HOST LISTS AND KEYS FOR EACH PLANT GENUS

(in alphabetical order)

Maa-Mes

Maackia

Macadamia

Macaranga

Machaeranthera

Machilus

Macleania

Macleaya

Maclura

Macrocarpium

Macrophyllum

Macroptilium

Macrosolen

Macrotyloma

Madia

Maesa

Maesopsis

Magnolia

Magydaris

Mahoberberis

Mahonia

Maianthemum

Maireana

Majorana

Malabaila

Malacantha

Malachium

Malachra

Malacocarpus

Malcolmia

Mallotus

Malope

Malpighia

Malus

Malva

Malvastrum

Malvaviscus

Mammea

Mandevilla

Mangifera

Manihot

Manilkara

Mantisalca

Mapouria

Marah

Maranta

Marcetella

Marcgravia

Margaretta

Margaritaria

Marianthus

Mariscus

Markhamia

Marrubium

Marsdenia

Marsilea

Marsypianthes

Martynia

Maruta

Masakia

Masdevallia

Mastichodendron

Matayba

Matricaria

Matteucia

Matthiola

Maurandya

Mauritia

Mauritiella

Maytenus

Mazus

Mecardonia

Meconopsis

Medicago

Megapterium

Megarrhiza

Meibomia

Meiotrichum

Melaleuca

Melampodium

Melampyrum

Melandrium

Melanobatus

Melanoselinum

Melanthera

Melanthesa

Melastoma

Melia

Melianthus

Melica

Melicoccus

Melicope

Melicytus

Melilotus

Melinis

Meliosma

Melissa

Melissitus

Melittis

Melo

Melocanna

Melochia

Melospermum

Melothria

Memecylon

Mentha

Mentzelia

Menyanthes

Menziesia

Mercurialis

Meriandra

Meristotropis

Merremia

Mertensia

Meryta

Mesembryanthemum

Mesosphaerum

Mespilus

Maackia Fabaceae
Maackia amurensis Aphis craccivora
M. chinensis = M. hupehensis
M. hupehensis Myzus persicae

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

Macadamia Proteaceae
Macadamia ternifolia Aphis aurantii, gossypii; Myzus persicae
M. tetraphyllaAphis (Toxoptera) aurantii
Macadamia sp.Aphis spiraecola

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

Macaranga Euphorbiaceae
Macaranga tanarius Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii
MachaerantheraAsteraceae
Machaeranthera canescens = Dieteria canescens
M. tanacetifolia[Uroleucon sp. – Leonard 1968: 292 (as Dactynotus)]
M. viscosa= Dieteria canescens
Machaeranthera sp. Uroleucon erigeronense
MachilusLauraceae
(Following The Plant List, some species placed in the genus Persea in Blackman & Eastop 1994 have now been returned to Machilus.)
Machilus breviflora Machilaphis machili
M. chekiangensis[Aiceona robustiseta]
M. chinensis Machilaphis machili
M. gamblei Aiceona retipennis, [robustiseta];
Schizoneuraphis himalayensis
M. glaucescensAiceona pallida
M. japonicaNipponaphis loochooensis, machilicola
M. longipaniculata = M. zuihoensis
M. odoratissimus = Persea odoratissima
M. oreophila Machilaphis machili
M. parabreviflora Machilaphis machili
M. thunbergiiPao-hua, Tabu, Tamagusa
Machilaphis machili, pseudomachili (?);
Nipponaphis loochooensis, machilicola;
Schizoneuraphis machiliphaga; Sinomegoura citricola
M. yunnanensis Euthoracaphis oligostricha; [Nipponaphis manoji]
M. zuihoensis Machilaphis machili; Sinomegoura citricola
Machilus sp(p). Nipponaphismachili;
Sinonipponaphis formosana, [monzeni of A.K. Ghosh
(1988)]

Key to aphid species on Machilus and Persea:-

1 Aptera of normal aphid form, with well-developed legs and 6-segmented antennae. Alata with circular secondary rhinaria…..2
Aptera aleyrodiform with reduced legs, very short 3- or 4-segmented antennae and variably fused head, thorax and anterior abdominal tergites (= prosoma). Antenna of alata with annular secondary rhinaria…..11
2 SIPH tubular, longer than basal width…..go to key to polyphagous aphids
SIPH on flat hairy cones or merely as pores…..3
3 Body elongate oval or elongate pear-shaped. Hairs very sparse and mainly very short; those on antenna much less than half basal diameter of ANT III. SIPH are merely small pores, not surrounded by hairs. Posterior abdomen with extensive wax gland pore plates …..4
Body oval. Hairs long and dense; those on antennae longer than basal diameter of ANT III. SIPH pores large, on hairy cones. No extensive wax pore plates…..5
4 Wax pore plates on posterior abdomen mostly comprising circles of minute wax pores like small pearl necklaces, supplemented with fields of similar-sized ring-shaped elements; wax pore plate on ABD TERG 8 has entirely such circles of minute pores, except for a narrow median zone with a few ring-shaped elements. R IV+V with 4-8 accessory hairs. Alata with 0-4 secondary rhinaria on ANT III…..Machilaphis machili
Wax pore plates on posterior abdomen including that on ABD TERG 8 consisting entirely of ring-shaped elements. R IV+V with 3-4 accessory hairs. Alata with 7-11 secondary rhinaria on ANT III…..Machilaphis pseudomachili
5 BL more than 6 mm. Eyes multifacetted. Forewing of alata with pterostigma extending almost to wing-tip…..Longistigma xizangensis
BL less than 4 mm. Eyes of aptera 3-facetted. Forewing of alata with a normal pterostigma…..6
6 Aptera with ANT PT/BASE 0.30-0.45. R IV+V 0.54-0.65 × HT II. Wings of alata with dark reticulate pigmentation…..Aiceona retipennis
Aptera with ANT PT/BASE 0.5-0.7. R IV+V 0.7-1.0 × HT II. Wings of alata pale or dusky, without dark reticulate pigmentation…..7
7 Aptera with dorsal abdominal hairs arising from dusky sclerotic bases. Alata with secondary rhinaria distributed III 50-66, IV 16-25, V 6-14…..Aiceona pallida
Aptera without dusky sclerotic bases to dorsal abdominal hairs. Alata with secondary rhinaria distributed III 31-58, IV 8-25, V 2-12…..8
8 Aptera usually with one short thick spine-like hair between the fine hairs on the 8th abdominal sternite. R IV+V with blunt apex…..Aiceona manipurensis*
Aptera with only fine hairs on 8th abdominal sternite. R IV+V with rather pointed apex…..9
9Aptera with ANT VI (BASE + PT) similar in length to ANT V. SIPH cones small, ringed by a few long hairs. Alata with secondary rhinaria distributed III c.58, IV c. 25, V 5-12…..Aiceona osugii
Aptera with ANT VI (BASE + PT) shorter than (0.7-0.9 ×) ANT V. SIPH cones large, ringed by about 4 whorls of hairs. Alata with secondary rhinaria distributed III 30-46, IV 8-18, V 2-7…..10
10 Alata with secondary rhinaria distributed III 43-46, IV 13-18, V 3-5 …..Aiceona pseudosugii
Alata with secondary rhinaria distributed III 30-38, IV 8-11, V 2-7 …..Aiceona robustiseta
11 Dorsal cuticle of aptera smooth, densely covered with short, thorn-like, broad-based, hair-like processes…..Sinonipponaphis formosana*
Dorsal cuticle of aptera either smooth or with densely pustulate ornamentation; hairs of variable length, no thorn-like processes…..12
12 Spinal and submarginal hairs of aptera not exceeding length of antennae …..13
…..Nipponaphis spp. (loochooensis, machili, machilicola)
Spinal and submarginal hairs of aptera mostly long and thick, the longest exceeding the length of the antennae…..15
13 Pustules along frontal margin all with pointed apices. BL 1.6-1.9 mm…..Nipponaphis machilicola
Pustules along frontal margin mostly with rounded apices. BL 1.0-1.7 mm …..14
14 Many of dorsal hairs long and bristle-like, the longest exceeding the length of the hind tarsi…..Nipponaphis machili*
Dorsal hairs short and fine, all shorter than hind tarsi …..Nipponaphis loochooensis
15 Dorsal cuticle of prosoma divided by narrow pale sutures into four regions; one anterior, one median, and two lateral. Abdominal plate (fused ABD TERG 2-7) with all 6 pairs of submarginal hairs long and thick…..Euthoracaphis oligostricha
Dorsal cuticle of prosoma undivided. Abdominal plate with at least the 4th and 5th pairs of submarginal hairs much smaller than the first 3 pairs…..16
16 Aptera with abdominal plate (fused ABD TERG 2-7) with first 3 pairs of submarginal hairs very stout and dark, much longer and thicker than the posterior 3 pairs (fig. 58D). Dorsal hairs of prosoma (i.e., fused head, thorax and ABD TERG 1) often include some short, fine hairs as well as the paired, stout spinal and submarginal hairs ….. Schizoneuraphis himalayensis
Aptera with abdominal plate with only the penultimate 2 pairs of submarginal hairs (the 4th and 5th pairs) small, the 6th submarginal pair being almost as large as the first 3 pairs (e.g. as in fig. 58F). Dorsal region of prosoma without any short fine hairs…..Schizoneuraphis machiliphaga
MacleaniaEricaceae
Macleania cordifolia Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii
M. punctata = M. cordifolia
MacleayaPapaveraceae
Macleaya cordataAulacorthum solani
Maclura Moraceae
Maclura cochinchinensis Aphis (Toxoptera) citricidus
M. javanensis (?javanica) Aphis (Toxoptera) citricidus
M. pomiferaAphis fabae; Myzus persicae; [Wahlgreniella nervata]
M. tricuspidataAphis (Toxoptera) citricidus; [Matsumuraja rubi]

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

Macrocarpium Cornaceae
Macrocarpium officinale see Cornus officinalis
Macrophyllum= Lactuca macrophylla? Asteraceae
Macrophyllum sp.” Uroleucon sonchi
MacroptiliumFabaceae
Macroptilium atropurpureum Acyrthosiphon pisum; Aphis craccivora;
Macrosiphum euphorbiae
M. lathyroidesAphis craccivora

Use key to apterae on Phaseolus.

MacrosolenLoranthaceae
Macrosolen cochinchinensis Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii; Tuberaphis macrosoleni
(incl. Elytranthe globosa)

Key to apterae on Macrosolen:-

Eyes of 3 facets. Head fused to prothorax, and bearing short, spine-like hairs. SIPH as pores surrounded by hairs. Cauda shorter than its basal width. ANT PT/BASE less than 0.3…..Tuberaphis macrosoleni
Eyes multifaceted. Head not fused to prothorax, hairs not spine-like. SIPH tubular. Cauda long than its basal width. ANT PT/BASE more than 1.5…..go to key to polyphagous aphids
MacrotylomaFabaceae
Macrotyloma stenophyllum Aphis gossypii
MadiaAsteraceae
Madia chilensis Uroleucon eumadiae
M. elegans Uroleucon madia
M. minima = Hemizonella minima
M. sativaUroleucon madia, eumadiae, [rudbeckiae]

Key to apterae on Madia:-

(Both species have siphunculi with distal polygonal reticulation, a long thin hairy R IV, and first tarsal segments with 5 hairs.)

ANT PT/BASE 2.65-4.0. SIPH 1.28-1.56 × cauda…..Uroleucon eumadiae
ANT PT/BASE 4.5-6.1. SIPH 1.80-2.25 × cauda…..Uroleucon madia
Maesa Primulaceae
Maesa angustifolia = M. lanceolata
M. chisiaAphis gossypii, odinae;
Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii, citricidus;
Brachycaudus helichrysi; Greenidea heeri;
[Takecallis arundinariae]
M. indicaAphis gossypii, spiraecola; Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii;
[Capitophorus formosartemisiae];
Eutrichosiphum pasaniae, pseudopasaniae;
Mollitrichosiphum tenuicorpus
M. japonicaPseudomegoura magnoliae
M. lanceolata (incl. rufescens) Aphis aurantii, gossypii; Myzus persicae
M. macrophylla (?megaphylla) Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii
M. rufescens = M. lanceolata var. rufescens
M. teneraAphis (Toxoptera) aurantii
Maesa sp.Eutrichosiphum tapatii; Greenidea ficicola

Key to apterae on Maesa:-

SIPH without hairs……..go to key to polyphagous aphids
SIPH with numerous long hairs…..Greenideini spp.

(incl. Eutrichosiphon, Greenidea, Mollitrichosiphon)

(The various species of Greenideini recorded from Maesa are normally associated with trees in other families such as Fagaceae and Myrtaceae. It seems likely that Maesa is either visited casually by members of the Greenideini, or used by them as a “reserve host”.)

Maesopsis Rhamnaceae
Maesopsis eminiiAphis fabae, gossypii, odinae;
Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii, citricidus; Myzus ornatus

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

Magnolia Magnoliaceae
Magnolia campbellii Formosaphis micheliae
M. champacaProciphilus micheliae
M. denudataAphis gossypii; Aulacorthum albimagnoliae;
Pseudomegoura magnoliae
M. fraseri[Illinoia spiraecola]
M. fuscata (= M. figo var. figo) [Nipponaphis karatanei]
M. grandiflora Aphis [magnoliae Macchiati 1884], spiraecola,
[Aphis sp. (Leonard 1972)];
Formosaphis micheliae; Sinomegoura citricola
M. kobusAphis fabae; Neocalaphis magnoliae;
Pseudomegoura magnoliae
M. liliifloraAphis gossypii, odinae; Calaphis magnoliae;
Pseudomegoura magnoliae
M. obovataCalaphis magnolicolens; Pseudomegoura magnoliae
M. sieboldiiAulacorthum albimagnoliae, solani
M. stellataFormosaphis micheliae
M. tripetala[Illinoia liriodendri]
Magnolia spp.Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii, citricidus;
Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus persicae;
Neomyzus circumflexus; Tinocallis insularis;

Key to species on Magnolia:-

1 SIPH absent…..2
SIPH present as tubes or small truncate cones…..3
2 Antenna of alata 5-segmented; ANT III, IV and V each with an extensive, complex rhinarial structure occupying most of segment (fig. 61A) …..Formosaphis micheliae
Antenna of alata 6-segmented, with separate. transversely elongate secondary rhinaria on ANT III and IV only, fringed with minute spinules (fig. 61B) …..Prociphilus micheliae
3 SIPH tubular, longer than their basal widths, anal plate entire and cauda tongue-shaped. (Viviparae apterous or alate)…..4
SIPH as small truncate cones, not longer than their basal widths. Cauda knobbed, anal plate bilobed. (All viviparae alate)…..5
4 Head with well-developed antennal tubercles, their inner faces almost parallel, with dorsal cuticle of head almost smooth and ventral surface only weakly spinulose. SIPH tapering/cylindrical, legs of aptera pale…..Aulacorthum albimagnoliae
Without that combination of characters: if antennal tubercles are well developed with parallel inner faces then head is distinctly spinulose and/or SIPH are slightly clavate and legs of aptera mainly dark…..go to key to polyphagous aphids
5 ANT PT/BASE less than 1…..Tinocallis insularis
ANT PT/BASE more than 4…..6
6 ANT III with two broad black bands, one in the middle and one distally (fig. 59A). All tibiae with black bases. Forewing veins heavily bordered with fuscous, especially distally…..Calaphis magnoliae
ANT III only gradually darkening distally (fig. 59B). Tibiae without dark basal sections, and forewing veins not bordered with fuscous…..Calaphis magnolicolens
MagydarisApiaceae
Magydaris pastinacea Anuraphis pyrilaseri, shaposhnikovi; Aphis fabae;
Dysaphis apiifolia

Key to apterae on Magydaris:-

(All 4 species have undeveloped or weakly-developed ANT tubercles, dark SIPH, dark cross-bands on ABD TERG 8 or 7-8, and usually some scattered dark markings on ABD TERG 1-6.)

