C_HOSTS_Ham_Hot – Blackman & Eastop's Aphids on the World's Plants

*Hamamelis*	Hamamelidaceae
*Hamamelis japonica*	Hamamelistes betulinus, kagamii, miyabei; Hormaphis betulae
*H. virginiana*	Hamamelistes spinosus; Hormaphis cornu, hamamelidis

Key to alatae from galls:-

1	Antenna 3-segmented. Hindwing with 1 oblique vein (fig. 50A)	…..2
–	Antenna 5-segmented. Hindwing with 2 oblique veins	……3
2	ANT III with 19-27 rather spaced-out annular secondary rhinaria. Length of forewing 1.5-2.0 mm, length of hind tibia 0.29-0.36 mm	…..Hormaphis hamamelidis (sexupara)
–	ANT III with 26-40 rather close-set annular secondary rhinaria. Length of forewing 1.9-2.2 mm, length of hind tibia 0.35-0.44 mm	…..Hormaphis cornu (emigrant)
3	SIPH inconspicuous or absent	…..4
–	SIPH present as pores with sclerotic rims	…..5
4	Hindwing with the 2 oblique veins often incomplete, and well separated at their bases (fig. 50B)	…..Hamamelistes spinosus
–	Hindwing with the 2 oblique veins complete; united or close together at their bases (e.g., fig. 50C)	…..Hormaphis betulae
5	ANT IV distinctly longer than (more than 1.2 ×) ANT V. Hindwing with the 2 oblique veins united or together at their bases (e.g., fig.50D)	…..Hamamelistes miyabei
–	ANT IV about equal in length to (0.9-1.1 ×) ANT V. Hindwing with the 2 oblique veins separated at their bases	…..Hamamelistes kagamii or betulinus (see text)

*Hamelia*	Rubiaceae
*Hamelia erecta* see patens
*H. patens*	Aphis aurantii, citricidus, gossypii, odinae, spiraecola; Neomyzus circumflexus
Hamelia spp.	Aphis gossypii

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

*Hamiltonia* see Spermadictyon	Rubiaceae
*Hamiltonia suaveolens* = Spermadictyon suaveolens

Hampea

Malvaceae

Hampea stipitata

Aphis gossypii

*Handelia*	Asteraceae
*H. trichophylla*	Brachycaudus cardui ssp. turanica; Dysaphis [cousiniae], handeliae; Macrosiphoniella aktashica; [Aphis elatior]

Key to apterae on Handelia:-

1	ANT tubercles well-developed, with divergent inner faces, so that there is a deep frontal sinus. Cauda finger-like, much longer than its basal width	…..Macrosiphonilla aktashica
–	ANT tubercles undeveloped. Cauda not longer than its basal width	…..2
2	Dorsum with an extensive black shield. Spiracular apertures large and rounded. Mesosternum with a pair of semiglobular tubercles	…..Brachycaudus cardui (incl. ssp. turanica)
–	Dorsum with less extensive pigmentation. Spiracular apertures small and reniform. Without mesosternal tubercles	…..Dysaphis handeliae

*Handroanthus*	Bignoniaceae
Handroanthus impetiginosus	Aphis spiraecola; Myzus persicae
H. chrysotrichus	Myzus persicae

(Use key to polyphagous aphids.)

*Haplocladium*	Leskeaceae
*Haplocladium microphyllum*	Melaphis rhois (or asafitchi?)

*Haplopappus*	Asteraceae
*Haplopappus acradenius*	Uroleucon erigeronense
*H. bloomeri* = Ericameria bloomeri
*H. hirtus* (var. sonchifolius)	Uroleucon suzannae
Haplopappus sp.	Aphis melosae

Key to apterae on Haplopappus:-

1	Many or all dorsal hairs expanded from base, fan- or funnel-shaped, or with fan- or funnel-shaped apices, or (in one species) minute with club-shaped apices. SIPH thin, at midlength less than half thickness of cauda, without any polygonal reticulation	…..Pleotrichophorus spp. (use key under Chrysothamnus)
–	Dorsal hairs never fan-or funnel-shaped; tapering from base, with pointed, blunt or capitate apices. SIPH either thicker or with subapical polygonal reticulation	…..2
2	SIPH wholly dark, without polygonal reticulation, less than 1.7 × the dark cauda. Dorsum with variable but often extensive dark sclerotisation, marked with a pale reticulate pattern. Large marginal tubercles (MTu) present on prothorax and ABD TERG 1-7	…..Aphis melosae
–	SIPH with pale bases, dark distally and with an extensive distal zone of polygonal reticulation; more than 1.8 × the long pale/dusky cauda. Dorsum without dark markings. MTu absent	…..3
3	R IV+V 0.14-0.16 mm long, with 6-9 accessory hairs. Cauda with 7-10 hairs, of which one or more subapical hairs are usually blunt or with slightly expanded apices	…..Uroleucon erigeronense
–	R IV+V 0.24-0.25 mm long, with 34-38 accessory hairs. Cauda with 12-26 hairs, all pointed	…..Uroleucon suzannae

*Haplophyllum*	Rutaceae
*Haplophyllum acutifolium*	Protaphis rutae
*H. dshungaricum*	Hyadaphis haplophylli
*H. tuberculatum* (?)	[Protaphis terricola]

Go to Ruta for key to apterae on Ruta and Haplophyllum.

