Aptera of normal aphid form, with well-developed
legs and 6-segmented antennae. Alata with circular secondary rhinaria
…..2
–
Aptera aleyrodiform with reduced legs, very short 3-
or 4-segmented antennae and variably fused head, thorax and anterior
abdominal tergites (= prosoma). Antenna of alata with annular secondary
rhinaria
Body elongate oval or elongate pear-shaped. Hairs
very sparse and mainly very short; those on antenna much less than half basal
diameter of ANT III. SIPH are merely
small pores, not surrounded by hairs. Posterior abdomen with extensive wax
gland pore plates
…..4
–
Body oval. Hairs long and dense; those on antennae
longer than basal diameter of ANT III. SIPH pores large, on hairy cones. No
extensive wax pore plates
…..5
4
Wax pore plates on posterior abdomen
mostly comprising circles of minute wax pores like small pearl necklaces,
supplemented with fields of similar-sized ring-shaped elements; wax pore
plate on ABD TERG 8 has entirely such circles of minute pores, except for a
narrow median zone with a few ring-shaped elements. R IV+V with 4-8 accessory
hairs. Alata with 0-4 secondary rhinaria on ANT III
…..Machilaphis machili
–
Wax pore plates on
posterior abdomen including that on ABD TERG 8 consisting entirely of
ring-shaped elements. R IV+V with 3-4 accessory hairs. Alata with 7-11
secondary rhinaria on ANT III
…..Machilaphis pseudomachili
5
BL more than 6 mm. Eyes multifacetted. Forewing of
alata with pterostigma extending almost to wing-tip
…..Longistigma
xizangensis
–
BL
less than 4 mm. Eyes of aptera 3-facetted. Forewing of alata with a normal
pterostigma
…..6
6
Aptera withANT PT/BASE 0.30-0.45. R IV+V 0.54-0.65
× HT II. Wings of alata with dark reticulate pigmentation
…..Aiceona
retipennis
–
Aptera withANT PT/BASE 0.5-0.7. R IV+V
0.7-1.0 × HT II. Wings of alata pale or dusky, without dark reticulate
pigmentation
…..7
7
Aptera with dorsal abdominal hairs arising from
dusky sclerotic bases. Alata with secondary rhinaria distributed III 50-66,
IV 16-25, V 6-14
…..Aiceona
pallida
–
Aptera without dusky sclerotic bases to dorsal
abdominal hairs. Alata with secondary
rhinaria distributed III 31-58, IV 8-25, V 2-12
…..8
8
Aptera usually with one short thick spine-like hair
between the fine hairs on the 8th abdominal sternite. R IV+V with blunt apex
…..Aiceona
manipurensis*
–
Aptera
with only fine hairs on 8th abdominal sternite. R IV+V with rather pointed
apex
…..9
9
Aptera with ANT VI (BASE + PT) similar in length to ANT V. SIPH cones small, ringed by a few long hairs. Alata with secondary rhinaria distributed III c.58, IV c. 25, V 5-12
…..Aiceona osugii
–
Aptera
with ANT VI (BASE + PT) shorter than (0.7-0.9 ×) ANT V. SIPH cones large, ringed by about 4 whorls
of hairs. Alata with secondary rhinaria distributed III 30-46, IV 8-18, V 2-7
…..10
10
Alata
with secondary rhinaria distributed III 43-46, IV 13-18, V 3-5
…..Aiceona pseudosugii
–
Alata with secondary rhinaria distributed III 30-38,
IV 8-11, V 2-7 …..Aiceona robustiseta
11
Dorsal cuticle of aptera smooth, densely covered
with short, thorn-like, broad-based, hair-like processes
…..Sinonipponaphis formosana*
–
Dorsal cuticle of aptera either smooth or with
densely pustulate ornamentation; hairs of variable length, no thorn-like
processes
…..12
12
Spinal
and submarginal hairs of aptera not exceeding length of antennae
Spinal and submarginal hairs of aptera mostly long
and thick, the longest exceeding the length of the antennae
…..15
13
Pustules along frontal margin all with pointed
apices. BL 1.6-1.9 mm
…..Nipponaphis machilicola
–
Pustules along frontal
margin mostly with rounded apices. BL 1.0-1.7 mm
…..14
14
Many of dorsal hairs long and bristle-like, the
longest exceeding the length of the hind tarsi
…..Nipponaphis machili*
–
Dorsal hairs short and
fine, all shorter than hind tarsi
…..Nipponaphis
loochooensis
15
Dorsal cuticle of prosomadivided by narrow pale suturesinto four regions; one anterior,
one median, and two lateral. Abdominal
plate (fused ABD TERG 2-7) with all 6
pairs of submarginal hairs long and thick
…..Euthoracaphis oligostricha
–
Dorsal cuticle of prosoma
undivided. Abdominal plate with at least the 4th and 5th
pairs of submarginal hairs much smaller than the first 3 pairs
…..16
16
Aptera
with abdominal plate (fused ABD TERG 2-7) with first 3 pairs of submarginal
hairs very stout and dark, much longer and thicker than the posterior 3 pairs
(fig. 58D). Dorsal hairs of prosoma (i.e., fused
head, thorax and ABD TERG 1) often include some short, fine hairs as well as
the paired, stout spinal and submarginal hairs
….. Schizoneuraphis himalayensis
–
Aptera with abdominal plate with only the penultimate 2 pairs of submarginal hairs (the 4th and 5th pairs) small, the 6th submarginal pair being almost as large as the first 3 pairs (e.g. as in fig. 58F). Dorsal region of prosoma without any short fine hairs
Eyes of 3 facets. Head fused to prothorax, and bearing short, spine-like
hairs. SIPH as pores surrounded by hairs. Cauda shorter than its basal width.
ANT PT/BASE less than 0.3
…..Tuberaphis macrosoleni
–
Eyes multifaceted. Head not fused to prothorax, hairs not spine-like.SIPH tubular. Cauda long than its basal width. ANT PT/BASE more than 1.5
(The various species of Greenideini recorded from Maesa
are normally associated with trees in other families such as Fagaceae and
Myrtaceae. It seems likely that Maesa is either visited casually by
members of the Greenideini, or used by them as a “reserve host”.)
Antenna of alata 5-segmented; ANT III, IV and V each
with an extensive, complex rhinarial structure occupying most of segment (fig. 61A)
…..Formosaphis micheliae
–
Antenna
of alata 6-segmented, with separate. transversely elongate secondary rhinaria
on ANT III and IV only, fringed with minute spinules (fig. 61B)
…..Prociphilus micheliae
3
SIPH tubular, longer than their basal
widths, anal plate entire and cauda tongue-shaped. (Viviparae apterous or
alate)
…..4
–
SIPH as small truncate cones, not longer
than their basal widths. Cauda knobbed, anal plate bilobed. (All viviparae
alate)
…..5
4
Head
with well-developed antennal tubercles, their inner faces almost parallel,
with dorsal cuticle of head almost smooth and ventral surface only weakly
spinulose. SIPH tapering/cylindrical, legs of aptera pale
…..Aulacorthum albimagnoliae
–
Without that combination of characters:
if antennal tubercles are well developed with parallel inner faces then head
is distinctly spinulose and/or SIPH are slightly clavate and legs of aptera
mainly dark
ANT III
with two broad black bands, one in the middle and one distally (fig. 59A). All tibiae with black bases.
Forewing veins heavily bordered with fuscous, especially distally
…..Calaphis magnoliae
–
ANT III
only gradually darkening distally (fig. 59B). Tibiae without dark basal
sections, and forewing veins not bordered with fuscous
(All 4 species have undeveloped or
weakly-developed ANT tubercles, dark SIPH, dark cross-bands on ABD TERG 8 or
7-8, and usually some scattered dark markings on ABD TERG 1-6.)
1
Cauda distinctly longer than its basal width.
Spinal tubercles (STu) absent, abdominal marginal tubercles (MTu)
consistently present only on ABD TERG 1 and 7
…..Aphis
fabae
–
Cauda helmet-shaped, a little shorter than its
basal width. STu present on head and at least some ABD TERG, and MTu on ABD
TERG 1-5 or 1-7
…..2
2
R IV+V much shorter than SIPH.SIPH more
than 3 × basal width with normal imbrication. Cauda with 5 hairs
…..Dysaphis
apiifolia
–
R
IV+V longer than SIPH.SIPH less
than 2.5 × basal width with close-set rows of spinules. Cauda with 11-18
hairs
(All species have well-developed ANT tubercles, and ANT at least 0.9 × BL.)
