[The European spp. formerly placed in Cacalia are now in Adenostyles, the African sppin Crassocephalum, the eastern asiatic spp. in Parasenecio, the central American spp. in Psacalium, and the North American spp. mostly in Arnoglossum and Hasteola.]
(This
is a revised version of the key to aphids on pigeon pea in Blackman &
Eastop (2000), incorporating two more species.)
1
Body with large, branched marginal hair-bearing
processes
.….2
–
Body without large branched marginal processes
…..3
2
Dorsal hairs very numerous, e.g. c.40-60 on
head between eyes. Hairs on dorsal abdomen mostly with rounded apices
….. Cervaphis rappardi
–
Dorsal hairs less numerous, e.g. less than 25 on
head between eyes. Most hairs on dorsal abdomen have acute, lanceolate or
bifurcate apices
….. Cervaphisschouteniae
3
Cauda helmet-shaped, a little shorter than its
basal width. Spiracular apertures rounded
…..Brachycaudus
helichrysi
–
Cauda tongue-shaped, clearly longer than
its basal width. Spiraclular apertures reniform
.….4
4
SIPH pale, slightly clavate, about 2 ×
cauda. ANT well developed with inner
faces convergent, scabrous
…..Myzus persicae
–
SIPH dark.ANT tubercles weakly developed, or with smooth, divergent inner faces
…..5
5
Cauda as dark as SIPH
..…6
–
Cauda paler than SIPH
..…8
6
Dorsal abdomen usually with an extensive
solid black shield. Cauda with 4-7 hairs
..…Aphis
craccivora
–
Dorsal abdomen without extensive dark
markings anterior to SIPH. Cauda with 7-25 hairs
..…7
7
Dorsal abdomen without any dark markings.
Cauda usually with a midway constriction, and bearing 7-15 hairs
…..Aphis
spiraecola
–
Dorsal
abdomen with dark bands on ABD TERG 8, or 7 and 8, and often with dark
markings anterior to SIPH. Cauda without a constriction, and bearing 11-25
hairs
…..Aphis
fabae
8
ANT tubercles weakly developed, not projecting
beyond middle part of head in dorsal view. ABD TERG 1 and 7 with marginal tubercles
(MTu)
.….9
–
ANT tubercles projecting beyond middle part of
front of head in dorsal view. ABD TERG 1 and 7 without MTu
…..10
9
Cauda 0.08-0.125 × BL (only more than 0.12 × BL
in very small specimens with BL less than 1 mm); pale to dusky, without a
constriction, less than 3 × longer than its width at midlength, and bearing
2-7 (usually 5-6) hairs
…..Aphis
gossypii
–
Cauda 0.125-0.16 × BL, very pale, usually
with a slight mid-way constriction, more than 3 × longer than its narrowest width
at midlength, and bearing 6-9 (usually 8) hairs
..…Aphis
glycines
10
SIPH tapering, more than 1.5 × cauda, with
polygonal reticulation on distal 0.12-0.25 of length
.….Sitobion nigrinectarium
–
SIPH slightly swollen, less than 1.5 × cauda,
without any polygonal reticulation
ANT tubercleswell developed, spiculose, pointed. Femora with basal 0.6 or more pale,
contrasting with black distal section. SIPH pale basally and dark distally,
and slightly swollen subapically. (Al. with broad-banded wing veins, and
radius fused with media to form a closed cell below pterostigma)
.….Pentalonia
caladii
–
ANT tubercles weakly developed, without spicules.
Femora either mainly dark or mainly pale. SIPH dark, tapering, without any
subapical swelling. Al. with normal, pale wing venation
..…2
2
Cauda pale or dusky with 4-8 hairs. ANT PT/BASE
2.1-3.2
..…Aphis
gossypii
–
Cauda dark with 9-26 hairs. ANT PT/BASE 3.2-5.0
…..3
3
R IV+V 1.3-1.6.SIPH 0.9-1.5 × cauda. Stridulatory apparatus present
.…. Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii
–
R IV+V 0.9-1.1 × HT II.SIPH 0.7-0.95 × cauda. No stridulatory apparatus
Key to apterae on Calamus and other aphids on palms
(Arecaceae):-
1
SIPH present as shallow cones or pores
…..2
–
Siphunculi tubular
…..9
2
Head without frontal horns
…..Tuberaphis xinglongensis*
–
Head with frontal horns
…..3
3
Body dorsoventrally flattened, almost circular,
wholly sclerotic with a distinct crenulate marging due to a continuous ring
of wax glands (e.g. Fig. 43a)
…..4
–
Body elongate oval, not dorsoventrally flattened,
not wholly sclerotic and without a continuous crenulate margin, but usually
with well-developed marginal elongate oval wax glands, arranged in groups
segmentally with long axes parallel
…..7
4
Frontal horns clearly longer than ANT III
…..Cerataphis jamuritsu*
–
Frontal horns shorter than ANT III
……5
5
Frontal horns finger-like, rounded
apically, very close together (Fig. 43d)
…..Cerataphis
formosana
–
Frontal horns pointed, and well separated (Fig.
43e)
…..6
6
Underside of head with at least one pair of thick,
dagger-like hairs situated lateroventral to bases of frontal horns (Fig. 43b).
Cauda with 4-8 mainly long hairs
…..Cerataphis brasiliensis
–
Underside of head with only fine hairs
(Fig. 43c). Cauda with 8-16 hairs of various sizes
…..Cerataphis
lataniae
7
Dorsal abdomen with segmental markings consisting
of broad transverse bars, sometimes broken into paired, dark patches. Large
marginal abdominal wax glands, segmentally arranged in often rather irregular
groups (e.g. Fig.43f)
….Astegopteryx rappardi
–
Dorsal abdomen without segmental markings,
wholly dusky. Wax glands either absent from segments anterior to SIPH or all
grouped in short rows with long axes parallel (Fig. 43g-j)
.….8
8
Groups of marginal wax glands usually well
developed on all abdominal segments (Fig. 43h). ANT
III 1.0-1.5 × ANT IV (when ANT is 5-segmented)
…..Astegopteryx
nipae
–
Marginal wax glands reduced or absent on
abdominal segments anterior to SIPH (Figs 43i-j).
ANT III 1.5-2.0 × ANT IV (when ANT is 5-segmented)
…..Astegopteryx
rhapidis
9
Cauda
long and very pale, with only 4 hairs. SIPH slightly swollen on basal half
(calf-shaped). ANT PT/BASE 5.0-6.3. (Hind wing of al. with only one oblique
vein)
…..Hysteroneura setariae
–
Cauda
pale, dusky or dark with 4-28 hairs. SIPH cylindrical or tapering, not at all
swollen on basal half. ANT PT/BASE 1.7-6.0. (Hind wing of al. with 2 oblique
veins)
…..10
10
SIPH
2.1-3.0 × cauda. ANT entirely dark except for base of III. (Forewing of al.
with once-branched media)
…..Schizaphis rotundiventris
–
SIPH
0.8-2.2 (-2.5) × cauda. ANT pale at least on most of III and IV. (Forewing of
al. with media once- or twice-branched)
Dorsal body hairs long, 2.5-3.7 × BD III, arising
from tuberculate bases. Longest hairs on ANT III about 1.9 × BD III. Cauda
pale, helmet-shaped, a little shorter than its basal width
.….Hydronaphis calanthes
–
Dorsal hairs and those on ANT III all
shorter than BD III. Cauda tongue-shaped (or knobbed)
…..use
key to other aphids on orchids under Cymbidium
Dorsal hairs long and capitate, arising from
tuberculate bases; those on front of head more than 3 × BD III. SIPH long and
thin, often very slightly swollen at apices, more than 3 × cauda
..…Capitophorus archangelskii
–
Dorsal body hairs not capitate, without
tuberculate bases. SIPH less than 3 × cauda
..…2
2
ANT PT/BASE 0.7-1.4
…..Protaphis terricola
–
ANT PT/BASE more than 2
…..3
3
Cauda helmet-shaped, a little shorter than its
basal width. Spiracular apertures large and rounded
…..4
–
Cauda tongue-or finger-shaped, clearly longer
than its basal width. Spiracular
apertures small and reniform
…..5
4
Abdomen without extensive dark markings. SIPH
pale, smooth, 0.9-1.5 × cauda. Mesosternum without mammariform processes
…..Brachycaudus
helichrysi
–
Abdomen
with a extensive dark dorsal shield. SIPH dark, imbricated, 2.1-3.4 × cauda.
Mesosternum with a pair of dark mammariform processes
…..Brachycaudus
cardui
5
SIPH with a subapical zone of polygonal
reticulation
Body with long finger-like marginal processes. Cauda knobbed, anal plate bilobed. Dorsum with extensive, paired dark sclerites leaving a clear spinal stripe
…..Ctenocallis israelica
–
Body without long marginal processes. Cauda not
knobbed, anal plate entire. Dorsum either with a solid dark shield or without
any dark markings
…..2
2
Dorsum pale. Femora with fine hairs about as long
as trochantro-femoral suture. Cauda with a midway constriction, rounded at
apex, and bearing 6-12 hairs
…..Aphis spiraecola
–
Dorsum with a dark shield (fragmented at high
temperatures). Femoral hairs about 0.5 × length of trochantro-femoral suture. Cauda not constricted and with
rather pointed apex, and bearing 4-9 hairs
…..3
3
SIPH
0.9-1.2 (-1.3) × cauda. R IV+V 1.0-1.15 × HT II. Dorsal pigmentation often
reduced to small scattered sclerites
…..Aphis pseudocytisorum
–
SIPH 1.2-2.2 × cauda
(rarely less than 1.3). R IV+V 0.9-1.3 × HT II. Dorsal abdomen usually with a
dark shield, rarely with scattered small sclerites except in summer dwarfs
…..4
4
R IV+V 0.88-1.16 × HT II
(mostly 0.9-1.05 X). Anterior half of genital plate with 2 (-3) hairs
…..Aphis craccivora
– R IV+V 0.97-1.3 × HT II (mostly 1.06-1.2 X). Anterior half of genital plate
with 2-8 hairs (mode 4, mean 5.2)
SIPH clavate. ANT tubercles weakly developed, not
projecting beyond middle of front of head in dorsal view. Dorsal cuticle with
reticulate ornamentation formed by minute spinules arranged in polygons
SIPH smooth-surfaced, clavate, about 3 × cauda.
Hairs on ANT III short with capitate apices; the longest of them less than
0.5 × BD III. R IV+V 1.8-2.1 × HT II
..…Subovatomyzus
leucosceptri
–
Without this combination of characters
…..2
2
R IV+V 0.19-0.23 mm, 2.0-2.2 × HT II. Marginal
abdominal hairs 78-103 μm long, 3-4 × ANT BD III. Marginal tubercles
(MTu) present on ABD TERG 1 but often absent from ABD TERG 7
SIPH dark at least distally, with polygonal reticulation on subapical 0.1-0.2 of length. ANT dark at least distally, with hairs on ANT III less than 0.25 × BD III, and ANT PT/BASE 5.0-6.8
ANT PT/BASE less than
0.5. Eyes of only 3-facets. SIPH absent. Dorsal wax gland plates (Fig.45a) present
on all segments, with 6 on each of meso- and metanotum and ABD TERG 1-7
…..Thecabius affinis
–
ANT PT/BASE more than 1.0. Eyes multifaceted. SIPH tubular. No
discrete wax glands
…..2
2
SIPH strongly swollen, black, 3.5-4.6 × cauda.
Dorsum with an almost complete black sclerotic shield
..… Rhopalosiphoninus calthae
–
SIPH not strongly swollen, pale or dark, less
than 3 × cauda. Dorsum without a sclerotic shield
…..3
3
SIPH weakly swollen and dark, as is cauda. Dorsal
cuticle with a pattern of spicules arranged in polygons
…..Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae
–
SIPH tapering, cylindrical or swollen, but if
swollen then SIPH and cauda both pale …..43
4
BL 3.5-4.0 mm, ANT tubercles weakly developed, ABD TERG 1-5 and 7 with well-developed, dome-shaped marginal tubercles (MTu). SIPH and cauda dark, Cauda with 14-15 hairs
…..Aphis rukavishnikovi*
–
Without that combination of characters
…..5
5
ANTPT/BASE
1.1-1.8. SIPH 0.7-1.3 × cauda. (Al. with secondary rhinaria distributed ANT
III 25-60, IV 9-25, IV 7-17)
SIPH dark with a distal zone of polygonal reticulation
extending for at least 0.2 of length
…..2
–
SIPH pale or dark, but
if dark then without polygonal reticulation
…..12
2
Cauda pale or dusky
…..3
–
Cauda dark like SIPH
…..5
3
R IV+V shorter than (about 0.7 ×) HT II, and
bearing only 2 accessory hairs
…..Uroleucon kikioense
–
R IV+V 1.1-1.3 × HT II,
with 5-8 accessory hairs
…..4
4
First tarsal segments
with 5 hairs. Tibiae wholly dark. ANT III with 50-66 rhinaria.
Antesiphuncular sclerites present
…..Uroleucon
gredinae*
–
First tarsal segments
with 3 (-4) hairs. Tibiae pale on basal 0.7. ANT III with 10-30 rhinaria.
Antesiphuncular sclerites absent
…..Uroleucon
kashmiricum
5
SIPH 0.85-1.25 × cauda.