*Hardenbergia*	Fabaceae
*Hardenbergia comptoniana*	Aphis craccivora
*H. monophylla* = H. violacea
*H. violacea*	Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus ornatus, persicae

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

*Harpephyllum*	Anacardiaceae
*Harpephyllum caffrum*	Aphis aurantii, odinae, [Aphis sp. (Leonard 1972)]; Myzus persicae

(Use key to polyphagous aphids )

*Harpullia*	Sapindaceae
	Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii; [Aphis sp. (Leonard 1972:]

*Harrisonia*	Rutaceae
*Harrisonia abyssinica*	Uroleucon compositae

*Harungana*	Hypericaceae
*Harungana madagascariensis* Namahasi	Aphis aurantii, citricidus, gossypii, odinae; Aulacorthum solani; Sitobion congolense, nigeriense

Key to aphids on Harungana:-

1	SIPH long, with a short subapical zone of polygonal reticulation. Cauda long and tapering, that of aptera more than 0.15 × BL. ANT PT/BASE more than 6	…..2
–	SIPH long or short, without any polygonal reticulation. Cauda of aptera less than 0.13 × BL. ANT PT/BASE less than 6	…..go to key to polyphagous aphids
2	SIPH slightly flared apically, with a well-developed flange. Alata without secondary rhinaria on ANT IV	….. Sitobion nigeriense
–	SIPH narrow or slightly constricted apically, with a very small flange. Alata sometimes with 1-7 rhinaria on ANT IV	….. Sitobion congolense

*Hasteola*	Asteraceae
*Hasteola suaveolens*	Uroleucon sp. (as rudbeckiae)

*Haumaniastrum*	Lamiaceae
*Haumaniastrum cylindraceum* = H. villosum
*H. galeopsifolium* = H. villosum
*H. villosum*	Aphis gossypii; Macrosiphum euphorbiae

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

*Hauya*	Onagraceae
**Hauya elegans ssp. cornuta**	Aphis sp. (California, BMNH collection, and Leonard 1972a: 102)
*H. matudai* = H. elegans ssp. cornuta

*Haworthia*	Asphodelaceae
*Haworthia attenuata* var. radula	Aloephagus myersi
*H. reinwardtii*	Aphis craccivora
*H. rugosa* = H. attenuata var. radula

Key to apterae on Haworthia:-

–	SIPH tubular, black. Cauda black, tongue-shaped. ANT PT/BASE 1.7-2.8	….. Aphis craccivora
–	SIPH absent. Cauda not evident (broadly rounded). ANT PT/BASE 0.25-0.4	….. Aloephagus myersi

*Hebe* (including Parahebe)	Plantaginaceae
*Hebe × andersonii*	Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus ornatus, persicae
*H. catarractae*	Myzus ornatus
*H. diosmifolia*	Myzus persicae
*H. elliptica*	Brachycaudus helichrysi; Macrosiphum euphorbiae
*H. glaucophylla*	[Aphis sp. near coprosmae (New Zealand; Teulon et al. 2013)]
*H. hulkeana*	Myzus persicae
*H. perfoliata*	Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus persicae
*H. salicifolia*	Aphis gossypii; Brachycaudus helichrysi; Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus ornatus
*H. speciosa*	Aphis gossypii; Myzus ornatus, persicae
*H. stricta*	Macrosiphum euphorbiae
Hebe sp.	Rhopalosiphoninus staphyleae

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

*Hebeclinium*	Asteraceae
*Hebeclinium macrophyllum*	Aphis spiraecola

*Hedera*	Araliaceae
*Hedera canariensis*	Aphis fabae, hederae
*H. colchica*	Aphis hederae
*H. helix*	Aphis craccivora, fabae, gossypii, hederae, [ilicis], spiraecola; Aulacorthum solani; [Cavariella aegopodii]; [Dysaphis angelicae]; Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus ascalonicus, ornatus, persicae; Neomyzus circumflexus; [Pemphigus populi (as P. hederae)]; Rhopalosiphoninus staphyleae
*H. japonica* = H. rhombea
*H. nepalensis*	Myzus manoji
*H. rhombea*	Aphis hederae, hederiphaga
*H. tobleri* = H. rhombea
Hedera sp.	Aphis nasturtii

Key to apterae on Hedera:-

1	SIPH and cauda both dark, the latter bearing 9-25 hairs. R IV+V 1.35-1.70 × HT II. Marginal tubercles (MTu) present on ABD TERG 1 and 7, and frequently ABD TERG 2-4	…..2
–	Without that combination of characters	…..3
2	Hairs on ANT III numerous (25 or more), the longest of them 1.7-2.2 × BD III. ANT III without rhinaria	…..Aphis hederiphaga
–	Hairs on ANT III sparse (15 or less), the longest of them 0.6-1.7 × BD III. Apt. often alatiform with 0-19 small rhinaria on ANT III	…..Aphis hederae
3	Head uniformly warty or bluntly spiculose with ANT tubercles well-developed and gibbous on inner apices. SIPH tapering/cylindrical, 0.15-0.18 × BL and 1.7-2.0 × cauda. ANT PT/BASE c. 2.6-3.0	…..Myzus manoji
–	Without that combination of characters	…..go to key to polyphagous aphids

*Hedlundia*	Rosaceae
*Hedlundia minima* = Sorbus minima

*Hedychium*	Zingiberaceae
*Hedychium coccineum*	Aphis fabae; Pseudoregma nicolaiae
*H. coronarium*	Aphis gossypii; Astegopteryx styracophila; Pentalonia caladii, kalimpongensis, nigronervosa
Hedychium sp.	Brachycaudus helichrysi; Myzus persicae

Key to apterae on Hedychium:-

(including also Pseudoregma sundanica, so that the key can be applied to aphids found on several other genera of Zingiberaceae; Alpinia, Amomum, Costus, Elettaria, Etlingera, Zingiber)

