indomegoura indica |
| Turritis | Brassicaceae |
| Turritis glabra | Brevicoryne brassicae; Lipaphis turritella; Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Pemphigus populitransversus |
Use key to apterae under Arabis.
| Tussilago | Asteraceae |
| Tussilago farfara | Anuraphis farfarae; Aphis fabae, [vandergooti]; Aulacorthum palustre, solani; Brachycaudus cardui, helichrysi; Capitophorus elaeagni, similis, takahashii; Chomaphis mira; [Dysaphis pyri]; Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus ascalonicus, ornatus, persicae; Pemphigus bursarius; Protrama radicis; Rhopalosiphoninus latysiphon; Trama troglodytes; Uroleucon tussilaginis |
| T. petasites = Petasites hybridus | |
| Tussilago spp. | [Aphis alienus]; Aulacorthum cirsicola |
Key to apterae on Tussilago:-
| 1 | SIPH absent. Eyes 3-faceted. ANT PT/BASE less than 0.5 | …..2 | |
| – | SIPH present, tubular. Eyes multifaceted. ANT PT.BASE more than 1 | …..3 | |
| 2 | HT II greatly elongated, more than 0.5 × hind tibia. Body and appendages densely clothed in fine hairs. No discrete wax glands | …..Trama troglodytes | |
| – | HT II of normal length. Body and appendages are sparsely hairy. Posterior abdomen has wax glands | …..Pemphigus bursarius | |
| 3 | Dorsal hairs long and thick with knobbed apices | …..4 | |
| – | Dorsal hairs not thick, if long then with fine apices | …..6 | |
| 4 | ANT III without capitate hairs; all ANT hairs short and inconspicuous c. 0.2 × BD III. ABD TERG 1-4 each with single pairs of spinal and pleural hairs | …..Capitophorus elaeagni | |
| – | ANT III with at least one capitate hair more than 0.6 × BD III. ABD TERG 1-4 with at least the spinal hairs duplicated | …..5 | |
| 5 | ANT III with 1-5 thick capitate hairs, 0.6-0.8 × BD III (Fig.54a) | …..Capitophorus similis | |
| – | ANT III with c. 6 thick capitate hairs, longer than BD III | …..Capitophorus takahashii* | |
| 6 | Cauda semicircular or helmet-shaped, shorter than its basal width in dorsal view | …..7 | |
| – | Cauda tongue- or finger-like, longer than its basal width in dorsal view | …..10 | |
| 7 | Prothorax with a pair of very large marginal tubercles (MTu), up to 2.5 × diameter of compound eye (Fig.54b), and ABD TERG 1-5 also with very large MTu. SIPH long and flangeless, more than 7 × cauda, and bearing some small pointed hairs (Fig.54c) | …..Chomaphis mira | |
| – | Prothorax if with MTu then these are smaller than compound eyes. ABD TERG 1-5 with or without MTu. SIPH less than 4 × cauda, and without hairs | …..8 | |
| 8 | Paired spinal tubercles (STu) present on all segments, and marginal tubercles (MTu) on prothorax and ABD TERG 1-5. SIPH with close-set rows of fine spinules (Fig.54d) | …..Anuraphis farfarae | |
| – | STu and MTu absent, or rarely present on 1 or 2 segments. SIPH smooth or with normal imbrication | …..9 | |
| 9 | Dorsal abdomen with an extensive solid black shield. ANT III 0.31-0.47 mm, 2.4-3.4 × HT II. R IV+V 0.17-0.24 mm. SIPH dark, imbricated, 1.7-3.4 × cauda | …..Brachycaudus cardui | |
| – | Dorsal abdomen without a black shield. ANT III 0.07-0.25 mm, 0.9-2.2 × HT II. R IV+V 0.10-0.15 mm. SIPH pale, smooth, 0.8-2.0 × cauda | ……Brachycaudus helichrysi | |
| 10 | SIPH with polygonal reticulation on distal 0.1-0.2 of length. Head smooth with well-developed ANT tubercles, their inner faces smooth and divergent | …..11 | |
| – | SIPH without distal polygonal reticulation, or with only 1-3 rows of polygonal cells (unless they are massively inflated). If ANT tubercles are well developed then head is at least ventrally spiculose | …..12 | |
| 11 | SIPH dark at base and apex, with middle part paler. Head, prothorax and ANT I-II black. ANT III with 6-18 rhinaria. Cauda with 12-25 hairs. R IV+V 1.3-1.5 × HT II | …..Uroleucon tussilaginis | |
| – | SIPH mostly pale, only dusky towards apex. Head, prothorax and ANT I-II pale. ANT III with 1-10 rhinaria. Cauda with 8-12 hairs. R IV+V 0.8-1.0 × HT II | …..Macrosiphum euphorbiae | |
| 12 | ANT 1.6-1.7 × BL, which is 2.7-4.1 mm. Hind tibiae very long, 0.9-1.5 × BL. ANT III with 3-12 rhinaria. Ventral side of head is densely spiculose/nodulose, but dorsal surface is almost smooth | …..Aulacorthum cirsicola | |
| – | ANT 0.6-1.5 × BL, which is 1.0-3.0 mm. Hind tibia 0.4-0.8 × BL. ANT III without rhinaria, or with 1-3 small rhinaria. Head either without spicules, or with some spicules ventrally, or densely spiculose/nodulose on both dorsal and ventral surfaces | …..13 | |
| 13 | ANT III with 1-3 small rhinaria near base. Head with ANT tubercles well-developed , their inner faces steep-sided, almost parallel, and slightly to moderately scabrous. SIPH tapering/cylindrical with a well-developed flange | …..14 | |
| – | ANT III without rhinaria, and other characters not in that combination | …..go to key to polyphagous aphids | |
| 14 | Head with spicules on ventral side only | …..Aulacorthum palustre | |
| – | Head spiculose on both upper and lower surfaces | …..Aulacorthum solani |
| Tweedia | Apocynaceae |
| Tweedia birostrata | Aphis nerii |
| Tylophora | Asclepiadaceae |
| Tylophora asthmatica | Aphis nerii |
| Typha | Typhaceae |
| Typha angustata = T. domingensis | |
| T. angustifolia | Aphis kobachidzei, typhae; Ceruraphis eriophori; Hyalopterus amygdali, pruni; Metopolophium dirhodum; Myzus persicae; Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae, padi, [rufulum]; Schizaphis [eastopi], rosazevedoi, scirpi; Sitobion avenae |
| T. australis | Hyalopterus pruni; Rhopalosiphum padi; Schizaphis scirpi |
| T. capensis | Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae; Schizaphis eastopi |
| T. domingensis | Ceruraphis eriophori; Hyalopterus amygdali; Hysteroneura setariae; Myzus persicae; Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae, padi; Schizaphis [eastopi], rosazevedoi, scirpi |
| T. elephantina | Schizaphis rosazevedoi (as eastopi) |
| T. latifolia | Aphis gossypii, typhae; Ceruraphis eriophori; Hyalopterus pruni; Metopolophium dirhodum; Rhopalosiphum enigmae, maidis, nymphaeae, padi; Schizaphis [eastopi], rosazevedoi, rotundiventris, scirpi; Sipha glyceriae; Sitobion avenae, fragariae |
| T. laxmanni | Schizaphis scirpi; Rhopalosiphum padi |
| T. major = T. latifolia | |
| T. minima | Ceruraphis eriophori; Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae, padi; Schizaphis scirpi |
| T. minuta = T. laxmanni | |
| T. orientalis | Hyalopterus pruni; [Rhopalosiphoninus staphyleae]; Rhopalosiphum enigmae |
| T. shuttleworthii | Schizaphis scirpi |
| Typha spp. | Aphis fabae; Mordvilkoiella skorkini |