R IV+V 0.8-1.05 × HT II
…..Uroleucon
campanulae
–
SIPH 1.5-2.6 × cauda. R
IV+V 1.0-2.0 × HT II
…..6
6
ANT III 2.8-4.4 × R
IV+V
…..7
–
ANT III 4.4-6.6 × R
IV+V
…..9
7
Body spindle-shaped. R IV+V 1.7-2.0 × HT II. SIPH
5.4-6.4 × HT II
…..Uroleucon sp. on C. peregrina,
Lebanon (BMNH collection)
–
Body oval. R IV+V
1.0-1.45 × HT II. SIPH 2.9-4.2 × HT II
…..8
8
ANT III with 2-18
rhinaria on basal half , and none on IV
…..Uroleucon
minosmartelli
–
ANT III with 28-45 rhinaria distributed over its
entire length, and 0-6 on IV
…..Campanulaphis radicivora
9
Longest hairs on outer
side of hind tibia 1.5-2.0 × diameter
of tibia at midlength. Longest hairs
on ANT III 1.2-1.5 × BD III
…..Uroleucon
neocampanulae
–
Longest hairs on outer
side of hind tibia 0.9-1.2 × its diameter at midlength. Longest hairs on ANT
III 0.8-1.3 × BD III
…..10
10
Cauda with 11-14 hairs.
Longest hairs on ABD TERG 3-5 are at least 2× BD III. ANT PT/BASE 5.3-6.2.
ANT III 5.7-7.1 × ANT VI BASE
…..Uroleucon
ariegense*
–
Cauda with 14-21 hairs,
but if with 14-15 then longest hairs on ABD TERG 3-5 are less than 2× BD III. ANT PT/BASE 6.2-8.3 (if less than 6.4 then
cauda has 16-21 hairs). ANT III 7-8 × ANT VI BASE
…..11
11
ANT III with 19-58 rhinaria at a density of 20-58 per mm, extending over 0.42-0.94 of segment. (Al. with 43-78 rhinaria on ANT III and none on IV)
…..Uroleucon rapunculoidis
–
ANT III with 52-122
rhinaria at a density of 45-84 per mm, extending over 0.77-0.97 of segment.
(Al. with 97-137 rhinaria on ANT III, and usually without but sometimes with
1-7 on IV)
…..Uroleucon
nigrocampanulae
12
SIPH narrow at middle and flared distally,
without an apical flange
…..Jacksonia
campanulata*
–
SIPH tapering or
cylindrical or swollen on distal half, with a distinct apical flange
…..13
13
Marginal tubercles
(MTu) always present on ABD TERG 1 and 7
…..14
–
No MTu on ABD TERG 1
and 7
….17
14
ANT PT/BASE about
0.7. SIPH short, dark, conical, about
0.8 × the short triangular cauda. Dorsal abdomen with a pair of large dark
spots anterior to SIPH
…..Aphis bimacula
–
ANT PT/BASE 1.8-3.8.
SIPH 0.6-2.4 × cauda. Dorsal abdomen
with or without scattered dark markings, without a pair of large dark spotsanterior to SIPH
…..15
15
SIPH black, 0.6-0.8 × black cauda which bears 7-9
hairs
SIPH
pale or dark, 0.8-2.4 × cauda which bears 6-25 hairs
…..16
16
Cauda pale or dusky.
SIPH dark or pale with dark apices. Dorsal abdomen without any dark markings.
Very short-haired; e.g. hairs on ANT III 0.2-0.6 × BD III. ABD TERG 8 with 2 short hairs. Cauda with
6-10 hairs
…..Aphis
psammophila
–
Cauda and SIPH dark.
Dorsal abdomen with dark markings at least on ABD TERG 7 and 8. ABD TERG 8
with 2-7 long hairs. Cauda with 11-25 hairs
…..Aphis
fabae group
17
Cauda tongue-shaped, at least 1.5 × its basal width,
with 4-12 hairs. SIPH swollen, cylindrical or tapering on distal half. ANT
tubercles well developed
(Note:Both
species have long dorsal hairs and ANT PT/BASE less than 1.5.)
–
Cauda finger-like, more
than 1.5 × its basal width, with 5-7 hairs. SIPH tubular, cylindrical or
slightly swollen, narrowing just before flange. R IV+V similar in length to
HT II. Dorsal abdominal hairs thick, rod-shaped, with flattened or furcate
apices
…..Chaitaphis
camphorosmae
–
Cauda bluntly conical to helmet-shaped, shorter than its
basal width, with 13-18 hairs. SIPH are dark broad-based cones. R IV+V about
2 × HT II. Dorsal abdominal hairs pointed
SIPH and cauda both black, withSIPH
1.8-2.2 × cauda, which bears only 4 hairs
…..Aphis
thecomae*
–
Without that combination of characters; if SIPH
and cauda are both black then cauda is relatively shorter or bears more hairs
…..go to key to
polyphagous aphids, but note the possibility that specimens similar to Aphis
gossypii but with SIPH less than 1.5 × cauda may be A. punicae.
(C. bursa-pastoris (“Shepherd’s
Purse”) is a popular “reserve host” throughout a large part of the world for
numerous species of aphids, including many which are otherwise specific to other
plant genera or families. It seems to be a plant that aphids – particularly
grass and legume feeders – can utilise, and even form flourishing colonies
on, usually at times of year when their normal hosts are scarce or
unavailable. The key below attempts to discriminate the species most likely
to be found on Capsella, but neither the list above or the key can be
regarded as at all comprehensive.)
1
ANT PT/BASE less than
1. SIPH absent or, if present, then only about 0.5 × cauda
…..2
–
ANT PT/BASE more than
1. SIPH present and more than 0.5 × cauda
…..7
2
ANT PT/BASE more than
0.5. Eyes multifacetted. SIPH present, about 0.5 × the finger-like cauda
…..Brachyunguis
harmalae
–
ANT PT/BASE less than
0.5. Eyes with 3 facets. SIPH absent (on roots). Cauda rounded, not developed
…..3
3
ANT with primary
rhinaria having fimbriate rims
…..4
–
ANT with primary
rhinaria having naked rims
…..6
4
Anal plate displaced
dorsally.Hairs on dorsal body and appendages often spatulate. Wax
gland plates absent
…..Geoica
utricularia
–
Anal plate not displaced dorsally. Hairs on body
and appendages pointed. Wax gland plates present, at least on posterior
abdominal segments
…..5
5
Cauda and anal plate
extended posteriorly, dark, and bearing numerous long hairs. R IV with 6-10 accessory
hairs
…..Prociphilus
erigeronensis
–
Cauda and anal plate not extended posteriorly,
with few short hairs. R IV without accessory hairs
…..Pemphigus
sp.
6
Primary rhinaria with thick, sclerotic rims. ANT
III 0.8-1.7 × the elongate ANT II. R
IV+V 1.0-1.8 × ANT II
…..Smynthurodes
betae
–
Primary rhinaria with thin rims. ANT III 3.3-4.6
× ANT II. R IV+V 2.1-2.9 × ANT II
…..Forda
formicaria
7
ANT tubercles absent
or, if developed then small, and with median tubercle on front of head also
developed; front of head therefore either convex, straight or sinuate in
dorsal view. SIPH without polygonal reticulation
…..8
–
ANT tubercles
moderately to well developed, with inner faces convergent, parallel or
divergent in dorsal view; if rather low and divergent then SIPH
have distal polygonal reticulation
…..19
8
SIPH almost cylindrical
on basal half and slightly swollen on distal part, narrowing just before
flange
…..9
–
SIPH tapering gradually
from base to flange, with no trace of swelling on distal part …..12
9
Cauda broadly
triangular, about as long as its basal width in dorsal view. ANT III 2.5-3.7
× SIPH. Dorsal abdomen with dark segmental markings
…..Brevicoryne brassicae
–
Cauda tongue-or finger-shaped, longer than its
basal width. ANT III 1.2-1.7 × SIPH. Dorsal abdomen without dark markings
(except on ABD TERG 7-8)
…..10
10
ANT PT/BASE 3.0-4.0. SIPH smooth on narrowest part just proximal
to flange. ABD TERG 1 and 7 always with small marginal tubercles (MTu)
…..Rhopalosiphum padi
–
ANT
PT/BASE 1.8-2.7. SIPH with transverse striae on narrowest part just proximal
to flange. ABD TERG 1 and 7 without Mtu
…..11
11
ANT III + PT together 1.95-2.5 × SIPH (90%
of specimens less than 2.4×)
…..Lipaphis erysimi
–
ANT III + PT together 2.1-3.2 × SIPH (90%
of specimens more than 2.4×)
…..Lipaphis pseudobrassicae
12
ABD TERG 1 and 7 always with MTu. Spinal
tubercles (STu) absent. Cauda tongue-shaped or bluntly conical, not
constricted at base
…..13
–
ABD TERG 1 and 7 either
without MTu, or if MTu are present then they are always in association with
STu on ABD TERG 7 and/or 8. Cauda helmet-shaped or bluntly conical, somewhat
constricted at base
…..14
13
ABD TERG 2-4(-5) regularly with well-developed
marginal tubercles (MTu), of basal diameter about equal to distal diameter of
SIPH
…..Aphis
sambuci
–
ABD TERG 2-4 without or only sporadically with small MTu (Go to key to polyphagous aphids, starting at couplet 24, but note that specimens running to gossypii may be one of a number of species/subspecies of the gossypii and frangulae groups that are recorded from Capsella (see systematic accounts under these two names), and specimens running to craccivora may be loti ssp. gollmicki.)
…..polyphagous Aphis spp.
14
Abdomen with an
extensive dark dorsal shield
…..15
–
Abdomen without
extensive dark markings anterior to SIPH
…..16
15
Longest hairs on hind
femur 10-25 mm
…..Brachycaudus
lateralis
–
Longest hairs on hind femur more than 25 mm long
…..Brachycaudus cardui
16
SIPH dark, with normal imbrication, and more than
1.5 × cauda. MTu are always present, at least on ABD TERG 1-4
…..17
–
SIPH
pale, smooth or spiculose, less than 1.5 × cauda. MTu rarely present
…..18
17
Longest hairs on ANT
III 29-42 μm, 1.3-1.8 × BD III, and hairs on ABD TERG 8 are 58-82
μm. R IV+V 1.12-1.24 × HT II
…..Dysaphis
capsellae*
–
Longest
hairs on ANT III 9-13 μm, 0.4-0.6 × BD III, and hairs on ABD TERG 8 are
29-39 μm. R IV+V 1.21-1.31 (-1.58) × HT II
…..Dysaphis
rara (?)*
18
SIPH smooth. Spiracular
apertures large and rounded
…..Brachycaudus
helichrysi
–
SIPH ornamented with
rows of minute spicules. Spiracular
apertures reniform
…..Nearctaphis
bakeri
19
SIPH pale, without
polygonal reticulation , tapering/cylindrical, and only 0.12-0.20 × BL and
0.85-1.33 × cauda
…..Acyrthosiphon
auctum
–
SIPH if pale,
tapering/cylindrical and without polygonal reticulation, then more than 0.20
× BL and/or more than 1.25 × cauda
…..20
20
BL 2.5-5.5 mm. SIPH pale, without any subapical
reticulation, very long and attenuate
distally (thinner than middle part of hind tibia), but less than 2 × cauda
…..Acyrthosiphon
pisum
–
If BL is more than 2.5
mm, and SIPH are pale and less than 2 × cauda, then SIPH have subapical
polygonal reticulation
…..21
21
SIPH black, 1.1-1.9 ×
cauda, with polygonal reticulation on distal 0.15-0.40 of length. R IV+V very
short and blunt, 0.6-0.8 × HT II
…..22
–
Without this combination of characters
…..23
22
SIPH 1.4-1.9 × cauda
…..Sitobion
akebiae/miscanthi
–
SIPH 1.1-1.4 × cauda
…..Sitobion
avenae
23
SIPH black, tapering,
coarsely imbricated. Dorsal cuticle extensively sclerotised, often wholly
dark, and wrinkled with a jigsaw puzzle-like pattern. Large, dark, densely
spiculose postsiphuncular sclerites
are present
Cauda knobbed, anal
plate bilobed. SIPH as short, truncate cones. ANT PT/BASE less than 1.7
(applies to both apterae and alatae)
…..2
–
Cauda tongue- or
finger-shaped, anal plate entire. SIPH tubular. ANT PT/BASE more than 2.0
(applies to both apterae and alatae)
…..6
2
ABD TERG 1-5 each with
5 or 6 long, capitate spinopleural hairs arising from pigmented sclerites
(applies to both apterae and alatae)
…..Therioaphis aizenbergi
–
ABD TERG 1-5 each with only two slightly capitate
spinal hairs, with basal sclerites pale or dark (applies to both apterae and
alatae)
…..3
3
SIPH dark. Spinal hairs
arising from dark sclerites, with those on ABD TERG 3 displaced laterally
(all viviparae are alate)
…..Therioaphis
beijingensis*
–
SIPH pale. Spinal hairs
arising from pale/dusky sclerites or tuberculate bases, those on ABD TERG 3
not laterally displaced
…..4
4
Apt. vivip. present. Both apt. and al. with
spinal hairs arising from tuberculate bases (less well developed in al.,
which have 12-20 sec. rhin. on ANT III)
…..Therioaphis
kundurensis*
–
All vivip. are al.,
with spinal hairs on flat or weakly convex sclerites, which may be fused
medially on some tergites. ANT III with 7-15 sec. rhin.`
…..5
5
(Al.) Dorsal body hairs
11-25 μm long, and flabellate. Forewing veins heavily bordered with
fuscous
…..Therioaphis tenera ssp. frutex
–
(Al.) Dorsal body hairs
19-41 μm long, with blunt or capitate apices. Forewing veins weakly
bordered
…..Therioaphis
tenera s. str.