1	Head fused with pronotum, and bearing a pair of forwardly directed horns between the antennal bases. Eyes of 3 facets. SIPH poriform, or on low cones	…..2
–	Head not fused to pronotum, and without horns. Eyes multifaceted. SIPH tubular	…..4
2	Tips of horns pointed. Dorsal cuticle pale. SIPH with pore raised on a shallow cone bearing 2-11 hairs. Wax gland plates if present only marginal, and arranged in rows	…..Astegopteryx styracophila
–	Tips of horns rounded. Tergites mainly brown, sclerotic, the cuticle being ornamented with numerous pustules. SIPH as simple pores. Wax gland plate if present then in groups, and often spinal as well as marginal	…..3
3	Dorsal hairs on head are 69-78 μm long, and those on ABD TERG 8 are 80-92 μm long. Wax glands always well-developed; e.g. marginal wax glands on ABD TERG 2 in groups of 7-12, and spinal wax glands on prothorax in groups of 7-17	…..Pseudoregma nicolaiae
–	Dorsal hairs on head are 28-45 μm long, and those on ABD TERG 8 are 37-59 μm long. Wax glands less well developed, sometimes absent; e.g. marginal wax glands on ABD TERG 2 in groups of 0-6, and spinal wax glands on pronotum in groups of 0-5	…..Pseudoregma sundanica
4	SIPH pale on basal half and dark on distal half, and usually slightly swollen subapically. SIPH and femora covered with irregular, transverse rows of spicules. (Al. with dark-bordered wing veins)	…..5
–	SIPH either mainly pale or mainly dark; tapering, cylindrical, or clavate. SIPH and femora smooth or imbricated, not markedly spiculose. (Al. with normal wing venation, veins not dark-bordered)	…..go to key to polyphagous aphids
5	ANT PT/BASE 3-4. (Al. with radius of forewing strongly curved but not touching media)	…..Pentalonia kalimpongensis
–	ANT PT/BASE 5-8. (Al. with radius of forewing fused to media for part of length to form a closed cell below the pterostigma)	…..6
6	R IV+V almost always less than 0.135 mm long	…..Pentalonia caladii
–	R IV+V almost always more than 0.137 mm long	…..Pentalonia nigronervosa

*Hedyotis*	Rubiaceae
*Hedyotis corymbosa* = Oldenlandia corymbosa
*H. scandens*	Aphis aurantii, gossypii; [Trichosiphonaphis polygonifoliae]

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

*Hedypnois*	Asteraceae
*Hedypnois rhagadioloides* (incl. ssp. cretica)	Protaphis carthami (?); Uroleucon cichorii

*Hedysarum*	Fabaceae
*Hedysarum arcticum* = H. hedysaroides ssp. arcticum
*H. austrosibiricum*	Aphis hedysari
H. boreale ssp. mackenzii	Acyrthosiphon churchillense (?)
*H. canum* see Desmodium incanum
*H. caucasicum*	Acyrthosiphon pisum
*H. coronarium*	Aphis craccivora
*H. gmelinii*	Aphis craccivora
*H. grandiflorum*	Aphis craccivora
*H. hedysaroides*	Acyrthosiphon pisum; Megoura lespedezae
H. hedysaroides ssp. arcticum	Acyrthosiphon kondoi, pisum; [Metopolophium taimyricum]
*H. mackenzii* = H. boreale ssp. mackenzii
*H. neglectum*	Acyrthosiphon pisum; Aphis fabae
*H. onobrychis* = H. viciifolia
*H. semenovii*	[Acyrthosiphon hissaricum]
*H. songoricum*	Aphis craccivora
*H. spinosissimum*	Aphis craccivora
*H. viciifolia*	Acyrthosiphon pisum; Aphis craccivora (? – as onobrychidis)
Hedysarum sp.	Megoura dooarsis

Key to apterae on Hedysarum:-

1	Spindle-shaped aphid. Dorsal body unsclerotised. SIPH pale or dark, cauda pale	…..2
–	Oval aphid, dorsal body partly or extensively sclerotised. SIPH and cauda black	…..6
2	SIPH mainly or wholly dark, slightly swollen in middle. Head and ANT I dark	…..3
–	SIPH mainly or wholly pale, cylindrical or tapering. Head and ANT I pale	…..4
3	Longest hairs on ANT III more than 0.5 × BD III. ANT mainly black, and legs with large sections of femora and tibiae black. SIPH wholly dark	…..Megoura lespedezae
–	Longest hairs on ANT III less than 0.5 × BD III. ANT and legs variably pigmented but usually mainly pale. SIPH usually paler at base	…..Megoura dooarsis
4	SIPH very attenuate distally, thinner than hind tibiae at their respective midlengths. Cauda very thick. ANT BASE VI 1.8-3.0 × R IV+V	…..Acyrthosiphon pisum
–	SIPH gradually tapering, not attenuate distally, thicker than hind tibia at their respective midlengths. ANT BASE VI 1.1-1.8 × R IV+V	…..5
5	ANT III with (2-) 4-11 rhinaria in a row on basal half. SIPH 1.2-1.6 × cauda	…..Acyrthosiphon churchillense
–	ANT III with 1 (-3) rhinaria near base. SIPH 1.6-2.1 × cauda	…..Acyrthosiphon kondoi
6	Dorsal abdomen with dark cross-bands on ABD TERG 7 and 8, but without extensive sclerotisation anterior to SIPH	….Aphis fabae
–	Dorsal abdomen with extensive dark sclerotisation, with a pale reticulate pattern	…..7
7	Longest hairs on ANT III 1.0-1.5 × BD III. Cauda with 20-26 hairs	…..Aphis hedysari
–	Longest hairs on ANT III 0.4-0.8 × BD III. Cauda with 4-9 hairs	…..Aphis craccivora

*Heinsia*	Rubiaceae
*Heinsia crinita*	Aphis odinae

*Helenium*	Asteraceae
*Helenium autumnale*	Aphis gossypii, vernoniae; Brachycaudus helichrysi; Myzus ornatus; Trama troglodytes; Uroleucon tardae
*H. flexuosum*	Myzus persicae
*H. hoopesii* = Hymenoxys hoopesii
*H. nudiflorum* = Helenium flexuosum
*H. tenuifolium*	Protaphis middletonii (as maidiradicis)

