HOST LISTS AND KEYS FOR EACH PLANT GENUS

(in alphabetical order)

Ros-Ryt

Rosa

Roscoea

Rosmarinus

Rostellularia

Rostraria

Rosularia

Rotheca

Rothia

Rothmannia

Rottboellia

Rotula

Roystonea

Rubia

Rubus

Rudbeckia

Ruellia

Rugelia

Rumex

Rumohra

Ruppia

Russelia

Ruta

Rytidosperma

Rosa (including Hulthemia)	Rosaceae
Rosa abyssinica	Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Pseudaphis abyssinica
R. acicularis	Chaetosiphon thomasi;
	[Illinoia sp., New Mexico; A.Jensen, aphidtrek.org];
	Longicaudus trirhodus;
	Macrosiphum mordvilkoi, rosae, [valerianae];
	Maculolachnus sijpkensi, submacula;
	Metopolophium alpinum, dirhodum;
	Myzaphis bucktoni, rosarum;
	Pseudocercidis rosae; Sitobion fragariae
R. ×alba	Aphis gossypii; Macrosiphum rosae, mordvilkoi;
	Metopolophium dirhodum; Myzaphis bucktoni
R. albertii	Amphorophora catharinae;
	Chaetosiphon chaetosiphon, tetrarhodum;
	Macrosiphum rosae; Maculolachnus submacula;
	Metopolophium dirhodum;
	Myzaphis bucktoni, juchnevitschae, rosarum, tianshanica
R. alcea	[Chaetosiphon thomasi]; Macrosiphum rosae
R. alpina	Macrosiphum rosae; Metopolophium alpinum;
	Wahlgreniella ossiannilssoni
R. amblyotis	Maculolachnus submacula
R. americana	Macrosiphum rosae
R. ×andersoni	Macrosiphum rosae
R. arvensis	Macrosiphum rosae
R. banksiae	Macrosiphum rosae; Sitobion ibarae
R. beggeriana	Amphorophora catharinae; Aphis craccivora;
	Chaetosiphon chaetosiphon; Macrosiphum rosae;
	Maculolachnus sijpkensi, submacula;
	Metopolophium dirhodum;
	Myzaphis bucktoni, rosarum, turanica
R. blanda	Metopolophium dirhodum
R. boissieri	Macrosiphum rosae; Metopolophium dirhodum
R. bruniana (?)	Myzaphis turanica
R. brunonii	Chaetosiphon glabum, gracilicorne; Myzaphis bucktoni
R. californica	Macrosiphum rosae
R. canina	Aphis aurantii, fabae, gossypii, spiraecola;
	Amphorophora catharinae; Brachycaudus helichrysi;
	Chaetosiphon chaetosiphon, tetrarhodum;
	Longicaudus dunlopi, trirhodus;
	Macrosiphum euphorbiae, rosae;
	Maculolachnus submacula;
	Metopolophium dirhodum, [fasciatum (sexuales only)],
	montanum;
	Myzaphis bucktoni, rosarum; Myzus persicae;
	Neomyzus circumflexus; [Pterocomma ?steinheili];
	Rhodobium porosum;
	Sitobion [aulacorthoides], fragariae, rosaeiformis
R. carolina	Chaetosiphon chaetosiphon, [fragaefolii], tetrarhodum,
	thomasi;
	Macrosiphum impatientis, rosae;
	Metopolophium dirhodum; Myzaphis rosarum;
	Rhodobium porosum
R. caucasica	Macrosiphum rosae; Metopolophium dirhodum;
	Sitobion fragariae
R. ×centifolia	Aphis fabae, spiraecola; Chaetosiphon tetrarhodum;
	Longicaudus trirhodus; Macrosiphum euphorbiae, rosae;
	Maculolachnus submacula; Metopolophium dirhodum;
	Myzaphis rosarum; Rhodobium porosum;
	Sitobion ibarae, rosaeiformis
R. chinensis	Aphis gossypii; Longicaudus trirhodus;
	Macrosiphum euphorbiae, rosae;
	Metopolophium dirhodum; Myzaphis rosarum;
	Rhodobium porosum; [Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae];
	Sitobion fragariae, ibarae, rosivorum
R. cinnamomea = R. majalis
R. clinophylla	Raychaudhuriaphis capitata
R. collina = R. gallica × corymbifera
R. coreana	Sitobion ibarae
R. corymbifera	Amphorophora catharinae; Macrosiphum rosae
R. cuspidata	Macrosiphum rosae; Metopolophium dirhodum, montanum;
	Sitobion fragariae
R. ×damascena	Amphorophora catharinae; Aphis craccivora;
	Chaetosiphon chaetosiphon, tetrarhodum;
	Macrosiphum rosae; Metopolophium dirhodum;
	Myzaphis bucktoni, turanica; Rhodobium porosum;
	Sitobion rosaeiformis; Wahlgreniella nervata
R. davidiii	Macrosiphum rosae
R. davurica	Chaetosiphon coreanum; Longicaudus trirhodus;
	Macrosiphum mordvilkoi, rosae; Myzaphis rosarum;
	Myzus japonensis
R. deseglisei	Macrosiphum rosae
R. dumalis	Macrosiphum rosae; Maculolachnus submacula
R. ecae	Chaetosiphon chaetosiphon
R. eglanteria	Chaetosiphon tetrarhodum; Macrosiphum rosae;
	Metopolophium dirhodum
R. fedtschenkoana	Amphorophora catharinae; Chaetosiphon chaetosiphon;
	Maculolachnus submacula;
	Myzaphis bucktoni, rosarum, turanica
R. fendleri	Acyrthosiphon pentatrichopus;
	Chaetosiphon thomasi, [sp. near thomasi (western USA)];
	Eomacrosiphum nigromaculosum;
	Maculolachnus submacula
R. floribunda = R. helenae
R. foetida	Chaetosiphon thomasi; Macrosiphum euphorbiae, rosae
R. foliolosa	Metopolophium dirhodum
R. gallica	Aphis fabae; Chaetosiphon chaetosphon, tetrarhodum;
	Macrosiphum rosae; Metopolophium dirhodum;
	Myzaphis rosarum; Rhodobium porosum;
	Sitobion fragariae
R. genuina see R. polyantha
R. glauca = R. rubrifolia
R. gymnocarpa	Chaetosiphon thomasi; Ericaphis wakibae;
	Macrosiphum euphorbiae
R. helenae	Macrosiphum rosae
R. hugonis	Macrosiphum rosae
R. iliensis = R. silverhjelmii
R. ilseana	Macrosiphum rosae; Metopolophium dirhodum;
	Sitobion fragariae
R. indica	Aphis fabae; Chaetosiphon tetrarhodum;
	Macrosiphum euphorbiae, rosae;
	Metopolophium dirhodum; Myzaphis rosarum;
	Rhodobium porosum;
	Sitobion [indicum], [miscanthi], rosaeiformis
R. involucrata = R. clinophylla
R. jundzillii	Chaetosiphon tetrarhodum; Macrosiphum rosae;
	Metopolophium dirhodum; Sitobion fragariae
R. klukii	Macrosiphum rosae; Metopolophium dirhodum;
	Sitobion fragariae
R. kokanica	Amphorophora catharinae; Chaetosiphon chaetosiphon;
	Longicaudus trirhodus; Macrosiphum rosae;
	Myzaphis turanica
R. lacerans = R. lehmanniana
R. lagenaria	Macrosiphum rosae; Metopolophium dirhodum;
	Myzaphis rosarum
R. laevigata	[Macrosiphum floridae]
R. laxa	Amphorophora catharinae; Longicaudus trirhodus;
	Macrosiphum rosae; Maculolachnus submacula;
	Metopolophium dirhodum; Myzaphis bucktoni, rosarum
R. lehmanniana	Macrosiphum rosae; Metopolophium dirhodum
R. livida	Metopolophium dirhodum
R. lucieae	Macrosiphum rosae; Myzaphis rosarum
R. lutea = R. foetida
R. macrophylla	Chaetosiphon glabrum, gracilicorne; Ericaphis avariolosa;
	Longicaudus naumanni; Macrosiphum rosae;
	Myzaphis bucktoni, rosarum;
	Rhodobium porosum; Sitobion rosaeiformis
R. majalis	Chaetosiphon tetrarhodum; Longicaudus trirhodus;
	Macrosiphum euphorbiae, rosae;
	Maculolachnus submacula; Metopolophium dirhodum;
	Myzaphis rosarum; Rhodobium porosum;
	Sitobion fragariae; Wahlgreniella ossiannilssoni
R. maracandica	Amphorophora catharinae
R. marretii	Longicaudus trirhodus; Macrosiphum paektusani
R. maximowicziana	Aphis neospiraeae; Longicaudus trirhodus;
	Macrosiphum mordvilkoi, rosae; Sitobion ibarae
R. medioxima	Metopolophium dirhodum, montanum; Sitobion fragariae
R. micrantha	Chaetosiphon chaetosiphon, tetrarhodum;
	Myzaphis rosarum
R. mollis	Macrosiphum rosae; Metopolophium dirhodum;
	Sitobion fragariae
R. montana	Chaetosiphon chaetosiphon, tetrarhodum;
	Longicaudus trirhodus; Macrosiphum rosae;
	Metopolophium alpinum, montanum
R. moschata	Chaetosiphon glabrum, gracilicorne, tetrarhodum;
	Maculolachnus submacula; Myzaphis bucktoni;
	Sitobion rosaeiformis
R. multiflora	Aphis gossypii; Brachycaudus helichrysi;
	Chaetosiphon chaetosiphon, coreanum, tetrarhodum,
	Chaetosiphon sp. near thomasi (New Zealand);
	Longicaudus trirhodus;
	Macrosiphum euphorbiae, impatientis, mordvilkoi,
	[ perillae], rosae;
	Maculolachnus submacula; Metopolophium dirhodum;
	Myzaphis bucktoni, rosarum, turanica; Myzus japonensis;
	Rhodobium porosum;
	[Schizoneura rosaefoliae Shinji (nomen dubium)];
	Sitobion akebiae, fragariae, ibarae, kamtshaticum
R. nanothamnus	Metopolophium dirhodum; Myzaphis rosarum
R. nitida	[Chaetosiphon minor]; Macrosiphum rosae;
	Metopolophium dirhodum
R. nutkana	Eomacrosiphum nigromaculosum;
	Ericaphis fimbriata, wakibae;
	Macrosiphum rosae; Metopolophium dirhodum
R. obtusifolia = R. klukii
R. omeiensis	[Longicaudus netuba]; Myzaphis rosarum
R. palustris	Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzaphis bucktoni
R. pendulina	Chaetosiphon chaetosiphon, chaetosiphon ssp. montanum,
	tetrarhodum;
	Longicaudus trirhodus; Macrosiphum rosae;
	Maculolachnus submacula;
	Metopolophium alpinum, dirhodum, montanum;
	Myzus persicae; Sitobion fragariae;
	Wahlgreniella ossiannilssoni
R. persica	Acyrthosiphon gossypii, [ignotum]; Aphis gossypii
R. pimpinellifolia = R. spinosissima
R. pisocarpa = R. woodsii
R. platyacantha	Amphorophora catharinae; Macrosiphum rosae;
	Myzaphis bucktoni, rosarum
R. polyantha (incl. genuina)	Aphis gossypii; Chaetosiphon coreanum; Sitobion ibarae
R. pomifera	Metopolophium alpinum, dirhodum; Myzaphis rosarum
R. pulverulenta	Macrosiphum rosae
R. rouletti	Chaetosiphon tetrarhodum; Macrosiphum rosae;
	Rhodobium porosum
R. rubiginosa	[Aphis rosasuaveolens Rafinesque (invalid name)];
	Chaetosiphon chaetosiphon, tetrarhodum;
	Longicaudus trirhodus; Macrosiphum euphorbiae, rosae;
	Metopolophium dirhodum; Myzaphis bucktoni, rosarum;
	Sitobion fragariae
R. rubrifolia	Ericaphis wakibae; Macrosiphum rosae;
	Metopolophium dirhodum;
	Myzaphis rosarum
R. rugosa (incl. vars typica, gregeliana)	Acyrthosiphon gossypii; [Amphorophora amurensis];
	[Anoecia corni]; Aphis gossypii; Brachycaudus helichrysi ;
	Chaetosiphon coreanum, [fragaefolii], tetrarhodum,
	thomasi;
	Ericaphis wakibae; Longicaudus trirhodus;
	Macrosiphum euphorbiae, mordvilkoi, rosae;
	Maculolachnus submacula;
	Metopolophium alpinum, dirhodum;
	Myzaphis bucktoni, rosarum, turanica;
	Myzus japonensis, ornatus, persicae;
	Rhodobium porosum
R. sempervirens	Longicaudus trirhodus; Macrosiphum rosae
R. sericea (incl. var. pteragantia)	Macrosiphum euphorbiae
R. setigera	Metopolophium dirhodum; Myzaphis rosarum;
	Sitobion fragariae
R. setipoda	Chaetosiphon tetrarhodum
R. sherardii	Macrosiphum rosae; Metopolophium dirhodum;
	Sitobion fragariae
R. sicula	Chaetosiphon tetrarhodum; Macrosiphum rosae;
	Metopolophium dirhodum; Myzaphis rosarum
R. silverhjelmii	Amphorophora catharinae; Maculolachnus submacula;
	Myzaphis bucktoni
R. spinossissima	Aphis craccivora, spiraecola; Amphorophora catharinae;
	Chaetosiphon chaetosiphon, tetrarhodum;
	Longicaudus trirhodus; Macrosiphum rosae;
	Maculolachnus submacula; Metopolophium dirhodum;
	Myzaphis bucktoni, rosarum, turanica; Rhodobium porosum;
	Wahlgreniella ossiannilssoni
R. stylosa	Chaetosiphon tetrarhodum; Macrosiphum rosae;
	Myzaphis rosarum
R. suaveolens	Sitobion akebiae, ibarae
R. sweginzowii	Macrosiphum rosae; Metopolophium dirhodum
R. tomentosa	Myzaphis bucktoni
R. ultramontana see R. woodsii
R. villosa	Chaetosiphon tetrarhodum; Longicaudus trirhodus;
	Macrosiphum rosae; Maculolachnus submacula;
	Metopolophium alpinum, dirhodum;
	Myzaphis bucktoni, rosarum, turanica; Myzus persicae
R. virginiana	Macrosiphum rosae; Metopolophium dirhodum;
	Sitobion fragariae
R. vosagiaca = R. dumalis
R. webbiana	Amphorophora catharinae; Chaetosiphon glabrum;
	Macrosiphum rosae; Maculolachnus submacula;
	Myzaphis rosarum, turanica
R. wichurana = R. lucieae
R. woodsii	Chaetosiphon hottesi; Ericaphis wakibae;
(incl. var. ultramontana)	Longicaudus trirhodus; Macrosiphum euphorbiae, rosae;
	Metopolophium dirhodum, montanum;
	Pseudocercidis rosae; Sitobion fragariae
R. xanthina	Ferusaphis xanthinae; Myzaphis rosarum;
	Rhodobium porosum
R. zagrebiensis	Chaetosiphon tetrarhodum; Macrosiphum rosae
Rosa spp. (incl. cult.)	Acyrthosiphon malvae group, pseudodirhodum;
	[Amphorophora ampullata ssp. bengalensis];
	Aphiduromyzus rosae; Aphis odinae, stranvaesiae;
	Aulacorthum solani; [Brachycaudus amygdalinus];
	[Cavariella aegopodii, salicicola];
	Chaetosiphon chaetosiphon ssp. montanum, [jacobi],
	Chaetosiphon sp. near glabrum (Kashmir; BMNH
	collection, leg. N. Rishi);
	[Hyalomyzus raoi];
	[Impatientinum asiaticum ssp. dalhousiensis];
	Longicaudus himalayensis of David et al. (1970);
	[Macrosiphoniella leucanthemi];
	Macrosiphum centranthi, [davisi del Guercio ex Mason
	1921 (nomen nudum)], [kiowanepus], pachysiphon, pallidum;
	[Matsumuraja capitophoroides, rubifoliae];
	Metopolophium [chandrani], rosaesuctum;
	Myzaphis oezdemirae, rezwanii, tuatayae;
	[Ovatus malisuctus]; [Neomasonaphis inulae];
	Neomyzus circumflexus; [Longicaudus netuba];
	Pseudocercidis tutigulus; [Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae];
	Wahlgreniella nervata