6
SIPH
gradually tapering or cylindrical on distal half, 4.75-8.5 × R IV+V, without
any subapical polygonal reticulation
…..7
–
SIPH less than 4.5 × R
IV+V, or if more then with subapical polygonal reticulation
…..9
7
ANT I longer than wide
and bearing 9-23 hairs. SIPH attenuate distally, thinner than hind tibia at
midlength. ANT VI BASE 1.6-2.9 × R IV+V
…..Acyrthosiphon
pisum
–
ANT I not longer than wide, bearing 7-10 hairs.
SIPH not so attenuate distally, as thick as or thicker than (0.95-1.7 ×)
diameter of hind tibia at midlength. ANT VI BASE 1.1-1.7 × R IV+V
…..8
8
SIPH 1.75-2.05 × cauda.
Diameter of SIPH at midlength 0.95-1.45 × diameter of hind tibia at midlength
…..Acyrthosiphon
kondoi
–
SIPH 1.45-1.9 × cauda (only more than 1.8 × in
large specimens with SIPH at least 0.9 mm). Diameter of SIPH at midlength
1.25-1.7 × diameter of hind tibia at midlength
ANT PT/BASE less than
0.5. Eyes 3-faceted. SIPH absent
…..2
–
ANT PT/BASE more than 0.5.
Eyes multifaceted. SIPH present, tubular
…..3
2
Dorsal body and antennae clothed in numerous fine
hairs. ANT II much longer than ANT I. Primary rhinaria with thick sclerotised
rims. Wax glands not evident
.….Smynthurodes
betae
–
Body and antennae sparsely
hairy.ANT I and II of similar length.Primary rhinaria with
ciliate rims. Abdomen with wax glands on ABD TERG 3-7 (usually 4 glands on
each of ABD TERG 3-6 and 2 on ABD TERG 7)
…..Pemphigus
populitransversus
3
ANT tubercles absent or
weakly developed, with middle part of front of head also developed so that
front of head is either convex, straight or sinuate in dorsal view
…..4
–
ANT tubercles
moderately to well developed, with inner faces convergent, parallel or
divergent, and median tubercle on front of head undeveloped or only weakly
developed, so that there is a frontal sinus
…..12
4
ABD TERG 1 and 7
without marginal tubercles (MTu). SIPH almost cylindrical on basal half and
slightly swollen on distal part, narrowing just before flange
…..5
–
ABD TERG 1 and 7 with
MTu. SIPH tapering gradually from base to flange, with no trace of swelling
on distal part
…..7
5
Cauda broadly conical,
about as long as its basal width in dorsal view. ANT III 2.5-3.7 × SIPH.
Dorsal abdomen with dark segmental markings
…..Brevicoryne
brassicae
–
Cauda
tongue-shaped, longer than its basal width. ANT III 1.2-1.7 × SIPH. Dorsal
abdomen without dark markings on segments anterior to SIPH
…..6
6
ANT III + PT together 1.95-2.5 × SIPH
(90% of specimens less than 2.4×)
…..Lipaphis erysimi
–
ANT III + PT together 2.1-3.2 × SIPH (90%
of specimens more than 2.4×)
…..Lipaphis
pseudobrassicae
7
Dorsum with an extensive black shield
…..Aphis
craccivora
–
Dorsum without extensive pigmentation
…..8
8
ANT
PT/BASE 1.1-1.75. Cauda with 5-11
hairs. (Al. with 25-60 rhinaria on ANT III, 9-25 on IV and 7-17 on V)
…..Aphis triglochinis
–
ANT PT/BASE
1.8-3.0. Cauda with 4-24 hairs. (Al.
with 5-33 rhinaria on ANT III, 0-10 on IV and 0-2 on V)
…..9
9
SIPH mainly pale or dusky, only dark
towards apices
…..Aphis
nasturtii
–
SIPH entirely dark
…..10
10
Cauda paler than SIPH
and bearing 4-8 hairs
…..Aphis
gossypii
–
SIPH and cauda both
dark, cauda bearing 8-24 hairs
…..11
11
Dorsal abdomen without dark markings. Cauda with 8-14
hairs. (Al. with 2-6 rhinaria on ANT IV)
…..Aphis
mizutakarashi*
–
Dorsal abdomen with dark cross-bands on ABD TERG
7 and 8, and usually with small dark spots anterior to SIPH. Cauda with 11-24
hairs. (Al. usually without rhinaria on ANT IV)
…..Aphis fabae
12
SIPH 3.6-5.0 × cauda,
which is helmet-shaped, shorter than its basal width. Head spinulose, and ANT
III with 1-4 rhinaria on basal half
…..Myzotoxoptera
wimshurstae
–
SIPH less than 3 × cauda and other characters not
in that combination
…..13
13
SIPH dark, cylindrical,
coarsely imbricated, 2.3-2.9 × cauda. Dorsal cuticle sclerotic, strongly
wrinkled, with large dark marginal sclerites
ANT PT/BASE less than
0.7. SIPH as pores placed on flat cones, or absent
…..2
–
ANT PT/BASE more than
0.7. SIPH conical or tubular
…..5
2
Body and appendages
sparsely hairy. Hind tarsus normal, less than 0.25 × hind tibia. Dorsal
abdomen with wax gland plates on posterior segments
…..Pemphigus bursarius
–
Body and appendages densely hairy.Hind tarsus elongate,
more than 0.5 × hind tibia. No wax gland plates
…..3
3
SIPH completely absent. Head and appendages
pale/dusky. ANT PT/BASE 0.16-0.24
…..Trama
troglodytes
–
SIPH present as pores
placed on flat, usually pigmented, cones. Head and appendages dark. ANT
PT/BASE 0.33-0.69
…..4
4
Hind tarsus 0.65-0.70 × hind tibia, and bearing
two distinct types of hair, one type much longer and straighter than the
other, exceeding 2 × width of tarsus at midlength
…..Trama
baroni
–
Hind tarsus 0.72-0.87 ×
hind tibia, with only one type of hair (curved, and less than 1.5 × width of
tarsus)
…..Protrama radicis
5
Dorsal hairs arising from prominent tubercles,
some of which are taller than their basal widths. SIPH as short, truncate
cones. Cauda knobbed
…..Macropodaphis
tubituberculata*
–
Dorsal hairs with or
without tuberculate bases, but these are not as tall as their basal widths.
SIPH tubular. Cauda not distinctly knobbed
…..6
6
Long, capitate dorsal
hairs present, at least on head and posterior abdomen, the longest of them
1.5-3.0 × diameter at midlength of the pale slender SIPH, which are 2.4-3.5 ×
cauda and do not have distal reticulation. ANT III without rhinaria
…..7
–
Dorsal hairs not
distinctly capitate, less than 1.5 × midlength diameter of the pale or dark
SIPH, which are usually less than 2.4 × cauda. ANT III with or without
rhinaria
…..8
7
Cauda 1.1-1.5 × R IV+V,
and bearing 5-8 hairs. ANT PT 3.1-4.4 × R IV+V, and ANT PT/BASE 4.6-6.3. SIPH
without dark apices
…..Capitophorus
carduinus
–
Cauda 1.4-2.3 × R IV+V,
and bearing 7-13 hairs. ANT PT 4.5-6.3 × R IV+V, and ANT PT/BASE 6.0-9.2.
SIPH with dark apices
…..Capitophorus
elaeagni
8
SIPH dark, wholly or in
distal part, with polygonal reticulation on more than distal 0.2 of length
…..9
–
SIPH pale or dark, but
if dark then without any polygonal reticulation, and if pale then any
reticulation extends maximally up to distal 0.2 of length
…..15
9
Dorsal abdominal hairs
all arising from pale tubercles
…..10
–
Dorsal abdominal hairs
all or mostly arising from dark scleroites
…..11
10
R IV+Vnarrow-based
and acute, 1.2-1.4 × HT I. SIPH distally dark and basally pale. Cauda
pale. Tibiae mainly pale. ANT III pale except at apex, with 13-25 rhinaria
extending up to 0.7 of length
…..Macrosiphoniella
tuberculata
–
R IV+V 0.9-1.0 × HT II. SIPH and cauda uniformly
dark. Tibiae mainly dark. ANT III dark except at base, with 34-51 rhinaria
extending over almost the entire length
…..Macrosiphoniella
riedeli
11
Cauda pale.
Antesiphuncular sclerites present or absent
…..12
–
Cauda dark.
Antesiphuncular sclerites absent
…..13
12
Crescent-shaped
antesiphuncular sclerites present
…..Uroleucon
cichorii
–
Antesiphuncular
sclerites absent
…..Uroleucon
mongolicum ssp. cardui
13
ANT III with 48-86 rhinaria extending over 0.85-0.92 of length of segment. Cauda with 10-22 hairs. ABD TERG 2-4 without marginal tubercles (MTu)
…..Uroleucon compositae
–
ANT III with 20-45
rhinaria on basal 0.35-0.52 of length. Cauda with 23-30 hairs. ABD TERG 2-4
with or without MTu
…..14
14
R IV+V about equal in
length to, or slightly shorter than, HT II, which is usually more than 0.21
mm long. ABD TERG 2-4 without MTu, or sporadically with small MTu no larger
than hair bases
…..Uroleucon
macrosiphon
–
R IV+V 1.2-1.4 × HT II, which is usually less
than 0.21 mm long. ABD TERG 2-4 regularly with MTu (90% with a total of 5 or
more), often larger than hair bases
…..Uroleucon aeneum
15
Cauda helmet-shaped,
with at least a slight basal constriction, a little shorter than its basal
width, and bearing 4-8 hairs
…..16
–
Cauda (if developed) tongue- or finger-shaped, or
bluntly conical, without any basal constriction, usually longer than its
basal width, if shorter then bearing more than 10 hairs
…..19
16
Head and ABD TERG 8
with spinal tubercles (STu). Spiracular apertures small, reniform (partly
covered by opercula)
…..Dysaphis atina
–
Head and ABD TERG 8
without STu. Spiracular apertures large and rounded
…..17
17
Abdomen without
extensive dark markings. SIPH pale, smooth, 0.9-1.5 × cauda. Mesosternum
without mammariform processes
…..Brachycaudus
helichrysi
–
Abdomen with an
extensive dark dorsal shield. SIPH dark, imbricated, 2.1-3.4 × cauda.
Mesosternum with a pair of dark mammariform processes
…..18
18
Longest hairs on hind
femur 10-25 mm
…..Brachycaudus
lateralis
–
Longest hairs on hind femur more than 25 mm long
…..Brachycaudus cardui
19
Marginal tubercles (MTu) always present on ABD
TERG 1 and 7. ANT tubercles
undeveloped or weakly developed, head not spiculose or spinulose
…..20
–
No MTu on ABD TERG 1
and 7. ANT tubercles well developed, or if weakly developed then head
spinulose
…..29
20
R IV+V longer than ANT
PT. ANT PT/BASE 0.8-1.4. SIPH 0.65-1.2 × cauda which is helmet-shaped or
bluntly conical, 0.7-1.2 × its basal width
…..21
–
R IV+V shorter than ANT
PT. ANT PT/BASE more than 1.4. SIPH 0.8-2.2 × cauda which is tongue- or
finger-like and usually more than 1.2 × its basal width
…..23
21
SIPH 0.50-0.68 × R IV+V, and 0.65-0.86 × cauda.
Longest hairs on ABD TERG 3 are 1.2-1.8 × ANT BD III
…..Protaphis carthami
–
SIPH 0.7-0.9 × R IV+V and 0.88-1.2 × cauda.
Longest hairs on ABD TERG 3 are 0.7-1.3 × ANT BD III
…..22
22
ANT III usually without sec. rhinaria (rarely
with 1-3). R IV+V 1.28-1.36 × HT II. Longest hairs on ABD TERG 3 are 0.7-1.1
× ANT BD III
…..Protaphis pseudocardui
–
ANT III usually with (1-10) sec. rhinaria. R IV+V
1.45-1.65 × HT II. Longest hairs on ABD TERG 3 are 1.2-1.3 × ANT BD III
…..Protaphis anuraphoides
23
ANT PT/BASE1.4-1.9.