Key to apterae on Typha:-
| 1 | Dorsal hairs long, thick and spine-like. ANT 5-segmented, with ANT PT/BASE c.1. SIPH stump-shaped. Cauda with distal part a rounded knob | …..Sipha glyceriae |
| – | Dorsal hairs not long, thick and spine-like. ANT 5- or 6-segmented, with ANT PT/BASE more than 1.3. SIPH tubular, or as slightly raised pores, cauda not knobbed | …..2 |
| 2 | ANT 5-segmented, only 0.17-0.2 × BL. SIPH as slightly raised pores. Cauda helmet-shaped or triangular, with apical part extended and bearing 6-8 hairs | …..Mordvilkoiella skorkini* |
| – | ANT (5- or) 6-segmented, at least 0.3 × BL. SIPH tubular. Cauda tongue or finger-shaped | …..3 |
| 3 | SIPH less than 0.7 × cauda | …..4 |
| – | SIPH at least 0.8 × cauda | …..5 |
| 4 | SIPH thinner than cauda, more than 2 × longer than wide | …..Hyalopterus pruni/amygdali |
| – | SIPH similar in thickness to cauda, c.1.5 × as long as wide | …..Aphis kobachidzei* |
| 5 | Tergum almost entirely dark, and SIPH jet black, with coarse denticulate imbrication | …..Ceruraphis eriophori |
| – | Tergum usually pale, sometimes with dusky/dark central patch or dark markings. SIPH pale or dark | …..6 |
| 6 | SIPH with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation | …..7 |
| – | SIPH without polygonal reticulation | …..8 |
| 7 | SIPH 1.7-2.25 × cauda, which has a rounded apex | …..Sitobion fragariae |
| – | SIPH 1.1-1.4 × cauda, which has a more pointed apex | …..Sitobion avenae |
| 8 | Head densely spiculose, with well-developed ANT tubercles, their inner faces scabrous and apically convergent. SIPH pale and slightly clavate | …..Myzus persicae |
| – | Head not spiculose, with ANT tubercles either weakly developed, or only developed to a similar extent to median frontal tubercle, or if rather well-developed then with inner faces smooth and broadly divergent. SIPH pale, dusky or dark, tapering, cylindrical or clavate | …..9 |
| 9 | ANT tubercles with smooth, broadly divergent inner faces. ANT III with 1-3 small rhinaria near base. SIPH pale, more than half as long as the distance between their bases | …..Metopolophium dirhodum |
| – | ANT tubercles weakly developed, or only developed to a similar extent to median frontal tubercle. ANT III without rhinaria. SIPH dusky or dark, less than half as long as the distance between their bases | …..10 |
| 10 | Dorsal abdominal cuticle with a pattern of blunt spicules arranged in polygons, each polygon enclosing one or more additional spicules. SIPH usually appearing slightly to distinctly swollen in middle or on distal part, narrowing just before flange | …..11 |
| – | Dorsal abdominal cuticle sometimes with polygonal reticulation but this is not spiculose, and neither do the polygons enclose spicules. SIPH tapering gradually from base to flange, or swollen on basal half | …..14 |
| 11 | SIPH slightly but distinctly clavate (with narrower section on basal half) | …..Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae |
| – | SIPH without narrower section on basal half | …..12 |
| 12 | Body rather elongate oval. SIPH only 0.07-0.08 × BL, without a subapical constriction and with a small flange. ANT PT/BASE 1.7-2.8 | …..Rhopalosphum maidis |
| – | Body more broadly oval. SIPH 0.12-0.17 × BL, with a subapical constriction and large flange. ANT PT/BASE 3.1-6.3 | …..13 |
| 13 | SIPH less than 2.1 × cauda. Small marginal tubercles (MTu) present only on prothorax and ABD TERG 1 and 7 | …..Rhopalosiphum padi |
| – | SIPH more than 2.1 × cauda. MTu usually present on some or all of ABD TERG 2-6 as well as 1 and 7 | …..Rhopalosiphum enigmae |
| 14 | Cauda black with 11-24 hairs | …..15 |
| – | Cauda pale, dusky or dark, with 4-10 hairs | …..16 |
| 15 | ABD TERG 2-4(-6) with well-developed MTu | …..Aphis typhae |
| – | ABD TERG 2-4 only sporadically with small MTu | …..Aphis fabae |
| 16 | Hind tibial hairs short, not or only distally exceeding width of tibia at midlength | …..17 |
| – | Hind tibial hairs mostly much longer than width of tibia at midlength | …..19 |
| 17 | Cauda long, pale finger-like, with 4 hairs. Hind femora dark over at least distal half. SIPH calf-shaped (slightly swollen on basal half) | …..Hysteroneura setariae |
| – | Cauda tongue-shaped, pale, dusky or dark, with 4-8 hairs. Hind femora pale, or darker only towards apex. SIPH tapering, not swollen on basal half | …..18 |
| 18 | ANT PT/BASE 2.0-3.0. SIPH 1.3-2.5 × cauda which bears 4-8 hairs | …..Aphis gossypii |
| – | ANT PT/BASE 4.8-6.6. SIPH 2.2-3.0 × cauda which bears 4-5 hairs | …..Schizaphis rotundiventris |
| 19 | Coxae and trochanters dark. Hairs on ANT III 53-108 μm long | …..Schizaphis scirpi |
| – | Coxae and trochanters pale. Hairs on ANT III 18-38 μm long | …..20 |
| 20 | Posterior dorsal cephalic hairs are 25-35 μm long, and hairs on ABD TERG 6 are 35-53 μm long | …..Schizaphis eastopi |
| – | Posterior dorsal cephalic hairs are 37-79 μm long, and hairs on ABD TERG 6 are 56-98 μm long | …..Schizaphis rosazevedoi |
| Typhonium | Araceae |
| Typhonium trilobatum | Aphis gossypii |
| Typhonodorum | Araceae |
| Typhonodorum lindeyanum | Pentalonia nigronervosa |
U
| Uapaca | Uapacaceae |
| Uapaca guineensis | Aphis gossypii |
| Ulex | Fabaceae |
| Ulex cantabricus | Aphis ulicis |
| U. europaeus | Aphis fabae, ulicis |
| U. parviflorus | Aphis ulicis |
| Ulex sp. | Aphis gossypii |
Key to apterae on Ulex:-
| – | Dorsum with extensive black sclerotisation. R IV+V 1.2-1.4 × HT II. Cauda with 8-15 hairs. Longest hairs on ANT III 0.64-1.05 × BD III | …..Aphis ulicis |
| – | Without that combination of characters | …..go to key to polyphagous aphids |
| Ulmaria see Filipendula | Rosaceae |
| Ulmus Elms | Ulmaceae |
In all, about 75 aphid species are recorded from elms, which are primary hosts for most of the Eriosomatinae (44 species). For gall formers, Eriosomatinae show remarkably little evidence of host specificity, the recorded host range reflecting geographical distribution rather than host affinities, with the more widely-distributed species such as Eriosome ulmi recorded from Ulmus species native to different parts of the world. Elm-feeding aphids are therefore all included in a single key as far as possible. However, at the present time it is not possible to key together all species of the large genus Eriosoma and its close relatives in tribe Eriosomatini (Georgiaphis, Schizoneurella), so these are taken out of the main key and included in separate keys under particular host species, within the host list that follows the main key.