Key to apterae on Rosa:-

Notes: Blackman & Eastop (2000) provided an illustrated key to aphids on cultivated roses. The present key is considerably extended to cover all Rosa spp. Certain Rubus-feeding aphids such as Matsumuraja spp. may sometimes be found on Rosa but are not included, so if this key does not provide a satisfactory answer, it might be worthwhile to try the key to apterae on Rubus. From couplet 8 onwards, the key cannot be applied to fundatrices. Couplets 20-25 are based partly on Kanturski et al. (2018b).

1	ANT PT/BASE 0.25 or less. SIPH as pores on flat dark discs	…..2
–	ANT PT/BASE more than 0.5. SIPH tubular, conical or absent	…..3
2	Dorsal abdominal hairs arising from dark scleroites	…..Maculolachnus submacula
–	Dorsal abdominal hairs not arising from dark scleroites	…..Maculolachnus sijpenski
3	SIPH 0.17-0.55 × cauda, or absent (in fund.). First tarsal segments with 6 hairs	…..4
–	SIPH at least 0.8 × cauda. First tarsal segments with 2-6 hairs	…..7
4	R IV+V 0.85-1.0 × HT II. (Spring populations consisting only of fundatrices without SIPH, and emigrant alatae)	…..Longicaudus naumanni
–	R IV+V either 0.6-0.8 or c.1.1 × HT II. (Spring populations include 2nd generation apterae with SIPH 0.17-0.55 × cauda)	…..5
5	R IV+V c.1.1 × HT II	…..Longicaudus himalayensis of David et al., 1970
–	R IV+V 0.6-0.8 × HT II	…..6
6	ANT PT/BASE 0.91-1.46. SIPH 0.28-0.41 × cauda	…..Longicaudus trirhodus
–	ANT PT/BASE 1.6-2.1. SIPH 0.17-0.26 × cauda	…..Longicaudus dunlopi
7	(Spring colonies consisting only of fundatrices and emigrant alatae.) SIPH clavate, pale on basal 0.4 but dark distally, about 2 × cauda which bears 5 hairs. ANT III with (0-) 1-4 rhinaria clustered near base	…..Wahlgreniella ossiannilssoni
–	Spring populations with 2nd and/or 3rd generation apterae, and without that combination of characters	…..8
8	Dorsal body hairs long and usually thick, with expanded or capitate apices, often much longer than ANT BD III, and arising from prominent tuberculate bases (usually such hairs are on all tergites, but in one species only on head and ABD TERG 8 or 7-8). First tarsal segments with 5 hairs	…..9
–	Dorsal body hairs with blunt or pointed apices, usually shorter than or as short as ANT BD III, or if longer then pointed and/or without prominent tuberculate bases. First tarsal segments with 2-6 hairs	…..16
9	SIPH bearing several long capitate hairs	…..10
–	SIPH without capitate hairs	…..11
10	SIPH 1.25-1.75 × cauda. R IV+V 1.05-1.35 × HT II. Hairs on ANT IV and V similar in length to, or only a little shorter than, those on ANT III	…..Chaetosiphon chaetosiphon
–	SIPH 2.0-3.2 × cauda. R IV+V 0.85-1.0 × HT II. Hairs on ANT IV and V all clearly shorter than the longest hairs on ANT III, and shorter than basal diameters of the segmenets on which they are placed	…..Chaetosiphon gracilicorne
11	Dorsal hairs on ABD TERG 1-7 all very small, long hairs only being present on head and ABD TERG 8 or 7-8	……Chaetosiphon sp. near glabrum
–	ABD TERG 1-7 with long hairs	…..12
12	ANT PT/BASE less than 2	…..13
–	ANT PT/BASE more than 2 (except fundatrices)	…..14
13	SIPH less than 1.5 × cauda. Dorsal hairs tapering, with apices only slightly expanded. Tergum wrinkled, with dusky cross-bands	…..Chaetosiphon glabrum
–	SIPH more than 2 × cauda. Dorsal hairs very thick, almost cylindrical, with apices markedly expanded. Tergum papillated and pale	…..Chaetosiphon coreanum
14	Head spinulose dorsally. SIPH more than 2.5 × cauda. R IV+V with 3-6 accessory hairs	…..Chaetosiphon thomasi
–	Head smooth dorsally. SIPH less than 2.5 × cauda. R IV+V with 9-16 accessory hairs	…..15
15	Spinal hairs on ABD TERG 1-7 duplicated. Cauda thick and blunt, with 6-9 hairs	…..Chaetosiphon tetrarhodum

–	Spinal hairs on ABD TERG 1-7 not duplicated. Cauda tapering to a rather acute apex, with 5-6 hairs	…..Chaetosiphon hottesi
16	Dorsal thoracic and abdominal cuticle strongly rugose, papillate or variolate. ANT PT/BASE often less than 1.8	…..17
–	Dorsal cuticle smooth, or if somewhat rugose then wrinkled or corrugated. ANT PT/BASE mostly more than 1.8	…..26
17	ANT tubercles well developed and bearing forwardly-directed processes. Median frontal tubercle undeveloped. SIPH strongly clavate, more than 3 × cauda, which is swollen on basal half	…..Ferusaphis xanthinae*
–	ANT tubercles undeveloped or developed but lacking forwardly-directed processes. SIPH cylindrical or clavate, and less than 3 × cauda, which is not swollen basally	…..18
18	ANT tubercles well developed, divergent, and median frontal process undeveloped, so that there is a frontal sinus. ANT 0.9-1.25 × BL, with ANT PT/BASE 2.6-3.6. First tarsal segments with 3 hairs. R IV+V stiletto-shaped, 1.3-1.6 × HT II	…..Raychaudhuriaphis capitata*

–	ANT tubercles weakly developed, but median frontal tubercle often very well developed, and middle part of front of head furthest forward in dorsal view, so that there is no frontal sinus. ANT less than 0.5 × BL, with ANT PT/BASE 0.7-1.8. First tarsal segments with 5 hairs. R IV+V not stiletto-shaped, 0.7-1.1 × HT II	…..19
19	Front of head broadly convex or almost straight in dorsal view, with no distinct median tubercle	…..20
–	Median frontal tubercle evident, quadrate or rounded in shape	…..21
20	Dorsum dark. ANT V 0.57–0.68 × ANT III. Longest frontal hairs 1.25–1.35 × BD III. SIPH clavate, 1.5-1.9 × cauda	…..Myzaphis juchnevitschae*
–	Dorsum pale. ANT V 0.57–0.68 × ANT III. Longest frontal hairs 0.43–0.54 × BD III. SIPH not clavate, tapering towards apex, 1.7-2.2 × cauda	…..Myzaphis tuatayae*
21	Dorsal body hairs long and pointed, 55-90 μm, much longer than ANT BD III	…..Myzaphis tianshanica*

–	Dorsal body hairs short and blunt, 4-25 μm, much shorter than ANT BD III	…..22
22	Median frontal tubercle gently rounded, with hairs 0.9-2.0 × ANT BD III	…..23
–	Median frontal tubercle quadrate or steep-sided (although sometimes rather low), with hairs 0.3-1.7 × ANT BD III	…..24
23	Dorsum with two broad dark longitudinal pleural stripes	…..Myzaphis bucktoni
–	Dorsum pale, without two dark longitudinal pleural stripes	…..Myzaphis rezwanii*
24	Median frontal tubercle usually with 2 hairs, 0.3-0.6 × ANT BD III. ANT PT/BASE 1.25-1.75. SIPH clavate. Subgenital plate with only 4-7 hairs in total	…..Myzaphis rosarum
–	Median frontal tubercle more rounded, sometimes rather low, with 2-4 hairs 0.8-1.1 × BD III. ANT PT/BASE 0.8-1.4. SIPH cylindrical or only very slightly swollen distally . Subgenital plate with 9-12 hairs	…..25
25	R IV+V 0.3-0.5 × ANT III. ANT VI (incl. PT) 0.8-1.2 × ANT III. Abdomen pale, without darker longitudinal stripes	…..Myzaphis turanica
–	R IV+V 0.7-0.9 × ANT III. ANT VI (incl. PT) 1.3-1.8 × ANT III. Abdomen with two narrow darker longitudinal stripes	…..Myzaphis oezdemirae*
26	Head with numerous spicules, at least on ventral surface. ANT tubercles are steep-sided and spiculose or scabrous	…..27
–	Head without spicules, or with a few minute ones. ANT tubercles variously developed, if well developed then with smooth divergent inner faces	…..35
27	First tarsal segments with 5 hairs. ANT PT/BASE 1.6-2.0	…..Ericaphis avariolosa
–	First tarsal segments with 2-3 hairs. ANT PT/BASE 1.7-5.5	…..28
28	ANT III with (2-)5-18 rather large rhinaria in a row, the sensoriated part often being infuscated. Cauda with 5-8 (usually 7) hairs, the basal 4 hairs being long and pointed and the distal 3-4 short and blunt	…..Rhodobium porosum
–	ANT III without rhinaria or with 1-4 small rhinaria near base. Distal caudal hairs not evidently shorter than basal ones	…..29
29	Dorsum with a large black U-shaped patch, and broad dark cross bars or paired patches on thorax	…..Neomyzus circumflexus
–	Dorsum without a U-shaped patch, with or without other pigmentation	…..30
30	ANT III with 1-2 (-4) small rhinaria near base (rarely 0 on one side)	…..Aulacorthum solani
–	ANT III without rhinaria	…..31
31	SIPH clavate. R IV+V 0.9-1.0 (-1.1) × HT II	…..Myzus persicae
–	SIPH cylindrical or tapering, or slightly swollen subapically, in which case R IV+V is more than 1.1 × HT II	…..32
32	Dorsum with an intersegmental pattern of dark ornamentation. ANT 0.5-0.6 × BL. ANT PT/BASE 1.7-2.8	…..Myzus ornatus
–	Dorsum with or without more extensive dark sclerotisation. ANT 0.65-1.2 × BL, with ANT PT/BASE 2.5-5.0	…..33
33	Head densely spiculose dorsally as well as ventrally. Inner faces of ANT tubercles with apically convergent processes. Median frontal tubercle undeveloped. R IV+V 1.3-1.4 × HT II. SIPH 2.5-2.8 × cauda, which is constricted near base	…..Myzus japonensis
–	Dorsal surface of head without or with only a few spicules. Inner sides of ANT tubercles not apically convergent. R IV+V 0.8-1.4 × HT II. SIPH 1.5-2.7 × cauda, which is not constricted at base	…..34
34	SIPH 1.5-1.9 × cauda. R IV+V less than 0.12 mm, 0.8-1.1 × HT II. Dorsal abdomen always pale and membranous	…..Ericaphis fimbriata
–	SIPH 2.0-2.7 × cauda. R IV+V usually more than 0.12 mm, 1.1-1.4 × HT II. Dorsal abdomen sclerotic, usually with an ill-defined darker mid-dorsal region of varying extent	…..Ericaphis wakibae