1Cauda distinctly longer than its basal width. Spinal tubercles (STu) absent, abdominal marginal tubercles (MTu) consistently present only on ABD TERG 1 and 7…..Aphis fabae
Cauda helmet-shaped, a little shorter than its basal width. STu present on head and at least some ABD TERG, and MTu on ABD TERG 1-5 or 1-7…..2
2R IV+V much shorter than SIPH. SIPH more than 3 × basal width with normal imbrication. Cauda with 5 hairs…..Dysaphis apiifolia
R IV+V longer than SIPH. SIPH less than 2.5 × basal width with close-set rows of spinules. Cauda with 11-18 hairs…..3
3MTu on ABD TERG 1-5 only. R IV+V 1.6-2.1 × HT II …..Anuraphis pyrilaseri
MTu on ABD TERG 1-7. R IV+V 1.2-1.6 × HT II …..Anuraphis shaposhnikovi
MahoberberisBerberidaceae
Mahoberberis neubertii Liosomaphis berberidis
MahoniaBerberidaceae
Mahonia aquifolia = Berberis aquifolium
M. japonicaLiosomaphis berberidis; [Prociphilus osmanthae]
M. morrisonensis = M. oiwakensis
M. oiwakensisWahlgreniella viburni
M. repens = Berberis repens

Key to apterae on Mahonia:-

(Both species have SIPH strongly swollen on distal c.0.7 of length)

ANT 0.4-0.5 × BL, ANT PT/BASE 0.8-1.4. ANT tubercles weakly developed, not projecting forward beyond middle of head in dorsal view …..Liosomaphis berberidis
ANT c. 0.8 × BL, ANT PT/BASE 1.6-1.9. ANT tubercles moderately developed, projecting forward beyond middle of head in dorsal view…..Wahlgreniella viburni

(or try key to apterae on Berberis)

Maianthemum (including Smilacina) Asparagaceae
M. bifoliumAulacorthum majanthemi; Myzus ascalonicus;
Rhopalosiphoninus maianthemi; Sitobion avenae
M. dilatatumMacrosiphum badium, euphorbiae
M. kamtschaticum = M. dilatatum
M. racemosumMacrosiphum badium, pechumani
M. stellatumIllinoia wahnaga; Macrosiphum badium, insularis

Key to apterae on Maianthemum:-

(All species have well-developed ANT tubercles, and ANT at least 0.9 × BL.)

1SIPH with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation (at least 2-3 rows of closed cells)…..2
SIPH without any subapical polygonal reticulation…..8
2 SIPH swollen on distal c.0.7 of length, and cauda triangular in dorsal view, shorter than (c. 0.8 ×) R IV+V. Hairs on ANT III long and pointed, the longest 1.7-2.1 × BD III. Dorsum with extensive dark sclerotisation. Head densely spinulose both dorsally and ventrally…..Rhopalosiphoninus maianthemi
SIPH tapering/cylindrical, or if swollen then cauda is tongue or finger-shaped and at least 2 × R IV+V. ANT III with blunt hairs maximally 0.3-1.0 × BD III. Dorsum without extensive dark sclerotisation. Head smooth or not densely spinulose…..3
3SIPH swollen proximal to reticulated zone, to 1.2-1.4 minimal diameter of basal half. Hairs on ANT III less than 0.5 × BD III. First tarsal segments each with 5 hairs…..Illinoia wahnaga
SIPH cylindrical or less swollen. Hairs on ANT III 0.3-1.0 × BD III. First tarsal segments with 3 hairs…..4
4SIPH black and less than 1.5 × cauda. Longest hairs on ANT III 0.3-0.5 × BD III…..Sitobion avenae
SIPH pale or dark and more than 1.5 × cauda. Longest hairs on ANT III 0.5-1.0 × BD III…..5
5 R IV+V 0.75-1.0 × HT II. SIPH usually pale on at least basal half, sometimes becoming darker distally …..6
R IV+V 1.15-1.48 × HT II. SIPH dusky/dark, sometimes paler at base…..7
6 ANT BASE VI 0.25-0.30 mm, at least 2 × R IV+V and similar in length to cauda…..Macrosiphum insularis
ANT BASE VI 0.13-0.20 mm, 0.9-1.3 × R IV+V and 0.3-0.5 × cauda…..Macrosiphum euphorbiae
7 ANT III with 11-25 rhinaria arranged in a row over most of length. Head, ANT, legs, SIPH and cauda all very dark. Head cuticle smooth…..Macrosiphum pechumani
ANT III with 1-5 rhinaria near base. Head, ANT, legs and SIPH mainly dusky or dark, cauda pale/dusky. Head with spinules dorsally, and sometimes also ventrally…..Macrosiphum badium*
8 SIPH clavate, 2.3-3.3 × cauda, with a narrow stem that is a little thinner at its narrowest point than hind tibia at midlength. ANT III without rhinaria …..Myzus ascalonicus
SIPH cylindrical/tapering, 1.6-1.7 × cauda, with a subapical annular incision close to flange. ANT III with 1-3 small rhinaria near base…..Aulacorthum majanthemi
MaireanaAmaranthaceae
Maireana trichoptera Aphis craccivora
Majorana see OriganumLamiaceae
MalabailaApiaceae
Malabaila aureaCavariella theobaldi
Malacantha = PouteriaSapotaceae
Malachium see MyosotonCaryophyllaceae
MalachraMalvaceae
Malachra alceifolia Myzus ornatus
M. capitataAphis gossypii
M. fasciataAphis gossypii
M. rotundifolia = M. alceifolia

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

MalacocarpusZygophyllaceae
Malacarpus crithmifolius Brachyunguis harmalae
MalcolmiaBrassicaceae
Malcolmia africana Aphis craccivora
M. maritimaBrevicoryne brassicae
Malcolmia sp.Acyrthosiphon ilka

Use key to apterae on Isatis.

Mallotus Euphorbiaceae
Mallotus japonicus Myzus persicae; Stomaphis malloti
M. oppositifolius Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii
M. philippensis Aphis gossypii; [Thoracaphis sp.]
Mallotus spp.[Sumatraphis celti]
Rostrum longer than body. BL of adult more than 5 mm …..Stomaphis malloti
Rostrum much shorter than body. BL of adult less than 4 mm…..go to key to polyphagous aphids
MalopeMalvaceae
Malope trifidaMacrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus persicae
Malope sp.Aphis nasturtii, umbrella

Use key to apterae on Malva.

Malpighia Malpighiaceae
Malpighia fucata Aphis aurantii, craccivora, spiraecola
M. glabraAphis aurantii, craccivora, spiraecola
M. punicifolia = M. glabra
M. punctata (?) Aphis craccivora, spiraecola
Malpighia sp, Aphis gossypii

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

Malus Apples, Crab-apples Rosaceae

A key to apple aphids is provided in Blackman & Eastop (1984). Here we provide a more comprehensive treatment of the aphid fauna of the genus Malus. The nomenclature of Malus is confused as many species hybridise freely with one another in cultivation. Many European records of aphids from M. pumila apply to cultivated apples (M. domestica), so we have had to list records from cultivated and wild European apples (domestica, pumila, sylvestris) under one name. The separation of Dysaphis species applies only to spring forms, and is based largely on the work of Stroyan (1963) and Shaposhnikov (1967, 1986); the difficult taxonomy of Dysaphis is discussed under that genus.

Host plant list:-

Malus angustifoliaSouthern Crab-apple
Aphis spiraecola; [Hyalomyzus eriobotryae];
Muscaphis smithi; Prociphilus caryae ssp. fitchii
M. ×arnoldianaAphis pomi
M. ×atrosanguinea Aphis pomi
M. baccata Siberian Crab-apple
Aphis pomi, spiraecola;
Dysaphis affinis, sp. near anthrisci, devecta, mordvilkoi,
plantaginea, sibirica, Dysaphis sp. (Korea: Stroyan 1985);
Eriosoma lanigerum; [Myzus cerasi umefoliae];
Nearctaphis bakeri; Ovatus crataegarius, malisuctus;
Prociphilus kuwanai; Rhopalosiphum oxyacanthae;
Schizaphis mali
M. ×cerasiferaAphis pomi
M. coronariaSweet Crab-apple
Aphis gossypii, pomi
M. denticulata (?)Aphis pomi
M. domestica Apple, European Crab-apple, Paradise Apple
(incl. pumila, sylvestris) Allocotaphis quaestionis; [Anuraphis farfarae];
Aphidounguis mali;
Aphis aurantii, craccivora, eugeniae, fabae, gossypii,
odinae, pomi, spiraecola, [spiraephaga];
[Aploneura ampelina]; Aulacorthum solani;
[Brachycaudus cardui, helichrysi];
Dysaphis affinis, anthrisci, anthrisci majkopica, armeniaca,
brachycyclica, brancoi, brancoi ssp. malina,
brancoi ssp. rogersoni, bunii, chaerophylli,
chaerophyllina, devecta, flava, [gallica], malidauci,
meridialis, mordvilkoi, [orientalis], physocaulis,
plantaginea, radicola, sibirica, zini;
Eriosoma lanigerum, [lanuginosum];
[Hyalomyzus eriobotryae]; Longistigma xizangensis;
Macrosiphum [chukotense], euphorbiae, rosae;
Myzus [ornatus], persicae;
Nearctaphis bakeri; [Nippolachnus piri];
Ovatus crataegarius, insitus, malisuctus;
[Phorodon humuli]; [Plocamaphis gyirongensis];
Pterochloroides persicae;
Prociphilus caryae ssp. fitchii, [crataegicola],
kuwanai, oriens, [pini], sasakii;
Pyrolachnus pyri; Rhopalosiphum oxyacanthae, [padi];
Schizoneurella indica; [Watabura nishiyae]
M. doumeriOvatus malisuctus; [Tuberocephalus sakurae]
M. floribundaAphis gossypii, pomi; Dysaphis devecta;
Eriosoma lanigerum; Rhopalosiphum oxyacanthae
M. formosana = M. doumeri
M. fuscaOregon Crab-apple
Allocotaphis quaestionisbg; Eriosoma lanigerum;
Dysaphis anthriscibg; Rhopalosiphum oxyacanthaebg
M. glaucescensAphis pomi; Dysaphis plantaginea
M. hallianaAphidounguis mali; Aphis spiraecola; Eriosoma lanigerum;
Ovatus malisuctus; Pseudomegoura magnoliae;
[Rhopalosiphum padi, rufiabdominale];
[Watabura nishiyae]
M. hartwigi (= M. ×hartwegii?) Aphis pomi
M. ioensisPrairie Crab-apple
Aphis pomi; Dysaphis plantaginea;
Rhopalosiphum oxyacanthae
M. kirghisorum = M. sieversii
M. mandshuricaAphis spiraecola; Dysaphis deltoidei, mordvilkoi, sibirica;
Ovatus insitus, malisuctus
M. ×micromalusAphis pomi, spiraecola; Ovatus crataegarius
M. orientalisAllocotaphis quaestionis; Aphis pomi;
Dysaphis affinis, anthrisci majkopica, armeniaca,
brachycyclica, brancoi, chaerophyllina, devecta,
plantaginea, radicola
M. pallasiana = M. baccata
M. praecox = M. domestica
M. prunifoliaAphis pomi; Dysaphis anthrisci, devecta, plantaginea;
Eriosoma lanigerum
M. pumila see M. domestica
M. ×purpureaAphis pomi; Dysaphis affinis
M. rivularis = M. fusca
M. rockiiAphis pomi
M. sargentii[Dysaphis pyri]
M. ×scheideckeriAphis pomi; Rhopalosiphum oxyacanthae
M. sieboldiiToringo Crab-apple
Aphis pomi; Eriosoma lanigerum; Ovatus malisuctus;
[Rhopalosiphum padi]
M. sieversiiCentral Asian Wild Apple
Allocotaphis quaestionis;
Aphis craccivora, fabae, pomi, spiraecola;
Dysaphis affinis, brancoi, devecta, flava, malidauci,
plantaginea;
Eriosoma lanigerum, [lanuginosum]; Ovatus crataegarius;
[Prociphilus aurus]; Rhopalosiphum oxyacanthae
M. sikkimensisAphis pomi
M. spectabilisAphis pomi; Eriosoma lanigerum;
Rhopalosiphum oxyacanthae
M. sylvestris see M. domestica
M. toringoidesAphis pomi
M. tschonoskiiAphis pomi
M. zumiAphis pomi; Dysaphis plantaginea;
Rhopalosiphum oxyacanthae
Key to aphids on Malus:-

(Prociphilus aurus could not be included as only the fundatrix is described, and the spring generations of Watabura nishiyae are unknown, although its sexuparae may be found on twigs and branches of Malus in autumn in east Asia.)