Main key to elm aphids:-
| 1 | Cauda knobbed, anal plate bilobed. SIPH as short truncate cones without hairs | …..2 |
| – | Cauda if present broadly rounded, tongue-like or finger-like. Anal plate if present entire or with a median cleft but not distinctly bilobed. SIPH if present not in form of truncate hairless cones | ….15 |
| 2 | Colonies include apterous viviparae, with dark markings and long dorsal hairs, at least some of which have furcate apices | …..3 |
| – | All adult viviparae alate | …..4 |
| 3 | Aptera with hairs on ANT III shorter than basal diameter of segment, and with spinopleural sclerites on ABD TERG 1-6 mutually free and well separated from marginal sclerites | …..Indiochaitophorus furcatus |
| – | Aptera with hairs on ANT III longer than basal diameter of segment, and sclerites of ABD TERG 1-6 more-or-less fused between segments | …..Sinochaitophorus maoi |
| 4 | ANT PT/BASE about 0.5 or less. Secondary rhinaria transversely oval | …..5 |
| – | ANT PT/BASE 0.6 or more. Secondary rhinaria very narrow, slit-like. (Spinal hairs on ABD TERG 1 and 2 on prominent finger-like or conical processes) | …..7 |
| 5 | Forewing membrane extensively mottled with dark pigment (fig. 51A, as Tinocalliscoreanus). Head and prothorax very dark dorsally with a contrasting pale spinal stripe and large pale areas around the hair bases. Tibiae mainly pale with mostly short hairs | …..Pseudochromaphis coreana |
| – | Forewing membrane unpigmented except for bordering of veins. Head and prothorax without distinctive markings. Tibiae wholly dark and rather thick with long hairs | …..6 |
| 6 | Hairs on ANT III maximally 19-38 μm, as long as or longer than basal diameter of segment. R IV+V 0.114-0.125 mm long, 0.66-0.84 × HT II, and bearing 5-7 accessory hairs | …..Chromocallis nirecola |
| – | Hairs on ANT III maximally 11-13 μm, shorter than basal diameter of segment. R IV+V about 0.098 mm long, about 0.63 × HT II, and bearing 4 accessory hairs | …..Chromocallis similinirecola |
| 7 | Media of forewing once-branched, with a patch of fuscous distally between the branches, and another at the distal end of Cu1b (fig. 116C) | ….Tinocallis (Sappocallis) ulmicola |
| – | Forewing with media twice-branched, and with or without a different pattern of markings | …..8 |
| 8 | Head with 3 pairs of dorsal processes, bearing apical hairs; the most posterior pair longest, 1.5-2.0 × as long as wide (fig. 116A) | …..Tinocallis ulmiparvifoliae |
| – | Head without paired dorsal processes or with only one very small pair | …..9 |
| 9 | Forewing with media and Cu1b thickly and rather evenly bordered with fuscous basally as well as distally, and Cu1a also often partially bordered. Abdomen robust, with more-or-less extensive dark dorsal markings. SIPH dark, with a dark basal sclerite | …..Tinocallis (Eotinocallis) platani |
| – | Forewing with veins mostly not bordered or with fuscous restricted to branches of media distally, or to spots or patches at distal ends of veins | …..10 |
| 10 | Pronotum with 1 (posterior) or 2 pairs of finger-like spinal processes (e.g. fig. 116B) | …..11 |
| – | Pronotum without spinal processes | …..14 |
| 11 | Head and pronotum wholly black (dark brown in mounted specimens), and dorsal abdomen without dark markings | …..12 |
| – | Head and pronotum, or at least pronotum, pale or dusky or with restricted dark markings. ABD TERG 3-5 (or 3-7) with dark sclerites at bases of spinal hairs | …..13 |
| 12 | Forewings with distal branches of media bordered with fuscous and with more-or-less extensive fuscous patches at distal ends of Cu1a and Cu1b (fig. 51B). ANT III with 14-24 secondary rhinaria. R IV+V with 6-10 accessory hairs | …..Tinocallis takachihoensis |
| – | Forewings without fuscous markings (or, at least, none discernible in the mounted specimens available). ANT III with 10-12 secondary rhinaria. R IV+V with 4-6 accessory hairs | …..Tinocallis sapporoensis |
| 13 | Distal branches of media of forewing bordered with fuscous, and a patch of fuscous also on hind margin at the end of Cu1b (fig. 116D). R IV+V 0.76-0.90 × HT II. ANT III with 6-17 secondary rhinaria | …..Tinocallis (Sappocallis) saltans |
| – | Forewing veins not bordered with fuscous, and hind margin without a patch of fuscous at end of Cu1b. R IV+V 0.90-1.03 × HT II. ANT III with 11-28 secondary rhinaria | …..Tinocallis (Sappocallis) nevskyi |
| 14 | Head with a single narrow dark dorsal mesial stripe. ANT III with 14-22 secondary rhinaria. Spinal tubercles on ABD TERG 1 and 2 shorter than their basal widths | …..Tinocallis zelkowae |
| – | Head with variable pigmentation; sometimes with paired longitudinal stripes but never with a single narrow mesial stripe. ANT III with 5-12 secondary rhinaria. Spinal tubercles on ABD TERG 1 and 2 large and prominent, usually longer than their basal widths, sometimes united at bases | …..Tinocallis ulmifolii |
| 15 | Body of aptera broadly pear-shaped, broadest anteriorly, without distinct head and prothorax. Oviparous. (Alata undescribed) | …..Olegia ulmifoliae |
| – | Body of aptera not broadest anteriorly, head and prothorax distinct | …..16 |
| 16 | Rostrum much longer than body. SIPH as large pores on broad pigmented hairy cones. Abdomen with a mesial row of 6 dark patches ventrally | …..Stomaphis ulmicola |
| – | Rostrum much shorter than body. SIPH variable | …..17 |
| 17 | SIPH tubular, much longer than basal width. ANT PT/BASE more than 1. Wax glands are absent | …..18 |
| – | SIPH absent, ring- or pore-like. ANT PT/BASE less than 0.6. Wax glands often present | …..19 |
| 18 | ABD TERG 1-5 and 7 all with very well-developed conical marginal tubercles | …..Aphis sogdiana |
| – | Marginal tubercles absent, very small or only consistently present on ABD TERG 1 and 7 | ….. go to key to polyphagous aphids, starting at couplet 4 |
| 19 | Aptera in brown microrrhizal cysts on roots, with distal hairs on tibiae thick and spine-like or dagger-like, tarsi 1-segmented. SIPH absent | …..Mimeuria ulmiphila |
| – | Aptera in galls or leaf-nests, except for 1 species (Eriosoma rileyi) forming free-living colonies on bark. Tibial hairs normal, tarsi 1- or 2-segmented. SIPH present as pores, sometimes raised on shallow cones with surrounding hairs, or absent | …..20 |
| 20 | (All remaining couplets refer only to alatae produced in or emerging from galls of leaf nests.) BL more than 4 mm. Hind wing with 2 oblique veins arising very close together | …..Prociphilus oriens |
| – | BL less than 4 mm. Hind wing if with 2 oblique veins then their bases are well separated | …..21 |
| 21 | Hind wing with 2 oblique veins | …..22 |
| – | Hind wing with 1 oblique vein | …..29 |
| 22 | SIPH present as fairly large, often raised pores on ABD TERG 5, with partially sclerotized rims and surrounding hairs. R IV+V with 4 or more accessory hairs. ANT III elongate (fig. 118), usually more than 0.8 × head width across (and including) eyes (except in Eriosoma mimicum) | …..go to keys to species of Eriosomatini (Eriosoma, Georgiaphis, Schizoneurella) under individual Ulmus spp. |