1
SIPH with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation (at least 2-3 rows of closed cells)
…..2
–
SIPH without any subapical
polygonal reticulation
…..8
2
SIPH swollen on distal c.0.7 of length, and cauda triangular in
dorsal view, shorter than (c. 0.8 ×) R IV+V. Hairs on ANT III long and
pointed, the longest 1.7-2.1 × BD III.
Dorsum with extensive dark sclerotisation. Head densely spinulose both
dorsally and ventrally
…..Rhopalosiphoninus maianthemi
–
SIPH
tapering/cylindrical, or if swollen then cauda is tongue or finger-shaped and
at least 2 × R IV+V. ANT III with blunt hairs maximally 0.3-1.0 × BD III.
Dorsum without extensive dark sclerotisation. Head smooth or not densely
spinulose
…..3
3
SIPH swollen proximal to reticulated zone, to 1.2-1.4 minimal diameter of basal half. Hairs on ANT III less than 0.5 × BD III. First tarsal segments each with 5 hairs
…..Illinoia wahnaga
–
SIPH cylindrical or less swollen. Hairs on ANT
III 0.3-1.0 × BD III. First tarsal segments with 3 hairs
…..4
4
SIPH black and less than 1.5 × cauda.
Longest hairs on ANT III 0.3-0.5 × BD III
…..Sitobion avenae
–
SIPH pale or dark and more than 1.5 × cauda. Longest hairs on ANT III 0.5-1.0 × BD III
…..5
5
R IV+V 0.75-1.0 × HT II.
SIPH usually pale on at least basal half, sometimes becoming darker distally
…..6
–
R IV+V 1.15-1.48 × HT II.
SIPH dusky/dark, sometimes paler at base
…..7
6
ANT BASE VI 0.25-0.30 mm, at least 2 × R IV+V and similar in length to
cauda
…..Macrosiphum insularis
–
ANT BASE VI 0.13-0.20 mm, 0.9-1.3 × R IV+V and 0.3-0.5 × cauda
…..Macrosiphum euphorbiae
7
ANT III with 11-25
rhinaria arranged in a row over most of length. Head, ANT, legs, SIPH and
cauda all very dark. Head cuticle smooth
…..Macrosiphum pechumani
–
ANT III with 1-5 rhinaria near base. Head, ANT, legs and SIPH mainly
dusky or dark, cauda pale/dusky. Head with spinules dorsally, and sometimes
also ventrally
…..Macrosiphum badium*
8
SIPH clavate, 2.3-3.3 ×
cauda, with a narrow stem that is a little thinner at its narrowest point
than hind tibia at midlength. ANT III without rhinaria
…..Myzus
ascalonicus
–
SIPH cylindrical/tapering,
1.6-1.7 × cauda, with a subapical annular incision close to flange. ANT III
with 1-3 small rhinaria near base
A key to apple aphids is provided in Blackman &
Eastop (1984). Here we provide a more comprehensive treatment of the aphid
fauna of the genus Malus. The nomenclature of Malus is confused as many species hybridise freely with one another
in cultivation. Many European records of aphids from M. pumila apply to cultivated apples (M. domestica), so we have had to list records from cultivated and
wild European apples (domestica, pumila, sylvestris) under one name. The separation of Dysaphis
species applies only to spring forms, and is based largely on the work of
Stroyan (1963) and Shaposhnikov (1967, 1986); the difficult taxonomy of Dysaphis
is discussed under that genus.
(Prociphilus aurus could not be included as only the fundatrix is described, and the spring generations of Watabura nishiyae are unknown, although its sexuparae may be found on twigs and branches of Malus in autumn in east Asia.)
1
ANT PT/BASE less than 0.5. Cauda broadly rounded, usually shorter than width at base
…..2
–
ANT PT/BASE more than 0.5 (usually more than 1).
Cauda semicircular, helmet-shaped or tongue-shaped, about as long as its
basal width or longer
…..11
2
Aptera, and sometimes alata also, with conspicuous
wax pore plates. SIPH either absent or present only as pores
…..3
–
Wax pore plates absent. SIPH in form of large,
broad, dark, hairy cones
…..9
3
Wax
pore plates of aptera comprising rings of circular, polygonal or elongate
facets surrounding single or multiple clear central areas (e.g. figs 60B, C).
Wax glands of alata are small and indistinct
…..4
–
Wax pore plates honeycomb-like, without any clear
central areas. Alata with well-developed wax pore plates, at least on thorax,
or head and thorax
…..6
4
Antenna of aptera 4-segmented (fig. 60A). Tarsi of aptera with only one claw
developed. Alata with unbranched media in forewing
…..Aphidounguis mali
–
Antenna of aptera 5- or 6-segmented, and tarsi with
both claws equally developed. Forewing of alata with once-branched media
…..5
5
Aptera without SIPH. Antenna of aptera 5-segmented,
less than 0.17× BL, with last two segments each about as broad as long. Wax
pore plates comprising groups of elongate facets radiating from 2-9 small clear
circular central areas (fig. 60B)
…..Schizoneurella
indica
–
Aptera with SIPH as slightly raised pores with
partly sclerotised rims. Antenna of aptera usually 6-segmented, more than
0.17× BL, with last 2 segments much longer than broad. Wax pore plates each
comprising large circular or polygonal facets enclosing one or more clear
central areas (fig. 60C)
…..Eriosoma
lanigerum
6
BL
of spring migrant alata from leaf-nest gall (s.m.a.) 4 mm or more. R IV+V
more than 0.2 mm
long and bearing 7 or more accessory hairs
…..Prociphilus
oriens
–
BL
of s.m.a. less than 4 mm. R IV+V less than 0.16 mm long and bearing 2-5
accessory hairs
…..7
7
S.m.a. without any clear wax pore plates on head,
and secondary rhinaria on ANT V numbering 8-10
…..Prociphilus
kuwanai
–
S.m.a. with 1-2 pairs of very pale and
clearly-defined wax pore plates on head; secondary rhinaria on ANT V
numbering 0-7
…..8
8
S.m.a.
with one pair of circular wax pore plates on vertex of head. ANT I (outside
length) as long as or longer than its basal width (fig. 60E). SIPH present as small pigmented
rings
…..Prociphilus sasakii
–
S.m.a. with 2 pairs of cephalic wax pore plates, one
pair on frons and the other on vertex, and ANT I shorter than its basal width
(fig. 60D). SIPH absent
…..Prociphilus
caryae fitchii
9
Dorsal abdomen with paired, pigmented spinal
tubercles on each segment. Alata with maculate forewings and short
pterostigma
…..Pterochloroides
persicae
–
Dorsal abdomen without dark tubercles. Forewings of
alata not maculate, and with a long pterostigma
…..10
10
Forewing
of alata with pterostigma curved distally, extended around wing-tip
…..Longistigma xizangensis*
–
Forewing of alata with pterostigma almost straight, not extending around tip of wing
…..Pyrolachnus pyri
11
Head with well-developed antennal tubercles, their inner
faces scabrous or spinulose and bearing short, blunt or slightly clavate
hairs (e.g., fig.
42I )
…..12
–
Head with antennal tubercles either undeveloped or
with inner faces smooth and divergent and bearing pointed hairs
…..16
12
SIPH slightly to moderately swollen on distal half (fig.121H) …..Myzus
persicae
–
SIPH cylindrical or tapering on distal half, or at
most slightly swollen subapically
…..13
13
Inner faces of antennal tubercles
approximately parallel. ANT III almost always with a single small rhinarium
near base
…..Aulacorthum
solani
–
Inner faces of antennal tubercles apically
convergent. ANT III without rhinaria
…..14
14
Genital
plate enlarged and produced posteriorly. ANT PT/BASE less than 4. SIPH dark,
very coarsely imbricated (scabrous), and with a small flange (fig. 60F)
…..Ovatus malisuctus
–
Genital plate normal. ANT PT/BASE more than 4. SIPH
pale or dusky, moderately imbricated, with a well-developed flange (fig. 60G)
…..15
15
Spring migrant alata with 60-83 secondary rhinaria on
ANT III, 36-52 on ANT IV and 13-22 on ANT V
…..Ovatus insitus
–
Spring
migrant alata with 22-49 rhinaria on ANT III, 5-20 on IV and 0-10 on V
…..Ovatus crataegarius
16
Head capsule of aptera spinulose or nodulose
…..17
–
Head capsule of aptera smooth or wrinkled
…..18
17
SIPH short, of similar length to short cauda, with
closely-spaced rows of nodules or spinules (fig. 42M )
…..Nearctaphis
bakeri
–
SIPH more than 4 × cauda; jet black and imbricated
in aptera (= fundatrix), dark and mainly smooth in alata
…..Muscaphis
smithi
18
Cauda tongue- or finger-shaped, clearly longer than
basal width
…..19
–
Cauda
short, helmet-shaped, semi-circular or triangular, not longer than or about
as long as its basal width in dorsal view
…..29
19
Body oval, with SIPH only about half as long as the
distance between their bases, without polygonal reticulation. Antennal
tubercles weakly developed or undeveloped. Aptera without rhinaria on ANT III
…..20
–
Body spindle-shaped, SIPH longer than the distance
between their bases, with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation.
