Adult females without chitinous ovipositor (viviparous)
…..2
–
Adult females with chitinous ovipositor
…..13
2
SIPH absent. Eyes of 3 facets
…..3
– SIPH present as pores or pigmented hairy cones. Eyes multi-facetted
…..7
3
Antenna with hairs longer than basal diameter of ANT III. R IV+V with about 20 accessory hairs. Head with wax pore plates. Cauda dark, protruberant, with many long hairs
Antenna with hairs shorter than basal diameter of ANT III. R IV+V 0-6 accessory hairs. Head without wax pore plates. Cauda not protruberant, with a few short hairs
…..4
4
R IV+Vwith 4-6 accessory hairs, and without a pale subapical zone
Hairs on HT I small and thin, or if thick basally then with finely-pointed apices
…..6
6
Hairs on HT I and apical dorsal hairs on HT II very small, 4-8 µm long, with abrupt apices. Segment I of fore tarsus usually with 2 hairs; if a third middle hair is present then it is longer than the lateral hairs
Hairs on HT I and apical dorsal hairs on HT II longer, 10-15 µm, with finely-pointed apices. Segment I of fore tarsus almost always with 3 hairs, and with the middle hair shorter and blunter than the lateral hairs (fig. 66A)
Body elongate. Antenna 5-segmented. R V very short
…..8
–
Body oval. Antenna 6-segmented. R V elongate
…..9
8
Second tarsal segments mostly dusky to dark. ANT PT at least 0.5 × diameter of rhinarium on ANT V. R IV+V 0.07-0.10 mm. Tarsal claws with distinctly bifurcate apices
Second tarsal segments mainly pale, sometimes dusky on distal third. Primary rhinarium on ANT V exceptionally distal, so that length of PT is greatly reduced, less than 0.5 × diameter of rhinarium. R IV+V 0.04-0.07 mm. Tarsal claws with apices double but not distinctly bifurcate
SIPH pores on broad pigmented conical bases 0.4 mm or more in diameter. (Antennal hairs numerous, 80 µm or more long; hind tibial hairs 100-150 µm long)
SIPH broadly conical, pore-like or absent. ANT PT/BASE less than 1
…..2
2
Apterae flattened, cimicoid, with 3-segmented antennae. Dorsum with variably developed finger-like hair-bearing processes, sometimes absent. Cauda knobbed, anal plate divided deeply into two triangular lobes
Dorsal hairs long and thick, with distinctly capitate apices and tuberculate bases. ABD TERG 1-4 each with 12-14 capitate hairs, the longest 2-3 × ANT BD III
Dorsal hairs blunt, pointed or only slightly expanded apically, with or without tuberculate bases, and usually shorter. ABD TERG 1-4 each with fewer hairs
…..5
5
R IV+V 2.3-3.0 × HT II, and bearing 17-26 accessory hairs. Head with a well-developed rather scabrous median frontal tubercle, and also with rounded scabrous forwardly directed processes on ANT tubercles
R IV+V 0.8-1.7 × HT II, and bearing less than 10 accessory hairs. Head without a well-developed scabrous median frontal process
…..6
6
SIPH markedly clavate, and 1.4-1.7 × cauda. ANT III with 5-29 rhinaria. Head smooth, ANT tubercles moderately well developed, with smooth divergent inner faces
SIPH and cauda dark. Dorsum with a solid dark shield or with variably developed dusky markings, and dark intersegmental muscle plates
…..10
10
Dorsal abdomen with an extensive solid black shield. SIPH 2.1-3.4 × cauda. R IV+V 1.5-2.0 × HT II. Mesosternum with a pair of dark mammariform processes
Dorsal abdomen with variably developed dusky segmental markings, and dark intersegmental muscle plates. SIPH 1.0-1.4 × cauda. R IV+V 1.2-1.4 × HT II. Mesosternum without mammariform processes
ANT PT/BASE 1.0-1.2. ANT without sec. rhinaria. R IV+V 1.4-1.6 × HT II. Hairs on ABD TERG 1-3 are 10-18 μm long. SIPH c.2 × longer than their basal widths. Cauda about as long as its basal width in dorsal view
…..Protaphis sp. (Corsica, BMNH collection)
–