Key to apterae on Helenium and Hymenoxys:-

1	ANT PT/BASE less than 0.5. SIPH absent. Body and appendages densely hairy	…..2
–	ANT PT/BASE more than 1. SIPH present, tubular. Not densely hairy	…..3
2	HT II elongate, more than 0.5 of length of hind tibia. ANT 6-segmented	…..Trama troglodytes
–	HT II of normal length. ANT 5-segmented	…..Smynthurodes betae
3	SIPH with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation. ANT tubercles well developed	…..4
–	SIPH without polygonal reticulation. ANT tubercles poorly developed or undeveloped	…..7
4	ANT, tibiae and SIPH pale or only dark distally	…..Macrosiphum euphorbiae
–	ANT, tibiae and SIPH wholly or mainly dark	…..5
5	ANT III with 3-8 rhinaria. SIPH reticulated on distal 0.12-0.17 of length	…..Macrosiphum valerianae
–	ANT III with 11-c.30 rhinaria. SIPH retticulated on distal 0.27-0.37 of length	…..6
6	SIPH 0.42-0.60 mm long. ANT III with 11-20 rhinaria (usually less than 15). ANT PT/BASE 3.3-4.7	…..Uroleucon tardae
–	SIPH 0.81-1.33 mm long. ANT III with c. 30 rhinaria. ANT PT/BASE 5.3-6.9	…..Uroleucon martini*
7	SIPH pale, 6.5-11.2 × their width at midlength, constricted at base and cylindrical or slightly flared on distal half, and almost flangeless (Fig.57d). ANT PT/BASE 1.5-1.9	…..Aphis vernoniae
–	SIPH pale or dark, not constricted at base, and of different form. ANT PT/BASE 1.4-4.5	…..go to key to polyphagous aphids

Heleocharis see Eleocharis

Cyperaceae

*Helianthella*	Asteraceae
*Helianthella uniflora*	[Illinoia sp. (Washington, USA; aphidtrek.org)]; Uroleucon erigeronense
*Helianthella* sp.	Aphis asclepiadis

*Helianthemum*	Cistaceae
*Helianthemum alpestre*	Aphis helianthemi; Brachycaudus helichrysi
*H. appeninum*	Aphis [cisti Lichtenstein of del Guercio 1911 (nomen nudum)], helianthemi; Myzus persicae
*H. canum* = H. oelandicum spp. incanum
*H. chamaecistus* see H. nummularium
*H. cinereum*	Aphis cisticola
*H. grandiflorum*	Aphis helianthemi; Myzus ascalonicus
*H. hirtum*	Aphis cisticola, helianthemi
*H. italicum*	Aphis helianthemi ssp. thermophila
*H. nummularium* (incl. H. chamaecistus?)	Aphis cliftonensis, fabae, gossypii, helianthemi, helianthemi ssp. thermophila, nasturtii; Myzus ornatus
H. nummularium ssp. obscurum = H. ovatum
*H. obovatum*	Aphis helianthemi
*H. obscurum* = H. ovatum
H. oelandicum ssp. alpestre	Aphis helianthemi
**H. oelandicum ssp. incanum**	Aphis helianthemi, helianthemi ssp. thermophila; Macrosiphum euphorbiae
*H. ovatum*	Aphis helianthemi, helianthemi ssp. obscura; Aulacorthum solani; Myzus ascalonicus
*H. salicifolium*	Aphis helianthemi
*H. songaricum*	[Brachycaudus (Thuleaphis) sp. (Kadyrbekov 2014e)]
*H. stevenii*	Aphis helianthemi
*H. syriacum*	Aphis helianthemi ssp. thermophila
*H. violaceum*	Aphis cisticola
H. vulgare ssp. obscurum = H. ovatum

Key to apterae on Helianthemum:-

1	ANT tubercles undeveloped or weakly developed. ABD TERG 1 and 7 with marginal tubercles (MTu). SIPH imbricated, cauda finger-like. Spiracles reniform	…..2
–	Either ANT tubercles are well-developed or other characters do not apply	…..go to key to polyphagous aphids
2	ABD TERG 2-5 as well as 1 and 7 all with flattish, subconical MTu. Longest hairs on ANT III only 4-5 μm, and posterior hair on hind trochanter less than 10 μm	…..Aphis cliftonensis
–	ABD TERG 2-5 mostly without MTu. Longest hairs on ANT III 7-13 μm, and posterior hair on hind trochanter 30-50 μm	…..3
3	R IV+V with blunt apex, 1.0-1.2 × HT II. Cauda pale, SIPH usually pale with dark apices	…..Aphis nasturtii
–	R IV+V tapering to a rather acute apex, 1.2-2.1 × HT II. Cauda dusky/dark, SIPH dark, dusky or pale with darker apices	…..4
4	SIPH variably pigmented, rarely entirely dark, and 0.7-1.4 × cauda. ABD TERG 7 and 8 with faint and inconspicuous cross-bands	…..Aphis helianthemi group
–	SIPH entirely dark, 1.1-3.6 × cauda. ABD TERG 7 and 8 with clearly defined dark cross-bands	…..Aphis cisticola