Antennal tubercles divergent in dorsal view. Aptera with a few rhinaria on
ANT III near base
…..28
20
Marginal tubercles on ABD TERG 7 placed
posteriodorsally to spiracle, and no larger than the spiracular opening (fig. 42H)
…..21
–
Marginal
tubercles on ABD TERG 7 placed posterioventrally to spiracle and usually
larger than spiracular opening (fig. 42H)
…..22
21
SIPH slightly swollen subapically and constricted
before the well-developed apical flange (fig. 60H). ANT III 1.8-2.3 × R IV+V
…..Rhopalosiphum
oxyacanthae
–
SIPH tapering from base to apex, with flange only
moderately developed. ANT III more than 3 × longer than R IV+V
…..Schizaphis mali
22
Stridulatory
apparatus present, with sclerotic ridges on abdominal sternites 5 and 6 and a
row of peg-like hairs on hind tibia (fig. 122). ANT PT/BASE 3.5-5.0
…..Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii
–
No stridulatory ridges present, and peg-like hairs
on hind tibia only in one species (Aphis eugeniae). ANT PT/BASE less
than 3.5
Femoral hairs long and fine, many exceeding the
length of the trochantro-femoral suture. Cauda with 6-24 hairs
….24
–
Femoral hairs mostly short, with only a few ventral
hairs long and those not exceeding the length of the trochantro-femoral
suture. Cauda with 4-8 hairs
…..27
24
Aptera with black transverse bands on ABD TERG 7 and
8, and at least some dark spino-pleural markings anterior to SIPH. Alata with
a series of dorsal abdominal transverse bars. Cauda tongue- shaped, without a
trace of a constriction
…..Aphis
fabae
–
Aptera without dark dorsal abdominal markings, and
alata with only marginal sclerites. Cauda finger-shaped, with a slight
constriction near midpoint (fig. 121T)
…..25
25
Hind
tarsus usually with 3 hairs (a sense peg plus 2 lateral hairs), like the fore
and mid-tarsi (fig. 60I). Basal half of hind tibia with a
spaced-out row of short peg-like hairs
…..Aphis eugeniae
–
Hind tarsus with only 2 hairs (no sense peg; fig. 60J). Hind tibia without peg-like hairs
…..26
26
Marginal tubercles present on ABD TERG 2-4. Cauda
with 10-19 hairs (rarely less than 13). R IV+V more than 120 µm
…..Aphis
pomi
–
Marginal tubercles usually absent from ABD TERG 2-4.
Cauda with 7-15 hairs (rarely more than 12). R IV+V less than 120 µm
…..Aphis
spiraecola
27
Dorsum of aptera mainly black. SIPH and cauda black,
the cauda having a rather pointed apex
…..Aphis
craccivora
–
Dorsum
of aptera pale. SIPH usually darker than cauda, which has a rounded apex
…..Aphis gossypii
28
Front of head pale or dusky. SIPH of aptera pale at
least on basal half, sometimes dusky towards apex
…..Macrosiphum
euphorbiae
–
Front of head black. SIPH wholly black
…..Macrosiphum
rosae
29
Abdomen
without marginal tubercles. SIPH more than 3.5× cauda
…..Allocotaphis quaestionis
–
Abdomen with marginal tubercles on most segments.
SIPH less than 3.5× cauda
…..30
30
Antennae
of apt. at least as long as distance from frons to bases of SIPH, and those
of al. about as long as body. Apt. without pigmentation of abdominal tergites
anterior to SIPH
…..Dysaphis plantaginea
–
Antennae of apt. shorter than the distance from frons to bases of SIPH, and those of al. less than body length. Apt. with dorsal abdominal pigment spots or patches anterior to SIPH
…..31
31
Late spring colonies include many apterae, or
alatiform apterae with sclerotised thorax (monoecious, non-migratory species)
…..32
–
Late
spring colonies include many immature and adult alatae (host-alternating
species)
…..33
32
Longest hairs on ANT III longer than BD III. True
aptera (no sclerotisation of thorax) with only sparse abdominal pigmentation
…..Dysaphis
devecta
–
Longest hairs on ANT III less than 0.5× BD III. True
aptera with broad dark bands or paired patches on all tergites
…..Dysaphis
affinis
33
(Remaining couplets apply only to spring migrant alatae) Each antenna with a total of 112-198 secondary rhinaria. HT I usually with 3 hairs
…..34
–
Each antenna with a total of 20-113 secondary
rhinaria. HT I with 2 or 3 hairs
…..36
34
Marginal
tubercles usually absent from ABD TERG 6, rarely present on both sides (3% of
individuals). Longest hair on ANT III is 34-59 μm, and on ABD TERG 8 is
58-92 μm
…..Dysaphis brancoi ssp. malina
–
Marginal tubercles usually present on ABD TERG 1-7
inclusive, rarely (5% of individuals) absent from both sides of ABD TERG 6.
Longest hair on ANT III is 12-50 μm, and on ABD TERG 8 is 22-90 μm
…..35
35
Longest
hair on ANT III is 12-45 μm, and on ABD TERG 8 is 22-54 μm
…..Dysaphis brancoi s.str.
–
Longest hair on ANT III is 18-50 μm, and on ABD TERG 8 is 57-90 μm
….. Dysaphis brancoi ssp. rogersoni
36
Ratio of total number of secondary rhinaria on both
antennae to length of SIPH (in µm) is 1.12-1.64
…..37
–
Ratio
of total number of secondary rhinaria on both antennae to length of SIPH
0.26-1.00
…..38
37
Marginal tubercles frequently present on ABD TERG 1-7 inclusive. Ratios of diameter of SIPH at midpoint to diameters of largest and smallest marginal tubercles on ABD TERG 1-5 are 0.8-1.1, and 1.1-1.8, respectively. ANT V with 0-6 secondary rhinaria
…..Dysaphis sibirica
–
Marginal tubercles present on ABD TERG 1-5, or 1-5 and 7 (never on 6). Ratios of diameter of SIPH at midpoint to diameters of largest and smallest tubercles on ABD TERG 1-5 are 1.3-2.1 and 2.7-6.0 respectively. ANT V with 3-10 secondary rhinaria
…..Dysaphis mordvilkoi (or deltoidei)
38
Posterior part of pronotum with a pair of pleural
hairs (arrowed)
…..39
–
Posterior part of pronotum without a pair of pleural
hairs (although occasionally one is present)
…..42
39
ABD
TERG 8 with 7-10 hairs. Longest hair on ANT III 42-64 µm long, 1.6-2.7× BD
III
…..Dysaphis chaerophylli
–
ABD TERG 8 with 4-5 hairs. Hairs on ANT III are
maximally 39 µm, not more than 1.7× BD III
…..40
40
Cauda
with 6-9 hairs. Longest hair on ANT III is 13-18 µm, usually shorter than BD
III
…..Dysaphis flava
–
Cauda with 4-6 hairs, usually 5; rarely with 7.