35	SIPH pale and 0.17-0.36 mm long, 0.06-0.14 × BL. First tarsal segments all with either 5 or 6 hairs. ANT II with 5-7 hairs. R IV+V 0.55-0.70 × HT II	…..36
–	SIPH dark or pale, but if pale then more than 0.36 mm long, and more than 0.14 × BL. First tarsal segments with 2, 3 or 5 hairs. ANT II with 4 hairs and/or R IV+V more than 0.75 × HT II	…..37
36	First tarsal segments with 5 hairs (1 sense peg). Cauda triangular, a little longer than its basal width, with rather pointed apex	…..Pseudocercidis tutigulus
–	First tarsal segments with 6 hairs (2 sense pegs). Cauda pentagonal or rounded apically, not longer than its basal width in dorsal view	…..Pseudocercidis rosae
37	SIPH with subapical reticulation (at least 3-4 rows of closed polygonal cells)	…..38
–	SIPH without subapical polygonal reticulation, or with no more than 2 rows of closed polygonal cells	…..53
38	Front of head almost flat or slightly domed in dorsal view, completely lacking antennal tubercles. Subapical reticulation consisting of no more than 5 rows of closed cells	…..Pseudaphis abyssinica (part)
–	Antennal tubercles moderately to well developed. Subapical reticulation usually more extensive	…..39
39	Longest hairs on ANT III are 0.6 or more × BD III	…..40
–	Longest hairs on ANT III are 0.55 or less × BD III	…..48
40	SIPH pale at least on basal half, sometimes dusky towards apices	…..41
–	SIPH dark, except sometimes at extreme bases	…..42
41	ANT 0.9-1.4 × BL. Longest hair on ABD TERG 3 is 21-37 μm long. Cauda has 8-12 hairs	…..Macrosiphum euphorbiae
–	ANT 1.3-1.7 × BL. Longest hair on ABD TERG 3 is 33-49 μm long. Cauda has 10-19 hairs	…..Macrosiphum centranthi
42	ANT III without rhinaria. SIPH with reticulation consisting of more than 20 rows of numerous small polygonal cells on distal c.0.3 of length. First tarsal segments with 5 hairs	…..Eomacrosiphum nigromaculosum

–	ANT III with 1 or more rhinaria. SIPH with reticulation consisting of less than 12 rows of large polygonal cells, on distal 0.1-0.2 of length. First tarsal segments with 3 hairs	…..43
43	SIPH thick, tapering, c. 6-7 × longer than their diameter at midlength, and with a very small flange	…..Macrosiphum pachysiphon
–	SIPH almost cylindrical for most of length, 9-20 × longer than their diameter at midlength, and usually with a rather well-developed flange	…..44
44	Head black. SIPH entirely dark. ANT III with 10-36 rhinaria	…..45
–	Head pale/dusky. SIPH usually pale at extreme bases. ANT III with 1-31 rhinaria	…..46
45	ANT III with a cluster of 10-35 rhinaria concentrated on basal part	…..Macrosiphum rosae
–	ANT III with 23-36 rhinaria distributed over most of length	…..Macrosiphum mordvilkoi
46	ANT III pale, with 19-31 rhinaria	…..Macrosiphum paektusani
–	ANT III pale or dark, with 1-18 rhinaria	…..47
47	ANT III, and usually also tibiae, entirely dark (although populations persisting on roses until late summer may have paler appendages). ABD TERG 7 and 8 each usually with a pair of spinal tubercles (STu)	…..Macrosiphum pallidum
–	ANT III pale except for rhinariated part and extreme tip, and tibiae usually with pale middle sections. ABD TERG 7 and 8 usually without STu	…..Macrosiphum impatientis
48	Femora with at least distal 0.25 very dark	…..49
–	Femora pale, sometimes shading to dusky/dark at apices	…..52
49	Cauda 0.15-0.20 × BL and 0.5-0.7 × SIPH	…..50
–	Cauda 0.09-0.125 × BL and 0.3-0.4 × SIPH	…..51
50	R IV+V 0.95-1.2 × HT II. ANT tubercle with 3 hairs. ANT III with 4-10 rhinaria on swollen basal part	…..Sitobion ibarae
–	R IV+V 0.65-0.85 × HT II. ANT tubercle with 1 hair. ANT III with 1-5 rhinaria	…..Sitobion akebiae

51	BL c. 4 mm. ANT III pale except at apices, with 6-12 rhinaria not in a single row, and longest hairs c.0.3 × BD III	…..Sitobion rosivorum*
–	BL 2.5-2.9 mm. ANT III entirely dark with 5-9 rhinaria in a single row, with hairs that are all minute, the longest being c.0.2 × BD III	Sitobion kamtshaticum
52	Longest hairs on ANT III 20-27 μm, 0.4-0.55 × BD III. R IV+V with 7-9 accessory hairs. SIPH 1.5-2.0 × cauda, which tapers to a pointed apex	…..Sitobion rosaeiformis
–	Longest hairs on ANT III 14-22 μm, 0.3-0.4 × BD III. R IV+V with 5-6 accessory hairs. SIPH 1.8-2.7 × cauda, which has a blunt, rounded apex	…..Sitobion fragariae
53	ANT tubercles well developed, with divergent inner faces. ABD TERG 1 and 7 without marginal tubercles (MTu). ANT III with 0-30 rhinaria, if the number is small then they are concentrated on basal part	…..54
–	ANT tubercles absent, or if weakly developed then ABD TERG 1 and 7 have MTu. ANT III usually without rhinaria, or with 1-4 on distal half	…..64
54	ANT III longer than ANT IV+V together, thickened, and bearing 20-40 rhinaria, not in a single row. Dorsal abdomen with extensive dark pigmentation. Femora dark except at bases. Cauda dark	…..Aphiduromyzus rosae
–	ANT III not longer than ANT IV + V together, and bearing 0-30 rhinaria, if with more than 10 they are in a single row. Body and appendages mainly pale	…..55
55	SIPH very long, 0.37-0.5 × BL	…..56
–	SIPH 0.14-0.35 × BL	…..57
56	Longest hairs on ANT III more than 0.6 × BD III. SIPH slightly swollen on distal part	…..Amphorophora catharinae
–	Longest hairs on ANT III less than 0.5 × BD III. SIPH thin and cylindrical on distal part	…..Acyrthosiphon gossypii

57	SIPH clavate. ANT III without rhinaria. R IV+V 1.0-1.5 × HT II. Cauda with 4-6 (usually 5) hairs	…..Wahlgreniella nervata
–	SIPH tapering, cylindrical or slightly expanded apically. ANT III usually with rhinaria. R IV+V 0.6-1.5 × HT II. Cauda with 5-12 (usually at least 7) hairs	…..58
58	ANT PT more than 2.2 × SIPH, which are only 0.8-1.2 × cauda	…..Acyrthosiphon pseudodirhodum

–	ANT PT less than 2.1 × SIPH, which are 1.4-4.0 × cauda	…..59
59	R IV+V 1.0-1.5 × HT II, and bearing (7-)10-18 accessory hairs. ANT PT/BASE 4.4-7.5	…..Acyrthosiphon malvae (s. lat.)
–	R IV+V 0.55-0.95 × HT II and bearing 2-11 accessory hairs. ANT PT/BASE 2.5-7.5	…..60
60	First tarsal segments with 5 hairs. ANT PT/BASE 5.1-7.5	…..Acyrthosiphon pentatrichopus

–	First tarsal segments with 3 hairs. ANT PT/BASE 2.0-5.2	…..61
61	SIPH more than 0.65 mm long, 0.25-0.35 × BL	…..62
–	SIPH less than 0.65 mm long, 0.15-0.24 × BL	…..63
62	ANT III with 16-24 rhinaria in a row extending over most of length. Hairs on ABD TERG 8 c. 65 μm long	…..Metopolophium rosaesuctum*
–	ANT III with 0-3 small rhinaria near base. Hairs on ABD TERG 8 up to c. 45 μm long

…..Metopolophium alpinum

63	SIPH 1.35-1.75 × cauda. R IV+V 0.6-0.7 × HT II, with 4-7 accessory hairs. SIPH with rather weak imbrication	…..Metopolophium dirhodum
–	SIPH 2.0-2.5 × cauda. R IV+V 0.75-0.85 × HT II, with 6-10 accessory hairs. SIPH with coarse imbrication	…..Metopolophium montanum
64	SIPH pale or dusky. ABD TERG 1 and 7 without MTu. R IV+V with 4-9 accessory hairs

…..Pseudaphis abyssinica (part)

–	SIPH dark. ABD TERG 1 and 7 with MTu. R IV+V with 2(-3) accessory hairs	…..65
65	Stridulatory apparatus present, with ridges on abdominal sternites 6 and 7 and a row of peg-like hairs on hind tibiae	…..66
–	No stridulatory apparatus	…..67
66	SIPH 0.4-0.7 × cauda. ANT PT/BASE 2.3-3.4. ABD TERG 8 with 4-12 hairs	…..Aphis odinae
–	SIPH 1.1-1.5 × cauda. ANT PT/BASE 3.5-5.3. ABD TERG 8 with 2-3 hairs	…..Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii

67	Longest hairs on ANT III 0.4-0.7 (-0.8) × BD III. Cauda with 4-7(-9) hairs	…..68
–	Longest hairs on ANT III (0.5-) 0.7-2.2 × BD III. Cauda with (7-) 8-25 hairs	…..69
68	Dorsal abdomen with an extensive black shield. SIPH and cauda both black	…..Aphis craccivora

–	Dorsal abdomen without dark markings. Cauda paler than SIPH	…..Aphis gossypii
69	ANT III-VI and tibiae almost entirely black. MTu usually present on ABD TERG 2 and 4 as well as 1 and 7	…..Aphis stranvaesiae
–	ANT III-VI and tibiae mainly pale or dusky, only dark apically. MTu only sporadically present on ABD TERG 2-4	…..70
70	Dorsal abdomen without dark markings. SIPH 1.1-1.45 × ANT III and 2.8-3.4 × ANT BASE VI. Cauda with 7-15 hairs (usually 9-11)	…..Aphis spiraecola
–	Dorsal abdomen with dark markings. SIPH 0.6-1.1 × ANT III and 1.5-2.7 × ANT BASE VI. Cauda with 9-25 hairs (often more than 15)	…..71
71	Dorsal abdomen often with dark median sclerites on ABD TERG 1-6, sometimes fused between segments. SIPH 0.7-1.0 × cauda, which is finger-shaped, with a constriction	…..Aphis neospireae
–	Dorsal abdomen with only scattered small, mainly intersegmental sclerites on ABD TERG 1-6. SIPH usually longer than cauda, which is tongue-shaped, without a constriction	…..Aphis fabae

Roscoea	Zingiberaceae
Roscoea sp.	Pentalonia nigronervosa

Rosmarinus	Lamiaceae
Rosmarinus officinalis	Aphis [affinis], gossypii, spiraecola, [Aphis sp. (Cocuzza et
	al. 2014)];
	[Eucarazzia elegans]; Macrosiphum euphorbiae;
	Myzus ornatus, persicae

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

Rostellularia see Justicia

Acanthaceae

Rostraria (including Lophochloa)	Poaceae
Rostraria cristata	Israelaphis carmini; Rhopalosiphum maidis, padi;
	Sipha maydis; Sitobion fragariae

Use key to apterae of grass-feeding aphids under Digitaria.