| – | SIPH absent or present as small or large pores on ABD TERG 6, with wholly sclerotized rims and no clearly associated hairs. R IV+V with 2-3 accessory hairs. ANT III less than 0.8× head width across eyes (e.g. figs 117A-F) | …..23 |
| 23 | Dorsal abdomen with dark intersegmental transverse bands, broadest in midline. ANT BASE VI much shorter than R IV+V. Secondary rhinaria distributed ANT III 12-18, IV 2-5, V 2-4, VI 0-3 (fig. 117A) | …..Aphidounguis mali |
| – | Dorsal abdomen without transverse bands. ANT BASE VI much longer than R IV+V. Secondary rhinaria distributed ANT III 9-29, IV 2-10, V 4-13, VI 4-17 | …..24 |
| 24 | Embryos without mouthparts (sexupara) | …..Kaltenbachiella japonica |
| – | Embryos with mouthparts | …..25 |
| 25 | SIPH absent. Secondary rhinaria distributed III 17-25, IV 4-7, V 5-8, VI 7-10 (fig. 117B) | …..Kaltenbachiella pallida |
| – | SIPH usually present, but if sometimes absent then secondary rhinaria are fewer or differently distributed | …..26 |
| 26 | BL 2.2-2.6 mm. Secondary rhinaria distributed ANT III 20-29, IV 7-10, V 10-13 and VI 15-17 (?) | …..Kaltenbachiella carpinicola* |
| – | BL 1.0-1.7 mm. Secondary rhinaria distributed ANT III 9-25, IV 2-9, V 4-12 and VI 4-10 | …..27 |
| 27 | Secondary rhinaria distributed ANT III 17-25, IV 5-9, V 7-9, VI 6-10 | …..Kaltenbachiella ulmifusa |
| – | Secondary rhinaria distributed ANT III 9-17, IV 2-6, V 4-12, VI 4-10 | …..28 |
| 28 | Media of forewing usually unbranched. Secondary rhinaria distributed ANT III 11-17, IV 4-6, V 8-12, VI 6-10 (fig. 117C) | …..Kaltenbachiella spinosa |
| – | Media of forewing usually once-branched. Secondary rhinaria distributed ANT III 9-12, IV 2-4, V 4-6, VI 4-6 | …..Kaltenbachiella nirecola |
| 29 | ANT IV similar in length to ANT V (in 6-segmented antennae, fig. 117D; if antenna are 5-segmented then “ANT III” more than 3 × “ANT IV”). Media of forewing is once-branched or unbranched | …..30 |
| – | ANT IV much shorter than V (e.g. figs 117E-F; if antenna 5-segmented then “ANT III” less than 2 × “ANT IV”). Media of forewing always unbranched | …..32 |
| 30 | R IV+V 0.10-0.11 mm long, 0.8-0.9 × HT II. Media of forewing once-branched | …..Colopha compressa |
| – | R IV+V 0.05-0.07 mm, 0.6-0.75 × HT II. Media of forewing once-branched or unbranched | …..31 |
| 31 | Media of forewing once-branched | …..Colopha ulmicola |
| – | Media of forewing unbranched | …..Colopha graminis |
| 32 | Embryos with hind tarsal claws less than 0.05 mm long | …..33 |
| – | Embryos with enlarged hind tarsal claws at least one of which is more than 0.06 mm long | …..38 |
| 33 | ANT II with 9-19 hairs. R IV+V with 10-14 accessory hairs. SIPH absent | …..Tetraneura radicicola/persicina |
| – | ANT II with 2-7 hairs. R IV+V with 4-10 accessory hairs. SIPH present or absent | …..34 |
| 34 | SIPH always present, with dark rims (fig. 117G). Frontal hairs long and fine, maximally 60-80 µm long | …..Tetraneura yezoensis |
| – | SIPH absent or if present then with pale rims. Frontal hairs 10-35 µm long | …..35 |
| 35 | ANT V 1.0-1.4 × ANT VI (including PT) | …..Tetraneura caerulescens |
| – | ANT V 1.5-2.7 × ANT VI (including PT) | …..36 |
| 36 | R IV+V 0.56-0.84 mm long, 0.46-0.70 × HT II, with 4 accessory hairs. SIPH absent | …..Tetraneura pumilae* |
| – | R IV+V (0.09-) 0.10-0.15 mm long, 0.66-0.90 × HT II, with 6-10 accessory hairs. SIPH present or absent (if present then there are usually also ring-like wax glands) | …..37 |
| 37 | Primary rhinarium on ANT VI enlarged and of irregular shape (e.g. fig. 117E). ANT PT/BASE 0.2-0.3 | …..Tetraneura ulmi |
| – | Primary rhinarium on ANT VI oval, not enlarged. ANT PT/BASE about 0.36 | …..Tetraneura ulmicema* |
| 38 | Cauda with 4 hairs. Embryos with only one hind tarsal claw markedly enlarged, the shorter one less than 0.05 mm long (fig. 117H) | …..Tetraneura javensis |
| – | Cauda with 2, or rarely, 3 hairs. Embryos with both hind tarsal claws enlarged, sometimes unequally, but both more than 0.06 mm long | …..39 |
| 39 | R IV+V 0.10-0.13 mm long, with 6-18 accessory hairs. (Secondary rhinaria distributed ANT III 10-32, IV 2-10, V 8-15) | …..40 |
| – | R IV+V 0.08-0.105 mm long, with 2-6 accessory hairs. (Secondary rhinaria distributed ANT III 7-19, IV 2-6, V 5-12) | …..41 |
| 40 | R IV+V with 14-18 accessory hairs. Secondary rhinaria distributed ANT III 20-32, IV 3-10, V 8-15 | …..Tetraneura polychaeta |
| – | R IV+V with 6-8 accessory hairs. Secondary rhinaria are distributed ANT III 10-14, IV 2-3, V 9-10 | …..Tetraneura asymmachia |
| 41 | Tarsi of embryos without spicules. ABD TERG 1-6 of embryos each with 6 – 12 spinopleural hairs between the stout marginal hairs | …..42 |
| – | Tarsi of embryos minutely spiculose. ABD TERG 1-6 of embryos each with 4 spinopleural hairs between the stout marginal hairs | …..44 |
| 42 | ABD TERG 1-6 of embryos each with 10 – 12 spinopleural hairs between the stout marginal hairs. R IV+V bearing 6 accessory hairs | …..Tetraneura chinensis |
| – | ABD TERG 1-6 of embryos each with 6 spinopleural hairs between the stout marginal hairs | …..43 |
| 43 | First tarsal chaetotaxy 3:2:2 or 3:3:2. Flagellum (ANT III-VI)/Hind femur 0.96 -1.18. R IV+V 0.07-0.105 mm long with 8 accessory hairs. Secondary rhinaria distributed ANT III 11-18, IV 2-5, V 7-10. Hind tarsi of embryos smooth or very slightly spinulose. Claws on hind legs of embryos 0.07-0.09 | …..Tetraneura akinire |
| – | First tarsal chaetotaxy 3:3:3. Flagellum/Hind femur 1.2-1.3. R IV+V 0.07-0.09 mm long with 8 accessory hairs. Secondary rhinaria distributed ANT III 11-20, IV 3-6, V 7-12. Hind tarsi of embryos smooth. Claws on hind legs of embryos 0.06 | …..Tetraneura ovaliformis |
| 44 | First tarsal chaetotaxy 3:2:2. R IV+V 0.08-0.09 mm long with 4 accessory hairs. Secondary rhinaria distributed ANT III 7-10, IV 2-5, V 6-9. Hind tarsi of embryos distinctly spinulose | …..Tetraneura sorini |
| – |
Host Plant List (including keys to Eriosomatini):-
| Ulmus alata | Eriosoma lanigerum group; Georgiaphis ulmi; Tinocallis ulmifolii |
Key to Eriosomatini on U. alata (alatae from galls):-
| – | ANT III with secondary rhinaria rather widely and irregularly spaced , and not usually extending half way around the segment (as in fig.118A). Embryos without mouthparts | …..Georgiaphis ulmi |
| – | ANT III with secondary rhinaria closely and regularly spaced and often extending more than half way around segment. Embryos with mouthparts | …..Eriosoma lanigerum group |
| Ulmus americana | American White Elm |
| Colopha compressa, graminis, ulmicola; Eriosoma americanum, ?crataegi, grossulariae, lanigerum group, mimicum, pyricola, rileyi, ulmi; Georgiaphis ?gillettei, [maxsoni]; Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Tinocallis ulmifolii; Tinocallis (Eotinocallis) platani; Tetraneura akinire |