1ANT PT/BASE less than 0.5. Cauda broadly rounded, usually shorter than width at base…..2
ANT PT/BASE more than 0.5 (usually more than 1). Cauda semicircular, helmet-shaped or tongue-shaped, about as long as its basal width or longer…..11
2 Aptera, and sometimes alata also, with conspicuous wax pore plates. SIPH either absent or present only as pores…..3
Wax pore plates absent. SIPH in form of large, broad, dark, hairy cones …..9
3 Wax pore plates of aptera comprising rings of circular, polygonal or elongate facets surrounding single or multiple clear central areas (e.g. figs 60B, C). Wax glands of alata are small and indistinct…..4
Wax pore plates honeycomb-like, without any clear central areas. Alata with well-developed wax pore plates, at least on thorax, or head and thorax…..6
4 Antenna of aptera 4-segmented (fig. 60A). Tarsi of aptera with only one claw developed. Alata with unbranched media in forewing…..Aphidounguis mali
Antenna of aptera 5- or 6-segmented, and tarsi with both claws equally developed. Forewing of alata with once-branched media…..5
5 Aptera without SIPH. Antenna of aptera 5-segmented, less than 0.17× BL, with last two segments each about as broad as long. Wax pore plates comprising groups of elongate facets radiating from 2-9 small clear circular central areas (fig. 60B) …..Schizoneurella indica
Aptera with SIPH as slightly raised pores with partly sclerotised rims. Antenna of aptera usually 6-segmented, more than 0.17× BL, with last 2 segments much longer than broad. Wax pore plates each comprising large circular or polygonal facets enclosing one or more clear central areas (fig. 60C) …..Eriosoma lanigerum
6 BL of spring migrant alata from leaf-nest gall (s.m.a.) 4 mm or more. R IV+V more than 0.2 mm long and bearing 7 or more accessory hairs…..Prociphilus oriens
BL of s.m.a. less than 4 mm. R IV+V less than 0.16 mm long and bearing 2-5 accessory hairs…..7
7 S.m.a. without any clear wax pore plates on head, and secondary rhinaria on ANT V numbering 8-10…..Prociphilus kuwanai
S.m.a. with 1-2 pairs of very pale and clearly-defined wax pore plates on head; secondary rhinaria on ANT V numbering 0-7…..8
8 S.m.a. with one pair of circular wax pore plates on vertex of head. ANT I (outside length) as long as or longer than its basal width (fig. 60E). SIPH present as small pigmented rings…..Prociphilus sasakii
S.m.a. with 2 pairs of cephalic wax pore plates, one pair on frons and the other on vertex, and ANT I shorter than its basal width (fig. 60D). SIPH absent …..Prociphilus caryae fitchii
9 Dorsal abdomen with paired, pigmented spinal tubercles on each segment. Alata with maculate forewings and short pterostigma…..Pterochloroides persicae
Dorsal abdomen without dark tubercles. Forewings of alata not maculate, and with a long pterostigma…..10
10 Forewing of alata with pterostigma curved distally, extended around wing-tip…..Longistigma xizangensis*
Forewing of alata with pterostigma almost straight, not extending around tip of wing…..Pyrolachnus pyri
11 Head with well-developed antennal tubercles, their inner faces scabrous or spinulose and bearing short, blunt or slightly clavate hairs (e.g., fig. 42I ) …..12
Head with antennal tubercles either undeveloped or with inner faces smooth and divergent and bearing pointed hairs…..16
12 SIPH slightly to moderately swollen on distal half (fig.121H) …..Myzus persicae
SIPH cylindrical or tapering on distal half, or at most slightly swollen subapically …..13
13 Inner faces of antennal tubercles approximately parallel. ANT III almost always with a single small rhinarium near base…..Aulacorthum solani
Inner faces of antennal tubercles apically convergent. ANT III without rhinaria …..14
14 Genital plate enlarged and produced posteriorly. ANT PT/BASE less than 4. SIPH dark, very coarsely imbricated (scabrous), and with a small flange (fig. 60F)…..Ovatus malisuctus
Genital plate normal. ANT PT/BASE more than 4. SIPH pale or dusky, moderately imbricated, with a well-developed flange (fig. 60G)…..15
15 Spring migrant alata with 60-83 secondary rhinaria on ANT III, 36-52 on ANT IV and 13-22 on ANT V…..Ovatus insitus
Spring migrant alata with 22-49 rhinaria on ANT III, 5-20 on IV and 0-10 on V…..Ovatus crataegarius
16 Head capsule of aptera spinulose or nodulose…..17
Head capsule of aptera smooth or wrinkled…..18
17 SIPH short, of similar length to short cauda, with closely-spaced rows of nodules or spinules (fig. 42M ) …..Nearctaphis bakeri
SIPH more than 4 × cauda; jet black and imbricated in aptera (= fundatrix), dark and mainly smooth in alata…..Muscaphis smithi
18 Cauda tongue- or finger-shaped, clearly longer than basal width…..19
Cauda short, helmet-shaped, semi-circular or triangular, not longer than or about as long as its basal width in dorsal view…..29
19 Body oval, with SIPH only about half as long as the distance between their bases, without polygonal reticulation. Antennal tubercles weakly developed or undeveloped. Aptera without rhinaria on ANT III…..20
Body spindle-shaped, SIPH longer than the distance between their bases, with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation. Antennal tubercles divergent in dorsal view. Aptera with a few rhinaria on ANT III near base…..28
20 Marginal tubercles on ABD TERG 7 placed posteriodorsally to spiracle, and no larger than the spiracular opening (fig. 42H) …..21
Marginal tubercles on ABD TERG 7 placed posterioventrally to spiracle and usually larger than spiracular opening (fig. 42H) …..22
21 SIPH slightly swollen subapically and constricted before the well-developed apical flange (fig. 60H). ANT III 1.8-2.3 × R IV+V…..Rhopalosiphum oxyacanthae
SIPH tapering from base to apex, with flange only moderately developed. ANT III more than 3 × longer than R IV+V…..Schizaphis mali
22 Stridulatory apparatus present, with sclerotic ridges on abdominal sternites 5 and 6 and a row of peg-like hairs on hind tibia (fig. 122). ANT PT/BASE 3.5-5.0…..Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii
No stridulatory ridges present, and peg-like hairs on hind tibia only in one species (Aphis eugeniae). ANT PT/BASE less than 3.5…..23
23 Femoral hairs long and fine, many exceeding the length of the trochantro-femoral suture. Cauda with 6-24 hairs….24
Femoral hairs mostly short, with only a few ventral hairs long and those not exceeding the length of the trochantro-femoral suture. Cauda with 4-8 hairs…..27
24 Aptera with black transverse bands on ABD TERG 7 and 8, and at least some dark spino-pleural markings anterior to SIPH. Alata with a series of dorsal abdominal transverse bars. Cauda tongue- shaped, without a trace of a constriction…..Aphis fabae
Aptera without dark dorsal abdominal markings, and alata with only marginal sclerites. Cauda finger-shaped, with a slight constriction near midpoint (fig. 121T) …..25
25 Hind tarsus usually with 3 hairs (a sense peg plus 2 lateral hairs), like the fore and mid-tarsi (fig. 60I). Basal half of hind tibia with a spaced-out row of short peg-like hairs…..Aphis eugeniae
Hind tarsus with only 2 hairs (no sense peg; fig. 60J). Hind tibia without peg-like hairs…..26
26 Marginal tubercles present on ABD TERG 2-4. Cauda with 10-19 hairs (rarely less than 13). R IV+V more than 120 µm…..Aphis pomi
Marginal tubercles usually absent from ABD TERG 2-4. Cauda with 7-15 hairs (rarely more than 12). R IV+V less than 120 µm…..Aphis spiraecola
27 Dorsum of aptera mainly black. SIPH and cauda black, the cauda having a rather pointed apex …..Aphis craccivora
Dorsum of aptera pale. SIPH usually darker than cauda, which has a rounded apex …..Aphis gossypii
28 Front of head pale or dusky. SIPH of aptera pale at least on basal half, sometimes dusky towards apex…..Macrosiphum euphorbiae
Front of head black. SIPH wholly black…..Macrosiphum rosae
29 Abdomen without marginal tubercles. SIPH more than 3.5× cauda…..Allocotaphis quaestionis
Abdomen with marginal tubercles on most segments. SIPH less than 3.5× cauda …..30
30 Antennae of apt. at least as long as distance from frons to bases of SIPH, and those of al. about as long as body. Apt. without pigmentation of abdominal tergites anterior to SIPH…..Dysaphis plantaginea
Antennae of apt. shorter than the distance from frons to bases of SIPH, and those of al. less than body length. Apt. with dorsal abdominal pigment spots or patches anterior to SIPH…..31
31 Late spring colonies include many apterae, or alatiform apterae with sclerotised thorax (monoecious, non-migratory species) …..32
Late spring colonies include many immature and adult alatae (host-alternating species) …..33
32 Longest hairs on ANT III longer than BD III. True aptera (no sclerotisation of thorax) with only sparse abdominal pigmentation…..Dysaphis devecta
Longest hairs on ANT III less than 0.5× BD III. True aptera with broad dark bands or paired patches on all tergites…..Dysaphis affinis
33 (Remaining couplets apply only to spring migrant alatae) Each antenna with a total of 112-198 secondary rhinaria. HT I usually with 3 hairs…..34
Each antenna with a total of 20-113 secondary rhinaria. HT I with 2 or 3 hairs …..36
34 Marginal tubercles usually absent from ABD TERG 6, rarely present on both sides (3% of individuals). Longest hair on ANT III is 34-59 μm, and on ABD TERG 8 is 58-92 μm…..Dysaphis brancoi ssp. malina
Marginal tubercles usually present on ABD TERG 1-7 inclusive, rarely (5% of individuals) absent from both sides of ABD TERG 6. Longest hair on ANT III is 12-50 μm, and on ABD TERG 8 is 22-90 μm…..35
35 Longest hair on ANT III is 12-45 μm, and on ABD TERG 8 is 22-54 μm…..Dysaphis brancoi s.str.
Longest hair on ANT III is 18-50 μm, and on ABD TERG 8 is 57-90 μm….. Dysaphis brancoi ssp. rogersoni
36 Ratio of total number of secondary rhinaria on both antennae to length of SIPH (in µm) is 1.12-1.64…..37
Ratio of total number of secondary rhinaria on both antennae to length of SIPH 0.26-1.00…..38
37Marginal tubercles frequently present on ABD TERG 1-7 inclusive. Ratios of diameter of SIPH at midpoint to diameters of largest and smallest marginal tubercles on ABD TERG 1-5 are 0.8-1.1, and 1.1-1.8, respectively. ANT V with 0-6 secondary rhinaria…..Dysaphis sibirica
Marginal tubercles present on ABD TERG 1-5, or 1-5 and 7 (never on 6). Ratios of diameter of SIPH at midpoint to diameters of largest and smallest tubercles on ABD TERG 1-5 are 1.3-2.1 and 2.7-6.0 respectively. ANT V with 3-10 secondary rhinaria…..Dysaphis mordvilkoi (or deltoidei)
38 Posterior part of pronotum with a pair of pleural hairs (arrowed)…..39
Posterior part of pronotum without a pair of pleural hairs (although occasionally one is present) …..42
39 ABD TERG 8 with 7-10 hairs. Longest hair on ANT III 42-64 µm long, 1.6-2.7× BD III…..Dysaphis chaerophylli
ABD TERG 8 with 4-5 hairs. Hairs on ANT III are maximally 39 µm, not more than 1.7× BD III…..40
40 Cauda with 6-9 hairs. Longest hair on ANT III is 13-18 µm, usually shorter than BD III…..Dysaphis flava
Cauda with 4-6 hairs, usually 5; rarely with 7. Longest hair on ANT III is 9-39 µm, longer or shorter than BD III, but if shorter then very blunt or dilated apically…..41
41 Spino-pleural hairs on ABD TERG 3 usually short and blunt, maximally 11-23 µm long. Longest hair on ANT III 9-29 µm, 0.4-1.3× BD III. Marginal tubercles present on ABD TERG 1-7 inclusive (occasionally absent from one side on 6) …..Dysaphis radicola group
Spino-pleural hairs on ABD TERG 3 pointed, the longest being more than 25 µm long. Longest hair on ANT III in range 20-39 µm, 1.0-1.7× BD III. Marginal tubercles present on ABD TERG 1-5, or 1-5 and 7; absent from 6 except rarely on one side only…..Dysaphis anthrisci group
42Each antenna with a total of 60-99 secondary rhinaria. R IV+V less than 1.1× HT II…..Dysaphis affinis
Each antenna with a total of 26-59 secondary rhinaria. R IV+V usually more than 1.1× HT II…..43
43 Total number of “spinal” tubercles (including those on head) 6-19. Each antenna with a total of 37-59 (usually more than 46) secondary rhinaria…..Dysaphis armeniaca
Total number of “spinal” tubercles (including those on head) 2-7. Each antenna with a total of 26-46 secondary rhinaria…..Dysaphis foeniculus ssp. malidauci
MalvaMalvaceae
Malva aegyptiaAphis frangulae
M. alceaAphis gossypii, umbrella
M. arborea Aphis gossypii, umbrella; Macrosiphum euphorbiae;
Myzus ornatus, persicae
M. assurgentiflora Myzus persicae
M. borealisAphis umbrella
M. cathayensis Aphis umbrella
M. crispa = M. verticillata
M. linnaei Aphis craccivora, fabae, umbrella; Brachycaudus malvae;
Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus ornatus, persicae
M. meluca = M. verticillata
M. moschataAcyrthosiphon malvae; Aphis fabae; Myzus persicae
M. neglectaAcyrthosiphon gossypii, malvae, [pisum];
Aphis althaeae, craccivora, fabae, gossypii, nasturtii,
spiraecola, umbrella;
Aulacorthum solani; Brachycaudus helichrysi, malvae;
Macrosiphum euphorbiae, [malvicola (nomen dubium)];
Myzus persicae; Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominale
M. nicaeensisAphis spiraecola, umbrella; Myzus persicae
M. olitoriaMyzus persicae
M. parvifloraAcyrthosiphon gossypii;
Aphis craccivora, gossypii, umbrella;
Brachycaudus malvae; Macrosiphum euphorbiae;
Myzus ornatus, persicae; [Rhopalosiphum oxyacanthae];
[Uroleucon compositae]
M. peruviana = Fuertesimalva peruviana
M. plebejaBrachycaudus malvae
M. pusillaAphis althaeae, craccivora, fabae, gossypii, nasturtii,
umbrella;
Aulacorthum solani;
[Macrosiphum malvicola Shinji (nomen dubium)];
Myzus ascalonicus, persicae;
Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominale
M. sinensis = M. cathayensis
M. sylvestrisAcyrthosiphon gossypii, malvae;
(incl. var. mauritiana) Aphis fabae, gossypii, umbrella; Aulacorthum solani;
Brachycaudus malvae; Macrosiphum euphorbiae;
Myzus ornatus, persicae;
[Uroleucon sp. (Leonard, 1964: 98)]
M. thuringiaca Acyrthosiphon malvae;
Aphis althaeae, nasturtii, solanella, umbrella;
[Brachycaudus sp. (Bozhko 1976)]; Myzus persicae
M. trimestris Aphis umbrella; Myzus persicae
M. verticillataAphis gossypii, umbrella; Macrosiphum euphorbiae
Malva spp.Aphis [eupatorii], solanella; [Cryptomyzus alboapicalis];
Pseudomegoura magnoliae