Dorsal body hairs and those on antennae all very short; hairs on ANT III up
to 0.6 × BD III, and those on ABD TERG 8 shorter than BD III
…..24
–
ANT PT/BASE 1.7-3.5;
if less than 1.9 then hairs longer; those on ANT III 0.6-3.4 × BD III,
those on ABD TERG 8 are 1-5 × BD III
…..26
24
MTu occur only rarely
on ABD TERG 2-4. R IV+V 1.30-1.56 × HT II …..Aphis
carduicola
–
MTu almost always present on some or all of ABD
TERG 2-4. R IV+V 1.03-1.38 × HT II
…..25
25
SIPH 1.6-2.2 × cauda
…..Aphis
acanthoidis
–
SIPH 1.3-1.5 × cauda
…..Aphis
wartenbergi
26
Cauda pale, dusky or dark, bearing 4-7(-8) hairs. Longest hind femoral
hairs only 0.4-0.7 × diameter of trochantro-femoral suture
…..Aphis
gossypii
–
Cauda always dark like SIPH, and bearing
7-24 hairs. Longest hind femoral hairs usually more than 0.7 × diameter of
trochantro-femoral suture
…..27
27
ANT I dark, but ANT II pale or dusky, not much darker than basal half
of ANT III. Dorsal abdomen usually without any dark markings anterior to SIPH
(except for dark intersegmental muscle sclerites). HT I with a sense peg
between the pair of fine hairs. Cauda bearing 7-12 hairs
…..Aphis
asclepiadis
–
ANT I and II are both dark, contrasting
with ANT III. Dorsal abdomen usually with some dark markings anterior to SIPH
(in addition to dark intersegmental muscle sclerites). HT I without a sense
peg, with only the 2 fine hairs. Cauda bearing 11-27 hairs
…..28
28
Longest hair on ANT III 35-50 μm, longest hair on hind femur 60-85 μm. R IV+V 0.85-1.05 × HT II. SIPH 0.9-1.6 × cauda and 0.10-0.17 × BL. ANT PT/BASE 2.4-3.4
…..Aphis fabae
–
Longest hair on ANT III 15-25 μm,
longest hair on hind femur 45-70 μm. R IV+V 1.05-1.30 × HT II. SIPH
1.3-1.8 × cauda and 0.14-0.20 × BL. ANT PT/BASE 2.9-3.4
…..Aphis solanella
29
Head spinulose with low
divergent ANT tubercles. Tergum extensively sclerotised. ANT mainly dark with
1-6 rhinaria on basal part of III. SIPH dark, c.2.5 × the short dark tongue-shaped
cauda
…..Chitinosiphum
cardui*
–
If head is spinulose or spiculose then ANT
tubercles are well developed with inner faces steep-sided, almost parallel or
apically convergent. Other characters not in that combination
About 110 aphid species live on Carex. In particular, one whole tribe (Saltusaphidini)
is almost exclusively confined to this plant genus. A single key would be
rather cumbersome, so we have split it into two, A and B.
–
SIPH tubular; tapering, cylindrical or
swollen, clearly longer than their basal widths
SIPH tapering to a point, with aperture placed
laterally (Fig.18a).
ANT 5-segmented, with PT/BASE less than 1
…..Acutosiphon obliquoris
–
SIPHcylindrical
or swollen, with terminal aperture. ANT 5- or 6-segmented, with PT/BASE more
or less than 1
…..2
2
Head flattened and produced anteriorly, and
sometimes also laterally, over antennal bases, to form either a projecting
ledge (e.g. Fig.18b),
or three large laterofrontal processes (the middle one displaced somewhat
ventrally; Fig.18c)). SIPH very scabrous ventrally, swollen over most of
length and narrowing just before flange, and curved inward at base and
outward at apex into a shallow “S” curve
…..3
–
Head not flattened nor extended forward over antennal bases (although ANT tubercles may be present). SIPH scabrous, imbricated or smooth, and tapering, cylindrical or swollen
…..9
3
Front of head produced into a ledge, with median
tubercle as a low swelling beneath it. Frontal hairs short and inconspicuous.
Body oval
…..4
–
Front of head produced into three large separate
processes, each bearing spine-like hairs. Body elongate oval
…..6
4
SIPH stout and very strongly constricted at
apex (Fig.18d);
width in middle 60-95 mm, 0.22-0.26 × length and 3.4-5.4 × width of
subapical constriction
…..Vesiculaphis caricis
–
SIPH
less stout, and less strongly constricted at apex; width in middle 45-60 mm,
0.15-0.22 × length and 2.0-2.9 × width at subapical constriction
…..5
5
Dorsum pale. ANT PT/BASE 1.5-2.2. Anterior part
of frontal ledge without spinules ventrally
…..Vesiculaphis caerulea
–
Dorsum
dark. ANT PT/BASE 1.25-1.5. Anterior part of frontal ledge with spinules
ventrally
…..Vesiculaphis rotunda
6
Ventral side of head without rows of
spinules. R IV+V 0.81-1.03 × HT II
…..Vesiculaphis cephalata
–
Ventral side of head with rows of spinules. R IV+V 1.09-1.42 × HT II
…..7
7
Median frontal process low, at most projecting
only half as far as the laterofrontal processes. Abdomen with intersegmental areolations
blurred with brown pigment and not clearly demarcated
…..Vesiculaphis nubilimaculata*
–
Median frontal process developed to a similar
extent to laterofrontal processes. Abdomen with intersegmental areolations
clearly demarcated
..…8
8
Head narrow; width between (not including) eyes does not exceed
maximum length (including frontal processes). R IV+V 1.24-1.42 × HT II. ANT
PT/BASE 1.05-1.34
…..Vesiculaphis angusticeps
–
Head broader, wider then its maximum length. R
IV+V 1.09-1.21 × HT II. ANT PT/BASE 1.37-1.8
…..Vesiculaphis theobaldi
9
Head with inner sides of ANT tubercles developed
as rounded, scabrous or spiculose processes
…..10
–
Head with ANT tubercles absent, or weakly
developed, or smooth and divergent
…..14
10
ANT III with 1-3 rhinaria in a swelling near
base. SIPH dusky or dark
…..11
–
ANT III without any rhinaria. SIPH pale
…..13
11
ANT PT/BASE 1.5-2.0. Hairs on ANT III minute,
maximally less than 0.2 × BD III. R
IV+V with 2 accessory hairs
….. Carolinaia floris
–
ANT PT/BASE 2.4-c.3.2. Hairs on ANT III maximally
0.4-0.6 × BD III. R IV+V with 4-5 accessory hairs
…..12
12
ANT PT/BASE2.4-2.6. R IV+V 1.0-1.15 × HT II
…..”Vesiculaphis” sikkimensis*
–
ANT PT/BASE c. 3.2. R IV+V 1.2-1.3 × HT II
…..Carolinaia scirpi
13
SIPH
clavate, thinnest on basal half. Processes on inner faces of antennal
tubercles not converging apically
…..Myzus ascalonicus
–
SIPH not thinnest on basal half;
cylindrical on distal half with just slight swelling near apex. Processes on
inner faces of antennal tubercles converging apically
…..Abstrusomyzus phloxae
14
ANT 5-segmented, bearing long hairs up to 4-5 ×
BD III. ANT PT/BASE 4.5-5.9, with PT usually curved
…..Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominale
–
ANT 5- or 6-segmented, but if 5-segmented then
hairs are much shorter and/or ANT PT/BASE is less than 3.6
…..15
15
ANT less than 0.5 × BL
…..16
–
ANT more than 0.5 × BL
…..18
16
SIPH pale/dusky, not darker than body, very
rugose, cylindrical on basal half, swollen distally and narrowing just before
flange (Fig.18e).
Dorsum sclerotic, strongly wrinkled. ANT usually 5-segmented, with ANT
PT/BASE 1.0-1.5
…..Carolinaia caricis (or tissoti)
–
SIPH black, or at least darker than body,
moderately to heavily imbricated, tapering or with slight swelling. ANT
usually 6-segmented, with ANT PT/BASE 1.7-3.6
…..17
17
Dorsum with extensive dark sclerotisation. Dorsal
hairs long; those on ANT III about 2 × BD III. ANT III with 2-10 rhinaria
near base. ANT PT/BASE 2.7-3.6
…..Ceruraphis eriophori
–
Dorsum pale, not sclerotic. Hairs on ANT
III less than 2 × BD III. ANT PT/BASE 1.7-2.8
…..Rhopalosiphum maidis
18
SIPH dark with a subapical zone of polygonal
reticulation
…..19
–
SIPH pale or dark, without polygonal reticulation
…..21
19
SIPH 1.75-2.25 × cauda, which has a rounded apex
…..Sitobion fragariae
–
SIPH 1.1-1.9 × cauda, which has a pointed apex
…..20
20
SIPH 1.4-1.9 × cauda. R IV+V 0.77-0.97 × HT II
…..Sitobion akebiae/miscanthi
–
SIPH 1.1-1.4 (-1.5) × cauda. R IV+V 0.65-0.82 × HT II
…..Sitobion avenae
21
ANT III with 1-4 small rhinaria near base
(rarely one side has none). ANT tubercles well developed, extending forward
much further than middle of head in dorsal view. SIPH pale
…..22
–
ANT III without rhinaria. ANT tubercles small or
only moderately developed, not extending forward much further than middle of
head in dorsal view. SIPH dark or pale with dark apices
…..23
22
ANT witheach segment pale at base and dusky/dark at apex (base of VI
paler than apex of V). R IV+V 0.55-0.71 × HT II. (Al. without dorsal
abdominal pigmentation)
…..Metopolophium dirhodum
–
ANT progressively darker from base to apex. R
IV+V 0.71-0.90 × HT II. (Al. with dark dorsal abdominal bars)
…..Metopolophium festucae
23
ABD TERG 8 with 5-18 hairs. Hind tibia with
numerous long, fine hairs, exceeding 2 × its diameter at midlength, along whole
length (Fig.18f).
Longest hairs on ANT III usually longer than BD III. Papilliform marginal
tubercles usually present on all of ABD TERG 1-7
…..24
–
ABD TERG 8 with 2-4 hairs. Hind tibia with
shorter hairs, or if with hairs about 2 × its middle diameter then these do
not extend to basal part. Longest hairs on ANT III rarely exceeding BD III.
Marginal tubercles present or absent from ABD TERG 2-6
…..30
24
Most dorsal hairs with rather blunt apices;
those on ABD TERG 3 maximally about 50 mm long,
up to 2.5 × ANT BD III. Longest hairs on ANT III are about 1.5 × BD III
…..Schizaphis (Paraschizaphis)sp. (nigra auctt. nec Baker – see under nigra)
–
Most dorsal hairs with fine-pointed apices;
longest hairs on ABD TERG 3 are 29-130 mm long,
2-4 × BD III. Longest hairs on ANT III more than 1.5 × BD III
…..25
25
SIPH with 4-10 hairs. ANT III with 19-31 hairs,
94-112 μm long
…..26
–
SIPH without hairs. ANT III with 4-16 hairs,
18-108 μm long
…..27
26
SIPH 1.43-1.61 × cauda. R IV+V 1.13-1.17 × HT II,
and bearing 2 accessory hairs. ABD TERG 8 with 16-18 hairs
…..Schizaphis pashtshenkoae
–
SIPH 2.29-2.40 × cauda. R IV+V 1.2-1.3 × HT II and
bearing 2-6 accessory hairs. ABD TERG 8 with 7-11 hairs
…..Schizaphis longisetosa
27
ANT III with 15-16 hairs. SIPH 2.57-2.83 × cauda
…..Schizaphis brachytarsus
–
ANT III with 6-13 hairs. SIPH 1.50-2.78 × cauda
…..28
28
Subgenital plate usually with 2-6 hairs on
anterior half (rarely up to 10). Dorsal body and ANT hairs variable in
length; often some of those on both ANT III and ABD TERG 3 have blunt apices
and are less than 50 μm long (range 28-87 μm and 29-100 μm
respectively). R IV+V 1.02-1.25 (-1.38) × HT II. (Al. with (0-)2-5 rhinaria
on ANT V)
…..Schizaphis caricis
–
Subgenital plate with (3-)5-14 hairs on anterior
half. Dorsal body hairs all more than 65 μm long with pointed apices;
hairs on ANT III and ABD TERG 3 are in range (30-) 50-108 μm and 81-132
μm respectively. R IV+V either 0.89-1.14 or 1.25-1.43 × HT II. Al with
0-1 rhinaria on ANT V
…..29
29
R IV+V 0.89-1.14 × HT II. Hairs on ANT III
53-108 μm long
…..Schizaphis scirpi
–
R IV+V 1.25-1.43 × HT II. hairs on ANT III
(30-) 50-83 μm long …..Schizaphis scirpicola
30
SIPH black, calf-shaped, contrasting with long
pale cauda
…..Hysteroneura setariae
–
SIPH pale with dark apices or dark, but if dark
then cauda is similarly pigmented
…..31
31
ANT PT/BASE less than 2.3 and SIPH shorter
than cauda (apt. unknown; estimated from al., which has ANT PT/BASE 1.7-2.0, and SIPH about 0.75 × cauda)
…..Schizaphis gracilis
–
ANT PT/BASE more than 2.3 and SIPH 1.0-3.0 ×
cauda
…..32
32
SIPH 0.07-0.11 × BL (-0.13 × in very small
specimens with BL c.1.3 mm), and 1.0-1.4 × cauda (ANT often 5-segmented)
SIPH pale (often with dark apices),
1.25-1.5 × cauda. R IV+V 0.7-0.8 × HT
II
…..Schizaphis graminum
–
SIPH pale or dark, 1.6-3.0 × cauda. R IV+V
0.8-1.5 × HT II
…..35
35
ABD TERG 1 and 7 without marginal tubercles
(sometimes a very small tubercle on one side of ABD TERG 7 only). R IV+V
0.8-0.9 × HT II. ANT PT/BASE 3.1-3.4
…..Schizaphis variegata
–
ABD TERG 1 and 7 always with marginal tubercles
(although these are sometimes not much larger than hair bases). R IV+V
0.9-1.5 × HT II. ANT PT/BASE 2.3-6.75
…..36
36
ABD TERG 6 with well-developed marginal
tubercles, similar to those on 7, wider at base than the spiracular apertures
…..Schizaphis nigra
–
ABD
TERG 6 either without tubercles, or with small tubercles that are not larger
than spiracular apertures
…..37
37
Dorsal cuticle ornamented with spicules or
nodules arranged in polygons, each polygon enclosing 1-4 similar spicules.