Key to Eriosoma and Georgiaphis on Ulmus americana:-
| 1 | Aphids with apterae in free-living colonies on bark | …..Eriosoma rileyi |
| – | Aphids forming galls (remaining couplets refer only to alatae produced in galls) | …..2 |
| 2 | Antenna with secondary rhinaria rather widely and irregularly spaced and not extending more than half way around segment (fig. 118A). Embryos without mouthparts (no coiled stylets visible in abdomen) | …..Georgiaphis gillettei |
| – | Antenna with secondary rhinaria closely or at least regularly spaced and often extending more than half way around segment (e.g. fig. 118C). Embryos with mouthparts (coiled stylets visible) | …..3 |
| 3 | ANT III less than 0.8 × head width across (and including) eyes. R IV+V only 0.07-0.10 mm long | …..Eriosoma mimicum |
| – | ANT III more than 0.8 × head width across eyes. R IV+V 0.13-0.26 mm long | …..4 |
| 4 | ANT V with secondary rhinaria | …..5 |
| – | ANT V without secondary rhinaria | …..8 |
| 5 | ANT III a little shorter than ANT IV+V+VI (fig. 118C) | …..Eriosoma americanum |
| – | ANT III as long as or longer than ANT IV+V+VI | …..6 |
| 6 | ANT III 0.50-0.61 mm, ANT V 0.16-0.20 mm and ANT VI (incl. PT) 0.14-0.15 mm. Secondary rhinaria distributed III 27-34, IV 5-8, V 7-11, VI 1-3 | …..Eriosoma crataegi |
| – | ANT III 0.35-0.52 mm, ANT V 0.09-0.16 mm and ANT VI (incl. PT) 0.07-0.10 mm. Secondary rhinaria distributed III 20-30, IV 4-7, V 4-7, VI 0 | …..7 |
| 7 | Cauda with 2 hairs. ANT V slightly longer than ANT IV. First tarsal segments of hind legs with 3 hairs (incl. sense peg) | …..Eriosoma lanigerum group |
| – | Cauda with 3-10 hairs. ANT V not longer than or slightly shorter than IV. First tarsal segments of hind legs with 2 hairs (no sense peg) | …..Eriosoma pyricola |
| 8 | ANT PT long and thin; PT/BASE 0.46-0.67 (fig. 118D). Many hairs on ABD TERG 1-5 standing on small scleroites. HT II with 22-25 hairs | …..Eriosoma grossulariae |
| – | ANT PT shorter and thicker (fig. 118E); PT/BASE 0.29-0.49. Few of the hairs on ABD TERG 1-5 have basal scleroites. HT II with 15-22 hairs | …..Eriosoma ulmi |
| Ulmus androssowii | Tetraneura ulmi; Tinocallis (Sappocallis) saltans |
| U. campestris = U. procera | |
| U. campestris var. glabra = U. minor | |
| U. canescens | Aphis aurantii, spiraecola; Eriosoma lanuginosum; Tetraneura akinire, ulmi; Tinocallis (Sappocallis) takachihoensis |
| U. carpinifolia = U. minor | |
| U. celtidea see U. laevis | |
| U. chinensis = U. parvifolia | |
| U. davidiana (incl. var. mandshurica) | Aphidounguis mali; Chromocallis nirecola; Eriosoma moriokense; Pseudochromaphis coreana; Tetraneura akinire, sorini; Tinocallis (Sappocallis) ulmicola |
| U. davidiana var. japonica see U. japonica | |
| U. densa = U. minor | |
| U. effusa = U. laevis | |
| U. × elegantissima | Eriosoma ulmi; Kaltenbachiella pallida |
| U. foliacea = U. minor | |
| U. fulva = U. rubra | |
| U. glabra | Wych Elm |
| Aphis fabae, Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii; Aulacorthum solani; Colopha compressa; Eriosoma flavum, grossulariae, lanuginosum, patchiae, phaenax, ulmi, ?ulmosedens; Kaltenbachiella japonica, pallida; Tetraneura akinire, caerulescens, ulmi, ulmicema; [Tinocallis ulmiparvifoliae]; Tinocallis (Eotinocallis) platani; Tinocallis (Sappocallis) nevskyi, saltans, takachihoensis, ulmicola |
(For separation of Eriosoma spp. use key under Ulmus procera.)
| U. × hollandica | Tinocallis takachihoensis |
| U. japonica (= U. davidiana var. japonica) | Harunire, Japanese Elm |
| Aphidounguis mali; Chromocallis nirecola; Eriosoma alabastrum, auratum, [eligulatum], harunire, japonicum, longicornutum, [mediocornutum], moriokense, ulmi, yangi ssp. parasiticum; Kaltenbachiella japonica, nirecola, spinosa; Olegia ulmifoliae; [Paracolopha morrisoni]; Prociphilus kuwanai, oriens; Sinochaitophorus maoi; Stomaphis ulmicola; Tetraneura akinire, ovaliformis, radicicola, sorini, [triangula], ulmi, yezoensis; Tinocallis takachihoensis, [zelkowae]; Tinocallis (Sappocallis) saltans, ulmicola |
Key to alatae of Eriosoma spp. recorded from galls on Ulmus japonica:-
| 1 | ANT V with 5-7, and ANT VI with 1-2, secondary rhinaria | …..alabastrum* |
| – | ANT V with 0-3, and ANT VI without secondary rhinaria | …..2 |
| 2 | ANT III shorter than IV+V+VI added together, and bearing 10-20 secondary rhinaria | …..3 |
| – | ANT III longer than IV+V+VI added together (e.g. figs 118F, G), and bearing 22-46 secondary rhinaria | …..4 |
| 3 | Total antennal length less than 0.6 mm, with ANT III 0.19-0.23 mm. Secondary rhinaria distributed III 10-13, IV 1-2, V 0, VI 0 | …..yangi |
| – | Total antennal length greater than 0.7 mm, with ANT III 0.27-0.34 mm. Secondary rhinaria distributed III 13-20, IV 1-5, V 0-1, VI 0 | …..japonicum |
| 4 | ANT V and VI both very short, each less than 0.5 × ANT IV (fig. 118F). (Secondary rhinaria distributed III 33-41, IV 5-9, V 0, VI 0) | …..moriokense |
| – | ANT V and VI both similar in length to ANT IV, or only VI somewhat shorter | …..5 |
| 5 | Total antennal length 1.4-1.8 mm. ANT PT 0.06-0.08 mm, with ANT PT/BASE more than 0.5. (Secondary rhinaria distributed III 36-46, IV 6-8, V 0, VI 0) | …..longicornutum |
| – | Total antennal length 0.70-1.32 mm. ANT PT 0.02-0.06 mm, with ANT PT/BASE less than 0.5 | …..6 |
| 6 | ANT V with 0-3 secondary rhinaria (usually at least one on one side). Secondary rhinaria all very narrow and thin, so that antenna not serrate in profile (fig. 118G); distributed III 24-30, IV 3-5, V 0-3, VI 0 | …..harunire |
| – | ANT V never with secondary rhinaria. Secondary rhinaria on ANT III-IV broad and thick, giving profile of antenna a serrate appearance | …..7 |
| 7 | ANT PT 0.02-0.03 mm. Secondary rhinaria distributed III 22-30, IV 3-6, V 0 | …..auratum |
| – | ANT PT 0.04-0.06 mm (fig. 118E). Secondary rhinaria distributed III 28-46, IV 5-9, V 0 | …..ulmi |
| U. laciniata | Eriosoma laciniatae, longicornutum; Kaltenbachiella japonica; Tetraneura akinire, yezoensis; Tinocallis sapporoensis, takachihoensis, [ulmiparvifoliae] |
Key to Eriosoma spp. on Ulmus laciniata:-
| – | Primary rhinarium on ANT V without a ciliated rim. Secondary rhinaria distributed III 24-29, IV 4-6, V 0, VI 0. ANT PT/BASE less than 0.4 | …..laciniatae |
| – | Primary rhinarium on ANT V ciliated. Secondary rhinaria distributed III 36-46, IV 6-8, V 0, VI 0. ANT PT/BASE more than 0.4 | …..longicornutum |
| U. laevigata = U. villosa | |
| U. laevis (incl. var. celtidea) | European White Elm, Russian Elm |
| Aphis fabae; Colopha compressa; Eriosoma lanuginosum, patchiae, ulmi; Kaltenbachiella pallida; Mimeuria ulmiphila; Tetraneura akinire, caerulescens, ulmi; Tinocallis (Eotinocallis) platani; Tinocallis (Sappocallis) nevskyi, saltans, takachihoensis |
(For separation of Eriosoma spp. use key under Ulmus procera.)