Key to apterae on Malva:-

1 Cauda helmet-shaped, not longer than its basal width in dorsal view. SIPH with an annular incision proximal to the flange. Spiracular apertures large and rounded…..2
Cauda tongue- or finger-shaped, longer than its basal width. SIPH (if present) without any distinct subapical annular incision. Spiracular apertures reniform…..3
2Dorsum with an extensive solid black sclerotic shield. Hairs on ANT III are very short, only 0.20-0.25 × BD III…..Brachycaudus malvae
Dorsum without a dark sclerotic shield. Hairs on ANT III are longer, 0.5-0.7 × BD III…..Brachycaudus helichrysi
3SIPH pale, very long and attenuated distally, thinner than hind tibiae at their respective midlengths, 0.33-0.45 × BL and 2.5-3.5 × cauda…..Acyrthosiphon gossypii
SIPH (if present) pale or dark, thicker and relatively shorter…..4
4SIPH pale or dusky, or only dark towards apex, ANT tubercles weakly developed, and marginal tubercles (MTu) always present on ABD TERG 1 and 7…..5
Without the above combination of characters; i.e., either SIPH (if present) are wholly dark or ANT tubercles are well developed and MTu are absent from ABD TERG 1 and 7…..go to key to polyphagous aphids
5ANT 5-segmented. R IV+V very long, narrow and pointed, 4-5 × its basal width and 1.6-2.1 × HT II. Hairs on ABD TERG 2-4 are mostly longer than ANT BD III. MTu are absent from ABD TERG 2-5…..Aphis althaeae
ANT 5- or 6-segmented. R IV+V less than 3 × its basal width and 0.95-1.6 × HT II. Hairs on ABD TERG 2-4 are shorter than ANT BD III. MTu are often present on ABD TERG 2-5 as well as 1 and 7…..6
6MTu only sporadically present on ABD TERG 2-5, and diameter of tubercle on ABD TERG 7 is less than that of base of ANT III. SIPH 0.8-1.5 × cauda. R IV+V 0.95-1.2 × HT II. ANT VI BASE 0.85-1.1 × HT II…..Aphis nasturtii
MTu usually present (except in summer dwarfs) on ABD TERG 2-5 in addition to those on 1 and 7, those on 7 being greater in diameter than base of ANT III. SIPH 1.35-2.5 × cauda. R IV+V 1.0-1.6 × HT II. ANT VI BASE 1.0-1.35 × HT II….. Aphis umbrella
Malvastrum Malvaceae
Malvastrum americanum Aphis gossypii, umbrella
M. coccineum = Sphaeralcea coccinea
M. corchorifolium Aphis gossypii
M. coromandelianum Aphis gossypii
M. peruvianum = Fuertesimalva peruviana
M. tricuspidatum = Malvastrum americanum

Use key to apterae on Malva.

MalvaviscusMalvaceae
Malvaviscus arboreus Aphis aurantii, gossypii; Aulacorthum solani;
(incl. vars drummondii, Myzus ornatus, persicae; Neomyzus circumflexus
mexicanus, penduliflorus)
M. conzattii = M. arboreus var. mexicanus
M. grandiflorus = M. arboreus var. mexicanus

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

Mammea Calophyllaceae
Mammea americana Aphis aurantii, gossypii

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

MandevillaApocynaceae
Mandevilla laxaAphis aurantii, craccivora, gossypii; Myzus persicae
M. suaveolens = M. laxa
Mandevilla sp.[Sitobion pseudoluteum]

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

Mangifera MangoesAnacardiaceae
Mangifera indicaAphis craccivora, fabae, gossypii, odinae, solanella,
spiraecola;
Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii, citricidus;
Brachycaudus helichrysi; Greenidea mangiferae, [heeri];
Macrosiphum [centranthi], euphorbiae; Myzus persicae;
Sinomegoura citricola; Sitobion krahi

Key to species on Mangifera:-

1 SIPH with numerous very long hairs…..Greenidea mangiferae
SIPH without hairs…..2
2 SIPH with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation. SIPH and antennae mainly dark in both aptera and alata. SIPH at midpoint of similar thickness to hind femora. Hairs on ANT III all less than half basal diameter of segment…..Sitobion krahi
SIPH without any subapical polygonal reticulation, or if with reticulation then other characters do not apply…..go to key to polyphagous aphids
ManihotEuphorbiaceae
Manihot esculenta Aphis craccivora; [Rhopalosiphum esculentum]
M. utilissima = M. esculenta
Manilkara see AchrasSapotaceae
Manilkara zapota = Achras zapota
MantisalcaAsteraceae
Mantisalca salmantica Aphis fabae; Brachycaudus helichrysi

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

Mapouria see PsychotriaRubiaceae
Marah (including Megarrhiza)Cucurbitaceae
Marah fabaceus Aphis gossypii
M. oreganusMacrosiphum sp. (Leonard 1974)
MarantaMarantaceae
Maranta arundinacea Aphis gossypii
Maranta sp.Myzus persicae

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

MarcetellaRosaceae
Marcetella maderensis see Sanguisorba maderensis
MarcgraviaMarcgravaceae
Marcgravia rectiflora = M. trinitatis
M. trinitatisAphis (Toxoptera) aurantii
Margaretta Asclepiadaceae
Margaretta whitei Brachycaudus helichrysi; Aphis nerii

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

MargaritariaPhyllanthaceae
Margaritaria discoidea Schoutedenia ralumensis
var. nitida
MarianthusPittosporaceae
Marianthus lineatus Macrosiphum euphorbiae
Mariscus see CyperusCyperaceae
Markhamia Bignoniaceae
Markhamia acuminata = M. zanzibarica
M. hildebrandtii = M.lutea
M. luteaAphis gossypii; Myzus persicae
M. nutans (?)[Aphis sp. (Leonard 1972)]
M. platycalyx = M.lutea
M. zanzibarica Aphis craccivora, gossypii
Markhamia sp.Macrosiphum euphorbiae

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

MarrubiumLamiaceae
Marrubium alternidens = M. anisodon
M. anisodon[Aphis affinis, craccivora]
M. incisum (= Lagopsis supina) Aphis gossypii (? – on roots with eggs; Chu 1949:100)
M. peregrinum[Aphis frangulae (or ballotae? – Holman & Pintera 1981)]
M. supinumAphis ballotae, gossypii; Cryptomyzus ballotae, taoi
M. vulgareAphis ballotae, [frangulae], gossypii;
Aulacorthum solani; Brachycaudus ballotae;
Cryptomyzus ballotae

Key to apterae on Marrubium:-

1Dorsal body hairs are long and thick, much longer than ANT BD III, and many or all of them have knobbed or expanded apices, and arise from tuberculate bases. ANT PT/BASE 6.4-10.5…..2
Dorsal body hairs mostly shorter than BD III; pointed or blunt, or if with somewhat expanded apices then without tuberculate bases. ANT PT/BASE 1.9-5.5 …..3
2 ANT PT/BASE 9.0-10.5. R IV+V 1.3-1.5 × HT II, with 7-9 accessory hairs…..Cryptomyzus taoi
ANT PT/BASE 6.4-8.8. R IV+V 1.5-1.6 × HT II, with 8-14 accessory hairs…..Cryptomyzus ballotae
3Cauda helmet-shaped, shorter than its basal width in dorsal view. Dorsal abdomen dark, or with dark cross-bands. Spiracles large and rounded …..Brachycaudus ballotae
Cauda tongue-shaped, longer than its basal width in dorsal view. Dorsum mainly or entirely pale. Spiracles reniform (i.e. partially covered by sclerites) …..4
4 ANT tubercles well developed, with inner faces steep-sided and spiculose. ANT III usually with 1-2 small rhinaria near base. SIPH pale, tapering/ cylindrical, with a well-developed flange. ABD TERG 1 and 7 without marginal tubercles (MTu) …..Aulacorthum solani
ANT tubercles weakly developed. ANT III without rhinaria. SIPH wholly dark. ABD TERG 1 and 7 with MTu…..Aphis ballotae or Aphis gossypii
MarsdeniaApocynaceae
Marsdenia australis Aphis nerii
M. latifolia Aphis gossypii

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

MarsileaMarsileaceae
Martsilea polycarpa Idiopterus nephrelepidis; Myzus persicae;
Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae
M. quadrifolia = M. polycarpa
M. strigosaRhopalosiphum nymphaeae
M. vestitaMyzus persicae
Marsilea sp.Aphis fabae

Key to apterae on Marsilea:-

1Head almost smooth with ANT tubercles weakly developed. SIPH uniformly dusky or dark…..2
Head spiculose with well-developed ANT tubercles. SIPH at least partly pale …..3
2 SIPH swollen on distal half. Dorsal cuticle ornamented with spicules arranged in polygons…..Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae
SIPH tapering/cylindrical. Dorsal cuticle without spicules arranged in polygons…..Aphis fabae
3 SIPH pale, sometimes dark at apices, slightly clavate. Dorsal hairs short and blunt, without tuberculate bases. Head and ANT I-II pale…..Myzus persicae
SIPH black on basal part, contrastingly pale distally. Dorsal hairs thick and expanded apically, arising from tuberculate bases. Head and ANT I-II black…..Idiopterus nephrelepidis
MarsypianthesLamiaceae
Marsypianthes chamaedrys Aphis gossypii; Myzus ornatus

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

MartyniaMartyniaceae
Martynia annuaAphis gossypii
M. diandra = Martynia annua
M. louisiana = Proboscidea louisiana
M. lutea = Ibicella lutea
Maruta see AnthemisAsteraceae
MasakiaCelastraceae
Masakia japonica = Euonymus hederaceus
MasdevalliaOrchidaceae
Masdevallia sp.Sitobion pseudoluteum
Mastichodendron see Sideroxylon Sapindaceae
MataybaSapindaceae
Matayba oppositifolia Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii
Matricaria (includng Chamomilla, Lepidotheca) Asteraceae
Matricaria ambigua = Tripleurospermum ambiguum var. phaenocephalum
M. breviradiataAphis fabae
M. caucasica = Matricaria. breviradiata
M. chamomillaAphis craccivora, fabae, gossypii, nasturtii, spiraecola,
vandergooti;
Aulacorthum solani;
Brachycaudus cardui, helichrysi, lateralis;
[Cavariella aegopodii]; Coloradoa inodorella;
Macrosiphoniella abrotani, tanacetaria, tapuskae;
Macrosiphum euphorbiae;
Metopeurum matricariae;
Myzus ascalonicus, ornatus, persicae;
Neomyzus circumflexus; Pemphigus sp.;
Protaphis dudichi, [terricola]; Trama troglodytes
M. corymbifera = Tripleurospermum disciforme
M. disciformis = Tripleurospermum disciforme
M. discoideaAphis solanella;
Brachycaudus cardui, he;lichrysi, lateralis;
Coloradoa inodorella; Macrosiphoniella tapuskae
M. inodora = Tripleurospermum inodorum
M. maritima = Tripleurospermum maritimum
M. matricarioides (incl. suaveolens) Aphis duduchi, fabae, gossypii, nasturtii, solanella,
spiraecola, [spiraephaga], vandergooti;
Aulacorthum solani;
Brachycaudus cardui, helichrysi, lateralis;
Coloradoa inodorella;
Macrosiphoniella abrotani, tapuskae; Smynthurodes betae
M. parthenoidesBrachycaudus helichrysi
M. perforata = Tripleurospermum inodorum
M. recutita = Matricaria chamomilla
M. suaveolens = Matricaria matricarioides
M. tenuifolia = Tripleurospermum tenuifolium
M. tetragonasperma Aphis fabae
Matricaria spp.Aphis matricariae; Macrosiphoniella silvestrii; Myzus cymbalariae