Longest hair on ANT III is 9-39 µm, longer or shorter than BD III, but if
shorter then very blunt or dilated apically
…..41
41
Spino-pleural hairs on ABD TERG 3 usually short and
blunt, maximally 11-23 µm long. Longest hair on ANT III 9-29 µm, 0.4-1.3× BD
III. Marginal tubercles present on ABD TERG 1-7 inclusive (occasionally
absent from one side on 6)
…..Dysaphis
radicola group
–
Spino-pleural
hairs on ABD TERG 3 pointed, the longest being more than 25 µm long. Longest
hair on ANT III in range 20-39 µm, 1.0-1.7× BD III. Marginal tubercles
present on ABD TERG 1-5, or 1-5 and 7; absent from 6 except rarely on one
side only
…..Dysaphis anthrisci group
42
Each antenna with a total of 60-99 secondary rhinaria. R IV+V less than 1.1× HT II
…..Dysaphis affinis
–
Each antenna with a total of 26-59 secondary rhinaria. R IV+V usually more than 1.1× HT II
…..43
43
Total number of “spinal” tubercles
(including those on head) 6-19. Each antenna with a total of 37-59 (usually more than 46) secondary
rhinaria
…..Dysaphis
armeniaca
–
Total number of “spinal” tubercles
(including those on head) 2-7. Each antenna with a total of 26-46 secondary
rhinaria
Cauda helmet-shaped, not longer than its
basal width in dorsal view. SIPH with an annular incision proximal to the flange.
Spiracular apertures large and rounded
…..2
–
Cauda tongue- or
finger-shaped, longer than its basal width. SIPH (if present) without any
distinct subapical annular incision. Spiracular apertures reniform
…..3
2
Dorsum with an extensive
solid black sclerotic shield. Hairs on ANT III are very short, only 0.20-0.25
× BD III
…..Brachycaudus malvae
–
Dorsum without a dark sclerotic shield. Hairs on ANT III are longer,
0.5-0.7 × BD III
…..Brachycaudus helichrysi
3
SIPH pale, very long and
attenuated distally, thinner than hind tibiae at their respective midlengths,
0.33-0.45 × BL and 2.5-3.5 × cauda
…..Acyrthosiphon gossypii
–
SIPH (if present) pale or dark, thicker and relatively shorter
…..4
4
SIPH pale or dusky, or
only dark towards apex, ANT tubercles weakly developed, and marginal
tubercles (MTu) always present on ABD TERG 1 and 7
…..5
–
Without
the above combination of characters; i.e., either SIPH (if present) are wholly dark or ANT tubercles are well developed and MTu are absent from ABD TERG
1 and 7
ANT 5-segmented. R IV+V very long, narrow and
pointed, 4-5 × its basal width and 1.6-2.1 × HT II. Hairs on ABD TERG 2-4 are
mostly longer than ANT BD III. MTu are absent from ABD TERG 2-5
…..Aphis
althaeae
–
ANT 5- or 6-segmented. R IV+V less than 3 × its
basal width and 0.95-1.6 × HT II. Hairs on ABD TERG 2-4 are shorter than ANT
BD III. MTu are often present on ABD TERG 2-5 as well as 1 and 7
…..6
6
MTu only sporadically present on ABD TERG 2-5,
and diameter of tubercle on ABD TERG 7 is less than that of base of ANT III.
SIPH 0.8-1.5 × cauda. R IV+V 0.95-1.2 × HT II. ANT VI BASE 0.85-1.1 × HT II
…..Aphis
nasturtii
–
MTu
usually present (except in summer dwarfs) on ABD TERG 2-5 in addition to
those on 1 and 7, those on 7 being greater in diameter than base of ANT III.
SIPH 1.35-2.5 × cauda. R IV+V 1.0-1.6 × HT II. ANT VI BASE 1.0-1.35 × HT II
SIPH with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation.
SIPH and antennae mainly dark in both aptera and alata. SIPH at midpoint of
similar thickness to hind femora. Hairs on ANT III all less than half basal
diameter of segment
…..Sitobion krahi
–
SIPH without any subapical polygonal reticulation,
or if with reticulation then other characters do not apply
Dorsal body hairs are long and thick, much longer than ANT BD III, and many or all of them have knobbed or expanded apices, and arise from tuberculate bases. ANT PT/BASE 6.4-10.5
…..2
–
Dorsal body hairs mostly
shorter than BD III; pointed or blunt, or if with somewhat expanded apices then
without tuberculate bases. ANT PT/BASE 1.9-5.5
…..3
2
ANT PT/BASE 9.0-10.5. R IV+V 1.3-1.5 × HT II, with 7-9 accessory hairs
…..Cryptomyzus taoi
–
ANT PT/BASE 6.4-8.8. R IV+V 1.5-1.6 × HT II, with 8-14 accessory hairs
…..Cryptomyzus ballotae
3
Cauda helmet-shaped, shorter than its basal width
in dorsal view. Dorsal abdomen dark, or with dark cross-bands. Spiracles
large and rounded
…..Brachycaudus
ballotae
–
Cauda tongue-shaped,
longer than its basal width in dorsal view. Dorsum mainly or entirely pale.
Spiracles reniform (i.e. partially covered by sclerites)
…..4
4
ANT tubercles well
developed, with inner faces steep-sided and spiculose. ANT III usually with
1-2 small rhinaria near base. SIPH pale, tapering/ cylindrical, with a
well-developed flange. ABD TERG 1 and 7 without marginal tubercles (MTu)
…..Aulacorthum solani
–
ANT
tubercles weakly developed. ANT III without rhinaria. SIPH wholly dark. ABD
TERG 1 and 7 with MTu
Head almost smooth with ANT tubercles weakly developed. SIPH uniformly dusky or dark
…..2
–
Head spiculose with
well-developed ANT tubercles. SIPH at least partly pale
…..3
2
SIPH swollen on distal half. Dorsal cuticle ornamented with spicules
arranged in polygons
…..Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae
–
SIPH tapering/cylindrical. Dorsal cuticle without spicules arranged in polygons
…..Aphis fabae
3
SIPH pale, sometimes dark
at apices, slightly clavate. Dorsal hairs short and blunt, without
tuberculate bases. Head and ANT I-II pale
…..Myzus persicae
–
SIPH black on basal part, contrastingly pale distally. Dorsal hairs
thick and expanded apically, arising from tuberculate bases. Head and ANT
I-II black
Key
to apterae on Matricaria and Tripleurospermum:-
1
ANT PT/BASE less than
0.5. Eyes composed of only 3 facets. SIPH absent
…..2
–
ANT PT/BASE more than
0.7. Eyes multi-faceted. SIPH present
…..3
2
Hind tarsi greatly
elongated, more than 0.6 × hind tibiae. Body and appendages densely covered
in fine hairs. No discrete wax glands
…..Trama troglodytes
–
Hind tarsi normal. Body with
rather sparse, short hairs. Posterior part of abdomen with paired wax glands
…..Pemphigus sp(p)
3
Cauda helmet-shaped or
triangular, shorter than or not more than 1.25 × longer than its basal width
in dorsal view
…..4
–
Cauda tongue- or
finger-shaped, more than 1.5 × longer than its basal width
…..8
4
Cauda helmet-shaped,
constricted at base and rounded at apex. Spiracular apertures large and
rounded. SIPH with a subapical annular incision
…..5
–
Cauda triangular,
tapering, without any basal constriction. Spiracular apertures small, oval or
reniform. SIPH without any distinct subapical annular incision
…..7
5
Dorsum without dark markings. Mesosternum
without mammariform processes. R IV+V 0.10-0.15 mm, 1.2-1.3 × HT II. SIPH
pale, smooth, 0.8-2.0 × cauda
…..Brachycaudus helichrysi
–
Dorsum with an extensive black shield. Mesosternum with a pair of dark mammariform processes. R IV+V 0.17-0.24 mm, 1.4-2.0 × HT II. SIPH dark, imbricated, 1.7-3.4 × cauda
…..6
6
Hairs on ABD TERG 8 are 30-61 µm long. Longest hairs on hind femur 10-25µm long
…..Brachycaudus lateralis
–
Hairs on ABD TERG 8 are
at least 70µm long. Longest hairs on hind femur more than 25µm long
…..Brachycaudus cardui
7
SIPH very short, black, cylindrical, much
shorter than R IV+V. ANT PT/BASE 0.8-1.3. ABD TERG 1 and 7 with large
marginal tubercles (MTu)
…..Protaphis dudichi
–
SIPH pale or dark, narrow
at base, somewhat swollen on distal half, longer than R IV+V. ANT PT/BASE
1.3-1.9. ABD TERG 1 and 7 without MTu
…..Coloradoa inodorella
8
SIPH with a distal zone
of polygonal reticulation
…..9
–
SIPH without any
polygonal reticulation
…..16
9
SIPH 0.6-1.3 × cauda, and
reticulated on distal 0.40-0.67 of length
…..10
–
SIPH 1.6-2.3 × cauda, and
reticulated on distal 0.12-0.33
…..14
10
ANT, legs mostly pale, or pale on at least
basal part of ANT III, bases of femora and middle sections of tibiae. SIPH
pale at least basally. Cauda pale or dusky
…..11
–
ANT, legs, SIPH and cauda
all wholly dark
…..12
11
SIPH more than 0.9 × head width across (and
including) eyes, and at least as long as the cauda, which bears 18-33 hairs
…..Macrosiphoniella oblonga
–
SIPH less than 0.9 × head
width across eyes and usually shorter than cauda, which bears 12-28 hairs
….Macrosiphoniella abrotani
12
SIPH thicker than and 1.1-1.3 × cauda.