SIPH dusky/dark, almost cylindrical for most of length or with swelling on
distal half, and with a marked subapical constriction and large flange. Hairs
on ABD TERG 7 and 8 short like those on more anterior tergites
…..38
–
Dorsal cuticle smooth or with reticulation but
without spicules/nodules arranged in polygons. SIPH black, tapering from base
to flange with no marked subapical constriction. Hairs on ABD TERG 7 and 8
much longer than hairs on more anterior tergites
…..39
38
SIPH distinctly clavate. R IV+V more than
0.14 mm long, 0.8-1.0 × HT II
…..Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae
–
SIPH not clavate. R IV+V less than 0.14 mm
long, 1.0-1.1 × HT II
…..Rhopalosiphum padi
39
Longest marginal hairs on ABD TERG 1-3 shorter
than ANT BD III
…..40
–
Longest marginal hairs on ABD TERG 1-3 longer
than BD III
…..41
40
SIPH 1.6-2.4 × cauda. Longest hairs on hind femur
as long as or longer than trochantro-femoral suture. (Al. with sec. rhin. III
15-22, IV 7-11, V 0-4)
…..Schizaphis piricola (part)
–
SIPH
2.2-3.3 × cauda. Longest hairs on hind femur shorter than trochantro-femoral
suture. (Al. with sec. rhin. III 6-12, IV 2-6, V 0-2)
…..Schizaphis rotundiventris
41
Dorsal
abdomen with a very marked reticulate microsculpture (Fig.18g). Spinal
hairs on ABD TERG 1-3 with fine-pointed apices, and mostly about 1-2 × longer
than ANT BD III. R IV+V 0.9-1.05 × HT II
…..Schizaphis pilipes
–
Dorsal abdomen with weakly defined microsculpture
(Fig.18h). Spinal hairs on ABD TERG 1-3 tend to be blunt and not longer than
ANT BD III. R IV+V 1.07-1.6 × HT II
…..42
42
Cauda pale/dusky. ANT I, II and base of III pale
…..43
–
Cauda dark like SIPH. ANT I and II dark like most
of ANT flagellum, only base of ANT III sometimes paler
…..44
43
ANT PT/BASE 4.3-4.5. Spinal hairs on ABD TERG 1-3
(Fig.18h) much
shorter than marginal hairs
…..Schizaphis wahlgreni
–
ANT PT/BASE 4.75-6.0. Spinal hairs on ABD TERG
1-3 not clearly shorter than marginal hairs
…..Schizaphis piricola (part)
44
Marginal
tubercles regularly present on ABD TERG 6, and often also on 2-5 (as well as
1 and 7)
…..Schizaphis pyri
–
Marginal tubercles not usually present on
ABD TERG 6, and only sporadically on ABD TERG 2-5
SIPH completely absent. Cauda finger-shaped. ABD
TERG 1-7 with marginal tubercles (MTu)
…..Asiphonaphis japonica
–
SIPH present as slightly-raised pores or as
shallow cones. Cauda undeveloped, broadly rounded or knobbed. MTu present or
absent
…..3
3
Distal part of cauda developed into a knob
…..4
–
Cauda either undeveloped or broadly rounded
(semicircular)
…..59
4
Dorsal
hairs mostly short with pointed apices or fan- or mushroom-shaped, or if long
then rod-shaped or with expanded apices. Eyes protruding. and without an
ocular tubercle (triommatidium). Anal plate bilobed, with a deep cleft
between the two lobes
…..5
–
Dorsal hairs mostly or partly long, and
spine-like. Eyes sessile or stalked, with an ocular tubercle. Anal plate
either entire or with a shallow cleft (emarginate)
…..57
5
Fore
and mid tibiae thickened at base, forming a smooth sclerotic “patella”
(clearly different from base of hind tibia; Fig.18i). SIPH
stump-shaped, conical or raised pores
…..6
–
Fore and mid tibiae constricted at base like hind tibiae. SIPH as slightly raised pores
…..22
6
All dorsal hairs pointed, each arising from a
round wax gland, and surrounded by numerous other round wax glands (Fig.18j). Body
broadly oval. ANT PT/BASE 0.6-0.75. SIPH as smooth, raised pores
…..Sminthuraphis ulrichi
–
Dorsal
hairs mostly fan-shaped, mushroom-shaped, or rod-shaped with expanded apices,
not arising from nor surrounded by wax glands. Body narrower; pear-shaped or
elongate oval. ANT PT 0.7-2.1. SIPH stump-shaped or conical, sclerotic and
densely spiculose
…..7
7
Body very elongate, more than 3 times
longer than its greatest width. Front of head extended anteriorly between ANT
bases to level of base of ANT II, as a rounded, dome-like protruberance (Fig.19a). Dorsum
pale (except for intersegmental muscle sclerites)
…..Strenaphis
elongata
–
Body less than 3 times its greatest width. Front
of head angular (e.g. fig. 19b) or convex, but not extended so far forward.
Dorsum usually dark or with dark markings
…..8
8
Posterior margin of ABD TERG 8 bilobed or with
paired hair-bearing processes
…..9
–
Posterior margin of ABD TERG 8 entire
…..11
9
Head mostly pale, with angular median frontal
projection (Fig.
19b). Dorsum with variable, rather diffuse dark markings tending to form
longitudinal bands. ABD TERG 8 with a pair of
large quadrate processes each bearing two long rod-shaped slightly capitate hairs
arising from tuberculate bases (Fig. 18k)
…..Saltusaphis scirpus group
–
Head dark, with rounded
median frontal projection. Dorsum with extensive dark sclerotisation
including two pairs of large dark patches and dark ABD TERG 8, which has
variably dveeloped paired processes
…..10
10
Dorsal cuticle ornamented with numerous small
blunt spicules, tending to form rows. Processes on ABD TERG 8 conical,
shorter than their basal widths and with inner sides broadly divergent
…..Nevskya fungifera
–
Dorsal cuticle ornamented with nodules, not
arranged in rows. Processes on ABD TERG 8 rounded, as long as their basal
widths and with inner sides parallel or narrowly divergent
……Nevskya meridionalis
11
ABD TERG
8 bearing about 50 very short fan-shaped hairs, mostly along the posterior margin. Dorsum mainly dark
…..Subiziphya clauseni*
–
ABD
TERG 8 with much fewer, longer, rod-shaped or fan-shaped hairs, often arising
from tuberculate bases. Dorsum often with a distinctive pattern of dark
markings
…..12
12
Dorsal abdominal hairs all rather long and
rod-shaped or tapering, with expanded apices
…..13
–
Many or most of dorsal abdominal hairs short and
fan-shaped, although longer rod- or strap- shaped hairs may also occur,
especially marginally and/or on posterior tergites
…..15
13
Femora pale except at apices.Dorsal abdomen mainly pale except for intersegmental muscle
sclerites and dark spots at hair bases
…..Iziphya mackaueri
–
Femora dark. Dorsal abdomen with extensive
dusky/dark markings
…..14
14
Dorsal abdomen with an irregular dark band
forming an arc across ABD TERG 5 between SIPH, fused at least partially
across midline (Fig.19c).
Coxae dusky/dark
…..Iziphya ingegardiae
–
Dorsal abdomen with a pair of large dusky/dark
patches anterior to SIPH, not fused across midline (Fig.19d).
Coxae pale/dusky
…..Iziphya americana
15
ANT PT/BASE 0.9-1.1 (note that transition point
between PT and BASE is defined by the distal end of the primary (largest) rhinarium, so measure from this, ignoring the
accessory rhinarium that is situated distal to this, at start of narrower
part of PT). Head with a pale medial zone
…..Iziphya variabilis
–
ANT PT/BASE 1.2-2.3 (less in early spring generations). Head
either wholly dark or with pale medial zone
…..16
16
Tarsi completely unpigmented, like distal parts
of hind tibiae. (ABD TERG 7 almost completely dark, like 8 and most of 6)
…..Iziphya albipes
–
Tarsi
with at least distal part fuscous, darker than distal parts of hind tibiae
…..17
17
Dorsal abdomen with pigmentation anterior to SIPH very variable; either mainly comprising dark spots around hair bases, or with more extensive paired dark patches on ABD TERG 3-5 or 4-5, but these are not fused, or only tenuously fused, across midline, leaving a clear spinal stripe
…..18
–
Dorsal
abdomen usually with extensive areas of dark pigmentation anterior to SIPH,
variable but most often consisting of a continuous arc of pigment between
SIPH, fused at least partially across midline on border between ABD TERG 4
and 5 (and sometimes also between 3 and 4), and never leaving a clear spinal
stripe
…..19
18
ANT III dark on distal 0.3-0.6 of length,
contrasting with basal part of segment and as dark as or darker than fore
femora. Dorsal abdomen anterior to SIPH usually mainly pale, with
pigmentation concentrated around hair bases; sometimes there is more
extensive pigmentation, but this is ill-defined, and has numerous lacunae.
Posterior marginal hairs on ABD TERG 7 usually long and rod-shaped, but
sometimes fan-shaped
…..Iziphya vittata
–
ANT
III dusky on distal 0.1-0.3 of length, which part is paler than fore femora.
Dorsal abdominal pigmentation variable but if well-developed then usually in
the form of clearly defined paired rather solid dark patches extending
forward and mesad from the very dark SIPH bases (always leaving a clear
spinal stripe). Posterior marginal hairs on ABD TERG 7 almost always
fan-shaped
…..Iziphya flabella
19
Head with a broad pale median zone extending to
front
…..20
–
Head dark, at least anteriorly
…..21
20
ANT 0.9-1.1 × BL. Marginal hairs on ABD TERG 3-8,
and spinal hairs on ABD TERG 5-8, mostly rod-shaped (that is, at least with
basal half cylindrical), with expanded apices. Modified basal dorsal hairs on
tibiae also usually rod-shaped
…..Iziphya mordvilkoi
–
ANT 0.7-0.8 × BL. Dorsal abdominal hairs all
fan-shaped (that is, expanded from base). Modified basal dorsal hairs on
tibiae also fan-shaped
…..Iziphya spenceri
21
Marginal hairs on ABD TERG 3-5 mostly rod-shaped
…..Iziphya memorialis
–
Marginal
hairs on ABD TERG 3-5 mostly fan-shaped
…..Iziphya
bufo
22
Empodial
hairs with fine-pointed apices (Fig.19e). Dorsal
hairs always pointed. ABD TERG 8 with hairs usually restricted to posterior
margin. (Hind wing of al. with two oblique veins)
…..23
–
Empodial hairs spatulate (Fig.19f). Dorsal hairs
of various shapes; pointed, spatulate or mushroom-shaped. ABD TERG 8 usually
with some hairs on central part (unless deeply incised; Fig. 20a). (Hind
wing of al. usually with only one oblique vein)
…..35
23
Front
of head with a very large trapezoid medial process, projecting forward to
level of ANT II apices (Fig.19g). ANT
short, spiculose (including ANT II)
…..Allaphis daviaulti
–
Front
of head often projecting forward but not beyond base of ANT II. ANT spiculose
or imbricate on ANT III-VI, smooth on ANT II
…..24
24
ABD TERG 8 with its posterior margin
bluntly triangular, and with a pair of hairs close together, one on each side of the apex (Fig.19h). ANT III
with 1-5 rhinaria on distal half
…..25
–
ABD TERG 8 with posterior margin rounded,
straight or emarginate (Figs 19i-n), with the two most medial hairs well
separated. ANT III either without rhinaria or with 1-5 rhinaria in the middle
of the segment or distally
…..26
25
ANT less than 0.55 × BL
…..Allaphis producta
–
ANT
more than 0.55 × BL
…..Allaphis foxtonensis
26
Dorsal cuticle with numerous small stippled wax
pores, especially on margins of posterior tergites and often around bases of spinal, pleural and marginal hairs. ANT III
0.35-1.25 × head width across (and including) eyes. ANT PT/BASE 0.7-1.1
…..27
–
Wax pores not apparent (except sometimes a few on
posterior margin of ABD TERG 8). ANT III 0.9-1.2 × head width across eyes.
ANT PT/BASE 0.94-1.4
…..34
27
Distance between the two most medial hairs on
posterior margin of ABD TERG 8 about the same as (0.9-1.25 ×) their distance
from their nearest neighbours on each side (Fig.19i).