Rosularia	Crassulaceae
Rosularia platyphylla	Aphis sedi
R. schischkinii	Aphis sedi
R. sempervivoides	Aphis sedi

Rotheca	Lamiaceae
Rotheca serrata	[Mollitrichosiphum nandii]

Rothia	Fabaceae
Rothia hirsuta	Aphis gossypii

Rothmannia	Rubiaceae
Rothmannia capensis	Aphis (Toxoptera) citricidus

Rottboellia	Poaceae
Rottboellia cochinchinensis	Aphis gossypii; Rhopalosiphum maidis
R. exaltata = Ophiuros exaltatus

Use key to apterae of grass-feeding aphids under Digitaria.

Rotula	Boraginaceae
Rotula sp.	Aphis gossypii

Roystonea	Arecaceae
Roystonea oleracea	Cerataphis lataniae
R. regia	Cerataphis brasiliensis

Use key to aphids on palms under Calamus.

Rubia	Rubiaceae
Rubia agostinhoi	Dysaphis pyri
R. akane = R. argyi
R. argyi	Aphis gossypii, [rhamnicola]; [Cavariella heraclei];
	[Macrosiphum rubifoliae Shinji 1922 (nomen dubium)]
R. chinensis	Aphis gossypii
R. cordifolia	Aphis citricidus, fabae, gossypii, solanella, spiraecola;
(incl. var. munjista)	Brachycaudus helichrysi;
	[Macrosiphum rubifoliae Shinji 1922 (nomen dubium)];
	[Melanaphis sacchari]; [Myzakkaia verbasci];
	Myzus cerasi, cerasi ssp. umefoliae, [mumecola], ornatus;
	Neomyzus circumflexus
R. dolichophylla	Aphis galiiscabri
R. fruticosa	Aphis solanella, spiraecola
R. peregrina	Aphis fabae, [sambuci]; Dysaphis pyri;
	Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus cerasi;
	Staegeriella necopinata
R. tatarica	Aphis gossypii
R. tenuifolia	Aphis fabae
R. tinctorum	Aphis fabae, galiiscabri, rubiae;
	Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus persicae

Key to apterae on Rubia:-

1	Dorsal abdomen with an extensive black sclerotic shield. ANT tubercles well developed, scabrous, and head densely spiculose. SIPH black, coarsely imbricated, 2.3-2.8 × cauda and 1.3-1.8 × ANT III	…..Myzus cerasi (incl. ssp. umefoliae)
–	Without that combination of characters	…..2
2	Head and ABD TERG 7 and 8 with spinal tubercles (STu), usually paired. ABD TERG 1-5 with marginal tubercles (MTu). Cauda short, helmet-shaped with 5 (or sometimes 6) hairs	…..Dysaphis pyri

–	STu absent from head, rarely on ABD TERG 7-8. IF ABD TERG 2-5 all with MTu then they are also present on ABD TERG 7. Cauda short or long, often with more hairs	…..3
3	SIPH (Fig. 29i) short and thick, conical, only 0.5-0.8 × the finger-like cauda. MTu absent	…..Staegeriella necopinata

–	SIPH 0.5-2.5 × cauda, but if less than 0.8 × then ABD TERG 1 and 7 have MTu	…..4
4	First tarsal segments all with 2 hairs (i.e. all lacking sense pegs). SIPH black, ANT tubercles weakly developed. Prothorax and ABD TERG 1 and 7 with marginal tubercles. Longest hairs on ANT III less than 0.4 × BD III	…..Aphis rubiae
–	First tarsal segments with 3-3-2 or 3-3-3 hairs, i.e. at least first segments of fore and mid-tarsi with sense pegs, and other characters not in that combination	…..5
5	ANT PT/BASE 1.4-2.2. SIPH 0.5-0.95 × cauda. R IV+V 0.6-0.95 × HT II. Dorsal abdomen usually with a pair of large black sclerites anterior to SIPH (Fig.29a)	.….Aphis galiiscabri
–	Without that combination of characters	…..go to key to polyphagous aphids

Rubus (including Bossekia, Cylactis)	Rosaceae
R. aculeatissimus	Matsumuraja rubi
R. allegheniensis	Aphis rubifolii; Aulacorthum solani; Ericaphis wakibae;
	Prociphilus erigeronensis
R. apetalus	Aphis gossypii; Aulacorthum solani; Myzus ornatus;
	Pseudaphis abyssinica
R. arcticus	Amphorophora rubi; Aulacorthum solani;
	Macrosiphum chukotense, euphorbiae, rubiarctici
R. argutus see R. ostryfolius
R. asper	Acyrthosiphon rubi
R. caesius	Acyrthosiphon [gossypii], rubi;
	Amphorophora amurensis, rubi, rubi ssp. zhuravieni;
	Aphis idaei, ruborum; Brachycaudus helichrysi;
	Illinoia davidsoni; Macrosiphum funestum;
	Sitobion fragariae
R. caesius var. turkestanicus = R. caesius
R. calcynoides = R. rolfei
R. canadensis = R. flagellaris
R. candicans	Aphis ruborum
R. canescens = R. tomentosus var. canescens
R. chamaemorus	[Acyrthosiphon sp. aff. knechteli]; Amphorophora rubi;
	Aphis frangulae, rubiradicis, ruborum;
	Aulacorthum cylactis, solani; Ericaphis wakibae;
	Macrosiphum chukotense, euphorbiae, rubiarctici
R. corchorifolius	Aphis ichigocola; Matsumuraja rubicola, rubifoliae
R. coreanus	Aphis ichigo; Matsumuraja rubi
R. corylifolius	[Amphorophora sp. (as rubi)]
R. crataegifolius	Aphis ichigo, ichigocola; Matsumuraja rubi;
	Sitobion akebiae
R. cuneifolius	Aphis rubifolii
R. dalmaticus	[Longicaudus trirhodus]
R. deliciosa (= Bossekia deliciosa)	Utamphorophora bossekiae
R. discolor = R. rigidus
R. dumetorum	Amphorophora rubi
R. ellipticus	Acyrthosiphon [malvae], rubi ssp. elliptici, rubifoliae;
	[Amphorophora sp.];
	Aphis aurantii, fabae, gossypii, longisetosa, rubifolii,
	ruborum;
	Brachycaudus helichrysi; [Capitophorus carduinus];
	Hyalomyzus raoi; [Hyperomyzus carduellinus];
	Macrosiphum pachysiphon; Matsumuraja capitophoroides;
	Microlophium rubiformosanum;
	Myzus ornatus, persicae; Neomyzus circumflexus;
	[Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominale]; Sitobion fragariae
R. fissus	[Amphorophora sp. (as rubi; Janiszewska 1963, 494)];
	Aphis idaei, ruborum; Macrosiphum funestum
R. flagellaris	Aphis rubifolii
R. frondosus = R. villosus var. frondosus
R. fruticosus	Acyrthosiphon rubi, rubifoliae; Amphorophora rubi;
	Aphis [idaei], longisetosa, ruborum; Aulacorthum solani;
	[Chaetosiphon glabrum]; [Hyadaphis coriandri];
	Macrosiphum euphorbiae, funestum, rosae;
	Neomyzus circumflexus; Sitobion fragariae
R. geniculatus	Amphorophora rubi; Macrosiphum funestum
R. glandulosus	Macrosiphum funestum
R. glandulosus ssp. koehleri	Amphorophora rubi
R. hedycarpus ssp. procerus see R. procerus
R. hirsutus	Aulacorthum solani; Matsumuraja rubifoliae
R. hirtus	Amphorophora rubi; Aphis ruborum;
	Macrosiphum funestum
R. hispidus	[Hyalomyzus eriobotryae]
R. hochstetterorum	Aphis ruborum
R. idaeus	[Acyrthosiphon malvae];
	Amphorophora amurensis, idaei, [rubi];
	Aphis gossypii, idaei, ruborum; [Keltenbachiella pallida];
	Macrosiphum euphorbiae, funestum;
	Matsumuraja hirakurensis, rubi, rubifoliae, taisetsusana;
	[Myzaphis bucktoni]; Myzus ornatus;
	[Pachypappa warschavensis]; Pemphigus rubiradicis;
	Rubiaphis altaica; Sitobion fragariae
R. idaeus var. aculeatissimus = R. sachaliensis
R. idaeus var. melanolasius	Amphorophora agathonica; Aphis idaei; Illinoia rubicola
R. idaeus ssp. strigosus = R. strigosus
R. illecebrosus	[Rhopalosiphoninus ichigo (Shinji 1922)]
R. insularis	Amphorophora rubi
R. koelheri = R. glandulosus ssp. koehleri
R. laciniatus	Amphorophora rubitoxica; Aphis rubifolii, ruborum;
	Sitobion fragariae
R. lasiocarpus = R. niveus
R. leucodermis = Melanobatus leucodermis
R. lineatus	Aphis longisetosa
R. loganobaccus = R.ursinus var. loganobaccus
R. longisepalus	Aphis ichigo
R. macilentus	Macrosiphum pachysiphon; Matsumuraja capitophoroides
R. macropetalus = R.ursinus ssp. macropetalus
R. micans	Amphorophora rubi
R. microphyllus	Aphis ichigo; Matsumuraja nuditerga, rubi, rubifoliae
R. ×mollifolius	Aphis ichigo
R. mollucata (?)	Hyalomyzus raoi
R. moluccanus	[Amphorophora sp. (Raychaudhuri 1984)]; Aphis gossypii
R. multiflorus	Sitobion fragariae
R. myricae	Amphorophora rubi
R. nemorosus	Amphorophora rubi
R. nessensis	Amphorophora rubi; Aphis ruborum;
	Aulacorthum nessensis; Sitobion fragariae
R. nitidus	Macrosiphum funestum
R. niveus	Acyrthosiphon rubi; [Aphis sp. (David et al. 1971e)];
	Macrosiphum pachysiphon;
	Matsumuraja capitophoroides, rubifoliae;
	[Myzus sp. (Raychaudhuri, 1984]; Sitobion rosaeiformis
R. nutkanus see R. parviflorus
R. occidentalis	Amphorophora agathonica, rubicumberlandi, rubitoxica,
	sensoriata, tigwatensa;
	Aphis idaei, rubicola, rubifolii;
	[“Capitophorus sp.” (Cutright 1925)];
	[Pemphigus rubi Thomas (= populitransversus?)]
R. odoratus	Amphorophora agathonica; [Aphis idaei]; Macrosiphum sp.
R. opulifolius	Metopolophium chandrani
R. palmatus	Aphis longisetosa;
	Matsumuraja nuditerga, rubi, rubifoliae, rubiphila;
	Myzus persicae
R. paniculatus	Hyalomyzus raoi
R. parviflorus (incl. R. nutkanus)	Amphorophora agathonica, pacifica, parviflori;
	Illinoia davidsoni, maxima, [rubicola];
	[Macrosiphum sp. (Leonard 1974)]; Myzus ornatus
R. parvifolius	Aphis ichigocola; Sitobion akebiae
R. peltatus	Aphis ichigo; Matsumuraja sorini
R. phoenicolasius	Aphis ichigo, idaei; Amphorophora agathonica
R. pinnatus	Aphis gossypii; Macrosiphum euphorbiae
R. plicatus	Amphorophora rubi; Aphis ruborum;
	Macrosiphum funestum; Sitobion fragariae
R. polyanthemus	Amphorophora rubi
R. procerus	Amphorophora agathonica, tigwatensa; Aphis rubifolii;
	Myzus persicae
R. pubescens	Amphorophora stolonis; Ericaphis wakibae
R. radula	Amphorophora rubi
R. reticulatus	Hyalomyzus raoi
R. ribisoideus	Matsumuraja rubi
R. rigidus	Aphis ruborum
R. riograndis	Aphis gossypii
R. rolfei	Aulacorthum solani
R. rosaefolius = R. rosifolius
R. rosifolius	Acyrthosiphon rubifoliae; Aphis gossypii, longisetosa;
	Aulacorthum solani; Macrosiphum pachysiphon;
	Matsumuraja capitophoroides, rubifoliae, Matsumuraja sp.
	(Queensland; BMNH collection, leg. V.F.Eastop, 2n=18)
	Myzus ornatus
R. rosifolius var maximowiczii	Matsumuraja rubifoliae; Microlophium rubiformosanum
R. rugosus	Matsumuraja capitophoroides
R. sachalinensis	Amphorophora amurensis; Aphis ichigo, idaei;
	Matsumuraja rubi, taisetsusana
R. sanctus see R. sanguineus
R. sanguineus	Aphis craccivora, ruborum; Myzus persicae
R. saxatilis	Amphorophora rubi; Aphis idaei, ruborum;
	Aulacorthum cylactis; Macrosiphum funestum, rubiarctici;
	Myzus ascalonicus; Sitobion fragariae
R. spectabilis	Amphorophora forbesi; Illinoia maxima;
(= Parmena spectabilis)	Macrosiphum euphorbiae
R. spinosus (?)	Acyrthosiphon rubi
R. stellatus	Macrosiphum rubiarctici
R. strigosus	Amphorophora agathonica, [rubi];
	Aphis idaei, rubicola, rubifolii; Aulacorthum solani;
	Illinoia rubicola; Macrosiphum euphorbiae;
	Sitobion fragariae
R. sulcatus	Amphorophora rubi
R. takesimensis	Aphis ichigo
R. tomentosus var. canescens	Amphorophora rubi; Aphis ruborum;
	Macrosiphum funestum
R. trifidus	Aphis ichigo; Matsumuraja rubi;
	[Rhopalosiphoninus ichigo (Shinji 1922)]
R. turkestanicus	Acyrthosiphon rubi
R. turquinensis	Aphis spiraecola; Aulacorthum solani;
	Neomyzus circumflexus
R. ulmifolius	Acyrthosiphon rubi; Amphorophora idaei, rubi, parviflori;
	Aphis [affinis], ruborum; Aulacorthum solani;
	Macrosiphum funestum, rosae; Myzus persicae;
	Sitobion fragariae
R. ursinus var. loganobaccus	Aphis idaei, rubifolii; Illinoia davidsoni;
	[Hyperomyzus lactucae]
R. ursinus ssp. macropetalus	Amphorophora parviflori, rubitoxica
R. ursinus var. vitifolius	Amphorophora rubitoxica
R. urticifolius	Myzus ornatus; [Sipha flava]
R. ×vendrariensis	Amphorophora rubi
R. vestitus	Aphis ruborum
R. villosus var. frondosus	Aphis rubifolii, spiraecola; Aulacorthum solani;
	Illinoia rubicola
R. vitifolius = R. ursinus var. vitifolius
R. volkensii	Myzus ornatus
R. wahlbergii	Aphis ruborum
R. xylenica (?)	Matsumuraja capitophoroides
Rubus sp.	Amphorophora [bonnevilla (al. only)], kesocqua;
	[Aphis rubicolens (nomen dubium)];
	[Betulaphis longicornis]; Hyalomyzus himachali;
	[Illinoia reticulata]; [Longicaudus himalayensis];
	Macrosiphum pallidum, [rudbeckiarum],
	Macrosiphum sp. (Korea, leg. W.H. Paik);
	Maculolachnus rubi;
	Matsumuraja formosana, rubea, urticae;
	Metopolophium lacheni; Paraphorodon omeishanensis;
	[Sappaphis piri];
	Sitobion [aulacorthoides, cornifoliae], kamtshaticum;
	[Tuberoaphis hydrangeae ssp. digitata]