Dorsal abdomen with paired dark spinal sclerites, each bearing 2-3 hairs
…..Macrosiphoniella silvestrii
–
SIPH thinner than and
0.6-1.0 × cauda. Dorsum with or without dark sclerites
…..13
13
All dorsal abdominal hairs arising from
conspicuous dark scleroites (Fig.5g). PT 3.3-4.3
× BASE VI. R IV+V 0.9-1.2 × HT II
……Macrosiphoniella
millefolii
–
Dorsal abdominal hairs not arising from
dark scleroites. PT 2.9-3.5 × BASE VI. RIV+V 0.7-0.9 × HT II
……Macrosiphoniella
tanacetaria
14
ANT III with 1-7 (-10) rhinaria. SIPH not flared
distally (often with the reticulated part somewhat constricted), but with a
distinct flange
…..Macrosiphum euphorbiae
–
ANT III with 6-26
rhinaria. SIPH flared distally, but with flange undeveloped
…..15
15
SIPH mainly pale, broad-based (Fig.5i), 0.25-0.30
× BL and 1.8-2.3 × cauda, which is tongue-shaped. ANT tubercles
well-developed
…..Macrosiphoniella tapuskae
–
SIPH wholly dusky/dark,
narrow-based, c.0.2 × BL and c.1.6-1.8 × cauda. Cauda elongate triangular.
ANT tubercles rather weakly developed
…..Metopeurum matricariae
16
ABD TERG 1-4 (-5) and 7 or 1-7 with conical
or domed marginal tubercles (MTu)
…..17
–
MTueither absent or only regularly present on (prothorax and) ABD
TERG 1 and 7
…..18
17
SIPH 0.8-1.1 × cauda. Longest hairs on ANT III 1.0-3.2 × BD
III
…..Aphis lindae
–
SIPH 1.9-2.6 × cauda.
Longest hairs on ANT III 0.4-0.6 × BD III
…..Aphis vandergooti
18
SIPH
dark 0.65-0.80 × cauda, which is similarly pigmented and bears 6-10 hairs.
Dorsal abdomen with variable dorsal dark markings anterior to SIPH. ANT
PT/BASE 1.7-2.0
..…Aphis matricariae
–
SIPH longer than 0.8 ×
cauda and other characters not in that combination
…..19
19
Head smooth with well-developed, divergent ANT
tubercles. SIPH mainly pale, thin, at midlength similar in thickness to
middle part of hind tibia
ANT III 2.1-3.7 × the
short and somewhat barrel-shaped SIPH. Cauda broadly triangular, not longer
than its basal width. ANT tubercles
undeveloped. Dorsal abdomen with dark markings
…..Brevicoryne brassicae
–
ANT III 0.8-2.0 × SIPH,
which are not barrel-shaped. Cauda tongue-shaped or triangular, longer than
its basal width. ANT tubercles are variably developed, and dorsal abdomen is
with or without dark markings
…..2
2
SIPH pale, very long and
attenuated distally, thinner than hind tibiae at their respective midlengths,
0.33-0.45 × BL and 2.5-3.5 × cauda
…..Acyrthosiphon gossypii
–
SIPH pale or dark, thicker and relatively shorter
…..3
3
Ventral surfaces of
femora scabrous or heavily imbricated. ANT tubercles variably developed, with
inner faces divergent; if well developed then the median frontal tubercle is
also well developed
…..4
–
Ventral surfaces of femora smooth or weakly imbricated or, if scabrous
or heavily imbricated, then the ANT tubercles are well developed, with inner
faces parallel or apically convergent, and the median frontal tubercle is
undeveloped
ANT pale except for much
darker apex of ANT V and whole of VI. ANT PT/BASE 2.7-3.5. R IV+V 1.1-1.4 × HT II. Dorsal cuticle smooth. Cauda pale, 0.4-0.6 × SIPH, and 0.6-1.3 × R IV+V
…..Lipamyzodes matthiolae
–
ANT uniformly dusky or
dark except for basal part of ANT III. ANT PT/BASE 1.8-2.7. R IV+V 0.6-0.9 × HT II. Dorsal cuticle
roughened. Cauda dusky or dark,
0.6-0.9 × SIPH and 1.2-1.9 × R IV+V
…..5
5
ANT III + PT together 1.95-2.5 × SIPH (90% of specimens less than 2.4 ×)
…..Lipaphis erysimi
–
ANT III + PT together 2.1-3.2 × SIPH (90% of specimens more than 2.4 ×)
Eyes with only 3 facets.Body elongate oval, small (BL less
than 1.3 mm), sclerotic dorsally, with a crenulate margin due to a continuous fringe of wax glands. SIPH as
pores with raised rims. Cauda knobbed, anal plate bilobed
…..Aleurodaphis blumeae
–
Eyes multifaceted, and
all other characters above also do not apply
…..2
2
SIPH dark, only 0.03-0.08
mm long, 0.4-0.8 × cauda which is helmet-shaped, distinctly shorter than its
basal width. Body and appendages with numerous long hairs. ABD TERG 1-5 with
marginal tubercles
…..Dysaphis microsiphon
–
Without that combination
of characters
…..3
3
SIPH tapering/cylindrical, mainly pale with dark apices. Head smooth
with ANT tubercles low, not or hardly projecting forward beyond middle part
of front of head in dorsal view. ANT with primary rhinaria on ANT V much
smaller than that on VI, its diameter 0.3-0.4 × width of segment at that
point. ABD TERG 1 and 7 with small marginal tubercles
(Couplet 1-3 only can be applied to both apterae and alatae. For an
illustrated, simplified key to common alfalfa aphids see Blackman &
Eastop 2000.)
1
Cauda with a constriction and a knob-like apex.
Anal plate bilobed. Dorsal hairs arising from pigmented bases (if apt. then
these hairs are mostly long and capitate). Fore coxae greatly enlarged. ANT
PT/BASE about 1
…..2
–
Cauda tongue-shaped, rounded or triangular in
dorsal view, or not evident. Anal plate entire. Body hairs blunt or pointed,
with or without pigmented bases. Fore coxae normal. ANT PT/BASE either much
more or much less than 1
…..5
2
(Apterous viviparae are very rare.) ABD TERG 1-5
each with 4 hairs (1 pair spinal, 1 pair marginal)
…..Therioaphis riehmi
–
(Apterae are common.)ABD TERG 1-5 each usually with 6 or more
hairs
…..3
3
ABD TERG 1-5 each with
only 4 long hairs (1 pair spinal, 1 pair marginal), but usually with additional
much smaller hairs in pleural region
…..Therioaphis subalba
–
ABD TERG 1-5 each with 8 or more hairs (2 pairs spinal, 2 marginal)
…..4
4
Ventral abdomen with large black submarginal
sclerites, each encompassing the bases of 5-6 ventral hairs
…..Therioaphis
trifolii ssp. ventromaculata
–
Ventral abdomen either without any
submarginal sclerites or with small or fragmented dusky-dark sclerites, each
encompassing bases of 1-4 hairs
.….Therioaphis trifolii (incl. ssp. maculata)
5
Head with well-developed ANT tubercles, the inner faces of which are smooth and divergent
…..6
–
ANT tubercles absent or weakly developed, or if
well developed then with their inner faces steep-sided and scabrous or
spiculose
…..13
6
SIPH black, black, swollen in middle (cigar-shaped),
similar in length to cauda, which is also black
…..Megoura
viciae
–
SIPH mainly pale, tapering/cylindrical, longer
than cauda, which is also pale
…..7
7
SIPH with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation (at least 4-5
rows of closed cells). Hairs on ANT III more than 0.5 × BD III
…..8
–
SIPH without polygonal reticulation. Hairs on ANT
III very short and blunt, much less than0.5 × BD III
.….10
8
ANT III with 17-40 rhinaria. BL 3.2-5.1 mm
…..Macrosiphum
albifrons
–
ANT III with 1-10 rhinaria. BL 1.7-4.0 mm
…..9
9
ANT VI BASE 0.8-1.3 × R
IV+V
…..Macrosiphum euphorbiae
–
ANT VI BASE 1.4-2.0 × R
IV+V
…..Macrosiphum creelii
10
SIPH attenuated distally, as thin as or thinner than hind tibiae at
their respective midlengths
…..11
–
SIPH not attenuated
distally, thicker than hind tibiae at their respective midlengths
…..12
11
SIPH 2.2-3.3 × cauda and 0.33-0.45 × BL
…..Acyrthosiphon gossypii
–
SIPH 1.2-1.9 × cauda and
0.22-0.37 × BL
…..Acyrthosiphon pisum
12
ANT PT/BASE 4.3-6.0, and PT usually 1.6-2.5 × cauda. SIPH usually more
than 1.7 × cauda
…..Acyrthosiphon kondoi
–
ANT PT/BASE 3.0-4.2, and PT usually 1.1-1.6 × cauda. SIPH usually less than 1.7 × cauda
…..Acyrthosiphon loti
13
Head densely spiculose or nodulose, but ANT tubercles are undeveloped.