| Ulmus macrocarpa | Eriosoma moriokense; Kaltenbachiella japonica; Tetraneura [akinire]; Tinocallis (Sappocallis) takachihoensis |
| U. mandshurica see U. davidiana | |
| U. minor | Field Elm, Smooth-Leaved Elm |
| Aphis craccivora, fabae, sogdiana, spiraecola; Aulacorthum solani; Chromocallis nirecola; Colopha compressa; Eriosoma anncharlotteae, flavum, grossulariae, lanuginosum, patchiae, phaenax, pyricola, ulmi; Kaltenbachiella [japonica], pallida; Tetraneura africana, akinire, caerulescens, ulmi, yezoensis; Tinocallis (Eotinocallis) platani; Tinocallis (Sappocallis) nevskyi, saltans, takachihoensis, ulmicola, ulmiparvifoliae | |
| (For separation of Eriosoma spp. use key under Ulmus procera.) | |
| U. montana = U. glabra | |
| U. parvifolia | Akinire, Chinese Elm |
| [Aphis (Toxoptera aurantii]; Aphidounguis mali; Eriosoma [japonicum], yangi; Tetraneura akinire, yezoensis; Tinocallis [ulmifolii], saltans, takachihoensis, ulmiparvifoliae, [zelkowae] | |
| U. procera | English Elm |
| Chromocallis nirecola; Colopha compressa; Eriosoma anncharlotteae, flavum, grossulariae, japonicum, lanuginosum, patchiae, phaenax, pyricola, ulmi, ulmosedens; [Indiochaitophorus furcata]; Kaltenbachiella japonica, pallida; Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Mimeuria ulmiphila; Tetraneura akinire, caerulescens, ulmi; [Tinocallis ulmifolii]; Tinocallis (Eotinocallis) platani; Tinocallis (Sappocallis) nevskyi, saltans, [takachihoensis], [ulmicola] |
Key to alatae of Eriosoma spp. recorded from galls on Ulmus procera (including also species on U. minor and U. glabra):-
| 1 | Each antenna with only 14-28 secondary rhinaria in total (distributed III 12-20, IV 2-5, V 0-4, VI 0) | …..2 |
| – | Each antenna with at least 29 secondary rhinaria in total | …..3 |
| 2 | ANT III shorter than ANT IV+V+VI. Secondary rhinaria on III mostly not extending more than half way around segment | …..japonicum |
| – | ANT III longer than ANT IV+V+VI. Secondary rhinaria on III mostly extending more than half way around segment | …..flavum |
| 3 | ANT V without secondary rhinaria. (Secondary rhinaria distributed III 26-46, IV 3-8, V 0, VI 0) | …..4 |
| – | ANT V with secondary rhinaria | …..6 |
| 4 | Total antennal length less than 1 mm, with ANT III less than 0.6 mm. HT II 0.15-0.18 mm | …..anncharlotteae |
| – | Total antennal length more than 1 mm, with ANT III more than 0.6 mm. HT II 0.17-0.21 mm | …..5 |
| 5 | ANT PT long and thin; PT/BASE 0.46-0.67 (fig. 118D). Many of the hairs between the cross-bands on ABD TERG 1-5 arise from small scleroites. HT II with 22-25 hairs | …..grossulariae |
| – | ANT PT shorter and thicker; PT/BASE 0.29-0.49 (fig. 118E). Few of the hairs between the cross-bands on ABD TERG 1-5 have basal scleroites. HT II with 15-22 hairs | …..ulmi |
| 6 | ANT V longer than IV. R IV+V 1.20-1.35 × HT II, with 19-23 accessory hairs. Apices of tibiae and first tarsal segments strongly spiculose. (Secondary rhinaria distributed III 18-35, IV 2-7, V 1-7, VI 0) | …..7 |
| – | ANT V shorter than or as short as IV. R IV+V 0.8-1.2× HT II and bearing 8-14 accessory hairs. Apices of tibiae and first tarsal segments with only a few minute spinules | …..8 |
| 7 | Alatae are sexuparae, having embryos without mouthparts | …..ulmosedens |
| – | Alatae have embryos with mouthparts (coiled stylets visible through maternal cuticle) | .….patchiae |
| 8 | Secondary rhinaria distributed ANT III 40-45, IV 10-14, V 10-12, VI 2-4 | …..phaenax |
| – | Secondary rhinaria distributed ANT III 21-35, IV 7-11, V 5-16, VI 0-1 | …..9 |
| 9 | BL 2.1-3.1 mm. R IV+V 0.19-0.23 mm. Cauda with only 2 or rarely 3 hairs | …..lanuginosum |
| – | BL 1.3-2.4 mm. R IV+V 0.10-0.19 mm. Cauda with 3-10 hairs | …..pyricola |
| U. propinqua = U. japonica | |
| U. pumila | Asiatic Dwarf Elm |
| Aphis sogdiana; Chromocallis nirecola, similinirecola, Eriosoma auratum, [cerum], dilanuginosum, eligulatum, [fukangense], lanuginosum, mediocornutum, moriokense, patchiae, [persicina], [spirifolium], [togrogum], [triangula], [ulmi], ulmipumilae, [ulmipumilicola], [usuense]; [Myzus dycei – see Lee et al., 2002]; Kaltenbachiella pallida; Pseudochromaphis coreana; Sinochaitophorus maoi; Tetraneura akinire, asymmachia, caerulescens, chinensis, pumilae, ulmi; Tinocallis (Eotinocallis) platani; Tinocallis (Sappocallis) saltans, takachihoensis |
Key to alatae of Eriosoma spp. from galls on U. pumila:-
Five new species were described from U. pumila by Zhang and Qiao (1997), in addition to one new species described by Zhang & Zhang (1993), but apparently the alate emigrants of only three of these were collected, and even for these the descriptions are based only on single specimens, so are inadequate for inclusion in the key. (Consult index to locate where in the text all these species are discussed.)