Key to apterae on Rubus:-

1	ANT PT/BASE less than 1. SIPH either absent or as pores on low dark hairy cones	…..2
–	ANT PT/BASE more than 1. SIPH tubular	…..4
2	SIPH as pores on low dark hairy cones. ANT densely hairy, with sec. rhinaria on ANT III-VI, and PT/BASE 0.5-0.6	…..Maculolachnus rubi
–	SIPH absent. ANT sparsely hairy, without sec. rhinaria. ANT PT/BASE less than 0.5	…..3
3	R IV+V 0.08-0.12 mm long, and without accessory hairs. Hairs at apices of tibiae and on first tarsal segments short and thick. Cauda and anal plate not projecting posteriorly	…..Pemphigus spp.

–	R IV+V 0.13-0.175 mm long, with 4-8 accessory hairs. Hairs at apices of tibiae and on first tarsal segments long and fine. Cauda and anal plate forming a dark posterior projection of the abdomen	…..Prociphilus erigeronensis
4	Dorsal body, or at least front of head and ABD TERG 7 and 8, with long, capitate hairs, the longest at least 1.5 × longer than ANT BD III., arising from prominent tuberculate bases. ANT I often with a prominent projection on inner side at apex (but ANT tubercles without projections). Head finely spiculose	…..5
–	Dorsal hairs all less than 1.5 × BD III or if longer then with pointed or blunt apices and not arising from tuberculate bases. ANT I without a projection (unless ANT tubercle has a much longer projection). Head spiculose, smooth or wrinkled	…..16
5	ABD TERG 1-7 with spinal capitate hairs arising from large paired finger-like processes, maximally 120-240 μm long, much longer than the hairs borne upon them	…..6
–	ABD TERG 1-7 without finger-like processes, if with long capitate spinal hairs then these arise from broadly conical tuberculate bases shorter than or not much longer than the hairs borne upon them	…..7
6	Thorax and ABD TERG 1-5 with paired marginal process similar in length to the spinal ones (Fig.47a)	…..Matsumuraja rubicola
–	Thorax and ABD TERG 1-5 with marginal hairs arising from conical tuberculate bases shorter than or hardly longer than the hairs borne upon them (Fig.47b)	…..Matsumuraja rubi

7	ANT I with a long finger-like projection that is as long as or longer than the maximum width of ANT I (e.g. Fig.47d, e, f)	…..8
–	ANT I with or without a projection, if with a finger- (or thumb-) like projection then this is distinctly shorter than the maximum width of ANT I (e.g. Fig.47g, h)	…..10
8	Dorsal hairs on ABD TERG 1-5 minute, only ABD TERG 6-8 with long capitate hairs arising from tuberculate bases. SIPH blackish apically	…..Matsumuraja rubiphila
–	Dorsal hairs on ABD TERG 1-5 mostly longer than ANT BD III, with prominent tuberculate bases of similar height to the hairs borne upon them (Fig.47c). SIPH with pale or dusky apices	…..9

9	Projection on ANT I club-like, with rounded, expanded apex (Fig.47f). ANT III when ANT 6-segmented) 1.10-1.35 × ANT IV	…..Matsumuraja sp. with 2n=18 (Queensland, BMNH collection)
–	Projection on ANT I not expanded apically (Fig.47e). ANT III 1.4-1.75 × ANT IV	……Matsumuraja capitophoroides (or M. formosana – see text)
10	Spinal and pleural hairs on ABD TERG 1-5 short, not longer than ANT BD III	…..11
–	Spinal and pleural hairs on ABD TERG 1-5 longer than ANT BD III	…..12
11	Apices of ANT III-V pale or dusky. ABD TERG 1-5 with inconspicuous, minute hairs (this character also visible in embryos)	…..Matsumuraja nuditerga
–	Apices of ANT III-V or IV-V dark. ABD TERG 1-5 with hairs varying from 0.2-1.0 × BD III (embryos with long capitate hairs on all ABD TERG)	…..Matsumuraja rubifoliae (part)
12	ANT III with some long capitate hairs, maximally 1-2 × BD III. ANT pale	…..13
–	ANT III with all hairs shorter than BD III. ANT dark or with dark apices to some segments	…..14

13	SIPH cylindrical on distal half or with slight subapical swelling, and lightly imbricated throughout except near base and apex (Fig.47i). ANT c.0.8 × BL	…..Matsumuraja rubea
–	SIPH swollen on distal half, smooth or with only the basal part lightly imbricated ventrally (Fig.47j). ANT 0.5-0.6 × BL	…..Matsumuraja taisetsusana
14	R IV+V c. 2 × HT II, with 4-6 accessory hairs. ANT flagellum dark except for basal half of III. SIPH cylindrical on distal half (Fig.47k)	…..Matsumuraja hirakurensis
–	R IV+V less than 1.5 × HT II, with 2 accessory hairs. ANT III-V pale or with dusky or dark apices. SIPH usually somewhat swollen on distal half (Fig.47l, m)	…..15
15	ANT I with projection on inner side at apex very low, with height less than 0.5 × ANT II (Fig.47g). SIPH smooth throughout (Fig.47m)	…..Matsumuraja sorini
–	ANT I with prominent projection of height more than 0.5 × ANT II (Fig.47h). SIPH imbricated (Fig.47l)	…..Matsumuraja rubifoliae (part)
16	Head with numerous spicules, at least on ventral surface. ANT tubercles with inner faces spiculose or scabrous and almost parallel or apically convergent, or with forwardly-directed processes	…..17
–	Head without spicules, or with a few minute ones anterioventrally. ANT tubercles variously developed, if well developed then with smooth divergent inner faces	…..26
17	SIPH cylindrical or tapering	…..18
–	SIPH slightly to moderately swollen on distal part	…..23
18	ANT tubercles with forwardly-directed finger-like projections, about as long as ANT I and each bearing 5-6 short capitate hairs. Dorsum densely ornamented with small papillae	…..Paraphorodon omeishanensis

–	ANT tubercles without finger-like processes. Dorsum not densely papillate	…..19
19	Dorsum with a large black U-shaped patch, and broad dark cross bars or paired patches on thorax	…..Neomyzus circumflexus
–	Dorsum without a U-shaped patch, with or without other pigmentation	…..20
20	Dorsum with an intersegmental pattern of dark ornamentation. ANT 0.5-0.6 × BL, with ANT PT/BASE 1.7-2.8	…..Myzus ornatus
–	Dorsum with or without more extensive dark sclerotisation. ANT longer than BL, with ANT PT/BASE 2.4-5.3	…..21
21	Head without spicules dorsally, or with very few. ANT III without rhinaria. Tergum sclerotic and variably pigmented, sometimes with a dark central dorsal abdominal area. Cauda with 4-6 hairs	…..Ericaphis wakibae
–	Head densely spiculose dorsally as well as ventrally. ANT III with 0-4 rhinaria near base. Tergum unpigmented. Cauda with 7 hairs, rarely 6 or 8	…..22
22	ANT III with 0-1 rhinaria (often 0). ANT PT/BASE 2.4-4.5. R IV+V 1.3-1.7 × HT II. (Al. with 3-8 rhinaria spaced out along ANT III)	…..Aulacorthum cylactis
–	ANT III with 0-4 rhinaria, but usually with 1-2. ANT PT/BASE 4.0-5.3. R IV+V 1.1-1.4 × HT II. (Al. with 5-26 rhinaria on ANT III)	…..Aulacorthum solani
23	Tergum pigmented and strongly rugose	…..24
–	Tergum pale, not rugose	…..25
24	R IV+V 1.3-1.4 × HT II. Cauda with 5-7 hairs	…..Hyalomyzus raoi
–	R IV+V 0.8-0.9 × HT II. Cauda with 4 hairs	…..Hyalomyzus himachali*
25	Head densely spinulose dorsally as well as ventrally. Inner faces of ANT tubercles scabrous and apically convergent. ANT PT/BASE 3.0-4.5. R IV+V 0.9-1.0 × HT II. HT I with 2 hairs (no sense peg). SIPH 1.9-2.5 × cauda, which bears 5-8 hairs	…..Myzus persicae
–	Head only spiculose ventrally. Inner faces of ANT tubercles not apically convergent. ANT PT/BASE 3.8-7.2. R IV+V 1.1-1.33 × HT II. HT I with 3 hairs (sense peg present). SIPH 2.5-3.2 × cauda, which bears 12-17 hairs	…..Amphorophora forbesi
26	SIPH with subapical reticulation (at least 4-5 rows of closed polygonal cells, occupying 0.1 or more of total length of SIPH)	…..27
–	SIPH without subapical polygonal reticulation, or with 1-3 rows of polygonal cells or interconnected transverse striae occupying less than 0.06 of total length)	…..42
27	Front of head almost flat or slightly domed in dorsal view, completely lacking antennal tubercles. Subapical reticulation of SIPH consisting of no more than 5 rows of closed cells	…..Pseudaphis abyssinica (part)

–	Antennal tubercles evident. Subapical reticulation often more extensive	…..28
28	Longest hairs on ANT III 0.6 or more × BD III	…..29
–	Hairs on ANT III 0.55 or less × BD III	…..38
29	SIPH distinctly swollen proximal to reticulated section	…..30
–	SIPH tapering or cylindrical	…..32
30	R IV+V 1.9-2.2 × HT II. ANT III with 20-23 rhinaria (-47 in alatiforms). Marginal tubercles (MTu) very small or absent. (Al. without a dark spot at tip of forewing)	…..Illinoia davidsoni

–	R IV+V 1.4-1.85 × HT II. ANT III with 7-22 rhinaria. Well-developed MTu usually present at least on ABD TERG 2-5. (Al. with dark spot at tip of forewing)	…..31
31	MTu usually present on all of ABD TERG 1-7, and spinal tubercles (STu) usually on ABD TERG (6-)7-8. ANT PT/BASE 5.5-8.2	…..Illinoia rubicola
–	MTu usually only on ABD TERG 2-5, and STu absent. ANT PT/BASE 4.5-6.2	…..Illinoia maxima

32	SIPH mainly pale, or dusky towards apices. Femora with pale/dusky apices	…..33
–	SIPH mainly or entirely dark, sometimes pale at bases, in which case the femora have dark apices	…..34
33	Small marginal tubercles (MTu) only sporadically present on ABD TERG 2-5 and spinal tubercles (Stu) only occasionally present on ABD TERG 7-8. R IV+V with 6-10 accessory hairs	…..Macrosiphum euphorbiae
–	MTu almost always present on ABD TERG 2-5, and STu also consistently present on ABD TERG 7 and 8. R IV+V with 7-13 accessory hairs	…..Macrosiphum chukotense
34	SIPH thick, tapering, c. 6-7 × longer than their diameter at midlength, and with a very small flange	…..Macrosiphum pachysiphon
–	SIPH almost cylindrical for most of length, 9-23 × longer than their diameter at midlength, with a rather well-developed flange	…..35
35	Head dark. SIPH entirely dark. ANT III with 10-36 rhinaria	…..Macrosiphum rosae
–	Head pale/dusky. SIPH usually pale at extreme bases. ANT III with 1-20 rhinaria	…..36
36	SIPH with 1-10 hairs on basal half . R IV+V with 5-8 accessory hairs	…..Macrosiphum rubiarctici