*Helianthus*	Asteraceae
*Helianthus annuus*	Aphis asclepiadis, [cornifila del Guercio, nomen dubium], craccivora, fabae, gossypii, [kurosawai], nasturtii, nerii, solanella, spiraecola; Aulacorthum solani; [Bipersona ochrocentri]; Brachycaudus cardui, helichrysi; [Brachyunguis harmalae]; [Eriosoma antennieurfum]; [Hyadaphis coriandri]; Illinoia masoni; Macrosiphum euphorbiae, helianthi; Myzus ornatus, persicae, [siegesbeckicola]; Neomyzus circumflexus; Pemphigus sp. (Ivanoskaya, 1977, as lichtensteini); Prociphilus erigeronensis; Protaphis debilicornis, middletonii; Protrama longitarsus; [Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae, padi]; [Sitobion miscanthi]; Trama penecaeca, rara, troglodytes; Uroleucon ambrosiae, budhium, compositae, illini, [rudbeckiae], [tanaceti], Uroleucon sp. (California, BMNH collection)
*H. argophyllus*	Aphis gossypii
*H. atrorubens*	Uroleucon helianthicola, parvotuberculatus
*H. debilis*	Aphis asclepiadis, fabae; Myzus persicae
*H. divaricatus*	Aphis asclepiadis; Uroleucon helianthicola
*H. giganteus*	Aphis asclepiadis, fabae; Aulacorthum solani; Prociphilus erigeronensis; Uroleucon helianthicola
*H. grosseseratus*	Aphis asclepiadis; Protaphis debilicornis; Uroleucon helianthicola, [Uroleucon sp. (Rogers et al. 1978)]
*H. heterophyllus*	Uroleucon helianthicola
*H. hirsutus*	Aphis asclepiadis; Uroleucon helianthicola, obscuricaudatum
*H. longifolius*	Uroleucon helianthicola
*H. maximiliani*	Uroleucon maximilianicola, [Uroleucon sp. (Rogers et al. 1978)]
*H. microcephalus* = Pappobolus microphyllus
*H. neglectus*	Aphis asclepiadis
*H. nuttallii*	Illinoia masoni; Protaphis debilicornis
*H. occidentalis*	Uroleucon helianthicola
*H. paradoxus*	Illinoia masoni
*H. petiolaris*	Aphis asclepiadis; Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Uroleucon ambrosiae, [Uroleucon sp. (Rogers et al. 1978)]
*H. pumilus*	Protaphis middletonii
*H. rigidus*	Aphis asclepiadis
*H. silphioides*	Uroleucon helianthicola
*H. strumosus* = H. hirsutus
*H. tuberosus*	Aphis asclepiadis, fabae, solanella; Brachycaudus helichrysi; [Dysaphis radicola]; Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus persicae; Protaphis debilicornis, middletonii; Protrama longitarsus; Rhopalosiphoninus latysiphon; Trama [helianthemi (Westwood 1944)], penecaeca, troglodytes, rara; Uroleucon compositae, gobonis, helianthicola, illini, pseudotanaceti, [nigrotuberculatum]
Helianthus spp.	[Kurisakia indica]; Pleotrichophorus ohioensis; Protrama longitarsus ssp. sclerodensis; Uroleucon [erigeronense], illini, [rurale]

Key to apterae on Helianthus:-

[Simpified keys to the aphids on H. annuus and H. tuberosus can be found in Blackman & Eastop (2000).]