SIPH with close-set, strongly spiculose imbrication. Cauda helmet-shaped or
bluntly triangular, not longer than or only a little longer than its basal
width in dorsal view
…..14
–
Head smooth or, if
densely spinulose or nodulose then with ANT tubercles well developed. SIPH
(if present) with normal imbrication. Cauda (if developed at all) tongue- or
finger-like, much longer than its basal width
…..15
14
Hind tibiae with numerous rounded scent
glands. Dorsal abdomen with black sclerotic shield
…..Nearctaphis sensoriata
–
Hind tibiae without scent glands. Dorsal abdomen with small pale to dark hair-bearing sclerites, sometimes fused into larger patches or bars on posterior tergites
…..Nearctaphis bakeri
15
Dorsal abdomen with extensive dark sclerotisation, divided into
polygons
SIPH 0.075-0.08 × BL, and 0.65-0.85 × cauda. ANT PT/BASE 1.6-2.0
…..Aphis (Pergandeida) sp. on Medicago arborea, France
–
SIPH 0.11-0.25 × BL and
1.1-2.1 × cauda. ANT PT/BASE 1.7-3.3
…..17
17
ABD TERG 2-6 usually without marginal tubercles (MTu) (range 0-3)
…..Aphis craccivora
–
ABD TERG 2-4 (-6)
regularly bearing dome-shaped MTu (range 4-10)
…..18
18
Cauda with most hairs short, blunt and often rather straight or
adpressed. Dorsal sclerotisation often fragmented. Longest hairs on ANT III
5-8 μm, 0.15-0.33 × BD III
…..Aphis medicaginis
–
Cauda with long, curved,
finely-pointed hairs. Dorsal sclerotisation forming a solid patch. Longest
hairs on ANT III 8-16 μm, 0.36-0.7 × BD III
…..19
19
SIPH 0.49-0.97 × head width across eyes, and 1.0-1.6 × ANT III. ANT PT/BASE 2.1-3.0
…..Aphis coronillae (incl. ssp. arenaria)
–
SIPH 0.4-0.5 × head width across eyes, and 0.7-0.8 × ANT III. ANT
PT/BASE 1.9-2.4
SIPH with numerous long hairs. Dorsum of aptera dark, sclerotic, bearing long hairs with furcate apices. Hind tibiae with imbrications bearing minute spinules
…..Greenidea (Trichosiphum) psidii
–
SIPH without hairs. Dorsum pale and membranous
bearing hairs with finely pointed or blunt apices. Hind tibiae without
spinulose imbrication
…..2
2
SIPH as small, broad-based cones. Cauda knobbed,
anal plate bilobed. ABD TERG 6 and 7 of aptera each with a pair of
backwardly-directed processes, and ABD TERG 8 with 4 such processes
…..Sensoriaphis
malaleucica
–
SIPH
tubular. Cauda tongue- or finger-shaped. ABD TERG 6-8 without processes
Dorsum with an extensive solid black shield covering almost all of metanotum and ABD TERG 1-6. Cauda short and rounded, not longer than its basal width
…..Brachycaudus persicae
–
Dorsum without an
extensive black shield. Cauda tongue- or finger-shaped, longer than its basal
width
…..2
2
Body oval. ANT much
shorter than BL. ANT tubercles very low. Hairs on ANT long and fine, 2- 2.5 ×
BD III. SIPH much shorter than distance between their bases, c.1.25 × cauda,
and without polygonal reticulation
…..Aphis coffeata*
–
Body spindle-shaped. ANT
longer than BL. ANT tubercles very well developed. Hairs on ANT 0.7-1.2 × BD
III. SIPH much longer than the distance between their bases, c.2 × cauda, and
with subapical polygonal reticulation
…..3
3
Head dark. SIPH wholly black, and a dark, crescent-shaped
antesiphuncular sclerite present. Cauda with 8-9 hairs (4 lateral pairs)
ABD TERG 8 with a
backwardly-directed process above cauda. ANT PT/BASE 0.64-1.25. Cauda
tongue-shaped, clearly longer than its basal width. Spinal tubercles (STu)
absent. Longest hairs on ANT III 0.3-0.4 × BD III
…..Cavariella aegopodii
–
No supracaudal process. ANT PT/BASE 2.0-3.3. Cauda helmet-shaped, not
longer than its basal width. STu present. Longest hairs on ANT III 1.0-2.1 ×
BD III
Ipuka melantherae (as Aulacorthum sp.n.: van Harten 1972a);
Myzus ornatus
Key
to apterae on Melanthera:-
–
Secondary rhinaria present on ANT III-IV or III-V, distributed III 7-17, IV 1-14, V 0-2, with those on III more numerous on distal half, and none on basal 0.2. ANT PT/BASE 6.7-8.5. ANT black beyond base of III. SIPH black, 2.2-2.6 × cauda
…..Ipuka melantherae
–
Secondary rhinaria absent, or if present then on ANT III only, and
more numerous on basal half. Other characters not in above combination
Aphis
(Pergandeida)
sp. (Iran, BMNH collection, leg. SH
Hodjat);
Aulacorthum
solani; Megoura
viciae
Key
to apterae on Melilotus:-
(Couplet
1-2 only can be applied to both apterae and alatae)
1
Cauda with a constriction and a knob-like apex.
Anal plate bilobed. Dorsal hairs arising from pigmented bases (if apt. then
these hairs are mostly long and capitate). Fore coxae greatly enlarged. ANT
PT/BASE about 1
…..2
–
Cauda tongue-shaped, rounded or triangular in
dorsal view, or not evident. Anal plate entire. Body hairs blunt or pointed,
with or without pigmented bases. Fore coxae normal. ANT PT/BASE either much
more or much less than 1
…..4
2
(Apterous viviparae are rare) ABD TERG 1-7 each
with 4 hairs 16-26 μm long (1 pair spinal, 1 pair marginal)
…..Therioaphis riehmi
–
(Apterae are common.)