Key to apterae on Matricaria and Tripleurospermum:-

1 ANT PT/BASE less than 0.5. Eyes composed of only 3 facets. SIPH absent …..2
ANT PT/BASE more than 0.7. Eyes multi-faceted. SIPH present…..3
2 Hind tarsi greatly elongated, more than 0.6 × hind tibiae. Body and appendages densely covered in fine hairs. No discrete wax glands…..Trama troglodytes
Hind tarsi normal. Body with rather sparse, short hairs. Posterior part of abdomen with paired wax glands…..Pemphigus sp(p)
3 Cauda helmet-shaped or triangular, shorter than or not more than 1.25 × longer than its basal width in dorsal view…..4
Cauda tongue- or finger-shaped, more than 1.5 × longer than its basal width …..8
4 Cauda helmet-shaped, constricted at base and rounded at apex. Spiracular apertures large and rounded. SIPH with a subapical annular incision…..5
Cauda triangular, tapering, without any basal constriction. Spiracular apertures small, oval or reniform. SIPH without any distinct subapical annular incision…..7
5Dorsum without dark markings. Mesosternum without mammariform processes. R IV+V 0.10-0.15 mm, 1.2-1.3 × HT II. SIPH pale, smooth, 0.8-2.0 × cauda…..Brachycaudus helichrysi
Dorsum with an extensive black shield. Mesosternum with a pair of dark mammariform processes. R IV+V 0.17-0.24 mm, 1.4-2.0 × HT II. SIPH dark, imbricated, 1.7-3.4 × cauda…..6
6Hairs on ABD TERG 8 are 30-61 µm long. Longest hairs on hind femur 10-25µm long…..Brachycaudus lateralis
Hairs on ABD TERG 8 are at least 70µm long. Longest hairs on hind femur more than 25µm long…..Brachycaudus cardui
7 SIPH very short, black, cylindrical, much shorter than R IV+V. ANT PT/BASE 0.8-1.3. ABD TERG 1 and 7 with large marginal tubercles (MTu) …..Protaphis dudichi
SIPH pale or dark, narrow at base, somewhat swollen on distal half, longer than R IV+V. ANT PT/BASE 1.3-1.9. ABD TERG 1 and 7 without MTu …..Coloradoa inodorella
8 SIPH with a distal zone of polygonal reticulation…..9
SIPH without any polygonal reticulation…..16
9 SIPH 0.6-1.3 × cauda, and reticulated on distal 0.40-0.67 of length…..10
SIPH 1.6-2.3 × cauda, and reticulated on distal 0.12-0.33 …..14
10 ANT, legs mostly pale, or pale on at least basal part of ANT III, bases of femora and middle sections of tibiae. SIPH pale at least basally. Cauda pale or dusky…..11
ANT, legs, SIPH and cauda all wholly dark…..12
11SIPH more than 0.9 × head width across (and including) eyes, and at least as long as the cauda, which bears 18-33 hairs…..Macrosiphoniella oblonga
SIPH less than 0.9 × head width across eyes and usually shorter than cauda, which bears 12-28 hairs….Macrosiphoniella abrotani
12 SIPH thicker than and 1.1-1.3 × cauda. Dorsal abdomen with paired dark spinal sclerites, each bearing 2-3 hairs…..Macrosiphoniella silvestrii
SIPH thinner than and 0.6-1.0 × cauda. Dorsum with or without dark sclerites …..13
13 All dorsal abdominal hairs arising from conspicuous dark scleroites (Fig.5g). PT 3.3-4.3 × BASE VI. R IV+V 0.9-1.2 × HT II……Macrosiphoniella millefolii
Dorsal abdominal hairs not arising from dark scleroites. PT 2.9-3.5 × BASE VI. RIV+V 0.7-0.9 × HT II……Macrosiphoniella tanacetaria
14 ANT III with 1-7 (-10) rhinaria. SIPH not flared distally (often with the reticulated part somewhat constricted), but with a distinct flange …..Macrosiphum euphorbiae
ANT III with 6-26 rhinaria. SIPH flared distally, but with flange undeveloped …..15
15 SIPH mainly pale, broad-based (Fig.5i), 0.25-0.30 × BL and 1.8-2.3 × cauda, which is tongue-shaped. ANT tubercles well-developed …..Macrosiphoniella tapuskae
SIPH wholly dusky/dark, narrow-based, c.0.2 × BL and c.1.6-1.8 × cauda. Cauda elongate triangular. ANT tubercles rather weakly developed …..Metopeurum matricariae
16 ABD TERG 1-4 (-5) and 7 or 1-7 with conical or domed marginal tubercles (MTu) …..17
MTu either absent or only regularly present on (prothorax and) ABD TERG 1 and 7 …..18
17 SIPH 0.8-1.1 × cauda. Longest hairs on ANT III 1.0-3.2 × BD III …..Aphis lindae
SIPH 1.9-2.6 × cauda. Longest hairs on ANT III 0.4-0.6 × BD III …..Aphis vandergooti
18 SIPH dark 0.65-0.80 × cauda, which is similarly pigmented and bears 6-10 hairs. Dorsal abdomen with variable dorsal dark markings anterior to SIPH. ANT PT/BASE 1.7-2.0..…Aphis matricariae
SIPH longer than 0.8 × cauda and other characters not in that combination …..19
19 Head smooth with well-developed, divergent ANT tubercles. SIPH mainly pale, thin, at midlength similar in thickness to middle part of hind tibia …..Acyrthosiphon ilka
Without that combination of characters…..go to key to polyphagous aphids
Matteuccia (including Pteretis)Woodsiaceae
Matteuccia intermedia [Amphorophora scabripes ssp. galba]
M. struthiopteris Amphorophora ampullata, ampullata ssp. laingi;
Macrosiphum adianti, walkeri; Neomyzus circumflexus

Use key to fern-feeding aphids under Polypodium.

MatthiolaBrassicaceae
Matthiola annua = M. incana
M. bicornis = M. longipetala ssp. bicornis
M. fruticulosa (incl. ssp. perennis) Brevicoryne brassicae; Lipaphis erysimi
M. incanaAphis fabae, gossypii, nasturtii; Aulacorthum solani;
Brevicoryne brassicae; Lipamyzodes matthiolae;
Lipaphis erysimi, pseudobrassicae; Myzus persicae
M. livida =M. longipetala ssp. livida
M. longipetala (incl. sspp. bicornis, livida) Acyrthosiphon gossypii;
Lipaphis erysimi, pseudobrassicae; Myzus persicae
M. odoratissimaBrevicoryne brassicae
M. perennis = M. fruticulosa ssp. perennis

Key to apterae on Matthiola:-

1 ANT III 2.1-3.7 × the short and somewhat barrel-shaped SIPH. Cauda broadly triangular, not longer than its basal width. ANT tubercles undeveloped. Dorsal abdomen with dark markings…..Brevicoryne brassicae
ANT III 0.8-2.0 × SIPH, which are not barrel-shaped. Cauda tongue-shaped or triangular, longer than its basal width. ANT tubercles are variably developed, and dorsal abdomen is with or without dark markings…..2
2 SIPH pale, very long and attenuated distally, thinner than hind tibiae at their respective midlengths, 0.33-0.45 × BL and 2.5-3.5 × cauda…..Acyrthosiphon gossypii
SIPH pale or dark, thicker and relatively shorter…..3
3 Ventral surfaces of femora scabrous or heavily imbricated. ANT tubercles variably developed, with inner faces divergent; if well developed then the median frontal tubercle is also well developed…..4
Ventral surfaces of femora smooth or weakly imbricated or, if scabrous or heavily imbricated, then the ANT tubercles are well developed, with inner faces parallel or apically convergent, and the median frontal tubercle is undeveloped…..go to key to polyphagous aphids
4 ANT pale except for much darker apex of ANT V and whole of VI. ANT PT/BASE 2.7-3.5. R IV+V 1.1-1.4 × HT II. Dorsal cuticle smooth. Cauda pale, 0.4-0.6 × SIPH, and 0.6-1.3 × R IV+V…..Lipamyzodes matthiolae
ANT uniformly dusky or dark except for basal part of ANT III. ANT PT/BASE 1.8-2.7. R IV+V 0.6-0.9 × HT II. Dorsal cuticle roughened. Cauda dusky or dark, 0.6-0.9 × SIPH and 1.2-1.9 × R IV+V…..5
5ANT III + PT together 1.95-2.5 × SIPH (90% of specimens less than 2.4 ×)…..Lipaphis erysimi
ANT III + PT together 2.1-3.2 × SIPH (90% of specimens more than 2.4 ×)…..Lipaphis pseudobrassicae
MaurandyaPlantaginaceae
Maurandya hendersoni Myzus persicae
= M. barclaiana?
Mauritia Arecaceae
Mauritia flexuosa Cerataphis brasiliensis
M. vinifera = M. flexuosa

Use key to aphids on palms under Calamus.

Mauritiella Arecaceae
Mauritiella armata Cerataphis brasiliensis
Maytenus (including Gymnosporia) Celastraceae
Maytenus arbutifolia Aphis aurantii, fabae; Myzus persicae
M. boariaAphis aurantii, spiraecola; Macrosiphum euphorbiae
M. heterophyllaMacrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus persicae
M. royleana[Aphis sp. (Leonard 1972)]

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

MazusPhrymaceae
M. japonicusNeotoxoptera oliveri
M. miquelii (incl. var. stolonifer) Aleurodaphis blumeae; Schizaphis minuta
M. surculosusDysaphis microsiphon; [Protrama longitarsus sclerodensis]
Mazus sp.Myzus persicae

Key to apterae on Mazus:-

1 Eyes with only 3 facets. Body elongate oval, small (BL less than 1.3 mm), sclerotic dorsally, with a crenulate margin due to a continuous fringe of wax glands. SIPH as pores with raised rims. Cauda knobbed, anal plate bilobed…..Aleurodaphis blumeae
Eyes multifaceted, and all other characters above also do not apply…..2
2 SIPH dark, only 0.03-0.08 mm long, 0.4-0.8 × cauda which is helmet-shaped, distinctly shorter than its basal width. Body and appendages with numerous long hairs. ABD TERG 1-5 with marginal tubercles…..Dysaphis microsiphon
Without that combination of characters…..3
3 SIPH tapering/cylindrical, mainly pale with dark apices. Head smooth with ANT tubercles low, not or hardly projecting forward beyond middle part of front of head in dorsal view. ANT with primary rhinaria on ANT V much smaller than that on VI, its diameter 0.3-0.4 × width of segment at that point. ABD TERG 1 and 7 with small marginal tubercles…..Schizaphis minuta
Without that combination of characters…..go to key to polyphagous aphids
MecardoniaPlantaginaceae
Mecardonia procumbens Aphis gossypii
MeconopsisPapaveraceae
Meconopsis betonicifolia Aulacorthum solani; Myzus persicae
M. cambricaAphis fabae; Myzus ornatus
M. paniculataAulacorthum solani; Myzus persicae

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

MedicagoFabaceae
Medicago arabica Acyrthosiphon pisum; Therioaphis trifolii
M. arboreaAphis craccivora, Aphis (Pergandeida) sp. (France, BMNH
collection, leg. F. Leclant);
Therioaphis trifolii
M. caeruleaAcyrthosiphon pisum; Therioaphis trifolii
M. carstiensisAcyrthosiphon pisum
M. corniculataAcyrthosiphon pisum; Aphis craccivora;
Brachycaudus helichrysi
M. coronataAcyrthosiphon gossypii, pisum
M. denticulata = M. polymorpha
M. disciformis Acyrthosiphon pisum; Aphis craccivora
M. falcataAcyrthosiphon [hissaricum], kondoi, pisum;
Aphis coronillae ssp. arenaria, [craccae], craccivora,
[loti], [lotiradicis], medicaginis;
Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus ornatus;
Therioaphis [brachytricha], trifolii
M. galilaea = M. granadensis
M. glomerataTherioaphis trifolii
M. granadensisAcyrthosiphon pisum
M. helix = M. tornata ssp. helix
M. hispida = M. polymorpha
M. indica (?)Therioaphis rhiemi
M. laciniataAcyrthosiphon gossypii, pisum; Aphis craccivora
M. littoralisAcyrthosiphon pisum; Aphis craccivora;
Therioaphis trifolii
M. lupulinaAcyrthosiphon kondoi, pisum;
Aphis coronillae ssp. arenaria, craccivora, fabae,
medicaginis;
Megoura viciae; Myzus ornatus, persicae;
Pemphigus populi;
Therioaphis [brachytricha], [ononidis], subalba, trifolii
M. marinaAcyrthosiphon pisum; Aphis craccivora
M. media = M. sativa ssp. varia
M. medicaginoides Aphis craccivora
M. minimaAcyrthosiphon pisum; Aphis craccivora;
Therioaphis trifolii
M. orbicularisTherioaphis rhiemi
M. orthocerasAphis craccivora
M. perennis (?)Macrosiphum albifrons
M. polycarpa = M. polymorpha
M. polyceratiaAphis craccivora
M. polymorpha (incl. var. vulgaris) Acyrthosiphon kondoi, pisum; Aphis craccivora, fabae;
Megoura viciae; Myzus persicae; Nearctaphis sensoriata;
Therioaphis trifolii
M. prostrataAcyrthosiphon pisum; Therioaphis trifolii
M. radiata Acyrthosiphon pisum
M. rigidulaAcyrthosiphon pisum; Aphis craccivora;
Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Therioaphis trifolii
M. romanica = M. falcata
M. ruthenicaAphis craccivora
M. sativa (incl. ssp. varia) Acyrthosiphon gossypii, [hissaricum], kondoi, loti, pisum;
[Anuriella dorsolineata del Guercio (nomen dubium)];
Aphis craccivora, fabae, gossypii, [incerta],
[loti], medicaginis, yangbajaingana;
Aulacorthum solani; Brachycaudus helichrysi;
[Cavariella llhasana]; [Macrosiphoniella maculata];
Macrosiphum creelii, euphorbiae; Megoura viciae;
Myzus ascalonicus, ornatus, persicae; Nearctaphis bakeri;
[Pemphigus sp. (Zwölfer 1958)];
[Schizaphis rotundiventris]; Smynthurodes betae;
Therioaphis [brachytricha], [cana], riehmi, [luteola],
[ononidis], subalba, trifolii, trifolii ssp. maculata,
trifolii ssp. ventromaculata
M. sulcata (?)Aphis craccivora
M. tianschanica = M. sativa. ssp. varia
M. tornata ssp. helix Aphis craccivora
M. truncatulaAcyrthosiphon kondoi, pisum; Aphis craccivora;
Brachycaudus helichrysi;
Therioaphis trifolii ssp. maculata
M. turbinataAphis fabae
M. ×variaAcyrthosiphon pisum; Aphis coronillae, craccivora;
Aulacorthum solani; Myzus ascalonicus, ornatus, persicae
Medicago sp. [Aphis sibirica]

Key to apterae on Medicago:-

(Couplet 1-3 only can be applied to both apterae and alatae. For an illustrated, simplified key to common alfalfa aphids see Blackman & Eastop 2000.)