1	ANT PT/BASE less than 0.5. SIPH absent or present only as pores on flat pigmented cones	…..2
–	ANT PT/BASE more than 0.8. SIPH present, tubular	…..7
2	HT II greatly elongated, more than 0.5 × length of hind tibia. Body and appendages with numerous fine hairs	…..3
–	HT II of normal length. Hairs on body and appendages short and rather sparse	…..6
3	SIPH present as small flat pigmented cones	…..4
–	SIPH completely absent	…..5
4	BL 3.8-5.0 mm, and ANT III 1.10-1.15 mm. Dorsal abdomen without dark sclerotic markings except on ABD TERG 7 and 8, or on 8 only	…..Trama penecaeca
–	BL 2.8-3.8 mm, and ANT III 0.50-0.75 mm. Dorsal abdomen with variably developed dark sclerotic cross-bands	…..Protrama longitarsus (incl. ssp. sclerodensis)
5	HT II 0.84-0.92 × length of hind tibia. Eyes with many facets	…..Trama rara
–	HT II 0.60-0.73 × length of hind tibia. Eyes with only 3 facets	…..Trama troglodytes
6	R IV+V 0.08-0.12 mm long, a little shorter than last ANT segment (incl. PT), and without any accessory hairs. Hairs at apices of tibiae and first tarsal segments short and thick	…..Pemphigus sp(p).
–	R IV+V 0.13-0.175 mm long, as long as or longer than last ANT segment and bearing 4-8 accessory hairs. Hairs at apices of hind tibiae and first tarsal segments long and fine	…..Prociphilus erigeronensis
7	ANT tubercles weakly developed or undeveloped. SIPH without polygonal reticulation. Head not spiculose	…..8
–	ANT tubercles well developed. SIPH with or without polygonal reticulation (if without then cuticle of head is spiculose)	…..11
8	Cauda helmet-shaped, shorter than its basal width, with 5-8 hairs. ABD TERG 1 and 7 without marginal tubercles (MTu)	…..9
–	Cauda triangular, tongue- or finger-shaped, longer than its basal width or, if about equal in length to basal width, then with more than 10 hairs. ABD TERG 1 and 7 with MTu	…..10
9	Dorsum with an extensive black shield. SIPH dark, imbricated, 1.7-3.4 × cauda. ANT III 0.31-0.47 mm, 2.4-3.4 × HT II	…..Brachycaudus cardui
–	Dorsum without dark markings. SIPH pale, smooth-surfaced, 0.8-1.5 × cauda. ANT III 0.07-0.25 mm, 0.9-2.2 × HT II	…..Brachycaudus helichrysi
10	SIPH very short, only 0.5-0.75 × cauda. ANT PT/BASE 1.0-1.4. Longest hairs on ANT III more than 1.5 × BD III	…..Protaphis debilicornis
–	SIPH at least 0.8 × cauda. ANT PT/BASE more than 1.4. Longest hairs on ANT III often less than 1.5 × BD III	…..go to key to polyphagous aphids, starting at couplet 24
11	Dorsal hairs with fan-shaped apices	…..Pleotrichophorus ohioensis*
–	Dorsal hairs blunt or pointed	…..12
12	SIPH with subapical polygonal reticulation (at least 3-4 rows of closed cells). Inner faces of ANT tubercles, divergent, not spiculose or scabrous	…..13
–	SIPH without subapical polygonal reticulation (unless they are very markedly swollen in middle). Inner faces of antennal tubercles parallel or apically convergent, and spiculose or scabrous	…..go to key to polyphagous aphids, starting at couplet 5
13	SIPH slightly swollen on distal half, with subapical reticulated region extending less than 0.1 of length. Longest hairs on ANT III less than 0.3 × BD III	…..Illinoia masoni
–	SIPH cylindrical or tapering, with reticulated region extending more than 0.1 of length. Longest hairs on ANT III more than 0.5 × BD III	…..14
14	SIPH reticulated over about distal 0.2 of length (or less). Cauda pale with 8-18 hairs	…..15
–	SIPH usually reticulated over more than 0.2 of length but, if less, then cauda is dark and has 20 or more hairs	…..17
15	SIPH pale, sometimes darker towards apices. ANT III with 1-10 rhinaria restricted to basal part	…..Macrosiphum euphorbiae
–	SIPH dark. ANT III with more than 20 rhinaria extending over more than half of segment	…..16
16	R IV+V short, similar in length to HT II. ANT III with 20-30 small rhinaria scattered over entire length. First tarsal segments with 3 hairs	…..Macrosiphum helianthi*
–	R IV+V elongate, 1.8-2.3 × HT II. ANT III with 32-67 rather large rhinaria concentrated on basal 0.7. First tarsal segments with 5 hairs	…..Uroleucon budhium
17	Coxae dark	…..Uroleucon compositae (or gobonis)
–	Coxae pale	…..18
18	Crescent-shaped antesiphuncular sclerites present. Cauda dark	…..19
–	Antesiphuncular sclerites absent or fragmented. Cauda pale, dusky or dark	…..20