Posterior margin of ABD TERG 8 very evenly rounded (semi-circular). ANT III
without rhinaria
…..28
–
Distance between the two most medial hairs on
posterior margin of ABD TERG 8 more than 1.3 × their distance from their
nearest neighbours on each side (Figs 19j-l). ABD TERG 8 not evenly rounded;
often with an obtuse corner between sides and broadly rounded apex, or with a
straight or concave section between the most medial hairs on the posterior
margin. ANT III without or with 1-5 rhinaria
…..30
28
ANT III 8-10 × its maximum width, and
0.6-0.7 × head width across (and including) eyes
…..Allaphis hybrida
–
ANT III 3.5-7.5 × its maximum width, and
0.3-0.5 × head width across eyes
…..29
29
ABD TERG 8 with 6-15 thin hairs on central part,
in addition to the row of marginal hairs. ANT III c.5 × its maximum width,
and 0.3-0.4 × head width across eyes. Dorsum
sclerites often fused across ABD TERG 3-6
…..Allaphis ossiannilssoni
–
Central part of ABD TERG 8 without any hairs. ANT
III c.7 × its maximum width, and c.0.5 × head width across eyes. Dorsum sclerites all separated between segments,
paired or forming cross-bands
…..Allaphis pacifica*
30
Posterior margin of ABD TERG 8 with its two most medial hairs very widely separated, 2.5-3.25 × further apart than the distance from their nearest neighbours on each side. Wax pores on ABD TERG 8 confined to marginal areas (Fig.19j)
…..Allaphis californica
–
Posterior
margin of ABD TERG 8 with the distance between the two most medial hairs less
than 2.5 × the distance from their nearest neighbours on each side. Wax pores
in a band extending across posterior part of ABD TERG 8 (Figs 19k, l)
…..31
31
Dorsal surface mainly rather pale, devoid of wax pores except for ABD
TERG 8 and small fields with 1-6 pores around hair bases; with well-developed
spiculose/noduloseornamentation.Posterior hairs on ABD TERG 8 on or
near posterior margin (Fig.19k)
…..32
–
Dorsal
surface usually dark with numerous wax pores on all ABD TERG, and often also
on tibiae and distal segments of ANT; with or without spicules or
nodules. Hairs on ABD TERG 8 placed
inward from posterior margin (Fig.19l)
…..33
32
ANT 0.46-0.52 × BL. ANT III without secondary
rhinaria
….. Allaphis utahensis
–
ANT 0.61-0.72 × BL. ANT III with 2-9 secondary
rhinaria
….. Allaphis stromi*
33
Dorsal cuticle rather smooth. ANT 1.4-2.0 ×
maximum width of body (except in specimens excessively flattened during
mounting). ANT III 0.95-1.25 × head width across eyes
…..Allaphis cyperi
–
Dorsal
cuticle with spiculose/nodulose ornamentation. ANT 1.0-1.3 × maximum width of
body. ANT III 0.6-0.85 × head width across eyes
…..Allaphis
cyperi ssp. amurensis
34
ABD
TERG 8 with 10-16 thin, curved hairs 15-30 mm long, and
with posterior margin not indented in middle (Fig.19m). Dorsal
ornamemtation of ABD TERG 2-4 mostly consisting of rows of spinules
…..Allaphis scabra
–
ABD
TERG 8 with 6-10 (usually 8) stout hairs, the middle ones 50-85 mm long,
and with posterior margin somewhat indented in middle (Fig.19n). Dorsal
ornamentation of ABD TERG 2-4 mostly consisting of rather densely packed
nodules
…..Allaphis verrucosa
35
ANT
5-segmented, and less than 0.25 × BL
…..Thripsaphis brevicornis
–
ANT
6-segmented, more than 0.33 × BL
…..36
36
ANT mainly dark, with a pattern of pale
reticulate imbrication that is mostly devoid of spicules (except sometimes a
few minute ones on the imbrication of ANT V-VI). ANT PT/BASE 0.44-0.71
…..37
–
ANT pale or dark, with spiculose imbrication
(especially marked on distal segments). ANT PT/BASE 0.38-1.47
…..40
37
Dorsum with numerousstippled wax pores, on broad dark bands across all tergites.
Dorsal hairs small and thin. ANT III 0.8-1.0 × head width across eyes
…..Thripsaphis caricis
–
Dorsum
without any evident wax pores anterior to SIPH, although a few may sometimes
be visible on ABD TERG 7-8. Dorsal hairs spine-like. ANT III 0.5-0.65 × head
width across eyes
…..38
38
BL about 2.5 × maximum body width.
Metanotum and ABD TERG 1-5 with paired pleural dusky-dark patches, leaving an
almost unpigmented spinal stripe (in cleared preparations)
…..Thripsaphis
unciniae
–
BL often more than 2.6 × maximum body
width. Metanotum and ABD TERG 1-5 with dark cross bars, often fragmented in
the spinal region but not leaving a clear spinal stripe
…..39
39
BL about 2.5 × maximum body width. ANT III with
longest hairs c.2 × basal diameter of segment. Vertex of head with about 60
similarly long hairs
…..Thripsaphis polytricha
–
BL usually more than 2.6 × maximum body
width. Longest hairs on ANT III 0.50-0.75 × basal diameter of segment. Vertex
of head with 30-40 hairs
…..Thripsaphis ballii group
40
ANT PT/BASE 0.38-0.68
…..41
–
ANT PT/BASE 0.70-1.47
…..42
41
ANT VI similar in length to ANT III, withANT PT/BASE about 0.38
…..Thripsaphis striata*
–
ANT VI distinctly shorter than ANT III,
withANT PT/BASE 0.55-0.68
…..Thripsaphis
szelegiewiczi
42
All
dorsal body hairs long (30-120 mm), with pointed or furcate apices
…..Peltaphis hottesi
–
Dorsal body hairs 4-20 mm long
(except on head and posterior abdomen); spine-like, lanceolate, furcate,
dentate or mushroom-shaped
…..43
43
Lateral margin of ABD TERG 7 (and also ABD TERG
8) with large, backwardly-projecting hair-bearing processes (Fig.20a). Dorsal
cuticle pale, strongly wrinkled or alveolate
…..Neosaltusaphis bodenheimeri
–
ABD
TERG 7 without large backwardly-projecting hair-bearing processes. Dorsal
cuticle ornamented with numerous small spicules or nodules
…..44
44
ANT VI with accessory rhinaria placed
proximal and distal to, and at some distance from, primary rhinarium. ANT
PT/BASE 1.3-1.47 (measure from distal end of primary rhinarium). Head with
some (mushroom-shaped) hairs on lateral margins between eye and ANT socket
…..45
–
ANT VI with accessory rhinaria close to primary
rhinarium. ANT PT/BASE 0.7-1.1. Head
without any hairs on lateral margins between eye and ANT socket
…..46
45
R IV+V with 2 pairs of accessory hairs
(based on al.; apt. unknown)
…..Subsaltusaphis
primoriensis
–
R IV+V with one pair of accessory hairs (as usual
for genus)
…..Subsaltusaphis taoi
46
ABD TERG 1-5
with some short, spine-like hairs (and sometimes with longer marginal ones)
in addition to the very short “mushroom-shaped” hairs (which are stellate in
dorsal view)
…..47
–
ABD TERG 1-5 with exclusively
mushroom-shaped/stellate hairs (or occasionally with a few very short
spine-like hairs, but not more than 1-2 per segment)
…..48
47
ABD TERG 2-5 or 3-5 each with a long marginal
hair on each side, much longer than spine-like hairs in the spinal region.
All hairs in pleural regions of ABD TERG 2-6 are mushroom-shaped
…..Subsaltusaphis aquatilis
–
ABD
TERG 2-6 with short spine-like marginal hairs; a few such hairs are in
pleural regions of these segments as well as in spinal region
….. Subsaltusaphis intermedia
48
ANT
(0.69-)0.72-1.00 × BL
…..49
–
ANT less than 0.72 × BL
…..51
49
Dorsal ornamentation consisting of very
small, subacute nodules, smaller than hair bases and arranged in irregular
curved rows, or sometimes forming a reticulate pattern
…..
Subsaltusaphis canadensis*
–
Dorsal
ornamentation consisting of blunt or rounded, rather flat nodules 4-8 μm
in diameter, usually larger than hair bases, not in curved rows nor forming a
reticulate pattern
…..50
50
Vertex
with 60-80 mushroom-shaped hairs. ABD TERG 1 with 90-140 mushroom-shaped
hairs. ABD TERG 8 with up to 13 (rarely as few as 8) long marginal hairs
…..Subsaltusaphis lambersi
–
Vertex
with 40-60 mushroom-shaped hairs. ABD TERG 1 with 50-70 mushroom-shaped
hairs. ABD TERG 8 usually with 7-8 (rarely 9-11) long marginal hairs
…..Subsatusaphis
lambersi ssp. kamijiensis*
51
Dorsal
ornamentation consisting of rather large flat transversely oval nodules, much
larger than the hair bases (Fig.20b). Posterior margin of ABD TERG 8 deeply
incised, to a greater degree than anal plate
…..Subsaltusaphis pallida
–
Dorsal
ornamentation consisting of small nodules, or blunt or pointed
spinules/spicules, not much larger than hair bases (Figs 20c-e). Posterior margin of ABD TERG 8 not usually
so deeply incised
…..52
52
ABD TERG 8 with 16-20 long stout marginal hairs.
Dorsum without dark or dusky longitudinal markings; very densely clothed in
mushroom-shaped/stellate hairs. Spino-pleural regions of ABD TERG 1-3
ornamented with numerous evenly distributed small pale nodules, not arranged
in rows (Fig.20c)
…..Subsaltusaphis flava
–
ABD
TERG 8 with 6-16 long stout marginal hairs. Dorsum usually with at least
traces of differential pigmentation in form of longitudinal stripes, or
paired dusky patches on each tergite. Spino-pleural ornamentation of ABD TERG
1-3 consisting of very small pale or dark nodules or spicules, arranged in
irregular rows (Fig.20d, e)
…..53
53
Dorsal cuticle including submarginal
regions of tergites rather evenly and densely ornamented with fairly coarse
blunt nodules. Mushroom-shaped hairs relatively sparse (less than 50 on each
of ABD TERG 1-3 in spino-pleural regions between muscle plates), and with
“caps” mostly very incomplete and asymmetrical, forming less than 180° of complete circle, with only a few rather
jagged points of different sizes (Fig.20d)
…..Subsaltusaphis
rossneri
–
Dorsal
cuticle ornamented with nodules that become finer and often more spicule-like
and less dense towards marginal, and sometimes also spinal, regions of each
tergite. Mushroom-shaped hairs very numerous (more than 50 on each of ABD
TERG 1-3 in spino-pleural regions between muscle plates), and with fairly
symmetrical “caps” completing more than 180° of a
circle, and more evenly stellate in dorsal view (Fig.20e)
…..54
54
Dorsum usually with well-marked and
clearly-defined pleural longitudinal dark stripes that run almost the full
length of the body (with small breaks between segments); these stripes are
almost as dark as the intersegmental muscle plates, and are either side of a
very pale spinal region that has no trace of a darker spinal stripe. (Wholly
dark forms also sometimes occur)
…..Subsaltusaphis ornata
–
Dorsum
either almost unpigmented (except for muscle plates), or with ill-defined
dark pleural longitudinal stripes or rows of paired patches that are paler
than intersegmental muscle plates. When pleural bands are well-developed then
there is also between them at least a trace of a dark spinal stripe. (Wholly
dark forms are not known to occur)
…..55
55
ANT III 1.2-1.5 × ANT VI (BASE + PT together). BL 2.4-3.0 mm
…..Subsaltusaphis picta
–
ANT
III 0.90-1.32, but rarely more than 1.2, and then only when BL is less than
2.4 mm
…..56
56
BL 1.3-2.3 mm. Basal half of ANT IV as pale as ANT I and II
…..Subsaltusaphis paniceae
–
BL
1.9-2.9 mm. Basal half of ANT IV darker than ANT I and II
…..Subsaltusaphis virginica
57
Eyes stalked. Dorsum mainly or wholly dark, with many long black spiny hairs (300 mm or
longer), especially marginally and on front of head
…..Caricosipha
paniculatae
–
Eyes
sessile. Dorsal cuticle pale or dusky,
with thick pale spiny hairs, all less than 200 mm long
…..58
58
Dorsal cuticle uniformly sclerotic, and adorned
with small denticles or spinules between the hairs; intersegmental muscle
sclerites not evident
…..Sipha glyceriae
–
Dorsal
cuticle not markedly sclerotic nor adorned with denticles; often showing dark
intersegmental muscle sclerites
…..Sipha flava
59
Body elongate, almost parallel-sided. ANT 4- or
5-segmented. Dorsal hairs short, spatulate or rod-shaped, often with ragged
apices. SIPH as small pores
…..60
–
Body oval. ANT 5- or 6-segmented. Dorsal hairs
thick and spine-like, or long with expanded apices. SIPH as pores raised on
shallow cones
…..61
60
ANT always 5-segmented, 0.20-0.25 × BL. ANT
PT/BASE 0.8-1.2. ABD TERG 1-5 each usually with just 2 pairs of spinal hairs
and one pair of pleural hairs
…..Atheroides serrulatus
–
ANT
4- or 5-segmented, 0.14-017 × BL. ANT PT/BASE about 0.5. ABD TERG 1-5 each with numerous hairs
arranged in 2-3 very irregular rows
…..Atheroides brevicornis
61
ANT 5-segmented. Dorsal hairs spine-like. ANT
with sparse, rather short hairs. ANT PT/BASE about 1.6. SIPH cones without surrounding hairs
…..Sipha praecocis*
–
ANT 6-segmented. Dorsal and antennal hairs
numerous, long with expanded apices. ANT PT/BASE about 0.4. SIPH cones surrounded by hairs
…..Anoecia caricis*
62
Abdomen with discrete, faceted wax glands. R IV+V
0.04-0.23 mm (if more than 0.17 mm then tarsal segments fused)
…..63
–
Abdomen without discrete wax glands. R IV+V 0.20-0.36 mm. Tarsal segments clearly
articulated
…..73
63
Tarsi 1-segmented (sometimes showing a clear line
of fusion of two segments, but with the articulation clearly non-functional).