ABD TERG 1-7 each usually with more than 4 hairs, the longest of which are
more than 26 μm long
…..3
3
ABD TERG 1-5 each with
only 4 long hairs (2 spinal, 2 marginal – but often with additional much
smaller hairs in pleural region)
…..Therioaphis subalba
–
ABD TERG 1-5 each with 8 or more hairs (2 pairs spinal, 2 pairs marginal)
…..Therioaphis trifolii
4
Head with well-developed ANT tubercles, the inner faces of which are smooth and divergent
…..5
–
ANT tubercles absent or weakly developed, or if
well developed then with steep-sided and scabrous or spiculose inner faces
…..11
5
SIPH black, swollen in middle
(cigar-shaped), similar in length to cauda, which is also black
…..Megoura viciae
–
SIPH mainly pale, tapering/cylindrical, longer
than cauda, which is also pale
…..6
6
SIPH with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation (at least 4-5
rows of closed cells). Hairs on ANT III more than 0.5 × BD III
…..Macrosiphum euphorbiae
–
SIPH without polygonal reticulation. Hairs on ANT
III very short and blunt, much less than0.5 × BD III
.….7
7
SIPH gradually tapering, not attenuate distally,
thicker than hind tibia at their respective midlengths. ANT BASE VI 1.1-1.8 ×
R IV+V
…..8
–
SIPH very attenuate distally, thinner than hind
tibiae at their respective midlengths. ANT BASE VI 1.8-3.0 × R IV+V
…..9
8
ANT III with (2-) 4-11 rhinaria in a row on
basal half. SIPH 1.2-1.6 × cauda
…..Acyrthosiphon churchillense
–
ANT III with 1 (-3) rhinaria near base. SIPH
1.6-2.1 × cauda
…..Acyrthosiphon
kondoi
9
SIPH 2.2-3.3 × cauda
…..Acyrthosiphon
gossypii
–
SIPH 1.2-1.9 × cauda
…..10
10
Cauda with 7-13 (-14) hairs. ANT BASE VI 1.8-3.0
× R IV+V, which is 0.6-0.85 × HT II and bears 3-7 (-8) accessory hairs
……Acyrthosiphon pisum
–
Cauda with 11-23 hairs. ANT BASE VI 1.5-2.3 × R
IV+V. R IV+V 0.75-0.95 × HT II with (6-) 8-12 accessory hairs
…..Acyrthosiphon ononis
11
Head spiculose or nodulose, but
ANT tubercles are undeveloped. SIPH with close-set, strongly spiculose
imbrication
…..12
–
Head smooth or, if
spiculose or nodulose then with ANT tubercles well developed. SIPH (if
present) smooth or with normal imbrication
…..15
12
Dorsal abdomen with extensive sclerotisation, variably developed but
at least with complete broad dark cross-bands covering most of ABD TERG 5-8.
ANT III (1.0-)1.1-1.5 × PT
…..13
–
Dorsal abdomen with at most with dark bars on ABD TERG 5-8, more anterior segments having small dark or pale brown sclerites at bases of hairs. ANT III 0.7-1.1 (-1.2) × PT
…..14
13
ABD TERG 3-5 or 3-6 covered by an almost
solid dark shield . First tarsal segments with 4 hairs
…..Nearctaphis nigrescens
–
At most ABD TERG 4-5 with
solidly fused cross-bands, those on 3 and 6 being free. First tarsal segments
with (2)-3 hairs
…..Nearctaphis californica
14
SIPH pale. R IV+V 0.09-0.13 mm long, 1.0-1.1 × HTII, with 2-3
accessory hairs
…..Nearctaphis bakeri
–
SIPH dark. R IV+V 0.14-0.18 mm long, 1.2-1.5 × HT II., and usually with 4 accessory hairs
…..Nearctaphis crataegifolii ssp. occidentalis
15
Dorsal abdomen with variably developed dark
sclerotisation, divided by thin lines into a polygonal reticulation; this may
form a solid shield, or be reduced and fragmented into patches. Cauda dark,
much longer than its basal width, with 4-11 hairs
…..16
–
Dorsal abdomen either
membranous, or not extensively sclerotised, or if with dark
segmentally-divided cross-bars and marginal sclerites then cauda is bluntly
triangular and bears 12-17 hairs
ABD TERG 2-4 (-6) regularly bearing
dome-shaped marginal tubercles (range 4-10) like those on 1 and 7. Longest
hairs on ANT III 5-8 μm, 0.15-0.33 × BD III. Cauda with most hairs
short, blunt, and often rather straight or adpressed
…..
Aphis medicaginis
–
ABD TERG 2-6 with or
without MTu (range 0-8), but when present these are smaller than those on ABD
TERG 1 and 7, and often papilliform. Longest hairs on ANT III 8-49 μm,
0.25-1.4 × BD III. Cauda with long, curved, finely-pointed hairs
…..17
17
Longest hair on ANT III 18-48 μm,
0.67-1.38 × BD III. MTu usually present on at least some of ABD TERG 2-6.
Cauda with 6-11 hairs
…..Aphis comosa
–
Longest hair on ANT III
8-18 μm, 0.25-0.75 (usually 0.5-0.6) × BD III. MTu rarely present on ABD
TERG 2-6. Cauda with 4-9 hairs
…..18
18
ANT PT/BASE 1.6-1.8. (Ovip. with ANT PT/BASE 1.3-1.7)
(See
Blackman & Eastop 2000 for an illustrated key to aphids on cultivated
mint.)
1
ANT usually 4-segmented,
0.12-0.15 × BL, with PT/BASE less than 0.5. Eyes 3-facetted. SIPH absent.
Legs very short, with fore- and mid-tarsi usually 1-segmented. Dorsal wax
glands present on head, thorax and ABD TERG 1-8, comprising facets
surrounding an elongate central area
…..Kaltenbachiella pallida
–
ANT 5- or 6-segmented,
more than 0.5 × BL, with PT/BASE more than 1. Eyes multifacetted, SIPH
present, tarsi 2-segmented and wax glands not evident
…..2
2
SIPH strongly swollen,
with maximum diameter of swollen part more than 2× minimum diameter of stem,
smooth except for a little subapical polygonal reticulation (Fig.48a). SIPH
5.4-8.2 × cauda
…..Eucarazzia elegans
–
SIPH not swollen or much
less swollen, and less than 3.5 × cauda
…..3
3
Head spiculose, at least on
ventral surface
…..4
–
Head without spicules
…..14
4
Dorsal abdomen wholly
blackish sclerotic except around bases of SIPH. Dorsal hairs long, the
longest more than 2 × ANT BD III, with somewhat expanded apices. ANT III with
4-5 small rhinaria distributed over most of its length
…..Cryptaphis menthae*
–
Dorsal abdomen not wholly
blackish sclerotic. Dorsal hairs short and blunt, not more than than 1.0 × ANT BD III. ANT III without
rhinaria or with 1-2 rhinaria near base
…..5
5
SIPH slightly but
distinctly swollen on distal half
…..6
–
SIPH tapering or
cylindrical, without any trace of swelling on distal half
…..8
6
SIPH 0.82-1.34 × ANT III
…..Myzus persicae
–
SIPH 0.54-0.81 × ANT III
…..7
7
Inner faces of ANT
tubercles approximately parallel in dorsal view. SIPH almost smooth or weakly
imbricated, with narrowest part of basal “stem” not wider than hind tibia at midlength. Dorsal cuticle
smooth or slightly wrinkled
…..Myzus ascalonicus
–
Inner faces of ANT tubercles with convergent apices. SIPH heavily
imbricated or scabrous, with narrowest part of stem a little wider than hind tibia at
midlength. Dorsal cuticle scaly
…..Myzus cymbalariae
8
Dorsal abdomen with a
conspicuous pattern of dark intersegmental markings. ANT PT /BASE 1.7-2.8,
and PT 0.7-0.9 × ANT III
…..Myzus ornatus
–
Dorsal abdomen without a
conspicuous pattern of dark intersegmental markings. ANT PT/BASE (2.2-)
3.2-8.5, and PT (0.8)1.0-1.9 × ANT III
.….9
9
ANT III usually with 1-2
small rhinaria near base. ANT tubercles are approximately parallel-sided in
dorsal view, without forwardly-directed processes
…..Aulacorthum solani
–
ANT III without rhinaria.