ANT PT/BASE 0.4-0.6. ANT III or III-IV with rhinaria. R IV+V 1.15-1.25 × HT II. Hairs on ABD TERG 1-3 are 35-45 μm long, with tuberculate bases. SIPH only about as long as their basal widths, and cauda much shorter than its basal width in dorsal view
…..Brachyunguis/Xerobion sp. (North Yemen, BMNH collection)
SIPH dark and markedly clavate. Dark ante- and postsiphuncular sclerites present, the latter usually joined by a bridge across ABD TERG 7. ANT III with more than 30 rhinaria. R IV+V with more than 40 accessory hairs
SIPH if dark then not clavate. No ante- nor post-siphuncular sclerites. ANT III with 0-10 rhinaria. R IV+V with 2-15 accessory hairs
…..5
5
SIPH with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation (at least 4-5 rows of closed cells)
…..6
–
SIPH without subapical polygonal reticulation
…..7
6
Longest hair on ABD TERG 8 is 38-63 μm, 0.6-1.4 × ANT BD III. Anterior half of subgenital plate usually (77%) with only 2 hairs (18% with 3, 5% with 4-6 hairs)
Many of hairs on hind femur and dorsal side of hind tibia with finely pointed apices, longer than trochantro-femoral suture. Cauda with 7-24 hairs
…..5
–
Hairs on hind femur and dorsal side of hind tibia shorter than trochantro-femoral suture. Cauda with 4-9 hairs
…..7
5
Stridulatory apparatus present, cosisting of a conspicuous pattern of ridges on ventro-lateral areas of abdominal sternites 5 and 6, and a row of short, peg-like hairs on the hind tibia
SIPH 0.75-1.1 × ANT III and 1.8-2.7 × ANT BASE VI. ANT PT 0.27-0.46 mm, and ANT PT/BASE 2.1-3.8 (mostly 2.4-3.6). Cauda hardly constricted near midlength and bearing 11-24 hairs. ABD TERG 7 and 8 with dark bands and dark dorsal markings also anterior to SIPH. (Al. with 10-23 rhinaria on ANT III)
SIPH 1.1-1.45 × ANT III and 2.8-3.4 × ANT BASE VI. ANT PT 0.22-0.29 mm, and ANT PT/BASE 2.1-2.6. Cauda usually clearly constricted near midlength and bearing 6-15 (usually 9-11) hairs. Abdomen without any dark markings. (Al. with 4-12 rhinaria on ANT III)
Dorsum with an extensive dark sclerotic patch. ABD TERG 8 with 2 hairs. SIPH more than 3 × their basal widths. Longest hairs on ANT III shorter than BD III. (Al. with secondary rhinaria distributed ANT III 3-8 only)
Dorsum without an extensive dark sclerotic patch. ABD TERG 8 with 5-6 hairs. SIPH less than 3 × their basal widths. Longest hairs of ANT III longer than BD III. (Al. with secondary rhinaria distributed ANT III 16-20, IV 6-12, V 3-7)
ANT PT/BASE less than 0.5. SIPH as pores with sclerotised rims. Wax glands present, each usually consisting of a ring of large facets around an undivided or partially divided central area
…..2
–
ANT PT/BASE more than 1. SIPH tubular, Wax glands not evident
…..3
2
Maximum diameter of SIPH pore 80-160 μm. ANT III usually more than 1.25 × ANT IV+V together
SIPH and cauda both black. Cauda finger-like, usually with a midway constriction. Dorsal abdomen without dark markings, and no stridulatory apparatus present
…..4
–
SIPH and cauda pale or dark, but if both are black then cauda is tongue-like without a constriction, and either dorsal abdomen has dark markings, or a stridulatory apparatus is present
SIPH pale, cauda dark. Head dark with very well-developed ANT
tubercles. ANT III with 3-4 rhinaria in a row on basal part. Dorsal abdomen
with a dark central patch, and dark marginal, pre- and post-siphuncular
sclerites
…..
Macrosiphini gen. andsp. n. (Taiwan,
BMNH collection, leg. S.E. Halbert)
(or
try key to fern-feeding aphids under Polypodium)
A key to the common aphids on cultivated pear (P. communis) is provided in Blackman & Eastop (2000). The key is here extended to include all aphids recorded from the genus Pyrus. (Aphids on crab-apples, often included in Pyrus, are treated under Malus.)