–	SIPH without hairs. R IV+V with 12-20 accessory hairs	…..37
37	SIPH very long, c.0.33 × BL and 2.5-3.5 × cauda. R IV+V 1.2-1.5 × HT II, with 14-20 accessory hairs	…..Macrosiphum funestum
–	SIPH 0.23-0.28 × BL, and 1.2-1.7 × cauda. R IV+V 0.9-1.2 × HT II, with 12-18 accessory hairs	…..Macrosiphum pallidum
38	Cauda c.0.28 mm long , shorter than ANT BASE VI (c.0.36 mm)	…..Macrosiphum sp. (BMNH colln, leg W.H. Paik)
–	Cauda 0.20-0.51 mm long, 1.8-3.5 × ANT BASE VI (0.08-0.15 mm)	…..39
39	Femora with dark distal section. ANT III-VI entirely dark, or pale only at base of III	…..40
–	Femora pale or only dusky at apices. ANT III-VI pale except at apices of segments	…..41
40	Hairs on ANT III all minute, the longest c.0.2 × BD III. Femora densely spinulose on distal part	…..Sitobion kamtshaticum
–	Longest hairs on ANT III 0.3-0.5 × BD III. Femora not densely spinulose	…..Sitobion akebiae

41	Longest hairs on ANT III 20-27 μm, 0.4-0.55 × BD III. R IV+V with 7-9 accessory hairs. SIPH 1.5-2.0 × cauda, which tapers to a pointed apex	…..Sitobion rosaeiformis
–	Longest hairs on ANT III 14-22 μm, 0.3-0.4 × BD III. R IV+V with 5-6 accessory hairs. SIPH 1.8-2.7 × cauda, which has a blunt, rounded apex	…..Sitobion fragariae
42	SIPH swollen on distal half, with narrower section on basal half (clavate)	…..43
–	SIPH tapering or cylindrical on distal half, without a narrower basal section	…..55
43	BL less than 2 mm. Tergum pitted, strongly rugose. SIPH coarsely imbricated. Head with median frontal tubercle and ANT tubercles similarly developed	…..Utamphorophora bossekiae

–	BL more than 2 mm. Tergum smooth. SIPH smooth or only weakly imbricated. Head with median frontal tubercle undeveloped or weakly developed, and ANT tubercles very well developed, so that there is a deep frontal sinus	…..44
44	R IV+V 0.6-0.8 × HT II	…..45
–	R IV+V 1.1-2.0 × HT II	…..46
45	ANT III bearing 23-35 rhinaria, and with longest hairs 10-14 μm long, 0.2-0.3 × BD III	…..Amphorophora sensoriata
–	ANT III bearing 10-20 rhinaria, and with longest hairs 20-25 μm long, 0.4-0.5 × BD III	…..Amphorophora rubicumberlandi

46	ANT PT/BASE c.2.4-2.5	…..Amphorophora kesocqua
–	ANT PT/BASE 3.9-7.6	…..47
47	Hairs on ABD TERG 3 short, the longest 12-22 μm, c.0.25-0.5 × hairs on ABD TERG 8 and 0.4-0.8 × longest hairs on ANT III. ANT III-VI usually dark except at base of III, and tibiae and SIPH often also dusky/dark (Al. with dark forewing veins, esp. Cu1a	and Cu1b) …..48
–	Longest hairs on ABD TERG 3 are 25-60 μm, more than 0.5 × hairs on ABD TERG 8 and as long as or longer than longest hairs on ANT III. ANT, tibiae and SIPH pale or dark. (Al. with hyaline forewing veins)	…..49
48	SIPH dusky/dark and conspicuously imbricated throughout, 2.2-2.8 × cauda. R IV+V 0.75-1.1 × ANT BASE VI and 1.2-1.45 × HT II, bearing 22-26 accessory hairs	…..Amphorophora tigwatensa

–	SIPH variably pigmented, with swollen part almost smooth or with weak imbrication, 1.6-2.2 × cauda. R IV+V 1.1-1.5 × ANT BASE VI, 1.35-1.75 × HT II, and bearing 14-21 accessory hairs	…..Amphorophora rubitoxica
49	ANT and tibiae almost entirely dark	…..Amphorophora amurensis
–	ANT and tibiae pale or dusky except at segmental apices	…..50
50	R IV+V 1.8-2.0 × HT II. SIPH 2.3-2.7 × cauda. Cauda 1.3-1.8 × R IV+V and 1.7-2.1 × ANT BASE VI	…..Amphorophora pacifica
–	R IV+V 1.05-1.85 × HT II, but if more than 1.7 × then SIPH 1.7-2.4 × cauda. Cauda 1.5-2.7 × R IV+V and 2.2-3.4 × BASE VI	…..51
51	SIPH shading to dusky or dark on distal part	…..Amphorophora agathonica
–	SIPH entirely pale, or dark/dusky only in contrasting band at apex	…..52
52	SIPH with maximum width of swollen part more than 2 × minimum width of stem. Cauda with 7-9 hairs	…..Amphorophora stolonis
–	SIPH with maximum width of swollen part less than 2 × minimum width of stem. Cauda with 7-21 hairs	…..53
53	R IV+V 1.45-1.85 × HT II, and bearing 17-28 accessory hairs. SIPH imbricated for most of length, including swollen part, and coarsely so on basal part	…..Amphorophora parviflori
–	R IV+V 1.05-1.3 × HT II, and bearing 9-16 accessory hairs. SIPH smooth on swollen part, and smooth or very faintly imbricated on basal part	…..54
54	ANT PT 6.7-8.3 × R IV+V (usually more than 7 × – measure several specimens)	…..Amphorophora idaei

–	ANT PT 5.4-7.2 × R IV+V (usually less than 7 ×)	…..Amphorophora rubi
55	ANT tubercles well developed, with divergent inner faces. ABD TERG 1 and 7 without marginal tubercles (MTu). ANT III with 0-14 rhinaria, usually with 1-14, but if with 1-4 then they are concentrated on basal part	…..56
–	ANT tubercles absent, or if weakly developed then ABD TERG 1 and 7 have MTu. ANT III usually without rhinaria, or with 1-4 on distal half	…..61
56	SIPH almost entirely dark, pale only at bases, and usually with 2-3 rows of ill-defined polygonal reticulation proximal to the well-developed flange	…..57
–	SIPH mainly pale, sometimes darker at apices, without subapical reticulation	…..58
57	R IV+V 1.20-1.33 × HT II, with 8-11 accessory hairs. ANT III with 4-14 rhinaria. First segments of fore tarsi with 4-5 hairs, of mid- and hind tarsi with 3-4 hairs. Cauda rather short and tapering, pointed at apex	…..Microlophium rubiformosanum
–	R IV+V 0.95-1.05 × HT II, with 5-8 accessory hairs. ANT III with 3-5 rhinaria. First tarsal segments all with 3 hairs. Cauda long, thick and finger-like, rounded at apex	…..Acyrthosiphon rubifoliae

58	R IV+V 0.67-0.79 × HT II	…..Metopolophium chandrani
–	R IV+V 0.8-1.8 × HT II	…..59
59	Spiracles on abdominal segments 1 and 2 well separated, almost as far apart as those on other segments. ANT III without secondary rhinaria	….. Rubiaphis altaica*
–	Spiracles on abdominal segment 1 very close to those on segment 2, much less than half the distance between those on other segments. ANT III usually with 1-8 small rhinaria near base	…..60
60	Hairs on ABD TERG 3 maximally 0.8-1.2 × ANT BD III, and those on ANT III maximally 0.5-1.6 × BD III. R IV+V with 6 accessory hairs. Tergum membranous	…..Metopolophium lacheni*

–	Hairs on ABD TERG 3 maximally 0.2-0.5 × ANT BD III, and those on ANT III maximally 0.3-0.5 × BD III. R IV+V with 7-10 accessory hairs. Tergum sclerotic, papillated or wrinkled	…..Acyrthosiphon rubi (incl. ssp. elliptici)
61	R IV+V with 5-9 accessory hairs. Prothorax and ABD TERG 1 and 7 without marginal tubercles (MTu)	…..62
–	R IV+V with 2(-4) hairs. Prothorax and ABD TERG 1 and 7 with MTu (except sometimes in very small individuals with BL less than 1 mm)	…..63
62	Cauda helmet-shaped, constricted at base, not longer than its basal width. SIPH smooth, with a subapical annular incision	…..Brachycaudus helichrysi
–	Cauda elongate triangular, not constricted at base, longer than its basal width. SIPH imbricated, without a subapical annular incision	…..Pseudaphis abyssinica (part)
63	SIPH thin on distal half, 2.3-3.5 × cauda	…..Aphis idaei
–	SIPH less than 2.2 × cauda	…..64
64	SIPH only 0.06-0.10 mm long, 0.6-0.8 × cauda. ABD TERG 2-4 and 6 usually with MTu, as well as 1 and 7	…..Aphis rubiradicis
–	SIPH more than 0.12 mm long, 0.8-2.2 × cauda. ABD TERG 2-6 with or without MTu	…..65

65	SIPH pale or dusky, sometimes dark at apices	…..66
–	SIPH entirely dark brown or blackish	…..70
66	ANT 5-segmented	…..67
–	ANT 6-segmented	…..69
67	Dorsal body hairs mostly very long, the longest 2.5-4.0 × ANT BD III. Cauda with 4(-5) hairs. BL only 0.6-0.9 mm	…..Aphis rubicola (summer dwarfs)
–	Dorsal body hairs shorter. Cauda with (4-)6-11 hairs. BL usually more than 0.9 mm	…..68
68	Cauda with 7-11 hairs. ANT PT/BASE 1.6-2.6	…..Aphis rubifolii
–	Cauda with 4-7 hairs. ANT PT/BASE 2.4-3.6	…..Aphis ruborum (some summer dwarfs)
69	ANT PT/BASE 2.0-2.6. Cauda with (8-)10-12 hairs. R IV+V with (2-) 3-4 accessory hairs. ABD TERG 8 with 3-5 hairs	…..Aphis rubicola
–	ANT PT/BASE 2.6-4.0. Cauda with (4-) 6-9 hairs. R IV+V with 2 accessory hairs. ABD TERG 8 with 2 (rarely 3 or 4) hairs	…..Aphis ruborum
70	ANT 5-segmented with ANT PT/BASE 4.3 –5.2. Longest hairs on ANT III 1.0-1.7 × BD III. Cauda pale. Dorsal abdomen with dark rounded sclerites at bases of hairs	…..Aphis ichigocola

–	ANT 5- or 6-segmented, with ANT PT/BASE 1.3-3.6, and other characters not in that combination	…..71
71	SIPH 0.8-1.05 × cauda, which bears 7-8 hairs. Hairs on ABD TERG 3 long and pointed, maximally 2.0-2.5 × ANT BD III. R IV+V 1.3-1.7 × HT II	…..Aphis longisetosa
–	SIPH 0.8-2.2 × cauda, but if less than 1.1 × cauda then either dorsal abdominal hairs are much shorter or cauda bears more than 10 hairs. R IV+V 0.9-1.4 × HT II	…..72
72	MTu regularly present on ABD TERG 2-5 as well as 1 and 7. Subgenital plate with up to 16 hairs on anterior half. Cauda dusky to dark and bearing 7-9 hairs	…..Aphis ichigo
–	MTu only of sporadic occurrence on ABD TERG 2-5. Subgenital plate usually with 2 hairs on anterior half, rarely up to 9. Cauda pale, dusky or dark, with 4-24 hairs	.….polyphagous Aphis spp.; go to key to polyphagous aphids, starting at couplet 24

Rudbeckia	Asteraceae
Rudbeckia ampla see R. laciniata
R. amplexicaulis	Macrosiphum rudbeckiarum; Uroleucon rudbeckiae
R. flava	Uroleucon rudbeckiae
R. hirta (incl. var. serotina)	Aphis fabae; Macrosiphum euphorbiae;
	Uroleucon ambrosiae, leonardi, [martini], rudbeckiae
R. laciniata (incl. var. ampla)	Macrosiphum rudbeckiarum;
	[Metopolophium dirhodum (as Myzus haywardi)];
	Myzus persicae; Neomyzus circumflexus;
	Uroleucon leonardi, nigrotuberculatum, rudbeckiae
R. montana	Macrosiphum rudbeckiarum
R. nitida	Aphis fabae; Brachycaudus helichrysi
R. serotina see R. hirta
R. tageteiodes (?)	Aphis gossypii, [kurosawai], spiraecola;
	Brachycaudus helichrysi; [Pseudomegoura nipponica]
Rudbeckia spp.	Aphis asclepiadis, [umbrella]; [Illinoia goldamaryae]; [Macrosiphum valerianae]; Trama troglodytes;
	[Uroleucon erigeronense]