| 1 | ANT V, or ANT V and VI, with secondary rhinaria | …..2 |
| – | ANT V and VI both without secondary rhinaria | …..5 |
| 2 | ANT V not longer than (0.7-1.0 ×) ANT IV. Secondary rhinaria distributed III 24-35, IV 5-11, V 5-16, VI 0-1 | …..lanuginosum |
| – | ANT V longer than (1.05-1.35 ×) ANT IV. Secondary rhinaria distributed III 12-35, IV 2-7, V 1-7, VI 0-2 | …..3 |
| 3 | R IV+V more than 0.2 mm long and bearing 19-23 accessory hairs (Secondary rhinaria distributed III 18-35, IV 2-7, V 1-7, VI 0) | …..patchiae |
| – | R IV+V less than 0.18 mm long and bearing 10-12 accessory hairs | …..4 |
| 4 | Secondary rhinaria distributed III 22-24, IV c.5, V 5-7, VI 1-2 | …..dilanuginosum* |
| – | Secondary rhinaria distributed III c.12, IV 2-3, V c.2, VI 0 | …..ulmipumilae* |
| 5 | ANT V and VI both very short, each less than 0.5 × ANT IV (fig. 118F). (Secondary rhinaria distributed III 33-41, IV 5-9) | …..moriokense |
| – | ANT V and VI both similar in length to ANT IV, or only a little shorter | …..6 |
| 6 | ANT PT 0.02-c.0.03 mm. Secondary rhinaria distributed III 22-30, IV 3-6 | …..eligulatum* or auratum |
| – | ANT PT 0.04 mm or more. Secondary rhinaria distributed III 28-36, IV 6-8 | …..mediocornutum* |
(or try key to Eriosoma spp. on U. japonica)
| U. racemosa = U. thomasii | |
| U. rubra | Slippery Elm |
| Colopha graminis, ulmicola; Eriosoma ?crataegi, mimicum, rileyi; Georgiaphis gillettei; Kaltenbachiella ulmifusa; Tetraneura akinire |
For separation of Eriosomatini spp. (Eriosoma, Georgiaphis) use key under Ulmus americana.
| U. scabra = U. glabra | |
| U. suberosa = U. minor | |
| U. sukaczevii = U. glabra | |
| U. thomasii | Colopha compressa, ulmicola; Eriosoma ulmi; Tinocallis ulmifolii; Tinocallis (Eotinocallis) platani |
| U. uyematsui | Eriosoma lishanense; Kaltenbachiella glabra |
| U. villosa | Eriosoma kashmiricum, [ulmi]; Indiochaitophorus furcatus; Schizoneurella indica; Tetraneura [javensis], polychaeta; Tinocallis (Sappocallis) saltans |
Key to alatae of Eriosomatini spp. from galls on U. villosa:-
| – | R IV+V 0.11-0.13 mm, with 4-6 accessory hairs. ANT V and VI with primary rhinaria very irregular in shape (especially that on VI), and not conspicuously ciliated (fig. 118B). Secondary rhinaria distributed ANT III 19-29, IV 4-8, V 0-5, VI 0-2 | …..Schizoneurella indica |
| – | R IV+V 0.15-0.18 mm, with 18-20 accessory hairs. ANT V and VI spinulose with primary rhinaria normal, round, ciliated. Secondary rhinaria distributed III 22-32, IV 4-10, V 0, VI 0 | …..Eriosoma kashmiricum |
| Ulmus wallichiana | Eriosoma kashmiricum, phaenax, [ulmi]; Indiochaitophorus furcatus; Tetraneura javensis, ulmi; Tinocallis (Sappocallis) saltans |
Key to alatae of Eriosoma spp. from galls on U. wallichiana:-
| – | Secondary rhinaria distributed ANT III 33-48, IV 10-14, V 10-12, VI 2-4. R IV+V with 12-14 accessory hairs | …..phaenax |
| – | Secondary rhinaria distributed ANT III 22-32, IV 4-10, V 0, VI 0. R IV+V with 18-20 accessory hairs | …..kashmiricum |
| Ulmus spp. | Aphis gossypii; Brachycaudus helichrysi; [Eriosoma multilocularis Zhang & Zhong, 1993]; [Kaltenbachiella carpinicola]; Myzus ornatus, persicae; [Phorodon humulifoliae Tseng & Tao, 1938]; [Siciunguis novena]; Tetraneura [aequiunguis], [changaica], [iriensis], persicina, triangulae; [Tinocallis (Sappocallis) nikkoensis] |
| Umbellularia | Lauraceae |
| Umbellularia californica | [Aphis sp. (Leonard 1972)]; Euthoracaphis umbellulariae; Myzus persicae; Neomyzus circumflexus |
Key to species on Umbellularia (apterous viviparae):-
| – | Body aleyrodiform; subcircular, heavily sclerotized, dark, with much reduced legs and antennae, and bearing numerous long fine dorsal amd marginal hairs | …..Euthoracaphis umbellulariae |
| – | Body of normal aphid form | …..go to key to polyphagous aphids |
| Umbilicus | Crassulaceae |
| Umbilicus rupestris | Aphis sedi |
| Uncaria (including Ourouparia) | Rubiaceae |
| Uncaria formosana = U. hirsuta | |
| U. hirsuta | Aphis gossypii |
| U. sessilifructus | Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii |
Use key to polyphagous aphids.
| Uncinia | Cyperaceae |
| Uncinia ferruginea | Sitobion miscanthi |
| Uncinia sp. | Thripsaphis unciniae |
Use keys to apterae on Carex.
| Uniola | Poaceae |
| Uniola spicata = Distichlis spicata |
| Urechtites see Pentalinon | Apocynaceae |
| Urena | Malvaceae |
| Urena lobata | Aphis gossypii, spiraecola; Aulacorthum solani; Myzus ornatus, persicae; Neomyzus circumflexus |
| U. trilobata = U. lobata |
Use key to polyphagous aphids.
| Urera | Urticaceae |
| Urera sp. | Aphis gossypii |
| Urginea see Drimia | Asparagaceae |
| Urginea maritima = Drimia maritima |
| Urochloa | Poaceae |
| Urochloa bolbodes = U. oligotricha | |
| U. glumaris | Hysteroneura setariae |
| U. helopus = U. panicoides | |
| U. maxima = Panicum maximum | |
| U. mutica = Brachiaria mutica | |
| U. oligotricha | Hysteroneura setariae; Rhopalosiphum maidis |
| U. panicoides | Rhopalosiphum maidis; Tetraneura akinire, javensis |
| U. trichopus | Hysteroneura setariae |
Use key to apterae of grass-feeding aphids under Digitaria.