1 Cauda with a constriction and a knob-like apex. Anal plate bilobed. Dorsal hairs arising from pigmented bases (if apt. then these hairs are mostly long and capitate). Fore coxae greatly enlarged. ANT PT/BASE about 1…..2
Cauda tongue-shaped, rounded or triangular in dorsal view, or not evident. Anal plate entire. Body hairs blunt or pointed, with or without pigmented bases. Fore coxae normal. ANT PT/BASE either much more or much less than 1…..5
2 (Apterous viviparae are very rare.) ABD TERG 1-5 each with 4 hairs (1 pair spinal, 1 pair marginal) …..Therioaphis riehmi
(Apterae are common.)ABD TERG 1-5 each usually with 6 or more hairs …..3
3 ABD TERG 1-5 each with only 4 long hairs (1 pair spinal, 1 pair marginal), but usually with additional much smaller hairs in pleural region…..Therioaphis subalba
ABD TERG 1-5 each with 8 or more hairs (2 pairs spinal, 2 marginal)…..4
4Ventral abdomen with large black submarginal sclerites, each encompassing the bases of 5-6 ventral hairs…..Therioaphis trifolii ssp. ventromaculata
Ventral abdomen either without any submarginal sclerites or with small or fragmented dusky-dark sclerites, each encompassing bases of 1-4 hairs.….Therioaphis trifolii (incl. ssp. maculata)
5Head with well-developed ANT tubercles, the inner faces of which are smooth and divergent…..6
ANT tubercles absent or weakly developed, or if well developed then with their inner faces steep-sided and scabrous or spiculose…..13
6 SIPH black, black, swollen in middle (cigar-shaped), similar in length to cauda, which is also black…..Megoura viciae
SIPH mainly pale, tapering/cylindrical, longer than cauda, which is also pale …..7
7 SIPH with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation (at least 4-5 rows of closed cells). Hairs on ANT III more than 0.5 × BD III…..8
SIPH without polygonal reticulation. Hairs on ANT III very short and blunt, much less than 0.5 × BD III.….10
8 ANT III with 17-40 rhinaria. BL 3.2-5.1 mm…..Macrosiphum albifrons
ANT III with 1-10 rhinaria. BL 1.7-4.0 mm…..9
9 ANT VI BASE 0.8-1.3 × R IV+V…..Macrosiphum euphorbiae
ANT VI BASE 1.4-2.0 × R IV+V…..Macrosiphum creelii
10 SIPH attenuated distally, as thin as or thinner than hind tibiae at their respective midlengths…..11
SIPH not attenuated distally, thicker than hind tibiae at their respective midlengths …..12
11 SIPH 2.2-3.3 × cauda and 0.33-0.45 × BL…..Acyrthosiphon gossypii
SIPH 1.2-1.9 × cauda and 0.22-0.37 × BL…..Acyrthosiphon pisum
12 ANT PT/BASE 4.3-6.0, and PT usually 1.6-2.5 × cauda. SIPH usually more than 1.7 × cauda…..Acyrthosiphon kondoi
ANT PT/BASE 3.0-4.2, and PT usually 1.1-1.6 × cauda. SIPH usually less than 1.7 × cauda…..Acyrthosiphon loti
13 Head densely spiculose or nodulose, but ANT tubercles are undeveloped. SIPH with close-set, strongly spiculose imbrication. Cauda helmet-shaped or bluntly triangular, not longer than or only a little longer than its basal width in dorsal view…..14
Head smooth or, if densely spinulose or nodulose then with ANT tubercles well developed. SIPH (if present) with normal imbrication. Cauda (if developed at all) tongue- or finger-like, much longer than its basal width…..15
14 Hind tibiae with numerous rounded scent glands. Dorsal abdomen with black sclerotic shield…..Nearctaphis sensoriata
Hind tibiae without scent glands. Dorsal abdomen with small pale to dark hair-bearing sclerites, sometimes fused into larger patches or bars on posterior tergites…..Nearctaphis bakeri
15 Dorsal abdomen with extensive dark sclerotisation, divided into polygons …..16
Dorsal abdomen not extensively sclerotised …..go to key to polyphagous aphids
16 SIPH 0.075-0.08 × BL, and 0.65-0.85 × cauda. ANT PT/BASE 1.6-2.0 …..Aphis (Pergandeida) sp. on Medicago arborea, France
SIPH 0.11-0.25 × BL and 1.1-2.1 × cauda. ANT PT/BASE 1.7-3.3…..17
17 ABD TERG 2-6 usually without marginal tubercles (MTu) (range 0-3)…..Aphis craccivora
ABD TERG 2-4 (-6) regularly bearing dome-shaped MTu (range 4-10) …..18
18 Cauda with most hairs short, blunt and often rather straight or adpressed. Dorsal sclerotisation often fragmented. Longest hairs on ANT III 5-8 μm, 0.15-0.33 × BD III…..Aphis medicaginis
Cauda with long, curved, finely-pointed hairs. Dorsal sclerotisation forming a solid patch. Longest hairs on ANT III 8-16 μm, 0.36-0.7 × BD III…..19
19 SIPH 0.49-0.97 × head width across eyes, and 1.0-1.6 × ANT III. ANT PT/BASE 2.1-3.0 …..Aphis coronillae (incl. ssp. arenaria)
SIPH 0.4-0.5 × head width across eyes, and 0.7-0.8 × ANT III. ANT PT/BASE 1.9-2.4…..Aphis yangbajaingana
Megapterium Onagraceae
Megapterium missouriense Aphis oenotherae; Myzus persicae
Megarrhiza see MarahCucurbitaceae
Meibomia see DesmodiumFabaceae
Meiotrichum see PolytrichumPolytrichaceae
Melaleuca Myrtaceae
Melaleuca angustifolia (?) Myzus persicae
M. armillaris[Aphis sp. (Leonard 1972)]
M. bracteata Aulacorthum solani
M. brevifolia[Aphis sp. (Leonard 1972)]
M. elliptica[Aphis sp. (Leonard 1972)]; Aulacorthum solani
M. hamulosa[Aphis sp. (Leonard 1972)]
M. lanceolataSensoriaphis malaleucica
M. lateriflora[Aphis sp. (Leonard 1972)]
M. leucadendraAphis gossypii; Greenidea (Trichosiphum) psidii;
Myzus persicae
M. longicorna = M. macronychia
M. macronychiaAphis gossypii
M. megacephalaMacrosiphum euphorbiae
M. monticola = M. bracteata
M. paucifloraAulacorthum solani
M. platycalyx [Aphis sp. (Leonard 1972)]; Aulacorthum solani
M. quinquenervia [Aphis sp. (Leonard 1972)]
M. radiata (?)Aphis gossypii
M. squarrosaAphis gossypii
M. teretifoliaSensoriaphis malaleucica
M. uncinataAphis gossypii
Melaleuca sp(p).Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii
1SIPH with numerous long hairs. Dorsum of aptera dark, sclerotic, bearing long hairs with furcate apices. Hind tibiae with imbrications bearing minute spinules…..Greenidea (Trichosiphum) psidii
SIPH without hairs. Dorsum pale and membranous bearing hairs with finely pointed or blunt apices. Hind tibiae without spinulose imbrication…..2
2 SIPH as small, broad-based cones. Cauda knobbed, anal plate bilobed. ABD TERG 6 and 7 of aptera each with a pair of backwardly-directed processes, and ABD TERG 8 with 4 such processes…..Sensoriaphis malaleucica
SIPH tubular. Cauda tongue- or finger-shaped. ABD TERG 6-8 without processes …..go to key to polyphagous aphids
MelampodiumAsteraceae
Melampodium perfoliatum Uroleucon ambrosiae
MelampyrumOrobanchaceae
Melampyrum latifolium [Aphis melampyrum-latifolium Rafinesque (invalid)]
M. nemorosumAphis coffeata; Macrosiphum melampyri
M. pratenseAphis coffeata, [melampyrum-latifolium Rafinesque
(invalid)];
Brachycaudus persicae; Macrosiphum melampyri;
[Uroleucon cichorii]
M. roseum[Acyrthosiphon kondoi]
M. sylvaticumMacrosiphum melampyri
Melampyrum spp. Macrosiphum sp. (Pennsylvania, USA; BMNH colln)

Key to apterae on Melampyrum:-

1Dorsum with an extensive solid black shield covering almost all of metanotum and ABD TERG 1-6. Cauda short and rounded, not longer than its basal width…..Brachycaudus persicae
Dorsum without an extensive black shield. Cauda tongue- or finger-shaped, longer than its basal width…..2
2 Body oval. ANT much shorter than BL. ANT tubercles very low. Hairs on ANT long and fine, 2- 2.5 × BD III. SIPH much shorter than distance between their bases, c.1.25 × cauda, and without polygonal reticulation…..Aphis coffeata*
Body spindle-shaped. ANT longer than BL. ANT tubercles very well developed. Hairs on ANT 0.7-1.2 × BD III. SIPH much longer than the distance between their bases, c.2 × cauda, and with subapical polygonal reticulation…..3
3 Head dark. SIPH wholly black, and a dark, crescent-shaped antesiphuncular sclerite present. Cauda with 8-9 hairs (4 lateral pairs)…..Macrosiphum sp. (Pennsylvania, BMNH collection)
Head pale/dusky. SIPH pale on basal part, black towards apices. No dark antesiphuncular sclerite. Cauda with 10-17 hairs (5 lateral pairs)…..Macrosiphum melampyri
MelandriumCaryophyllaceae
Melandrium album = Silene latifolia
M. lapponicumBrachycaudus klugkisti
M. rubrum = Silene dioica

Use key to apterae on Silene.

MelanobatusRosaceae
Melanobatus leucodermis Aphis rubifolii; Amphorophora rubicumberlandi
Use key to apterae on Rubus.
MelanoselinumApiaceae
Melanoselinum decipiens Cavariella aegopodii; Dysaphis foeniculus

Key to apterae on Melanoselinum:-

ABD TERG 8 with a backwardly-directed process above cauda. ANT PT/BASE 0.64-1.25. Cauda tongue-shaped, clearly longer than its basal width. Spinal tubercles (STu) absent. Longest hairs on ANT III 0.3-0.4 × BD III…..Cavariella aegopodii
No supracaudal process. ANT PT/BASE 2.0-3.3. Cauda helmet-shaped, not longer than its basal width. STu present. Longest hairs on ANT III 1.0-2.1 × BD III…..Dysaphis foeniculus
MelantheraAsteraceae
Melanthera biflora Aphis gossypii
M. brownei = M. scandens
M. confusa = M. nivea
M. deltoideaAphis gossypii, spiraecola
M. hastata = M. nivea
M. niveaAphis spiraecola; Uroleucon ambrosiae
M. scandensAphis gossypii; Uroleucon compositae
Melanthera spp.Ipuka melantherae (as Aulacorthum sp.n.: van Harten 1972a);
Myzus ornatus

Key to apterae on Melanthera:-

Secondary rhinaria present on ANT III-IV or III-V, distributed III 7-17, IV 1-14, V 0-2, with those on III more numerous on distal half, and none on basal 0.2. ANT PT/BASE 6.7-8.5. ANT black beyond base of III. SIPH black, 2.2-2.6 × cauda…..Ipuka melantherae
Secondary rhinaria absent, or if present then on ANT III only, and more numerous on basal half. Other characters not in above combination …..go to key to polyphagous aphids
Melanthesa see BreyniaPhyllanthaceae
MelastomaMelastomaceae
Melastoma affine = M. malabathricum
M. candidum = M. malabathricum
M. indica (?)Aphis nasturtii, spiraecola
M. malabathricum Aphis gossypii
Melastoma sp.Aulacorthum solani

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

Melia Meliaceae
Melia azedarachAphis fabae, gossypii, spiraecola
Melia sp(p)Aphis spiraecola; Myzus ornatus;
[Sinomegoura nepalensis Das & Raychaudhuri 1983]

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

MelianthusMelianthaceae
Melianthus major Myzus persicae
M. minorMyzus persicae
MelicaPoaceae
Melica altissimaGeioca setulosa, utricularia;
Metopolophium dirhodum, festucae;
Sitobion avenae, fragariae
M. amethystinaRhopalosiphum padi
M. bauhinii = M. amethystina
M. bulbosaForda formicaria
M. nutansRhopalosiphum padi; Schizaphis agrostis;
Sitobion avenae
M. penicillarisRhopalosiphum padi
M. striata = Schizachne purpurascens
M. transsilvanicaSitobion avenae
M. unifloraSitobion avenae, fragariae
Melica sp.Sipha glyceriae

Use key to apterae of grass-feeding aphids under Digitaria.

MelicoccusSapindaceae
Melicoccus bijugatus Aphis craccivora
MelicopeRutaceae
Melicope triphylla Acyrthosiphon evodiae; Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii

Key to apterae on Melicope:-

Antennal tubercles well developed, smooth dorsally but with some spicules on ventral surfaces. Cauda pale. No stridulatory apparatus .….Acyrthosiphon evodiae
Antennal tubercles poorly developed, without spicules. Cauda dark. Stridulatory apparatus present.…. Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii
(or try key to polyphagous aphids)
Melicytus (including Hymenanthera)Violaceae
Melicytus dentatus Myzus persicae
Melilotus Fabaceae
Melilotus albusAcyrthosiphon churchillense, kondoi, [loti], pisum;
Aphis comosa, craccivora, fabae, gossypii, [loti];
Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus persicae;
Nearctaphis bakeri, californica,
crataegifolii ssp. occidentalis, nigrescens;
Protaphis middletonii; Smynthurodes betae;
Therioaphis riehmi, subalba, trifolii (incl. ssp. albae)
M. altissimusAphis craccivora; Pemphigus populi; Therioaphis riehmi
M. arenarius = M. officinalis
M. arvensis = M. officinalis
M. dentatusAcyrthosiphon pisum; Aphis craccivora
M. indicusAcyrthosiphon pisum; Aphis craccivora, gossypii;
Therioaphis riehmi, trifolii
M. italicusAphis craccivora; Therioaphis riehmi
M. macrorhizus = M. altissimus
M. neapolitanusAphis craccivora
M. officinalis (incl. ssp. alba) Acyrthosiphon kondoi, ononis, pisum;
Aphis comosa, craccivora, fabae, medicaginis;
Myzus persicae; Nearctaphis bakeri;
Therioaphis riehmi, trifolii
M. parviflorus = M. indicus
M. segetalisAcyrthosiphon pisum; Aphis craccivora;
Myzus persicae; Therioaphis riehmi
M. suaveolensAphis craccivora; Therioaphis riehmi, subalba, trifolii
M. sulcatusAcyrthosiphon pisum; Aphis [aurantii], craccivora;
Brachycaudus helichrysi; Therioaphis riehmi
M. wolgicusTherioaphis riehmi
Melilotus spp.Acyrthosiphon gossypii;
Aphis (Pergandeida) sp. (Iran, BMNH collection, leg. SH
Hodjat);
Aulacorthum solani; Megoura viciae

Key to apterae on Melilotus:-

(Couplet 1-2 only can be applied to both apterae and alatae)