Wax glands consisting either of groups of large cells surrounded by smaller
ones, or rings of cells around clear central areas, which may be small and
rounded, or elongate
…..64
–
Tarsi 2-segmented. Abdominal wax glands each
consisting of a group of similar-sized cells, and without any clear central
area
…..69
64
Abdominal wax glands each consisting of a
group of large cells surrounded by smaller ones. SIPH present as pores on
small dark cones. R IV+V 0.17-0.23 mm
…..Tetraneura africana
–
Abdominal
wax glands each consisting of a ring of cells around a clear, round or
elongate central area. SIPH either absent or present as pores not placed on
dark cones. R IV+V 0.04-0.16 mm
…..65
65
Abdominal wax glands always with
rather small, rounded, darkly bordered central areas (sometimes subdivided
into two)
…..66
–
At least the larger (marginal) wax glands have
narrow elongate central areas
…..67
66
Marginal wax glands comprising 10-20 cells
(largest glands on posterior segments; Fig.20f). (Al.
with sec. rhin. distributed III 10-12, IV 2-3, V 2-3, BASE VI 0)
…..Zelkovaphis
caucasica
–
Marginal wax glands comprising 4-12 cells
(largest glands on posterior segments; Fig.20g)). (Al. with sec. rhin. distributed
III 9-20, IV 2-5, V 2-5, BASE VI 0-3)
…..Colopha kansugei
67
All dorsal abdominal wax glands oval to elongate
oval with slit-like central areas (Fig. 20h). SIPH
always present as slightly raised pores with dark, semicircular partial rims.
R IV+V about 0.145 mm
…..Paracolopha
takahashii
–
Only larger (marginal) wax glands have narrow
elongate central areas (Fig.20i). SIPH absent, or present as very small
pores. R IV+V 0.06-0.10 mm
…..68
68
R IV+V 1.0-1.35 × HT (I+II)
…..Colopha graminis
–
R IV+V 1.8-2.8 × HT (I+II)
…..Colopha compressa
69
Primary rhinaria without any distinct fringe of
hairs
…..70
–
Primary rhinaria fimbriate (fringed with short
hairs)
…..71
70
R IV+V 0.67-0.83 × HT II
…..Gharesia polunini
–
R IV+V 1.55-1.65 × HT II
…..?Byrsocryptoides zelkovae
71
Body almost globular. Anal plate enlarged and
extended or displaced dorsally, surrounded on three sides by the U-shaped ABD
TERG 8 to form a trophobiotic organ (to retain honeydew for collection by
ants)
…..Baizongia pistaciae
–
Body ovoid or spindle-shaped. Anal plate
and anus in normal posterio-ventral position
…..72
72
Body broadly spindle-shaped, with extremely short
ANT and legs (ANT and tibiae both less than 0.2 × BL)
…..Aploneura lentisci (or werthi)
–
Body broadly ovoid. ANT and tibiae both more than
0.2 × BL
…..Pemphigus sp.
73
SIPH present as shallow cones surrounded by
hairs. ANT 6-segmented. Large flat transparent marginal tubercles present on
prothorax and ABD TERG 1-7. Body and appendages with numerous long fine hairs
(75-150 mm long)
…..Anoecia pskovica
–
SIPH absent. ANT 5- or 6-segmented. No marginal
tubercles. Body and appendages with sparser and shorter hairs (12-90 mm long)
…..74
74
BL 2.9-3.8 mm. ANT 5- or 6-segmented; primary rhinarium on
last segment not enlarged, less than half width of segment. Cauda broadly
conical. Hairs very short (c.12 mm long)
…..Prociphilus corrugatans
–
BL 1.9-3.3 mm. ANT 5-segmented. Primary rhinarium
on ANT V enlarged, almost occupying whole width of segment. Cauda
semicircular. Hairs long and fine (50-90 mm long)
SIPH with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation. ANT III
with more than 20 small rhinaria. SIPH and cauda both dark; head smooth, dark,
ANT tubercles well-developed with inner faces divergent
…..2
–
Without that combination of characters
…..5
2
R IV+V a little shorter than the long, thin HT
II. Large aphid, BL c.3.9-4.0 mm, with very long SIPH and cauda; SIPH longer
than ANT III
…..Uroleucon macrosiphon
–
R IV+V 1.3-1.7 × HT II. BL 1.7-3.0 mm. SIPH
shorter than ANT III
…..3
3
SIPH 1.4-1.6 × cauda which bears 15-28
hairs. ANT III with 16-54 rhinaria extending over basal 0.40-0.75 (mostly
0.45-0.60) of segment. ABD TERG 2-4 often with small marginal tubercles (MTu)
about the size of hair bases. Hind tibiae more-or-less uniformly dark
…..Uroleucon jaceae group
–
SIPH 1.75-3.1 × cauda which bears 7-20 hairs. ANT
III with 22-55 rhinaria extending over 0.63-0.98 (mostly 0.70-0.96) of segment.
MTu absent. Tibiae dark basally and on the apical half, with a pale area in
between
…..4
4
SIPH 1.75-2.3 × cauda which bears 7-12
hairs. R IV+V 1.7-1.8 × ANT BASE VI
…..Uroleucon helenae
–
SIPH 2.4-3.1 × cauda, which bears 16-20 hairs.
R IV+V 1.2-1.5 × ANT BASE VI
…..Uroleucon carlinae
5
ANT PT/BASE 0.80-1.36. ANT III with 0-10
rhinaria, and ANT IV with 0-4 (but often both have 0). SIPH and cauda very
short, the cauda pale and bluntly triangular, shorter than its basal width,
with 10 or more hairs
…..6
–
Without
that combination of characters
…..7
6
ANT PT/BASE 1.04-1.36. ANT III and IV usually
without rhinaria, and bearing very short hairs less than 0.3 × BD III
…..Protaphis carlinae
–
ANT PT/BASE 0.80-0.95. ANT III and IV usually
with rhinaria, and with longest hairs 0.4-0.7 × BD III
…..Protaphis terricola
7
Cauda short and rounded or helmet-shaped, a
little shorter than its basal width. Spiracular apertures large and rounded
…..8
–
Cauda tongue- or finger-shaped, longer than its
basal width. Spiracular apertures are reniform
…..9
8
Abdomen without extensive dark markings. SIPH
pale, smooth, 0.9-1.5 × cauda. Mesosternum without mammariform processes
…..Brachycaudus
helichrysi
–
Abdomen with an extensive dark dorsal shield.
SIPH dark, imbricated, 2.1-3.4 × cauda. Mesosternum with a pair of dark
mammariform processes
…..Brachycaudus cardui
9
ABD TERG 1-4 and 7 regularly with well-developed
marginal tubercles (MTu) (Fig.5j). ANT
PT/BASE 3.8-5.1
…..Aphis vandergooti
–
ABD TERG 2-4 only irregularly with small
MTu, and if ABD TERG 1 and 7 have MTu then ANT PT/BASE is 1.5-3.4
Body flattened and dorsum sclerotic, with fused
head and pronotum, fused ABD TERG 1-7, and a crenulate rim due to a
continuous marginal row of wax glands. Cauda knobbed, anal plate bilobed
…..2
–
Body not flattened, segments not fused, no crenulate margin of wax glands. Cauda not knobbed, anal plate entire (but note that specimens running to couplet 20 might be Uroleucon amamianum)
SIPH
with numerous long fine hairs. Cauda broad, rounded, with an apical papilla
…..Greenidea carpini
–
SIPH without hairs, but with an apical zone of polygonal reticulation. Cauda long and finger-like
…..3
3
ANT III mainly smooth, with longest hairs more than
0.5 × basal diameter of segment. R IV+V 1.3-1.9 × HT II
…..Macrosiphum
(Neocorylobium) corylicola
–
ANT III imbricated
throughout, with longest hairs less than 0.5 × basal diameter of segment. R
IV+V 1.1-1.3 × HT II
…..Macrosiphum
(Neocorylobium) carpinicolens
4
Rostrum
longer than body. SIPH placed on large, pigmented hairy cones
…..Stomaphis carpini
–
Rostrum much shorter
than body. SIPH small, conical or truncate
…..5
5
Wings with extensive pigmentation between veins
…..6
–
Wings without pigmentation
…..7
6
ANT
III with 7-12 rhinaria in a single row, and with longest hairs less than 2 ×
diameter of segment at base. R IV+V 1.0-1.2 × HT II, with 4-6 accessory hairs
…..Neochromaphis
carpinicola
–
ANT
III with 11-16 rhinaria not in a single row, and with longest hairs more than
2 × basal diameter of segment. R IV+V 1.25-1.6 × HT II , with 9-10 accessory
hairs
…..Neochromaphis
coryli
7
ANT PT/BASE 0.2-0.45
……Pterocallis montana
–
ANT PT/BASE 0.5 or more
…..8
8
ANT PT/BASE at least 2.0
…..9
–
ANT PT/BASE 1.2 or
less
…..10
9
R IV+V 1.3-1.5 × HT II (1.15-1.3 in
fundatrices)
…..Myzocallis coryli
–
R IV+V 0.9-1.1 × HT
II
…..Myzocallis carpini
10
Front of head and ANT III pale. Forewing vein Cu1b not dark-bordered. R IV+V 0.8-1.0 × HT II. Viviparae apterous or alate
…..Mesocallis sawashibae
–
Front of head and ANT III dark.
Forewing vein Cu1b dark-bordered. R IV+V 1.2-1.4 × HT II. All
viviparae alate
…..11
11
ANT PT 0.06-0.08 mm. R IV+V 0.10-0.11 mm long, with 4-6 accessory hairs. Cauda with 10-15 hairs
…..Mesocallis carpinicola*
–
ANT PT 0.08-0.10 mm. R IV+V 0.11-0.14 mm with 8-9 accessory hairs. Cauda
with 7-11 hairs
Hind tarsus elongate, more than 0.5 × hind tibia.
Body and appendages densely clothed in fine hairs. SIPH as pores on small
cones
…..2
–
Hind tarsus of normal length. Not densely hairy.
SIPH tubular
…..3
2
Apt. alatiform, with dark dorsal cross bands and
dark SIPH cones. ANT with secondary rhinaria distributed III 1-24, IV 2-6, V
3-6, VI BASE 2-4
…..Protrama flavescens
–
APT. not usually alatiform, without dark dorsal
markings. ANT with secondary rhinaria distributed III 0, IV 0-2, V 1-3, VI
BASE 0
…..Trama caudata
3
SIPH dark, wholly or in
distal part, with polygonal reticulation usually on more than distal 0.2 of
length
…..4
–
SIPH pale or dark; if dark then without any
polygonal reticulation, and if pale then reticulation extends maximally over
distal 0.2 of length
…..7
4
ANT III 1.8-2.5 × ANT V, with 42-86 rhinaria
extending over 0.68-0.95 of length. Middle part of hind tibia pale; the pale
section occupying at least 0.7 of total length. SIPH with reticulation over
distal 0.25-0.32. ANT PT/BASE 5.2-7.3, mostly 5.5-7.0. ABD TERG 2-4 without
marginal tubercles (MTu)
…..Uroleucon
compositae (or gobonis?)
–
ANT III 1.4-1.9 × ANT V, with 15-54 rhinaria
extending over 0.45-0.68 of length. Middle part of hind tibia dusky to dark,
or if rather pale then the pale section is less than 0.6 of total length.
SIPH with reticulation over distal 0.16-0.27. ANT PT/BASE 4.3-6.6, mostly
4.5-5.5; if more than 5.5 then ABD TERG 2-4 with MTu
…..5
5
ABD TERG 2-4 with marginal tubercles (MTu) that
are mostly larger than adjacent hair bases.Cauda 3.5-4.5 × ANT BASE VI, and bearing 20-34 hairs. R IV+V
1.2-1.6 × ANT BASE VI. ANT PT/BASE 5.0-6.6
…..Uroleucon aeneum
–
ABD
TERG 2-4 with or without MTu that if present are mostly smaller than adjacent
hair bases. Cauda 2.6-4.0 × ANT BASE VI, and bearing 13-29 hairs. R IV+V
1.0-1.3 × ANT BASE VI. ANT PT/BASE 4.3-5.5
…..6
6
R IV+V 0.95-1.15 × ANT BASE VI. ANT III with
23-45 rhinaria, few of which exceed 10 mm in
diameter
…..Uroleucon jaceae group
–
R
IV+V 1.05-1.4 × ANT BASE VI. ANT III with 15-34 rhinaria, many of which
exceed 10 mm in diameter
…..Uroleucon carthami
7
ANT
PT/BASE 0.8-1.2. R IV+V longer than
ANT PT. SIPH short, 0.65-1.2 × cauda, which is either helmet-shaped or
bluntly triangular
…..8
–
ANT PT/BASE more than 1.5. R IV+V much shorter than ANT PT. SIPH usually longer than cauda, which is
helmet-, tongue- or finger-shaped
…..10
8
SIPH 0.50-0.68 × R IV+V, and 0.65-0.86 × cauda. Longest hairs on ABD TERG 3 are 1.2-1.8 × ANT BD III
…..Protaphis carthami
–
SIPH 0.7-0.9 × R IV+V and 0.88-1.2 × cauda.