Key to apterae on Rudbeckia:-

1	HT II greatly elongated, more than 0.5 × hind tibia. SIPH absent	…..Trama troglodytes
–	HT II normal. SIPH present, tubular	…..2
2	SIPH with a distal zone of reticulation (at least 4-5 rows of closed polygonal cells)	…..3
–	SIPH without polygonal reticulation	…..go to key to polyphagous aphids
3	SIPH long and thin, more than 1.7 × cauda, with reticulation of large polygonal cells on subapical 0.06-0.20 of length	…..4
–	SIPH rather thick, less than 1.6 × cauda, with reticulation of small polygonal cells on distal 0.25 or more of length	…..5
4	SIPH less than 1.1 mm long	…..Macrosiphum euphorbiae
–	SIPH more than 1.1 mm long	…..Macrosiphum rudbeckiarum
5	Femora pale/dusky, sometimes with darker patch on anterior side at apices. SIPH becoming gradually darker distally, much paler at base than at apex. Postsiphuncular sclerites and scleroites at bases of dorsal hairs pale and inconspicuous	…..Uroleucon rudbeckiae
–	Femora dark distally. SIPH entirely dark. Postsiphuncular sclerites and at least some of scleroites at base of dorsal hairs pigmented	…..6
6	R IV+V 0.85-1.1 × ANT BASE VI. ANT PT/BASE 4.7-5.6. Cauda with 19-32 hairs (usually more than 23)	…..Uroleucon nigrotuberculatum
–	R IV+V 1.1-1.4 × ANT BASE VI. ANT PT/BASE 5.5-7.2. Cauda with 12-27 hairs (usually less than 23)	…..7
7	SIPH 1.1-1.3 × cauda. ANT PT/BASE 5.5-6.5. Marginal tubercles (MTu) absent	…..Uroleucon ambrosiae

–

SIPH 1.25-1.55 × cauda. ANT PT/BASE 6.3-7.2. Small MTu usually present on at least some segments (easier to see on dark marginal sclerites of alata)

…..Uroleucon leonardi

Ruellia	Acanthaceae
Ruellia caroliniensis ssp. ciliosa	Myzus persicae
R. coccinea	Aphis gossypii
R. herbstii	Aphis gossypii; Myzus ornatus
R. inundata	Aphis (Toxoptera) citricidus
R. paniculata	Aphis craccivora, gossypii
R. prostrata = R. rivularis
R. rivularis	Aphis gossypii
R. simplex	Aphis gossypii, spiraecola
R. speciosa	Myzus ornatus; Neomyzus circumflexus
R. tuberosa	Aphis gossypii; Micromyzodium strobilanthi
R. tubiflora	Aphis gossypii
R. tweediana	Aphis gossypii; Sitobion cuscutae

Key to apterae on Ruellia:-

1	Tergum with an extensive dark sclerotic shield covering ABD TERG 1-5, and broad dark cross-bands on 6-8. Head spiculose with well-developed ANT tubercles, their inner faces divergent. R IV+V 1.4-1.8 × HT II	…..Micromyzodium strobilanthi
–	Without that combination of characters	…..2
2	Hind tibiae entirely black. SIPH with subapical polygonal reticulation. ANT 1.4-1.7 × BL, with PT/BASE 5.5-6.8	…..Sitobion cuscutae
–	Hind tibiae with at least middle section pale, and other characters not in that combination	…..go to key to polyphagous aphids

Rugelia	Asteraceae
Rugelia nudicaulis	Aulacorthum solani

Rumex	Polygonaceae
Rumex abyssinicus	Aphis fabae, gossypii, spiraecola;
	Brachycaudus rumexicolens; Myzus ornatus
R. acetosa	Aphis acetosae, craccivora, fabae, nasturtii, rumicis, solanella;
	Aulacorthum solani; Brachycaudus rumexicolens;
	Dysaphis emicis, radicola; Macrosiphum euphorbiae;
	Myzus ascalonicus, [certus], ornatus, persicae
R. acetosella	Aphis acetosae, etiolata, fabae, gossypii, nasturtii, polygonacea, rumicis, rumicivora, sambuci, solanella, spiraecola;
	Aulacorthum solani;
	Brachycaudus helichrysi, rumexicolens;
	Dysaphis emicis (as albocinerea), radicola;
	[Forda formicaria]; Myzus ascalonicus, ornatus, persicae;
	Pemphigus [bursarius], populivenae;
	Protaphis middletonii
R. acetosella ssp. angiocarpus	Aphis fabae; Myzus ornatus; Neotoxoptera oliveri;
	Pemphigus sp. (as bursarius)
R. alpestris	Aphis acetosae, rumicis
R. alpinus	Aphis acetosae, fabae, rumicis; Aulacorthum solani;
	Brachycaudus rumexicolens
R. altissimus	Aphis [“malvae Walker” of Wilson 1918], [relata Walker (nomen dubium)], rumicis;
	Protaphis middletonii
R. ambiguus = R. rugosus
R. angiocarpus =R. acetosella ssp. angiocarpus
R. aquaticus	Aphis fabae, nasturtii, rumicis; Dysaphis foeniculus
R. aquaticus ssp. arcticus	Aphis aquilonalis; Brachycaudus rumexicolens
R. arcticus =R. aquaticus ssp. arcticus
R. arifolius = R. alpestris
R. balcanicus	Aphis rumicis
R. bequaerti = R. nepalensis
R. bucephalophorus (incl. ssp. hispanicus)	Aphis etiolata, rumicis; Myzus persicae
R. confertus	Aphis acetosae, [euonymi], fabae, rumicis;
	Aulacorthum solani; Brachycaudus rumexicolens;
	Dysaphis [emicis], radicola, rumecicola;
	Pemphigus plicatus
R. conglomeratus	Aphis craccivora, [euonymi], fabae, mordvilkoi, nasturtii, rumicis, [scabiosae Schrank of Nevsky 1929)], solanella;
	Aulacorthum solani;
	Brachycaudus helichrysi, rumexicolens;
	Dysaphis foeniculus, radicola, rumecicola;
	Myzus ornatus, persicae; [Uroleucon siculum]
R. coreanus	Aphis ?horii
R. crispus	Acyrthosiphon rubi;
	Aphis acetosae, asclepiadis, craccivora, [euonymi], fabae, gossypii, [ilicis of Roepke (1928)], nasturtii, rumicis, sambuci, solanella, spiraecola;
	Aulacorthum solani;
	Brachycaudus cardui, helichrysi, rumexicolens;
	Brachyunguis rhei;
	Dysaphis [apiifolia], [emicis], radicola, rumecicola;
	Macrosiphum euphorbiae, venaefuscae;
	Myzus antirrhinii, ascalonicus, cymbalariae, ornatus, persicae;
	Neomyzus circumflexus;
	Pemphigus [betae], [bursarius], populitransversus, populivenae;
	Protaphis middletonii
R. cyprius	Brachycaudus rumexicolens; Myzus persicae
R. dentatus	Aphis fabae, ?rhoicola, [rubifolii], rumicis, solanella;
	Dysaphis emicis, rumecicola; Myzus persicae
R. domesticus = R. longifolius
R. fischeri	Dysaphis emicis
R. flexuosus	Aphis fabae
R. gmelinii	Aphis rumicis
R. hastatus	Aphis fabae, frangulae, solanella;
	Brachycaudus [amygdalinus], rumexicolens;
	Macrosiphum pachysiphon; Tricaudatus polygoni
R. hispanicus = R. bucephalophorus ssp. hispanicus
R. hydrolapathum	Aphis acetosae, fabae, nasturtii, rumicis, sambuci;
	Aulacorthum solani; Dysaphis radicola
R. hymenosepalus	Aphis fabae
R. induratus = R. scutatus ssp. induratus
R. intermedius	Aphis fabae
R. japonicus	Aphis craccivora, gossypii, nasturtii, [rumicis], spiraecola;
	Aulacorthum solani; Dysaphis rumecicola;
	Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus persicae;
	Prociphilus kuwanai
R. longifolius	Aphis fabae, nasturtii, rumicis;
	Brachycaudus rumexicolens; Dysaphis emicis;
	Myzus persicae
R. lunaria	Aphis gossypii, nasturtii; Brachycaudus rumexicolens;
	Myzus ornatus, persicae; Neomyzus circumflexus
R. maritimus	Aphis fabae, nasturtii, rumicis
R. marschallianus	Aphis rumicis
R. nepalensis	Acyrthosiphon rubi;
	Aphis craccivora, fabae, gossypii, solanella, spiraecola;
	Brachycaudus helichrysi, [amygdalinus], rumexicolens;
	[Capitophorus indicus];
	Dysaphis emicis, foeniculus, [microsiphon], rumecicola;
	[Hyperomyzus carduellinus]; Macrosiphum euphorbiae;
	Myzus ornatus, persicae; Neomyzus circumflexus;
	Trichosiphonaphis polygoni
R. nervosus (incl. var. usamberensis)	Aphis gossypii, nasturtii, spiraecola;
	Brachycaudus rumexicolens
R. obovatus	[Baizongia solanophila Blanchard 1944 (= Pemphigus populitransversus?)]
R. obtusifolius	Aphis acetosae, fabae, fabae ssp. mordvilkoi, gossypii, [hederae], [ilicis], nasturtii, rumicis, sambuci, solanella, spiraecola, viburni;
	Aulacorthum solani; Brachycaudus rumexicolens;
	Dysaphis emicis, [lauberti], radicola;
	Macrosiphum euphorbiae;
	Myzus ascalonicus, certus, ornatus, persicae;
	Neomyzus circumflexus
R. occidentalis	Pemphigus sp. (as betae)
R. pamiricus	Aphis acetosae, rumicis; Brachyunguis rhei;
	Dysaphis emicis
R. patientia	Aphis rumicis
R. paraguayensis = R. obovatus
R. patientia	Aphis gossypii, rumicis
R. paulsenianus	Acyrthosiphon rumicis; Aphis rumicis;
	Brachycaudus rumexicolens; Brachyunguis rhei;
	Dysaphis emicis; [Nasonovia ribisnigri]
R. pseudoalpinus	Aphis rumicis; Dysaphis radicola; [Nasonovia ribisnigri]
R. pulcher	[Acyrthosiphon gossypii];
	Aphis fabae, nasturtii, rumicis, solanella;
	Brachycaudus rumexicolens; Dysaphis emicis, meridialis;
	Myzus ornatus
R. rechingerianus = R. pamiricus
R. rugosus	Aphis acetosae, fabae
R. rupestris	Aphis fabae
R. salicifolius	Aphis nasturtii
R. sanguineus	Aphis fabae, rumicis; Aulacorthum solani
R. scutatus	Aphis craccivora, fabae, gossypii, nasturtii, rumicis;
	Aulacorthum solani; Brachycaudus rumexicolens;
	[Cavariella aquatica];Macrosiphum euphorbiae;
	Myzus ascalonicus, ornatu, persicae
R. stenophyllus	Aphis fabae, rumicis
R. sylvestris (?)	Aphis fabae
R. thyrsiflorus (incl. ssp. papillaris)	Aphis acetosae, fabae, rumicis;
	Brachycaudus rumexicolens
R. thyrsoides	Aphis craccivora; Aulacorthum\ solani
R. tianshanicus	Aphis rumicis; Brachycaudus rumexicolens
R. turcestanicus	Aphis solanella (as euonymi);
	Brachyunguis harmalae (as plotnikovi);
	Pemphigus sp. (as lactucarius)
R. venosus	Aphis craccivora
R. verticillatus	Aphis rumicis
R. vesicarius	Aphis craccivora; Brachycaudus rumexicolens;
	Myzus persicae
Rumex spp.	[Acyrthosiphon malvae, sp. aff. knechteli];
	Akkaia bengalensis; Allocotaphis multisetosa; [Anuraphis subterranea];
	[Anoecia corni]; Aphis aurantii, [confusa, plantaginis];
	[Capitophorus mitegoni (as indicus)];
	[Cavariella pastinacae (as Rhopalosiphum rumicis)];
	[Dysaphis ranunculi, plantaginea];
	[Impatientinum asiaticum ssp. dalhousiensis];
	Indomasonaphis rumicis; Longisiphoniella subterranea;
	Pemphigus dorocola;
	[Protrama longitarsus ssp. sclerodensis];
	Rhopalosiphoninus staphyleae ssp. tulipaellus
	[Sappaphis piri]; Trama antennata; [Uroleucon cichorii]

Key to apterae on Rumex:-

1	ANT PT/BASE 0.2-0.3. SIPH absent or present as small pores on broad hairy cones	…..2
–	ANT PT/BASE 0.5 or more. SIPH tubular	…..4
2	HT II very elongate, more than 0.5 × hind tibia. Dorsal body hairs numerous, bristle-like. SIPH as small pores on broad hairy cones	…..Trama antennata
–	HT II normal. Dorsal body hairs sparse, not bristle-like. SIPH not evident	…..3
3	R IV+V with 4 or more accessory hairs (?) Wax gland plates present on head, thorax and abdomen (?)	…..Prociphilus kuwanai*
–	R IV+V usually without accessory hairs. Wax gland plates only present on abdomen	…..Pemphigus spp.