| Urospermum | Asteraceae |
| Urospermum dalechampii | Nasonovia ribisnigri; Uroleucon hypochoeridis |
| U. picroides | Aphis gossypii, nasturtii; Brachycaudus helichrysi; Nasonovia ribisnigri; Uroleucon hypochoeridis |
Key to apterae on Urospermum:-
| 1 | Cauda helmet-shaped, not longer than its basal width. SIPH short, conical, with an annular incision proximal to flange. Spiracular apertures large and rounded. Dorsum without any dark markings. ANT III without rhinaria | …..Brachycaudus helichrysi |
| – | Cauda finger-like, much longer than its basal width. SIPH tubular, without a subapical annular incision. Spiracular apertures partially occluded or reniform. Dorsum with dark markings. ANT III with rhinaria | …..2 |
| 2 | SIPH dark with a zone of reticulation comprising numerous small polygonal cells, on distal 0.16-0.34 of length. Dorsal hairs all arising from dark scleroites. Crescent-shaped ante-siphuncular sclerites present. Thoracic spiracles not distinctly larger than abdominal ones | …..Uroleucon hypochoeridis |
| – | SIPH mainly pale, without any polygonal reticulation. Dorsal abdomen without dark hair-bearing scleroites, but usually with a pattern of paired dark intersegmental markings. No ante-siphuncular sclerites. Thoracic spiracles much larger than abdominal ones | …..Nasonovia ribisnigri |
| Ursinia (including Sphenogyne) | Asteraceae |
| Ursinia sp. | Aphis gossypii |
| Urtica | Urticaceae |
| Urtica angustifolia | Aphis urticata; Microlophium sibiricum; Myzus dycei |
| U. cannabina | Aphis urticata; Microlophium carnosum, sibiricum |
| U. dioica (incl. ssp. gracilis, holosericea) | [Acyrthosiphon pisum]; Amphorophora urtica; Aphis asclepiadis, [davletshinae], fabae, [nasturtii], [tertia Walker (nomen dubium)], urticata; Macrosiphum euphorbiae, tenuicauda, Macrosiphum sp. (Leonard 1974); Metopeurum urticae; Microlophium carnosum, sibiricum, sibiricum ssp. tenuicauda, Microlophium sp. (2n=16; UK, BMNH collection); Myzus ascalonicus, dycei, ornatus, persicae; Neomyzus circumflexus; [Phorodon humuli]; Rhopalosiphoninus latysiphon, staphyleae; [Uroleucon simile] |
| U. dubia = U. membranacea | |
| U. fissa | Aphis urticata; Microlophium carnosum; Micromyzodium kuwakusae; Myzus dycei |
| U. gracilis = U. dioica ssp. gracilis | |
| U. incisa | Myzus dycei |
| U. lyalli = Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis | |
| U. massaica | Microlophium carnosum |
| U. membranacea | Aphis fabae, urticata; Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus ornatus, persicae |
| U. mollis | Aphis mendocina |
| U. parviflora | Aphis gossypii; Microlophium carnosum; Myzus dycei; [Sitobion rosaeiformis] |
| U. pilulifera | Aphis spiraecola, urticata; Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus persicae |
| U. platyphylla | Aulacorthum solani; Microlophium [carnosum], sibiricum; Myzus dycei |
| U. thunbergiana | Aphis urticata; Myzus dycei |
| U. urens | Acyrthosiphon malvae; Aphis fabae, spiraecola, urticata; Aulacorthum solani; Microlophium carnosum, sibiricum, sibiricum ssp. tenuicauda; Myzus ascalonicus, cymbalariae, persicae |
| Urtica spp. | Aphis [elegantula], rhamnifila, Aphis sp. (David et al. 1971d: 559); Brachycaudus helichrysi; Macrosiphum edrossi |
Key to apterae on Urtica:-
| 1 | Head smooth or with a only few spicules ventrally, and with very well-developed ANT tubercles, their inner faces divergent and almost smooth | …..2 |
| – | ANT tubercles either weakly developed or, if ANT tubercles are well developed, then their inner faces are spiculose or scabrous and almost parallel or apically convergent, and head has numerous spicules or nodules ventrally, or both dorsally and ventrally | …..8 |
| 2 | SIPH with distal reticulation comprising at least 4-5 rows of closed polygonal cells and occupying 0.12-0.25 of total length | …..3 |
| – | SIPH without polygonal reticulation, or with only 1-2 rows of polygonal cells occupying up to 0.08 of total length | …..4 |
| 3 | R IV+V 0.8-1.0 × HT II. Longest hairs on ANT III 30-38 μm, 0.6-1.0 × BD III | …..Macrosiphum euphorbiae |
| – | R IV+V 1.1-1.3 × HT II. Longest hairs on ANT III 40-50 μm, 0.9-1.3 × BD III | …..Macrosiphum tenuicauda |
| 4 | ANT flagellum black except at base of ANT III. SIPH black except for basal 0.2-0.25. Cauda long and thin, c. 4 × longer than its width at midlength, with 7 hairs | …..Macrosiphum edrossi |
| – | ANT pale or dusky, or dark only at apices of segments. SIPH pale, sometimes darker distally. Cauda thicker, 2-3 × longer than its midlength width, with 6-15 hairs | …..5 |
| 5 | Longest hairs on ABD TERG 3 are 10-22 μm long. SIPH 1.5-2.4 × cauda, with diameter of flange less than 1.25 × narrowest subapical diameter | …..Acyrthosiphon malvae |
| – | Longest hairs on ABD TERG 3 are 23-70 μm long. SIPH 2.3-3.1 × cauda, and with a large flange of diameter more than 1.4 × narrowest subapical diameter | …..6 |
| 6 | R IV+V with 4-6 accessory hairs. Tergum sclerotic, wrinkled, with longest hairs on ABD TERG 3 less than 50 μm long. Cauda with 7-10 hairs | …..Microlophium sibiricum (incl. ssp. tenuicauda) |
| – | R IV+V with 7-19 accessory hairs. Tergum almost smooth, with longest hairs on ABD TERG 3 more than 50 μm long. Cauda with 10-15 hairs | …..7 |
| 7 | ANT I with 7-11 hairs. R IV+V with 7-13 accessory hairs. Anterior part of subgenital plate with 2-9 hairs | …..Microlophium carnosum |
| – | ANT I with 13-18 hairs. R IV+V with 13-19 accessory hairs. Anterior part of subgenital plate with 10-15 hairs | …..Microlophium sp. with 2n=16 (UK; BMNH collection) |
| 8 | SIPH almost flangeless, with polygonal reticulation on distal 0.4-0.5 of length. ANT III with 9-14 rhinaria extending onto distal half. Cauda elongate triangular, pale, with c.20 hairs | …..Metopeurum urticae* |
| – | SIPH with a flange, and without polygonal reticulation. ANT III with 0-5 rhinaria on basal part. Cauda if pale then with 4-15 hairs | …..9 |
| 9 | Head spiculose on ventral surface only. ANT III with 1-5 rhinaria. SIPH distinctly clavate, smooth except for subapical striation (Fig.55a). Cauda with 9-16 hairs | …..Amphorophora urtica |
| – | Head either without spicules or with numerous spicules or nodules dorsally as well as ventrally, and other characters not in above combination | …..10 |
| 10 | SIPH 2.8-3.3 × cauda, and of characteristic shape; cylindrical and coarsely imbricated for most of length, slightly swollen on inner side at about 0.7 of length, with part distal to this tapering, smooth and somewhat bent outwards (Fig.55b) | …..Myzus dycei |
| – | SIPH either less than 2.7 × cauda or, if longer, then SIPH are markedly and symmetrically clavate | …..11 |
| 11 | ANT tubercles undeveloped. SIPH pale, or dusky only at apices. ABD TERG 1 and 7 with marginal tubercles (MTu). MTu also usually present on some or all of ABD TERG 2-4 (except in summer dwarfs) | …..Aphis urticata |
| – | If ANT tubercles are undeveloped and ABD TERG 1 and 7 have MTu then SIPH are dark | …..12 |
| 12 | Dorsum with extensive dark sclerotisation (reduced in small mid-summer apterae). ANT PT/BASE 1.3-1.7. Cauda with 5-13 (usually 8-11) hairs | …..Aphis mendocina |
| – | Without that combination of characters | …..13 |
| 13 | Dorsal abdomen with a large black patch. Head with numerous very fine spicules and long thick hairs, the longest of them at least 80μm. SIPH cylindrical, black. R IV+V 1.4-1.7 × HT II | …..Micromyzodium kuwasukae |
| – | Without that combination of characters | …..go to key to polyphagous aphids |
| Utricularia | Lentibulariaceae |
| Utricularia vulgaris | Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae |
| Uvaria | Annonaceae |
| Uvaria narum | Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii |
| Uvaria sp. | [Greenideoida bhalukpongensis] |