Longest hairs on ABD TERG 3 are 0.7-1.3 × ANT BD III
…..9
9
ANT III usually without sec. rhinaria (rarely
with 1-3). R IV+V 1.28-1.36 × HT II. Longest hairs on ABD TERG 3 are 0.7-1.1
× ANT BD III
…..Protaphis pseudocardui
–
ANT III usually with (1-10) sec. rhinaria. R IV+V
1.45-1.65 × HT II. Longest hairs on ABD TERG 3 are 1.2-1.3 × ANT BD III
…..Protaphis anuraphoides
10
Cauda helmet-shaped, with basal constriction, a
little shorter than its basal width in dorsal view, and bearing 4-8 hairs.
Spiracular apertures large and rounded
…..11
–
Cauda tongue- or finger-shaped, longer than its
basal width. Spiracular apertures reniform
…..12
11
Dorsum with an extensive black shield. SIPH dark,
imbricated, 1.7-3.4 × cauda. ANT III 0.31-0.47 mm, 2.4-3.4 × HT II. R IV+V
0.17-0.24 mm
…..Brachycaudus
cardui
–
Dorsum without dark markings. SIPH pale,
smooth-surfaced, 0.8-1.5 × cauda. ANT III 0.07-0.25 mm, 0.9-2.2 × HT II. R IV+V
0.10-0.15 mm
…..Brachycaudus
helichrysi
12
ANT tubercles well-developed, with inner faces smooth
and divergent. SIPH long and thin, without any subapical polygonal
reticulation
…..13
–
Without this combination of characters; if
ANT tubercles have smooth, divergent inner faces then SIPH have subapical
polygonal reticulation for 0.1-0.2 of length
ANT PT/BASE more than 0.5, usually more than
1.0. SIPH present
…..2
2
ABD TERG 8 with a backwardly directed process
…..3
–
No supracaudal process
…..5
3
ANT PT/BASE 0.65-1.25. R IV+V without accessory
hairs
…..Cavariella aegopodii
–
ANT PT/BASE 2.1-4.0. R IV+V with 2 accessory
hairs
…..4
4
SIPH slightly tapering, not clavate, 2.0-2.4 ×
cauda
…..Cavariella theobaldi
–
SIPH slightly clavate, 2.3-3.0 × cauda
…..Cavariella pastinacae
5
SIPH very small and flangeless, only about 0.5 of
length of cauda or less, with aperture slanted towards midline
…..Semiaphis
heraclei
–
SIPH
at least 0.6 of length of cauda, and with a distinct flange
…..6
6
ANT
tubercles well developed, with inner faces scabrous and converging apically
…..7
–
ANT tubercles absent or weakly developed, so that
front of head is flat, convex or has a sinuate outline in dorsal view
…..8
7
SIPH
tapering, strongly imbricated, usually with a slight “S” curve. Dorsal
abdomen with a pattern of dark ornamentation
…..Myzus ornatus
–
SIPH slightly clavate. Dorsal abdomen without
dark ornamentation
…..Myzus persicae
8
SIPH tapering gradually from base to flange,
0.7-2.0 × cauda. ABD TERG 1 and 7 with
evident marginal tubercles (MTu)
…..9
–
SIPH clavate, or at least swollen to some degree
and then narrowing more abruptly before flange; 0.6-1.4 × cauda. ABD TERG 1
and 7 without MTu
…..14
9
SIPH 0.7-1.1 × cauda. Longest hair on ANT
III 0.5-0.9 × BD III. R IV+V 0.65-0.9 × HT II
…..Aphis spiraephaga
–
SIPH 0.7-2.0 × cauda, but if less than 1.1 ×
cauda then longest hairs on ANT III are longer than BD III. R IV+V 0.9-1.5 ×
HT II.
…..10
10
Cauda bearing 4-7(-8) hairs
…..11
–
Cauda bearing c.10-31 hairs
…..12
11
Cauda
usually paler than SIPH. Longest hair on ANT III 0.4-0.8 × BD III. MTu on ABD
TERG 1 and 7 small, less than half diameter of SIPH at midlength
…..Aphis gossypii
–
Cauda
as dark as SIPH. Longest hair on ANT III 0.2-0.5 × BD III. MTu on ABD TERG 1
and 7 large, more than 0.5 × diameter
of SIPH at midlength
…..Aphis schilderi
12
ANT III longer than PT. Cauda with c.10 hairs.
(Al. with 15-50 rhinaria on ANT III)
…..Aphis cari*
–
ANT III shorter than PT. Cauda with 11-31
hairs. (Al. with 10-25 rhinaria on ANT III)
…..13
13
Large MTu present on ABD TERG 2-4, and sometimes also
on 5 and/or 6, in additon to those on 1 and 7. Cauda with 20-31 hairs
…..Aphis brohmeri
–
Small MTu irregularly present on some of ABD TERG 2-4. Cauda with 11-24
hairs
…..Aphis fabae
14
SIPH 0.13-0.21 × BL and 0.88-1.4 × cauda.
Prosternum with a sclerotised, and sometimes pigmented, short transverse
patch
…..Hyadaphis foeniculi
–
SIPH 0.09-0.11 × BL and 0.6-0.82 × cauda. Prosternum without a sclerotised patch
…..15
15
SIPH broadest at base
…..Hyadaphis coriandri
–
SIPH broadest on swollen part
…..Hyadaphis polonica
CaryaHickories
Juglandaceae
The
aphids of pecan (Carya illinoiensis) were keyed in Blackman &
Eastop (2000). The present key is extended to cover other Carya
species, but there are certain difficulties. The hickory phylloxerids (Phylloxera
spp.), with more than 30 available names, are impossible to key in the
present state of knowledge. Pergande (1904) provided a classification and
keys based on the galls. Many species of the three North American genera Monellia,
Monelliopsis and Protopterocallis are morphologically similar,
and often the early spring forms show significant differences from later
generations, making correct identification even more problematic. Yet most
are recorded from several Carya species, so a single key is necessary
with some rather difficult and possibly unreliable discriminants within these
genera. For further help with this group consult Quednau (2003).
Carya
amara = C. cordiformis
C. aquatica
Water Hickory
Melanocallis
caryaefoliae; Monellia caryella;
Monelliopsis pecanis; Phylloxera sp. (see notabilis);
BL more
than 4 mm. Alata with pterostigma extending around tip of forewing
…..Longistigma caryae
–
BL less than 3.5 mm. Alata with
pterostigma stopping short of forewing tip
…..3
3
Cauda rounded, anal plate entire. SIPH
cones bearing numerous long hairs. ANT PT/BASE less than 0.4
…..Kurisakia sinocaryae
–
Cauda knobbed, anal plate deeply bilobed.
SIPH cones with at most 1-2 short hairs. ANT PT/BASE greater than 0.4 (all
viviparae alate)
…..4
4
SIPH black,
truncate, similar in length to ANT I (fig. 33A).
Head and thorax, and mid- and hind femora, all very dark, as are the
well-developed spinal and marginal abdominal processes
…..Melanocallis caryaefoliae
–
SIPH pale
and often inconspicuous, small, tuberculate. Head thorax and all femora
mainly pale or dusky, abdominal processes variably developed and/or pigmented
…..5
5
Marginal processes on ABD TERG 1-3 if
developed not usually larger than those on more posterior tergites. Head and
ANT I and II always without dark pigmentation. Rhinariated part of ANT III
only slightly thickened, rarely up to 1.5 ×diameter of basal articulation of segment (fig. 33B).
Embryos (seen through adult cuticle) with spinal hairs on ABD TERG 5 and 7
displaced laterally, and spinal hairs on ABD TERG 6 displaced medially (figs 34A, B)
…..6
–
Marginal
processes developed on ABD TERG 1-3 but absent or inconspicuous on more
posterior tergites. In midsummer ANT I and II, and margins of head and thorax
may become dark-pigmented. Rhinaria-bearing part of ANT III conspicuously swollen, usually more
than 1.5 × diameter of basal articulation of segment (fig. 33C).
Embryos with spinal hairs on ABD TERG 1-6 in two longitudinal rows without
any lateral or medial displacement, and only those on ABD TERG 7 displaced
laterally (figs
34C-E)
…..14
6
ANT PT/BASE 0.6-1.1. Small, delicate
aphids, BL rarely more than 2 mm
…..7
–
ANT
PT/BASE 0.3-0.6. More robust aphids, BL usually more than 2 mm
…..11
7
Tibiae dark. Antennae mainly dark, except
at bases of segments. Forewings with both Cu1a and especially Cu1b bordered with fuscous, much darker
than other veins ABD TERG 1-6 without pleural hairs, but with 2 spinal hairs
on each spinal process. Hind femur with a black spot dorsally near
apex (fig. 33F)
…..Monelliopsis bisetosa
–
Tibiae mainly pale. Antennae with only
apical parts of segments and rhinariated section of ANT III dark. Forewings with only Cu1b lightly
bordered with fuscous, Cu1a as other veins. ABD TERG 1-6 with
separate spinal and pleural hairs on separate processes. Hind femur with a
black spot on ventral side near apex (fig. 33G)
…..8
8
Subcoxa of hind leg usually with a dark transverse
streak. In midsummer alatae ABD TERG 1-5 each with a transverse spinopleural
row of 5-12 hairs. ABD TERG 6 with 2 (spring) up to 6 (midsummer)
spinopleural hairs. Embryos with dorsal body hairs having fan-shaped,
denticulate apices
…..Monelliopsis
bisselli
–
Subcoxa of hind leg without a transverse mark. In
midsummer alatae ABD TERG 1-5 with up to 6 or even 8 hairs, but ABD TERG 6
almost always with 2 (rarely 3) spinal hairs. Embryos with dorsal body hairs
having knobbed apices
…..9
9
Pleural hairs on ABD TERG 1-4 mostly on
smaller processes than spinal ones (fig. 33H). ABD TERG 1-5 in spring usually each with 4-6
spinopleural hairs, in midsummer with 5-8 spinopleural hairs (arising from
dark bases)
…..Monelliopsis nigropunctata
–
Pleural hairs on ABD TERG 1-4 on processes
of similar size to spinal ones (fig. 33I), or none of hairs raised above
surface. ABD TERG 1-5 in spring usually each with 2-5 spinopleural hairs; in
midsummer with 4-6 spinopleural hairs (often with dark bases)
…..10
10
ABD
TERG 1-5 normally each with 4 spinopleural hairs, with exceptionally 5 on one
tergite. Spinopleural hairs on ABD TERG 1 and 2 arising from low processes
…..Monelliopsis
pleurialis
–
ABD TERG 1-5 normally with 4-5 (rarely 6)
spinopleural hairs, those on at least ABD TERG 1 and 2 often being hardly
raised above surface
…..Monelliopsis
pecanis
11
Pronotum with 2 posterior hair-bearing processes (fig. 33J), and ABD TERG 1-4 each with 4 processes
…..Protopterocallis quadrata
–
Pronotum usually with at least 4 posterior
processes (figs 33K, L), and ABD TERG 1-4 each usually with more than 4
processes
…..12
12
Pronotum with 6-7 posterior processes, in groups of 2-4 (fig. 33K)
…..Protopterocallis pergandei
–
Pronotum
with 4-5 posterior processes (fig. 33L )
…..13
13
Some of spinal hairs on ABD TERG 1-3 neotenic; as long as or longer than the processes from which they arise, 45-100 µm long, expanded at tips and very stout-based (fig. 33M)
…..Protopterocallis gigantea
–
Spinal hairs on ABD TERG 1-3 all shorter
than the processes from which they arise, less than 40 µm long, similar in
size to hairs on pronotum
…..Protopterocallis fumipenella
14
ABD TERG 1-6 each with 3-8 fine, often very short hairs, with small round pigmented spots at their bases, which are never raised
…..Monellia microsetosa
–
ABD TERG 1-6 each with only 2 spinal
hairs, often on low processes
…..15
15
Spinal hairs on ABD TERG 1-4 all short and fine, less than 40 µm long, less than 1.5 × diameter of most swollen part of ANT III. ABD TERG 1-6 of embryos (seen through adult cuticle) with very short spinal hairs and long overlapping marginal hairs (fig. 34C)
…..Monellia caryella
–
At least some of spinal hairs on ABD TERG
1-4 long, 40-80 µm, 1.5-3.2 × diameter of most swollen part of ANT III. If
ABD TERG 1-6 of embryos have very short spinal hairs (Monelliahispida)
then the marginal hairs are non-overlapping
…..16
16
Embryos (and 1st instars) with marginal hairs on abdominal segments 1-6 short, not overlap-ping between segments, and spinal hairs minute (fig. 34D)
…..Monellia hispida
–
Embryos
(and 1st instars) with marginal and spinal hairs all long, the marginal hairs
all overlapping between segments (fig. 34E)