4	Head cuticle with extensive spiculosity, at least on ventral side	…..5
–	Head cuticle smooth, wrinkled, corrugated or partially papillated; without spicules, or with only a few spicules anterioventrally	…..13
5	SIPH dark, flangeless, with coarse denticulate imbrication, tapering from a very broad base, with distal part cylindrical or slightly swollen subapically	…..Trichosiphonaphis polygoni

–	SIPH pale or dark, with a distinct reflexed flange; tapering, cylindrical or clavate	…..6
6	SIPH tapering, coarsely imbricated, with a slight S-curve. Dorsal abdomen with a pattern of dark intersegmental markings. ANT PT/BASE 1.8-2.5	…..Myzus ornatus
–	SIPH tapering, cylindrical or swollen distally, not curved, not coarsely imbricated. Dorsal abdomen with or without dark markings. ANT PT/BASE 2.6-5.3	…..7
7	Dorsum with dark markings	…..8
–	Dorsum pale	…..9
8	SIPH markedly clavate, 2.5-3.5 × cauda. Dorsum with dark segmental markings, often fused across ABD TERG 3-5 but not forming a U-shaped sclerite	…..Rhopalosiphoninus staphyleae ssp. tulipaellus
–	SIPH cylindrical, 1.8-2.3 × cauda. Dorsal abdomen with a U-shaped sclerite	…..Neomyzus circumflexus
9	SIPH tapering/cylindrical on distal half. ANT III usually with 1-2 small rhinaria near base	…..Aulacorthum solani

–	SIPH at least slightly swollen on distal part. ANT III without rhinaria	…..10
10	SIPH less than 0.82 × ANT III, and almost smooth on swollen part	…..11
–	SIPH more than 0.83 × ANT II, with swollen part imbricated	…..12
11	Stem of SIPH a little thicker than hind tibia at its midpoint, (Alata with dark-bordered forewing veins and without a black central dorsal abdominal patch)	…..Neotoxoptera oliveri
–	Stem of SIPH a little thinner than hind tibia at its midpoint. (Alata with hyaline forewing veins and a black central dorsal abdominal patch)	…..Myzus ascalonicus
12	R IV+V in most specimens with only one pair of lateral accessory hairs (plus 0-3 ventral accessory hairs). Value of function cauda/(ANT III × PT) in range 0.80-1.52, but rarely more than 1.25 except in small specimens (those with ANT III less than 0.32 mm)	…..Myzus persicae

–	R IV+V in most specimens with two pairs of lateral accessory hairs. Value of function cauda/(ANT III × PT) in range 1.2-2.7 (rarely less than 1.25)	…..Myzus certus
13	Cauda very broadly rounded, hardly developed, much less than half as long as its basal width in dorsal view. SIPH small, broad-based, conical, shorter than their basal widths	…..Brachycaudus rumexicolens

–	Cauda helmet-shaped, triangular, tongue- or finger-shaped, more than 0.7 × its basal width in dorsal view. SIPH usually longer than their basal widths	…..14
14	SIPH dark, 5.9-8.1 × longer than cauda which is short and rounded and bears 10-25 hairs	…..Allocotaphis multisetosa

–	SIPH pale or dark, and less than 4 × cauda	…..15
15	Cauda helmet-shaped, not longer than its basal width in dorsal view, and bearing 4-8 hairs	…..16

–	Cauda tongue-shaped, finger-shaped, bluntly rounded or bluntly triangular, but if as short as its basal width then bearing more than 8 hairs	…..22
16	Spinal tubercles (STu) usually present at least on head and ABD TERG 8, or 7 and 8. Marginal tubercles (MTu) also usually present on most segments. SIPH without a subapical annular incision. Spiracular apertures reniform, those on ABD TERG 1 and 2 placed on a single, fused marginal sclerite	…..17
–	STu absent, and MTu only sporadically present. SIPH with a subapical annular incision. Spiracular apertures large and rounded, on separate sclerites on ABD TERG 1 and 2	…..21
17	STu usually present on all segments from head to ABD TERG 8	…..18
–	STu usually only on head and ABD TERG 8, or 7 and 8	…..19
18	Hairs on ANT III and ABD TERG 1-5 fine-pointed, those on ANT III longer than 45 μm, 2 or more × ANT BD III. R IV+V 1.55-1.70 × HT II	…..Dysaphis rumecicola
–	Hairs on ANT III and ABD TERG 1-5 often with blunt apices, those on ANT III being all less than 45 μm long, less than 2 × BD III. R IV+V 1.3-1.6 × HT II	…..Dysaphis emicis
19	SIPH 1.2-1.8 × cauda. Longest hairs on ABD TERG 3 are 24-39 μm long, as long as or longer than ANT BD III	…..Dysaphis foeniculus
–	SIPH 2.0-2.5 × cauda. Longest hairs on ABD TERG 3 are 8-23 μm long, shorter than ANT BD III	…..20
20	Longest hairs on ANT III 20-40 μm long, 0.9-1.5 × BD III	…..Dysaphis radicola s.str.
–	Longest hairs on ANT III 8-13 μm long, 0.4-0.7 × BD III	…..Dysaphis radicola ssp. meridialis

21	Dorsal abdomen with an extensive solid black shield. ANT III 0.31-0.47 mm, 2.4-3.4 × HT II. R IV+V 0.17-0.24 mm. SIPH dark, imbricated, 1.7-3.4 × cauda	…..Brachycaudus cardui
–	Dorsal abdomen without a black shield. ANT III 0.07-0.25 mm, 0.9-2.2 × HT II. R IV+V 0.10-0.15 mm. SIPH pale, smooth, 0.8-2.0 × cauda	…..Brachycaudus helichrysi
22	SIPH markedly clavate	…..23
–	SIPH tapering or cylindrical	…..24
23	ANT tubercles well developed, their inner faces divergent, and median frontal tubercle hardly developed. Longest hair on ANT III c.0.7 × BD III. ABD TERG 7 and 8 without median tubercular processes	…..Indomasonaphis rumicis*
–	ANT tubercles weakly developed, median frontal tubercle prominent and scabrous. Longest hair on ANT III less than 0.5 × BD III. ABD TERG 8, or 7 and 8, with a median tubercular process bearing a pair of short hairs	…..Tricaudatus polygoni
24	ANT tubercles with longer-than-wide forward-pointing projections. SIPH black, very rugose, scaly or warty	…..Akkaia bengalensis
–	ANT tubercles without forward-pointing projections. SIPH pale or dark, not very scaly or warty	…..25
25	ANT tubercles very well developed, their inner faces divergent, so that there is a deep frontal sinus. ANT III usually with 1 or more small rhinaria on basal part. ABD TERG 1 and 7 without marginal tubercles (MTu)	…..26
–	ANT tubercles weakly developed. ANT III without rhinaria, or with rhinaria not restricted to basal part. ABD TERG 1 and 7 usually with MTu	…..29
26	SIPH without polygonal reticulation. Longest hair on ANT III 0.3-0.5 × BD III	…..27
–	SIPH with a subapical band of polygonal reticulation. Longest hair on ANT III 0.6-1.0 × BD III	…..28
27	BL more than 4 mm	…..Acyrthosiphon rumicis*
–	BL less than 3 mm	…..Acyrthosiphon rubi
28	SIPH mainly dark, paler at base. ANT PT/BASE 6-8. ANT BASE VI 1.4-1.6 × R IV+V. Cauda with 7 hairs	…..Macrosiphum venaefuscae
–	SIPH pale, sometimes darker towards apices. ANT PT/BASE 5.3-6.2. ANT BASE VI 0.9-1.3 × R IV+V. Cauda with 8-14 hairs	…..Macrosiphum euphorbiae
29	MTu absent from ABD TERG 7 and usually also from ABD TERG 1	…..Aphis aquilonalis
–	MTu always present on ABD TERG 1 and 7, and sometimes on other tergites	…..30
30	ANT PT/BASE less than 1.3	…..31
–	ANT PT/BASE more than 1.5	…..32
31	SIPH about as long as their basal widths (Fig.36h)	….. Brachyunguis harmalae
–	SIPH 1.2-1.7 × their basal widths	….. Brachyunguis rhei*
32	Well-developed MTu consistently present on ABD TERG 2-4 as well as 1 and 7, those on 7 being large, similar in diameter to SIPH at midlength	…..33
–	MTu sporadically present on ABD TERG 2-4, more often absent. MTu on ABD TERG 7 usually of basal diameter much less than that of SIPH at midlength	…..37
33	ABD TERG 2-6 with broad dark cross-bands. R IV+V 1.1-1.25 × HT II	…..34
–	ABD TERG 2-6 without dark cross-bands. R IV+V 1.0-1.6 × HT II	…..35
34	Longest hair on ANT III 1.0-1.6 × BD III	…..Aphis acetosae
–	Longest hair on ANT III 0.3-0.7 × BD III	…..Aphis rumicivora
35	SIPH 1.3-1.9 × cauda, which is tongue-shaped and bears 8-13 hairs. Longest hair on ANT III 0.3-0.5 × BD III	…..Aphis etiolata
–	SIPH 2.0-3.5 × cauda, which is short and blunt and bears 10-20 hairs. Longest hair on ANT III 0.5-1.9 × BD III	…..36
36	Longest hairs on ANT III 0.5-1.0 × BD III	…..Aphis sambuci
–	Longest hairs on ANT III 1.5-1.9 × BD III	…..Aphis horii
37	Anterior half of subgenital plate with 9-28 hairs. Dorsal abdomen with a pattern of dark cross-bands, variably developed and sometimes reduced or fragmentary on ABD TERG 1-5, but consistently well-developed on ABD TERG 6-8, with an especially broad one on 6	…..Aphis rumicis
–	Anterior half of subgenital plate with 2-14 hairs, rarely more than 9. Dorsal abdomen without dark markings or with cross-bands only well-developed on ABD TERG 8 or 7-8	…..38
38	SIPH black, 0.25-0.48 mm long, 1.9-2.3 × cauda which is also black, usually has a distinct midway constriction, and bears 7-11 hairs. Dorsal abdomen without any dark markings	…..Aphis polygonacea
–	Without the above combination of characters; if black SIPH are present and more than 1.8 × cauda then either cauda is not also black, or it has more than 11 hairs, or dorsal abdomen has dark sclerotic shield	…..go to key to polyphagous aphids, starting at couplet 24

(But note that specimens running to Aphis gossypii could be A. frangulae, or if with ANT PT/BASE 1.9-2.2 they could possibly be the northern Indian species tentatively identified as A. rhoicola.)

Rumohra (including Leptorumohra)	Dryopteridaceae
Rumohra mutica	Macromyzus woodwardiae

Ruppia	Potamogetonaceae
Ruppia maritima	Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae

Russelia	Plantaginaceae
Russelia equisetiformis	Acyrthosiphon ilka; Aphis gossypii, spiraecola;
(incl. juncea)	Aulacorthum solani; Brachycaudus helichrysi;
	Myzus ornatus, persicae

Key to apterae on Russelia:-

–	SIPH pale, slender, tapering/cylindrical and without subapical polygonal reticulation. Head smooth with inner faces of ANT tubercles divergent	…..Acyrthosiphon ilka
–	SIPH pale or dark, when pale either with subapical polygonal reticulation or clavate and/or head densely spiculose	…..go to key to polyphagous aphids

Ruta	Rutaceae
R. chalepensis	Neomyzus circumflexus
R. graveolens	Aphis fabae, nasturtii; Aulacorthum solani;
	[Brevicoryne brassicae]; Macrosiphum euphorbiae;
	Myzus persicae; [Uroleucon jaceae]
R. sieversii	Protaphis rutae
= Haplophyllum acutifolium (?)
Ruta sp.	Aphis spiraecola

Key to apterae on Ruta and Haplophyllum:-

1	ANT PT/BASE c.0.8-1.0. Cauda bluntly triangular, shorter than or hardly longer than its basal width	…..Protaphis rutae*
–	ANT PT/BASE more than 1.5. Cauda tongue- or finger-shaped, clearly longer than its basal width	…..3
2	R IV+V 0.55-0.70 × HT II and lacking any accessory hairs. First tarsal segments all with 2 hairs. SIPH dark, slightly swollen in middle and constricted subapically, 1.1-1.3 × cauda which bears 5-6 hairs	…..Hyadaphis haplophylli*
–	R IV+ V more than 0.8 × HT II and with 2 or more accessory hairs. First tarsal segments with 3, 3, 2 or 3, 3, 3 hairs, and SIPH and cauda not as above	…..go to key to polyphagous aphids

Rytidosperma	Poaceae
Rytidosperma carphoides	Sitobion avenae