19	SIPH with reticulation extending over distal 0.2-0.25 of length. Cauda with more than 20 hairs. ANT III with 19-35 rhinaria, dark except at base	…..Uroleucon helianthicola
–	SIPH with reticulation extending over more than 0.3 of length. Cauda with 7-13 hairs. ANT III with 8-18 rhinaria, dark only on rhinariated part	…..Uroleucon illini
20	Cauda pale. ANT III with 10-46 rhinaria	…..21
–	Cauda dusky or dark, or darker towards apex. ANT III with 5-18 rhinaria	…..23
21	SIPH 2.4-3.0 × cauda, which bears only 5-10 hairs	…..Uroleucon pseudotanaceti
–	SIPH 1.1-1.8 × cauda, which bears 13-32 hairs	…..22
22	HT II rather long and thin, about 6 × its maximum thickness, and 0.9-1.1 × R IV+V	…..Uroleucon pseudambrosiae
–	HT II shorter, less than 5 × its maximum thickness and 0.7-0.95 × R IV+V	…..Uroleucon ambrosiae or U. maximilianicola
23	Cauda dusky, with 13-19 hairs. SIPH reticulated over distal 0.27-0.32 of length	…..Uroleucon sp. (California, BMNH collection)
–	Cauda dusky or dark, with 22-32 hairs. SIPH reticulated over distal 0.29-0.40 of length	…..24
24	Cauda dark, almost as dark as SIPH. R IV+V 1.0-1.2 × ANT BASE VI. Small, pale marginal tubercles (MTu) sporadically present on ABD TERG 2-4	…..Uroleucon parvotuberculatus
–	Cauda dusky, much paler than SIPH. R IV+V 0.75-0.95 × ANT BASE VI. MTu absent	…..Uroleucon obscuricaudatum

*Helichrysum*	Asteraceae
*Helichrysum amoenum* = Helichrysum nudifolium var. oxyphyllum
*H. angustifolium*	[Macrosiphoniella sp. (as absinthii)]
*H. arenarium*	Aphis craccivora, gossypii, [Aphis (Protaphis) sp. (Kadyrbekov 2003c)]; Aulacorthum solani; Brachycaudus cardui, helichrysi; Brachyunguis tigrahaudus; Macrosiphoniella helichrysi, hillerislambersi, janckei, medvedevi, nickolajevi; Myzus ascalonicus; Pleotrichophorus helichrysi; [Staticobium gmelini]; [Thripsaphis caespitosae]; Xerobion barsukense, desertorum
*H. argyrosphaerum*	Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Uroleucon compositae
*H. armenium*	Aulacorthum solani; Brachycaudus helichrysi; Macrosiphoniella nikolajevi, remaudierei; Xerobion alba
*H. aureum*	Uroleucon compositae
*H. bellidioides* = Anaphalloides bellidioides
*H. bracteatum* (incl. H. chrysanthum)	Aphis fabae, gossypii, nasturtii, spiraecola; Aulacorthum solani; Brachycaudus helichrysi; Myzus ornatus, persicae; Ovatus inulae
*H. chilense*	Brachycaudus helichrysi
*H. crispum* = Helichrysum patulum
*H. cymosum*	Aphis gossypii, spiraecola; Myzus ornatus
*H. diosmifolium* = Ozothamnus diosmifolius
*H. graveolens*	Macrosiphoniella helichrysi
*H. italicum* (incl. sspp. picardi, serotinum)	Brachycaudus helichrysi; Macrosiphoniella aetnensis, helichrysi
*H. luteoalbum*	Aphis aurantii, fabae, gossypii, spiraecola; Aulacorthum solani; Brachycaudus helichrysi; Myzus ascalonicus, ornatus, persicae; Neomyzus circumflexus; Oedisiphum compositarum, soureni; Uroleucon [ambrosiae], compositae, gobonis, sonchi
*H. maracandicum*	Macrosiphoniella nikolajevi; [Macrosiphum multipilosum]
*H. mechowianum*	Aphis gossypii, spiraecola; Aulacorthum solani; Brachycaudus helichrysi; Myzus ornatus; Sitobion autriquei; Uroleucon compositae
*H. melaleucum*	Macrosiphoniella madeirensis
*H. microphyllum* = Helichrysum parvifolium
*H. nudifolium* (var. oxyphyllum)	Macrosiphoniella helichrysi
*H. odoratissimum*	Aphis fabae, spiraecola; Macrosiphoniella helichrysi; Micromyzella eliei; Uroleucon compositae
*H. oligocephalum*	Aulacorthum solani; Macrosiphoniella helichrysi
*H. parvifolium*	Myzus persicae
*H. patulum*	Macrosiphoniella helichrysi
*H. punctatum* (?)	[Macrosiphoniella olgae]; [Macrosiphum multipilosum]
*H. saxatile*	Brachycaudus helichrysi; Macrosiphoniella helichrysi
*H. serotinum* = Helichrysum italicum ssp. serotinum
*H. setosum*	Aphis gossypii, spiraecola; Aulacorthum solani; Brachycaudus helichrysi; Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus ornatus; Sitobion autriquei, hirsutirostris; Uroleucon compositae
*H. stoechas*	Aphis craccivora, fabae; Brachycaudus helichrysi; Macrosiphoniella aetnensis, helichrysi; Protaphis pseudocardui; Rectinasus buxtoni
*H. suaveolens* (?)	Macrosiphoniella paradoxa
*H. thianschanicum*	Aulacorthum solani
*H. virgineum*	Uroleucon russellae
Helichrysum spp.	Macrosiphoniella hillerislambersi; Uroleucon cichorii, helichrysi