1 Cauda with a constriction and a knob-like apex. Anal plate bilobed. Dorsal hairs arising from pigmented bases (if apt. then these hairs are mostly long and capitate). Fore coxae greatly enlarged. ANT PT/BASE about 1…..2
Cauda tongue-shaped, rounded or triangular in dorsal view, or not evident. Anal plate entire. Body hairs blunt or pointed, with or without pigmented bases. Fore coxae normal. ANT PT/BASE either much more or much less than 1…..4
2 (Apterous viviparae are rare) ABD TERG 1-7 each with 4 hairs 16-26 μm long (1 pair spinal, 1 pair marginal)…..Therioaphis riehmi
(Apterae are common.) ABD TERG 1-7 each usually with more than 4 hairs, the longest of which are more than 26 μm long…..3
3 ABD TERG 1-5 each with only 4 long hairs (2 spinal, 2 marginal – but often with additional much smaller hairs in pleural region)…..Therioaphis subalba
ABD TERG 1-5 each with 8 or more hairs (2 pairs spinal, 2 pairs marginal)…..Therioaphis trifolii
4Head with well-developed ANT tubercles, the inner faces of which are smooth and divergent…..5
ANT tubercles absent or weakly developed, or if well developed then with steep-sided and scabrous or spiculose inner faces…..11
5 SIPH black, swollen in middle (cigar-shaped), similar in length to cauda, which is also black…..Megoura viciae
SIPH mainly pale, tapering/cylindrical, longer than cauda, which is also pale …..6
6 SIPH with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation (at least 4-5 rows of closed cells). Hairs on ANT III more than 0.5 × BD III…..Macrosiphum euphorbiae
SIPH without polygonal reticulation. Hairs on ANT III very short and blunt, much less than 0.5 × BD III.….7
7SIPH gradually tapering, not attenuate distally, thicker than hind tibia at their respective midlengths. ANT BASE VI 1.1-1.8 × R IV+V…..8
SIPH very attenuate distally, thinner than hind tibiae at their respective midlengths. ANT BASE VI 1.8-3.0 × R IV+V…..9
8ANT III with (2-) 4-11 rhinaria in a row on basal half. SIPH 1.2-1.6 × cauda…..Acyrthosiphon churchillense
ANT III with 1 (-3) rhinaria near base. SIPH 1.6-2.1 × cauda …..Acyrthosiphon kondoi
9SIPH 2.2-3.3 × cauda…..Acyrthosiphon gossypii
SIPH 1.2-1.9 × cauda…..10
10Cauda with 7-13 (-14) hairs. ANT BASE VI 1.8-3.0 × R IV+V, which is 0.6-0.85 × HT II and bears 3-7 (-8) accessory hairs……Acyrthosiphon pisum
Cauda with 11-23 hairs. ANT BASE VI 1.5-2.3 × R IV+V. R IV+V 0.75-0.95 × HT II with (6-) 8-12 accessory hairs…..Acyrthosiphon ononis
11 Head spiculose or nodulose, but ANT tubercles are undeveloped. SIPH with close-set, strongly spiculose imbrication…..12
Head smooth or, if spiculose or nodulose then with ANT tubercles well developed. SIPH (if present) smooth or with normal imbrication…..15
12 Dorsal abdomen with extensive sclerotisation, variably developed but at least with complete broad dark cross-bands covering most of ABD TERG 5-8. ANT III (1.0-)1.1-1.5 × PT…..13
Dorsal abdomen with at most with dark bars on ABD TERG 5-8, more anterior segments having small dark or pale brown sclerites at bases of hairs. ANT III 0.7-1.1 (-1.2) × PT…..14

13 ABD TERG 3-5 or 3-6 covered by an almost solid dark shield . First tarsal segments with 4 hairs…..Nearctaphis nigrescens
At most ABD TERG 4-5 with solidly fused cross-bands, those on 3 and 6 being free. First tarsal segments with (2)-3 hairs…..Nearctaphis californica
14 SIPH pale. R IV+V 0.09-0.13 mm long, 1.0-1.1 × HTII, with 2-3 accessory hairs …..Nearctaphis bakeri
SIPH dark. R IV+V 0.14-0.18 mm long, 1.2-1.5 × HT II., and usually with 4 accessory hairs…..Nearctaphis crataegifolii ssp. occidentalis
15 Dorsal abdomen with variably developed dark sclerotisation, divided by thin lines into a polygonal reticulation; this may form a solid shield, or be reduced and fragmented into patches. Cauda dark, much longer than its basal width, with 4-11 hairs …..16
Dorsal abdomen either membranous, or not extensively sclerotised, or if with dark segmentally-divided cross-bars and marginal sclerites then cauda is bluntly triangular and bears 12-17 hairs…..go to key to polyphagous aphids
16 ABD TERG 2-4 (-6) regularly bearing dome-shaped marginal tubercles (range 4-10) like those on 1 and 7. Longest hairs on ANT III 5-8 μm, 0.15-0.33 × BD III. Cauda with most hairs short, blunt, and often rather straight or adpressed ….. Aphis medicaginis
ABD TERG 2-6 with or without MTu (range 0-8), but when present these are smaller than those on ABD TERG 1 and 7, and often papilliform. Longest hairs on ANT III 8-49 μm, 0.25-1.4 × BD III. Cauda with long, curved, finely-pointed hairs…..17
17 Longest hair on ANT III 18-48 μm, 0.67-1.38 × BD III. MTu usually present on at least some of ABD TERG 2-6. Cauda with 6-11 hairs…..Aphis comosa
Longest hair on ANT III 8-18 μm, 0.25-0.75 (usually 0.5-0.6) × BD III. MTu rarely present on ABD TERG 2-6. Cauda with 4-9 hairs…..18
18 ANT PT/BASE 1.6-1.8. (Ovip. with ANT PT/BASE 1.3-1.7) …..Aphis (Pergandeida) sp. (Iran;, BMNH collection, leg. S.H. Hodjat)
ANT PT/BASE (1.7-) 1.8-2.5. (Ovip. with ANT PT/BASE 1.8-2.5)…..Aphis craccivora
Melinis (including Rhynchelytrum)Poaceae
Melinis minutiflora Sitobion graminis; Hysteroneura setariae
M. repens Hallaphis ilharcoi; Hysteroneura setariae;
Sitobion africanum, graminis, matatum, neusi, yakini;
Tetraneura akinire
Melinis sp.Sipha flava

Use key to apterae of grass-feeding aphids under Digitaria.

Meliosma Meliosmaceae
Meliosma cuneifolia Mollitrichosiphum nigrum, taiwanum
M. ferruginea[Eutrichosiphum vandergooti Franssen, 1930
(alate male – see Noordam 1994: 62)]
M. myrianthaMollitrichosiphum nigrum, yamabiwae
M. rhoifoliaMollitrichosiphum taiwanum
M. rigidaMollitrichosiphum [luchuanum], taiwanum, tenuicorpus,
yamabiwae
M. tenuisMollitrichosiphum yamabiwae

Key to apterae on Meliosma:-

(All four species have long, densely hairy siphunculi and transverse ridges on hind tibiae.)

1 Body elongate, more than 2.2 × longer than maximum width of abdomen. ANT III 0.78-1.16 mm long with 45-78 hairs, most of them very long except those near base
Body pear-shaped, less than 2.2 × longer than maximum width of abdomen. ANT III 0.44-0.61 mm long with 22-35 hairs, the long hairs interspersed with much shorter ones
2 R IV+V less than 2 × HT II. Dorsal hairs of aptera mostly bifurcate. Al. with 20 or more rhinaria on ANT III…..Mollitrichosiphum taiwanum
R IV+V more than 2 × HT II. Dorsal hairs of aptera mostly pointed. Al. with less than 20 rhinaria on ANT III…..3
3 Hind tibia with less than 40 ridges…..Mollitrichosiphum yamabiwae
Hind tibia with 49-63 ridges…..Mollitrichosiphum nigrum
MelissaLamiaceae
Melissa officinalis [Cryptomyzus ribis]; Eucarazzia elegans;
Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Ovatus crataegarius
Melissa spp.Aphis gossypii; Aulacorthum solani; Myzus ornatus

Use key to apterae on Mentha.

MelissitusFabaceae
Melissitus ruthenicus = Medicago ruthenica
MelittisLamiaceae
Melittis melissophyllum Cryptomyzus ballotae
Melo see Cucumis meloCucurbitaceae
MelocannaPoaceae
Melocanna baccifera Astegopteryx singaporensis
M. bambusoides = M. baccifera

Use key to apterae on Bambusa.

Melochia (including Riedelea Vent nec Oliv.) Malvaceae
Melochia corchorifolia Aphis gossypii
M. melissaefoliaAphis gossypii
M. nodifloraAphis gossypii
M. parvifloraAphis craccivora

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

Melospermum lapsus for Molopospermum? (q.v.)

MelothriaCucurbitaceae
Melothria guadelupensis = Melothria pendula
M. heterophylla = Solena amplexicaulis
M. japonica = Zehneria indica
M. maderaspatana = Mukia maderaspatana
M. pendulaAphis gossypii
Memecylon Melastomataceae
Memecylon lilacinum Taiwanaphis memecyloni
Memecylon sp. Brachycaudus helichrysi

Couplet for separating these two species:-

Cauda knobbed, anal plate bilobed. Posterior abdominal tergites of 4th instar nymph with backwardly-directed, curved process (apterous morph unknown)…..Taiwanaphis memecyloni
Cauda semi-circular, without a constriction; anal plate entire. Abdomen without processes…..Brachycaudus helichrysi

(or try key to polyphagous aphids)

MenthaLamiaceae
Mentha aquaticaAphis affinis, fabae, [tentans Walker (nomen dubium)];
Aulacorthum solani; Kaltenbachiella pallida;
Myzus persicae; Ovatus crataegarius, mentharius
M. arvensis (incl. vars glabrata, piperascens) Aphis affinis, craccivora, gossypii, nasturtii, origani;
Aulacorthum solani; Dysaphis microsiphon;
Kaltenbachiella pallida; Macrosiphum perillae;
Ovatomyzus chamaedrys; Ovatus crataegarius, mentharius;
Protaphis middletonii
M. asiaticaAphis affinis; Dysaphis microsiphon;
Kaltenbachiella pallida; Ovatomyzus chamaedrys;
Ovatus archangelskajae, crataegarius
M. canadensis[Kaltenbachiella pallida ssp. dongtaiensis];
Ovatus crataegarius, nipponicus; Protaphis middletonii
M. canadensis var. piperascens = M. arvensis var. piperascens
M. ×citrata = M. ×piperita
M. crispa = M. spicata
M. ×gentilisOvatus crataegarius
M. haplocalyx = M. canadensis
M. hirsuta = M. aquatica
M. japonicaOvatus crataegarius
M. longifoliaAphis affinis, [capsellae], [clinopodii], craccivora, fabae,
frangulae, gossypii, origani;
Aulacorthum solani;
Brachycaudus helichrysi (as Acaudus menthaecola
Nevsky?);
Dysaphis [emicis], microsiphon;
Eucarazzia elegans; [Hyadaphis coriandri];
Kaltenbachiella pallida; Myzus persicae;
Ovatomyzus chamaedrys;
Ovatus archangelskajae, crataegarius, mentharius;
[Rhopalosiphum maidis]
M. ×piperitaAphis affinis, fabae, gossypii, nasturtii;
Brachycaudus helichrysi;
Kaltenbachiella pallida;
Macrosiphum euphorbiae;
Ovatus crataegarius, mentharius
M. pulegiumAphis pulegii; Aulacorthum solani; Eucarazzia elegans;
Myzus cymbalariae, ornatus;
Ovatus crataegarius, mentharius
M. rotundifoliaAphis affinis, [ballotae], frangulae, gossypii;
Eucarazzia elegans; Kaltenbachiella pallida;
Myzus ornatus; Ovatus crataegarius, mentharius
M. ×sativa = M. ×verticillata
M. spicata Aphis affinis, gossypii; Aulacorthum solani;
Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus ascalonicus, ornatus;
Ovatus crataegarius, mentharius
M. suaveolensAphis affinis, fabae, frangulae, gossypii;
Eucarazzia elegans; Kaltenbachiella pallida;
Myzus ornatus; Ovatus crataegarius
M. sylvestris = M. longifolia
M. ×verticillataAphis affinis; Eucarazzia elegans;
Ovatus crataegarius, mentharius
M. viridis = M. spicata
Mentha spp.Aphis brevitarsis, spiraecola; Cryptaphis menthae;
[Myzus sp. nr amygdalinus (Börner 1952: 130)];
Ovatus sp. (England: BMNH collection, leg. H.L.G.
Stroyan);
[Pemphigus mordvilkoi]; [Rhopalosiphoninus solani]

Key to apterae on Mentha:-

(See Blackman & Eastop 2000 for an illustrated key to aphids on cultivated mint.)