ANT tubercles bearing forwardly-directed processes
…..10
10
Inner side of ANT I and ANT tubercles each with a forwardly-directed
process, that on the ANT tubercle as long as or longer than its basal width
in dorsal view. SIPH attenuated and cylindrical on its distal half, about as
thick as hind tibia at their respective midlengths
…..11
–
Inner side of ANT I
without a forwardly-directed process, and that on the ANT tubercle shorter
than its basal width in dorsal view. SIPH not attenuated, thicker than hind
tibiae at their respective midlengths
…..12
11
ANT PT/BASE 4.0-5.3. R IV+V
1.5-2.0 × HT II
…..Ovatus mentharius
–
ANT PT/BASE 6.8-8.5. R
IV+V 1.3-1.35 × HT II
…..Ovatus archangelskajae*
12
SIPH dusky/dark, usually somewhat curved, 6-7 × longer than their
width at midlength
…..Ovatus nipponicus
–
SIPH pale, sometimes darker at apices; rather straight, 8-12 × their width at midlength
…..13
13
R IV+V c. 0.6-0.7 × ANT VI BASE, and about
equal in length to HT II. ANT PT/BASE c.2.2-2.3
…..Ovatus sp. (England, BMNH collection)
–
R IV+V 1.1-1.4 × ANT VI BASE, and 1.3-1.7 × HT II. ANT PT/BASE 4.0-6.0
…..Ovatus crataegarius
14
ANT tubercles well developed
…..15
–
ANT tubercles absent or
weakly developed, not projecting beyond middle of head in dorsal view
…..17
15
SIPH without subapical polygonal reticulation, with slight subapical swelling (Fig.50e), 2.3-2.8 × cauda. Cauda tongue-shaped, with a basal constriction
…..Ovatomyzus chamaedrys
–
SIPH with a subapical zone
of polygonal reticulation, 1.7-2.5 ×
cauda. Cauda finger-like, without a basal constriction
…..16
16
SIPH dark. Abdomen with continuous broad
dark marginal stripes, united by a dark band across ABD TERG 6. Hairs on ANT
III less than 0.5 × BD III …..Macrosiphum perillae*
–
SIPH pale or dusky.
Abdomen without any dark markings. Hairs on ANT III more than 0.5 × BD III
…..Macrosiphum euphorbiae
17
Cauda helmet-shaped, shorter
than its basal width, with 4-6 hairs. Marginal tubercles (MTu) either absent
or present on ABD TERG 1-5, but never on ABD TERG 7
…..18
–
Cauda tongue-shaped or
bluntly triangular, if short then with 15-20 hairs. ABD TERG 1 and 7 with
well-developed MTu
…..19
18
SIPH imbricated, very small, 0.03-0.08 mm. Well-developed MTu present
on ABD TERG 1-5. Spiracular apertures reniform. Dark dorsal abdominal
cross-bands often present
…..Dysaphis microsiphon
–
SIPH smooth, 0.08-0.14
mm. MTu absent. Spiracular apertures rounded. Never with dark dorsal markings
…..Brachycaudus helichrysi
19
Dorsal abdomen with an extensive solid
black sclerite centred on ABD TERG 4-5. Cauda black like SIPH, tongue-shaped,
rather pointed and bearing 4-7 hairs
…..Aphis craccivora
–
Dorsl abdomen with or
without dark markings, but without an extensive solid black sclerite. Cauda
pale or dark, but if black then with more than 10 hairs
…..20
20
Cauda black and with 11-25 hairs
…..21
–
Cauda pale or dark with
4-11 hairs
…..22
21
Cauda bluntly triangular, about as long as its basal width or only a little longer. ANT PT 1-1.5 × R IV+V. ANT III usually with 1-12 rhinaria on distal half
…..Protaphis middletonii
–
Cauda tongue-shaped, much
longer than its basal width. ANT PT 1.7-3.2 × R IV+V. ANT III without
rhinaria (except in alatiform specimens)
…..Aphis fabae
22
ANT 5-segmented. BL 0.6-1.0 mm
…..hot
weather forms of subsequent spp. (not separately identifiable)
–
ANT 6-segmented. BL
usually more than 1 mm
…..23
23
SIPH pale with dark apices
…..Aphis nasturtii
–
SIPH uniformly dusky/dark
…..24
24
R IV+V 3.3-4.1 × HT II, which is greatly
reduced, only 0.035-0.04 mm long. ANT PT/BASE 1.3-1.8. SIPH 0.8-1.1 × cauda
…..Aphis brevitarsis
–
R IV+V 1.0-1.6 × HT II.
ANT PT/BASE 1.8-3.0. SIPH 0.9-2.1 × cauda
…..25
25
Cauda pale, dusky or dark, but usually distinctly paler than SIPH
…..26
–
Cauda dusky or dark, with
similar pigmentation to SIPH
…..27
26
ABD TERG 7 and 8 usually without dark
transverse bands, and intersegmental muscle sclerites are unpigmented. MTu on
ABD TERG 7 small, with diameter less than 0.5 × that of SIPH at midlength.
ANT PT/BASE 2.1-3.2
…..Aphis gossypii
–
ABD TERG 8, or 7 and 8,
usually with thin dusky/dark transverse band(s), and intersegmental muscle
sclerites often dark. MTu on ABD TERG 7 large, with diameter more than 0.5 ×
diameter of SIPH at midlength. ANT PT/BASE 1.8-2.6
…..Aphis origani
27
Hairs on ABD TERG 7 finely pointed to
blunt, maximally 22-46 μm long, and on ABD TERG 8 finely pointed,
maximally 26-66 μm. SIPH 0.15-0.30 mm long, 1.15-2.33 × cauda. ANT III
0.17-0.40 mm, 0.83-1.67 × PT. ANT III with 0-6 rhinaria (ANT IV of al.
usually without rhinaria; mean 0.1)
…..Aphis affinis
–
Hairs
on ABD TERG 7 blunt, maximally 12-22 μm long, and on ABD TERG 8 also
blunt, maximally 18-44 μm. SIPH 0.13-0.21 mm long, 0.9-1.7 × cauda. ANT
III 0.13-0.20 mm, 0.68-1.11 × PT. ANT III without rhinaria. (ANT IV of al.
with 0-5 rhinaria; mean 1.8)
ANT tubercles weakly developed.
SIPH black, without polygonal reticulation. Cauda black, with 11-19 hairs
…..Aphis fabae
–
ANT tubercles well
developed, with inner faces smooth and divergent. SIPH pale/dusky or dark
only distally, with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation. Cauda pale
with 8-12 hairs
SIPH without any subapical polygonal reticulation.ANT III without rhinaria. R IV+V 1.14-1.36 × HT II. ANT tubercles spiculose and scabrous. Tergum sclerotic, often dark
…..Ericaphis wakibae
–
SIPH with a subapical
zone of polygonal reticulation. ANT III with 1-5 (-7) rhinaria. R IV+V
0.83-0.97 × HT II. ANT tubercles smooth or with fine spinules only ventrally.
Tergum pale
…..2
2
First tarsal segments with fine spinules, and usually with 5 hairs …..Illinoia menziesiae
–
First tarsal segments not
spinulose, and with 3, or occasionally 4, hairs
…..3
3
ANT IV and V as long as or
even a little longer than ANT III. SIPH usually distinctly swollen on distal
half (Fig.56b)
…..Macrosiphum parvifolii
–
ANT IV and V both
significantly shorter than ANT III. SIPH cylindrical or only slightly swollen
on distal half
Body oval, BL 1.2-2.0 mm.
Cauda helmet-shaped, not longer than its basal width. SIPH smooth, short and
conical, with a subapical annular incision. Spiracular apertures large and
rounded
…..Brachycaudus helichrysi
– Body spindle-shaped,
2.0-4.0 mm. Cauda tongue- or finger-shaped. SIPH long, tapering/ cylindrical,
without a subapical annular incision (usually with polygonal reticulation).
Spiracular apertures small and reniform
…..2
2
SIPH cylindrical, only a little wider at base than at apex, with
indistinct subapical reticulation over less than 0.1 of total length. R IV+V
0.5-0.6 × HT II
…..Macrosiphum niwanistum
–
SIPH tapering from base,
c.2 × wider at base than at apex, with at least 4-5 rows of polygonal
reticulation over more than 0.1 of length. R IV+V 0.75-1.0 × HT II
…..3
3
SIPH 1.3-1.4 mm long,
17-20 × longer than their diameter at midlength, and more than 0.36 × BL
…..Macrosiphum sp. (Manitoba, BMNH collection)
–
SIPH 0.6-1.0 mm long,
12-16 × longer than their diameter at midlength, and less than 0.35 × BL
…..4
4
ANT III with 7-11
rhinaria extending over more than 0.5 of length. R IV with 6 accessory hairs
…..Macrosiphum mertensiae
–
ANT III with 1-10 (usually 2-6) rhinaria extending over less than 0.5 of length. R IV with 7-10 accessory hairs
Cauda helmet-shaped, not
longer than its basal width. Paired spinal tubercles (STu) present on head
and at least ABD TERG 8. Large marginal tubercles (MTu) present on all or
most segments
…..2
–
Cauda tongue- or
finger-shaped, much longer than its basal width. STu rarely present, and only
ever on ABD TERG 7 and 8. MTu absent or only regularly present on prothorax
and ABD TERG 1 and 7