Antenna 5- or 6-segmented. Body usually longer than 1 mm, not broadest anteriorly. Parthenogenetic females viviparous
…..2
2
ANT PT/BASE less than 0.8; if more than 0.6 then PT bears some long fine hairs. Cauda broadly rounded, usually shorter than width at base
…..3
–
ANT PT/BASE more than 0.6, PT without any long fine hairs. Cauda semicircular, helmet-shaped, tongue- or finger-shaped, about as long as its basal width or longer
….15
3
Conspicuous wax pore plates present. SIPH either absent or present as pores with a surrounding ring of hairs
…..4
–
Wax pore plates absent. SIPH as large pores on broad cones with numerous hairs
…..10
4
SIPH present as large pores with surrounding hairs. Wax pore plates comprising rings or groups of circular or polygonal facets enclosing one or more clear central areas (on stems or roots)
…..5
–
SIPH absent or inconspicuous. Wax pore plates honeycomb-like without any clear central areas (in leaf-nest galls)
…..9
5
All wax pore plates consisting of a ring of facets around a single, more-or-less circular central clear area
…..6
–
Largest wax pore plates each consisting of a group of facets enclosing either a very narrowor subdivided central clear area or several clear areas
…..8
6
BL 2.0-2.7 mm. R IV+V 0.20-0.25 mm. (Cauda with 2-4 hairs)
Body elongate, 2 or more × longer than wide. Antennae and legs pale except for black tibial apices and hind tarsi. (Alata with a black quadrate dorsal abdominal patch)
…..11
–
Body broadly oval, less than 2 × longer than wide. Antennae and legs mainly dark
…..12
11
ANT PT/BASE 0.25-0.35, without any long fine hairs distal to primary rhinarium. R IV+V 0.14-0.18 mm long, 0.62-0.75 × HT II, and bearing 9-16 accessory hairs
ANT PT/BASE 0.41-0.75, with some long fine hairs distal to primary rhinarium. R IV+V 0.17-0.22 mm long, 0.7-1.0 × HT II, and bearing more than 20 accessory hairs
Abdomen without spinal tubercles. Forewings of alata not maculate, with a long pterostigma
…..13
13
HT I (measured on ventral side) less than 2 × its basal diameter, less than 0.35 × HT II. Forewing of alata with pterostigma almost straight, not extending around tip of wing
SIPH more than 0.7 × cauda. Dorsal abdomen with an almost solid dark shield, or with dark tranverse sclerites
…..19
19
Dorsal abdomen usually with an almost solid dark sclerotic shield. Hairs on antenna and dorsal body minute, less than 0.5 × diameter of ANT III. SIPH about 2 × basal width
Dorsal abdomen with separate transverse sclerites. Hairs on antenna and dorsal body long and fine, much longer than diameter of ANT III. SIPH less than 1.5 × basal width
SIPH with closely-spaced rows of densely-packed spinules or nodules
…..21
–
SIPH often imbricated but without densely-packed spinules or nodules
…..26
21
Abdomen of aptera and alata without spinal tubercles. Alata with dark dorsal patch centred on ABD TERG 3-6. Marginal tubercles if present somewhat protruberant, and always absent from ABD TERG 7
Abdomen of alata with rather flat round spinal and marginal tubercles on most tergites (present or absent on 7), and with dark patch centred on ABD TERG 4-6 or 5-6 (ABD TERG 3 unpigmented). (Forming pseudogalls inhabited by fundatrices and alate spring migrants only)
…..22
22
Fundatrix with ANT PT/BASE greater than 1, and with well-developed marginal sclerites that are mostly more than 2 × diameter of any tubercles present. Alata with spinal and marginal tubercles usually on ABD TERG 1-7
…..23
–
Fundatrix (where known) with ANT PT/BASE less than 1, and with marginal tubercles on small sclerites mostly less than 2 × diameter of tubercles. Alata with spinal and marginal tubercles on ABD TERG 1-5 only
…..24
23
Fundatrix without spinal or marginal tubercles. SIPH of alata with 18-27 rows of spinules
ANT III with a single rhinarium near base and bearing minute hairs less than 0.3 × basal diameter of segment. Cauda with a slight mid-way constriction and blunt apex, and usually bearing 6 hairs