1 ANT usually 4-segmented, 0.12-0.15 × BL, with PT/BASE less than 0.5. Eyes 3-facetted. SIPH absent. Legs very short, with fore- and mid-tarsi usually 1-segmented. Dorsal wax glands present on head, thorax and ABD TERG 1-8, comprising facets surrounding an elongate central area…..Kaltenbachiella pallida
ANT 5- or 6-segmented, more than 0.5 × BL, with PT/BASE more than 1. Eyes multifacetted, SIPH present, tarsi 2-segmented and wax glands not evident …..2
2SIPH strongly swollen, with maximum diameter of swollen part more than 2× minimum diameter of stem, smooth except for a little subapical polygonal reticulation (Fig.48a). SIPH 5.4-8.2 × cauda…..Eucarazzia elegans
SIPH not swollen or much less swollen, and less than 3.5 × cauda…..3
3 Head spiculose, at least on ventral surface…..4
Head without spicules…..14
4 Dorsal abdomen wholly blackish sclerotic except around bases of SIPH. Dorsal hairs long, the longest more than 2 × ANT BD III, with somewhat expanded apices. ANT III with 4-5 small rhinaria distributed over most of its length…..Cryptaphis menthae*
Dorsal abdomen not wholly blackish sclerotic. Dorsal hairs short and blunt, not more than than 1.0 × ANT BD III. ANT III without rhinaria or with 1-2 rhinaria near base …..5
5 SIPH slightly but distinctly swollen on distal half…..6
SIPH tapering or cylindrical, without any trace of swelling on distal half …..8
6 SIPH 0.82-1.34 × ANT III…..Myzus persicae
SIPH 0.54-0.81 × ANT III…..7
7 Inner faces of ANT tubercles approximately parallel in dorsal view. SIPH almost smooth or weakly imbricated, with narrowest part of basal “stem” not wider than hind tibia at midlength. Dorsal cuticle smooth or slightly wrinkled…..Myzus ascalonicus
Inner faces of ANT tubercles with convergent apices. SIPH heavily imbricated or scabrous, with narrowest part of stem a little wider than hind tibia at midlength. Dorsal cuticle scaly…..Myzus cymbalariae
8 Dorsal abdomen with a conspicuous pattern of dark intersegmental markings. ANT PT /BASE 1.7-2.8, and PT 0.7-0.9 × ANT III…..Myzus ornatus
Dorsal abdomen without a conspicuous pattern of dark intersegmental markings. ANT PT/BASE (2.2-) 3.2-8.5, and PT (0.8)1.0-1.9 × ANT III.….9
9 ANT III usually with 1-2 small rhinaria near base. ANT tubercles are approximately parallel-sided in dorsal view, without forwardly-directed processes …..Aulacorthum solani
ANT III without rhinaria. ANT tubercles bearing forwardly-directed processes …..10
10 Inner side of ANT I and ANT tubercles each with a forwardly-directed process, that on the ANT tubercle as long as or longer than its basal width in dorsal view. SIPH attenuated and cylindrical on its distal half, about as thick as hind tibia at their respective midlengths…..11
Inner side of ANT I without a forwardly-directed process, and that on the ANT tubercle shorter than its basal width in dorsal view. SIPH not attenuated, thicker than hind tibiae at their respective midlengths…..12
11 ANT PT/BASE 4.0-5.3. R IV+V 1.5-2.0 × HT II…..Ovatus mentharius
ANT PT/BASE 6.8-8.5. R IV+V 1.3-1.35 × HT II …..Ovatus archangelskajae*
12 SIPH dusky/dark, usually somewhat curved, 6-7 × longer than their width at midlength…..Ovatus nipponicus
SIPH pale, sometimes darker at apices; rather straight, 8-12 × their width at midlength…..13
13 R IV+V c. 0.6-0.7 × ANT VI BASE, and about equal in length to HT II. ANT PT/BASE c.2.2-2.3…..Ovatus sp. (England, BMNH collection)
R IV+V 1.1-1.4 × ANT VI BASE, and 1.3-1.7 × HT II. ANT PT/BASE 4.0-6.0…..Ovatus crataegarius
14 ANT tubercles well developed…..15
ANT tubercles absent or weakly developed, not projecting beyond middle of head in dorsal view…..17
15 SIPH without subapical polygonal reticulation, with slight subapical swelling (Fig.50e), 2.3-2.8 × cauda. Cauda tongue-shaped, with a basal constriction…..Ovatomyzus chamaedrys
SIPH with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation, 1.7-2.5 × cauda. Cauda finger-like, without a basal constriction…..16
16 SIPH dark. Abdomen with continuous broad dark marginal stripes, united by a dark band across ABD TERG 6. Hairs on ANT III less than 0.5 × BD III …..Macrosiphum perillae*
SIPH pale or dusky. Abdomen without any dark markings. Hairs on ANT III more than 0.5 × BD III…..Macrosiphum euphorbiae
17 Cauda helmet-shaped, shorter than its basal width, with 4-6 hairs. Marginal tubercles (MTu) either absent or present on ABD TERG 1-5, but never on ABD TERG 7 …..18
Cauda tongue-shaped or bluntly triangular, if short then with 15-20 hairs. ABD TERG 1 and 7 with well-developed MTu…..19
18 SIPH imbricated, very small, 0.03-0.08 mm. Well-developed MTu present on ABD TERG 1-5. Spiracular apertures reniform. Dark dorsal abdominal cross-bands often present…..Dysaphis microsiphon
SIPH smooth, 0.08-0.14 mm. MTu absent. Spiracular apertures rounded. Never with dark dorsal markings…..Brachycaudus helichrysi
19Dorsal abdomen with an extensive solid black sclerite centred on ABD TERG 4-5. Cauda black like SIPH, tongue-shaped, rather pointed and bearing 4-7 hairs …..Aphis craccivora
Dorsl abdomen with or without dark markings, but without an extensive solid black sclerite. Cauda pale or dark, but if black then with more than 10 hairs…..20
20 Cauda black and with 11-25 hairs…..21
Cauda pale or dark with 4-11 hairs…..22
21 Cauda bluntly triangular, about as long as its basal width or only a little longer. ANT PT 1-1.5 × R IV+V. ANT III usually with 1-12 rhinaria on distal half…..Protaphis middletonii
Cauda tongue-shaped, much longer than its basal width. ANT PT 1.7-3.2 × R IV+V. ANT III without rhinaria (except in alatiform specimens)…..Aphis fabae
22 ANT 5-segmented. BL 0.6-1.0 mm …..hot weather forms of subsequent spp. (not separately identifiable)
ANT 6-segmented. BL usually more than 1 mm…..23
23 SIPH pale with dark apices…..Aphis nasturtii
SIPH uniformly dusky/dark…..24
24 R IV+V 3.3-4.1 × HT II, which is greatly reduced, only 0.035-0.04 mm long. ANT PT/BASE 1.3-1.8. SIPH 0.8-1.1 × cauda…..Aphis brevitarsis
R IV+V 1.0-1.6 × HT II. ANT PT/BASE 1.8-3.0. SIPH 0.9-2.1 × cauda …..25
25 Cauda pale, dusky or dark, but usually distinctly paler than SIPH…..26
Cauda dusky or dark, with similar pigmentation to SIPH…..27
26 ABD TERG 7 and 8 usually without dark transverse bands, and intersegmental muscle sclerites are unpigmented. MTu on ABD TERG 7 small, with diameter less than 0.5 × that of SIPH at midlength. ANT PT/BASE 2.1-3.2…..Aphis gossypii
ABD TERG 8, or 7 and 8, usually with thin dusky/dark transverse band(s), and intersegmental muscle sclerites often dark. MTu on ABD TERG 7 large, with diameter more than 0.5 × diameter of SIPH at midlength. ANT PT/BASE 1.8-2.6 …..Aphis origani
27 Hairs on ABD TERG 7 finely pointed to blunt, maximally 22-46 μm long, and on ABD TERG 8 finely pointed, maximally 26-66 μm. SIPH 0.15-0.30 mm long, 1.15-2.33 × cauda. ANT III 0.17-0.40 mm, 0.83-1.67 × PT. ANT III with 0-6 rhinaria (ANT IV of al. usually without rhinaria; mean 0.1)…..Aphis affinis
Hairs on ABD TERG 7 blunt, maximally 12-22 μm long, and on ABD TERG 8 also blunt, maximally 18-44 μm. SIPH 0.13-0.21 mm long, 0.9-1.7 × cauda. ANT III 0.13-0.20 mm, 0.68-1.11 × PT. ANT III without rhinaria. (ANT IV of al. with 0-5 rhinaria; mean 1.8)…..Aphis pulegii
MentzeliaLoasaceae
Mentzelia albicaulis = M. aspera
M. asperaMacrosiphum euphorbiae, mentzeliae
M. dispersa[aphid (Leonard 1974: 105)]
M. laevicaulisMacrosiphum mentzeliae
M. lindleyiAphis fabae

Key to apterae on Mentzelia:-

1 ANT tubercles weakly developed. SIPH black, without polygonal reticulation. Cauda black, with 11-19 hairs…..Aphis fabae
ANT tubercles well developed, with inner faces smooth and divergent. SIPH pale/dusky or dark only distally, with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation. Cauda pale with 8-12 hairs…..2
2 R IV+V 0.8-1.0 × HT II. SIPH 0.7-1.1 × ANT III …..Macrosiphum euphorbiae
R IV+V 1.1-1.4 × HT II. SIPH 1.0-1.4 × ANT III …..Macrosiphum mentzeliae
MenyanthesMenyanthaceae
Menyanthes trifoliata Aphis triglochinis; [Macrosiphum nasonovi];
Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae
Menyanthes sp.[Aphis fabae]

Key to apterae on Menyanthes:-

SIPH swollen on distal half, more than 2 × cauda. Dorsal cuticle with spiculose reticulation. ANT PT/BASE 2.3-3.9…..Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae
SIPH not swollen, tapering from base to flange, 0.7-1.3 × cauda. Dorsal cuticle without spicules. ANT PT/BASE 1.1-2.1…..Aphis triglochinis
Menziesia Ericaceae
Menziesia ferruginea Ericaphis wakibae; Illinoia menziesiae;
Macrosiphum opportunisticum, parvifolii

Key to apterae on Menziesia:-

1SIPH without any subapical polygonal reticulation. ANT III without rhinaria. R IV+V 1.14-1.36 × HT II. ANT tubercles spiculose and scabrous. Tergum sclerotic, often dark…..Ericaphis wakibae
SIPH with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation. ANT III with 1-5 (-7) rhinaria. R IV+V 0.83-0.97 × HT II. ANT tubercles smooth or with fine spinules only ventrally. Tergum pale…..2
2 First tarsal segments with fine spinules, and usually with 5 hairs …..Illinoia menziesiae
First tarsal segments not spinulose, and with 3, or occasionally 4, hairs…..3
3 ANT IV and V as long as or even a little longer than ANT III. SIPH usually distinctly swollen on distal half (Fig.56b)…..Macrosiphum parvifolii
ANT IV and V both significantly shorter than ANT III. SIPH cylindrical or only slightly swollen on distal half…..Macrosiphum opportunisticum
MercurialisEuphorbiaceae
Mercurialis annua Aphis craccivora, fabae, gossypii, nasturtii;
Aulacorthum solani; [Hayhurstia atriplicis];
Myzus persicae
M. perennisAphis fabae

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

MeriandraLamiaceae
Meriandra benghalensis = M. dianthera
M. diantheraAphis gossypii
Meristotropissee Glycyrrhiza Fabaceae
Meristotropis erythrocarpa = Glycyrrhiza triphylla
M. triphylla = Glycyrrhiza triphylla
MerremiaConvolvulaceae

One polyphagous aphid species, Myzus persicae, is recorded from three Merremia spp.;

M. dissecta, M. gemella and M. tuberosa.

MertensiaBoraginaceae
Mertensia maritima Brachycaudus helichrysi;
Macrosiphum sp. (Manitoba, BMNH collection)
M. paniculata[Aphis sp. (Idaho: see aphidtrek.org];
Brachycaudus helichrysi; Macrosiphum niwanistum
M. platyphyllaMacrosiphum mertensiae
Mertensia sp.Macrosiphum euphorbiae
Key to apterae on Mertensia:-
1 Body oval, BL 1.2-2.0 mm. Cauda helmet-shaped, not longer than its basal width. SIPH smooth, short and conical, with a subapical annular incision. Spiracular apertures large and rounded…..Brachycaudus helichrysi
– Body spindle-shaped, 2.0-4.0 mm. Cauda tongue- or finger-shaped. SIPH long, tapering/ cylindrical, without a subapical annular incision (usually with polygonal reticulation). Spiracular apertures small and reniform…..2
2 SIPH cylindrical, only a little wider at base than at apex, with indistinct subapical reticulation over less than 0.1 of total length. R IV+V 0.5-0.6 × HT II…..Macrosiphum niwanistum
SIPH tapering from base, c.2 × wider at base than at apex, with at least 4-5 rows of polygonal reticulation over more than 0.1 of length. R IV+V 0.75-1.0 × HT II …..3
3 SIPH 1.3-1.4 mm long, 17-20 × longer than their diameter at midlength, and more than 0.36 × BL…..Macrosiphum sp. (Manitoba, BMNH collection)
SIPH 0.6-1.0 mm long, 12-16 × longer than their diameter at midlength, and less than 0.35 × BL…..4
4 ANT III with 7-11 rhinaria extending over more than 0.5 of length. R IV with 6 accessory hairs…..Macrosiphum mertensiae
ANT III with 1-10 (usually 2-6) rhinaria extending over less than 0.5 of length. R IV with 7-10 accessory hairs…..Macrosiphum euphorbiae
MerytaAraliaceae
Meryta sinclairiiAphis gossypii
MesembryanthemumAizoaceae
Mesembryanthemum
acinaciformeAphis fabae
M. cordifolium = Aptenia cordifolia
M. crystallinumAphis fabae; Dysaphis apiifolia, emicis;
Macrosiphum euphorbiae
M. edule = Carpobrotus edulis
M. forskahleiAphis craccivora
M. nodiflorumAphis fabae; Dysaphis emicis
M. spectabile = Lampranthus sepectabilis
Mesembryanthemum spp. Aphis frangulae, gossypii, nasturtii

Key to apterae on Mesembryanthemum:-

1 Cauda helmet-shaped, not longer than its basal width. Paired spinal tubercles (STu) present on head and at least ABD TERG 8. Large marginal tubercles (MTu) present on all or most segments…..2
Cauda tongue- or finger-shaped, much longer than its basal width. STu rarely present, and only ever on ABD TERG 7 and 8. MTu absent or only regularly present on prothorax and ABD TERG 1 and 7…..go to key to polyphagous aphids
2 Paired STu present on all or most segments. SIPH 0.7-1.1 × R IV+V. ANT PT/BASE 1.8-2.8 …..Dysaphis emicis
STu present on head and on ABD TERG (6-)(7-) 8. SIPH 1.1-1.6 × R IV+V. ANT PT/BASE 2.8-4.0…..Dysaphis apiifolia
Mesosphaerum see HyptisLamiaceae
Mespilus Rosaceae
Mespilus germanica Aphis craccivora, fabae, pomi, spiraecola;
Ericaphis gentneri; Eriosoma lanigerum;
Macrosiphum euphorbiae, [rosae]; Myzus persicae;
Ovatus crataegarius, insitus;
Rhopalosiphum oxyacanthae, [padi]

Use key to aphids on Crataegus.

Mesua Calophyllaceae
Mesua ferreaNa, Ironwood
Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii;
Greenidea (Trichosiphum) psidii;
Greenideoida bhalukpongensis, ceyloniae

Key to aphids on Mesua:-

1 SIPH with numerous long hairs…..2
SIPH without hairs….. Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii (or try key to polyphagous aphids)
2 Body of apt. oval, less than twice as long as wide. SIPH with reticulation on basal part…..Greenidea (Trichosiphum) psidii
Body of apt. elongate, more than twice as long as wide. SIPH without any reticulation on basal part…..3
3 SIPH of apt. 1.32-2.08 mm long, 0.52-0.76 × BL …..Greenideoida ceyloniae
SIPH of apt. 0.43-0.93 mm long, 0.27-0.53 × BL …..Greenideoida bhalukpongensis