Marginal tubercles on ABD TERG 7 placed posteriodorsal to spiracle; these tubercles not usually of larger basal diameter than the spiracular opening
…..38
–
Marginal tubercles on ABD TERG 7 placed just posterior to spiracle and slightly ventral to an anterio-posterior line drawn through the spiracle; these tubercles usually larger than the spiracular opening
…..43
38
SIPH tapering gradually from base to apex, not constricted subapically and with flange only moderately developed
…..39
–
SIPH approximately cylindrical for most of length, slightly swollen subapically, and constricted just proximad to the well-developed flange
…..41
39
Anterior part of head dark. SIPH uniformly black. Alata without any secondary rhinaria on ANT V (III with 8-11, IV with 1-5)
Head wholly pale or dusky. SIPH either uniformly dark, or pale/dusky with black apices. Alata with 1-6 secondary rhinaria on ANT V (rarely 0 on one side)
…..40
40
Antennae shorter than body, reaching to base of siphunculi. SIPH uniformly dark. Alata with secondary rhinaria distributed ANT III 14-19, IV 5-9, V 0-5
Tibiae evenly pigmented. SIPH more than 0.3 mm long and clavate proximad to subapical constriction (except fundatrix). (Fundatrix with ANT PT/BASE more than 2.0)
First tarsal segments with 3 hairs at least on fore and mid-legs. Marginal tubercles if well developed then on ABD TERG 2-5 (or 2-6) as well as on 1 and 7
…..45
45
Antenna with numerous long very fine hairs, the longest more than 2 × basal diameter of ANT III. (Alata with separate transverse bars on dorsal abdomen)
…..46
–
Longest hairs on ANT III less than 1.8 × basal diameter of segment. (Alata with an almost solid dark patch on dorsal abdomen)
…..47
46
SIPH 2 or more × basal width, and sometimes bearing one or more hairs. Cauda rounded, much shorter than its basal width
Alatae (gynoparae) with SIPH 0.15-0.22 × BL and 4.3-6.0 × cauda. Cauda with 26-43 hairs. ANT 0.7-1.1 × BL, with PT/BASE 5.1-7.0. Marginal and spinal tubercles on abdominal segments absent
SIPH 0.05-0.20 × BL and 1.1-3.4 × cauda. Cauda with 4-9 hairs. ANT 0.4-0.9 × BL, with PT/BASE 2.4-5.7. Marginal and spinal tubercles on abdominal segments present or absent
…..48
48
Spiracular openings large and rounded
…..49
–
Spiracular openings small and reniform
…..51
48
SIPH less than 2 × cauda. Dorsal abdomen dusky or pale. Mesosternum without any mammari-form processes
R IV+V less than 0.17 mm, about 0.5 × SIPH or less. Dorsal abdomen always extensively sclerotised, black, and SIPH black. (Al. with secondary rhinaria on ANT III and IV, or III, IV and V
Antennae shorter than distance from frons to SIPH bases (in alata less than BL). SIPH pale or dark, less than 0.3 mm long
…..52
52
R IV+V 0.186-0.210 mm, 1.46-1.48 × HT II. Marginal tubercles present on ABD TERG 1-5 and 7. Spring migrant alata (s.m.a.) with 13-22 secondary rhinaria on ANT III, 2-5 on IV, 0 on V
R IV+V 0.123-0.163 mm, 0.85-1.25 × HT II. Marginal tubercles present on ABD TERG 1-5 or 1-7. S.m.a. where known with 23-64 secondary rhinaria on ANT III, 2-27 on IV and 0-7 on V
…..53
53
SIPH 0.10-0.13 mm, 0.78-0.94 × R IV+V. S.m.a. with strongly protruberant secondary rhinaria
SIPH 0.16-0.29 mm, 1.2-2.0 × R IV+V. S.m.a. (where known) with secondary rhinaria weakly protruberant
…..54
54
Marginal tubercles present on ABD TERG 1-7 (sometimes missing on one side on 6); flattened, only slightly convex, the largest 55-60 µm in diameter. Longest hairs on ANT III 12-18 µm, 0.5-0.8 × basal diameter of segment
Marginal tubercles usually present only on ABD TERG 1-5 (very rarely on 7 on one side); hemispherical, papilliform or conical, the largest 21-47 µm in basal diameter. Longest hairs on ANT III 13-50 µm, 0.5-1.8 × basal diameter of segment
…..55
55
SIPH black, 3.4-4.1 × their diameter at midpoint. Marginal tubercles hemispherical. S.m.a. with 23-36 secondary rhinaria on ANT III, 2-10 on IV and 0-1 on V
SIPH pale, sometimes dusky at apices, 4.1-5.0 × their diameter at midpoint. Marginal tubercles papilliform or conical. S.m.a. with 32-64 secondary rhinaria on ANT III, 8-27 on IV and 0-7 on V