Key to apterae on Helichrysum:-

1	ANT 5-segmented, with ANT V BASE very long, more than 15 × longer than the short peg-like PT (Fig.31a). R IV+V extremely long, similar in length to hind femur (Fig.31b)	…..Rectinasus buxtoni
–	ANT 5- or 6-segmented, base of last segment and R IV+V relatively much shorter	…..2
2	ANT PT/BASE 0.5-1.2. SIPH very short, less than 0.07 × BL, clearly shorter than the short triangular or tongue-shaped cauda	…..3
–	ANT PT/BASE more than 1.5. SIPH at least 0.07 × BL and as long as or longer than cauda	…..7
3	R IV+V shorter than (c.0.8-0.9 ×) HT II. SIPH pale	…..Brachyunguis tigrahaudus*
–	R IV+V 1.2-1.8 × HT II. SIPH dark	…..4
4	SIPH tubular, longer than their basal width (Fig.31c)	…..Protaphis pseudocardui
–	SIPH conical, very broad-based, much shorter than their basal width (e.g. Fig.31d)	…..5
5	R IV+V 1.2-1.4 × HT II	…..Xerobion desertorum*
–	R IV+V 1.5-1.8 × HT II	…..6
6	Marginal tubercles (MTu) only on ABD TERG 1 and 7. ANT of aptera with secondary rhinaria (distributed III 0-8, IV 1-5 and V 0-1). R IV+V 1.7-1.8 × HT II	…..Xerobion alba
–	MTu present on ABD TERG 1-4 and 7. ANT of aptera without secondary rhinaria. R IV+V 1.5-1.65 × HT II	…..Xerobion barsukense*
7	SIPH with a distal zone of polygonal reticulation (at least 3-4 rows of closed cells)	…..8
–	SIPH without distal polygonal reticulation	…..22
8	SIPH reticulated over distal 0.21-0.65 of length	…..9
–	SIPH reticulated over distal 0.1-0.2 of length	…..20
9	First tarsal segments with 3 hairs. SIPH reticulated over distal 0.33-0.65 of length	…..10
–	First tarsal segments with 5 hairs. SIPH reticulated over distal 0.21-0.30 of length	…..17
10	ANT III with 45-76 rhinaria. Cauda with c.15-20 hairs	…..Macrosiphoniella nikolajevi*
–	ANT III with 3-46 rhinaria. Cauda with 4-14 hairs	…..11
11	Cauda triangular, tapering from its base to its nearly acute apex, and bearing 4-8 hairs (e.g. Fig.31e)	…..12
–	Cauda finger-like, blunt at apex, with 9-23 hairs (e.g. Fig.31f, m)	…..14
12	Dorsal body hairs very short, 0.2-0.5 × BD III, strongly blunt, rod-like or very weakly capitate (also in alate viviparae) (Fig.31i)	…..Macrosiphoniella (Ramitrichophorus) hillerislambersi
–	Dorsal body hairs more than 1.0 × BD III, relatively long, usually pointed or with bifurcate or flabellate apices	…..13
13	All dorsal body hairs long and fine-Dorsal hairs evenly thick, slightly tapering towards the apex, with bifurcate or flabellate apices; those on ABD III 1.04–3.44 × BD III, and on ANT III 0.5–1. 6 × BD III. R IV+V 0.19-0.6 mm and 1.4-1.9 × HT II	…..Macrosiphoniella (Ramitrichophorus) janckei
–	Dorsal hairs distinctly tapering towards the apex, usually pointed, if with bifurcate or flabellate apices then each of the teeth of the fork is finely pointed; those on ABD III 2.0–4.6 × BD III , and on ANT III , and on ANT III 1.1-2.1 × BD III	…..Macrosiphoniella (Ramitrichophorus) medvedevi
14	R IV+V 1.05-1.36 × HT II. SIPH reticulated on distal 0.45-0.53, and 1.23-1.89 × cauda. If there are scleroites at bases of dorsal abdominal hairs and antesiphuncular sclerites then they are weakly pigmented. Cauda only weakly constricted, tapering on distal half (Fig.31m)	…..15
–	R IV+V 1.20-1.75 × HT II. SIPH reticulated on distal 0.50-0.65, and 0.94-1.46 × cauda. Large dark scleroites present at bases of all dorsal abdominal hairs, often fused into broad bars on anterior tergites. Cauda with a very marked constriction and somewhat swollen distal half (Fig.31f)	…..16
15	Abdomen with distinct but weakly pigmented scleroites at bases of dorsal hairs, and crescent-shaped antesiphuncular sclerites. Coxae and trochanters dark, and distal two-thirds of femora entirely dark. Cauda almost as dark as SIPH	…..Macrosiphoniella aetnensis
–	Dorsal abdomen entirely pale. Coxae and trochanters weakly pigmented. Femora with distal halves mainly dark, but each with a pale subapical spot. Cauda much paler than SIPH	…..Macrosiphoniella remaudierei*
16	SIPH 1.04-1.46 × cauda. R IV+V (Fig.31h) 1.20-1.56 × HT II. ANT IV 0.97-1.29 × ANT V ((Al. with 32-68 rhinaria on ANT III and ANT PT/BASE 3.0-4.0)	…..Macrosiphoniella helichrysi
–	SIPH 0.94-1.15 × cauda. R IV+V 1.43-1.75 × HT II. ANT IV 1.22-1.45 × ANT V ((Al. with 60-82 rhinaria on ANT III and ANT PT/BASE 3.8-4.7)	…..Macrosiphoniella madeirensis*
17	R IV+V 1.8-2.3 × HT II. Coxae pale	…..Uroleucon russellae
–	R IV+V 1.1-1.6 × HT II. Coxae dark	…..18
18	SIPH 1.2-1.6 × cauda, which is pale. Antesiphuncular sclerites present	…..Uroleucon cichorii
–	SIPH 1.5-2.1 × cauda, which is dark. Antesiphuncular sclerites absent	…..19
19	SIPH 1.8-2.1× cauda, which has 11-20 hairs	…..Uroleucon compositae (or gobonis)
–	SIPH 1.5-1.7× cauda, which has 20-28 hairs	…..Uroleucon helichrysi
20	SIPH pale, or only dusky towards apices, 1.7-2.2 × cauda. R IV+V 0.8-1.0 × HT II	…..Macrosiphum euphorbiae
–	SIPH dark, 1.5-1.8 × cauda. R IV+V 1.0-1.3 × HT II	…..21
21	Dorsum with extensive dark sclerotisation, continuous over ABD TERG 1-6. R IV+V with 5-7 accessory hairs. ANT III with 1-7 small rhinaria	…..Sitobion autriquei
–	Dorsum without dark sclerotisation. R IV+V with 11-12 accessory hairs. ANT III with 5-29 rhinaria	…..Sitobion hirsutirostris
22	R IV+V with a pair of very long accessory hairs near base, at least 4-5 × longer than primary hairs (Fig.31l). Dorsal hairs very numerous, with fan-shaped apices (Fig.31n)	…..Pleotrichophorus helichrysi
–	R IV+V with accessory hairs of normal length. Dorsal hairs with blunt or pointed apices	…..23
23	Cauda helmet-shaped, slightly constricted near base, shorter than or not clearly longer than its basal width, and bearing 4-6 hairs	…..24
–	Cauda bluntly conical, tongue- or finger-shaped, either distinctly longer than its basal width or bearing more than 10 hairs	…..27
24	Spiracular apertures large and rounded. RIV+V 1.1-2.0 × HT II	…..25
–	Spiracular apertures small and reniform. R IV+V more than 2 × HT II	…..26
25	Dorsum with an extensive black shield. SIPH dark, imbricated, 1.7-3.4 × cauda. ANT III 0.31-0.47 mm, 2.4-3.4 × HT II	…..Brachycaudus cardui
–	Dorsum without dark markings. SIPH pale, smooth-surfaced, 0.8-1.5 × cauda. ANT III 0.07-0.25 mm, 0.9-2.2 × HT II	…..Brachycaudus helichrysi
26	Longest hairs on ANT III 12-15 μm, shorter than ANT BD III, and longest hairs on ABD TERG 3 15-36 μm, less than 2 × ANT BD III	…..Oedisiphum compositarum
–	Longest hairs on ANT III 18-21 μm, as long as or longer than ANT BD III, and longest hairs on ABD TERG 3 50-60 μm, more than 2 × ANT BD III	…..Oedisphum soureni
27	ANT III (apt.) with 13-22 secondary rhinaria, IV with 13-22 and V with 3-11. Dorsum with a solid black shield. SIPH long, black and clavate, contrasting with pale cauda	…..Micromyzella eliei
–	ANT III with 0-4 secondary rhinaria, IV and V with none. Other characters also do not apply	…..28
28	R IV+V 2.3-3.0 × HT II, and bearing 17-26 accessory hairs. Head smooth, except for a well-developed rather scabrous median frontal tubercle, and divergent ANT tubercles, each bearing a rounded, scabrous process	…..Ovatus inulae
–	R IV+V less than 1.6 × HT II, and bearing less than 15 accessory hairs. Head either smooth with ANT tubercles undeveloped or weakly developed, or spiculose with ANT tubercles well developed	…..go to key to polyphagous aphids

*Helicia*	Proteaceae
*Helicia attenuata*	Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii
*H. hainanensis*	Mollitrichosiphum rhusae

–	SIPH densely clothed in long hairs	….. Mollitrichosiphum rhusae
–	SIPH without hairs	….. Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii (or try key to polyphagous aphids)

Heliconia

Heliconiaceae

One aphid species, Pentalonia caladii, has been recorded from the following Heliconia spp.; aurantiaca, bahai, caribaea, latispatha, metallica, stricta. (It is possible that some of these records should be applied to P. nigronervosa; see Footit et al. 2010 and couplet 6 of key to apterae on Hedychium.)

*Helicteres*	Malvaceae
*Helicteres isora*	Aphis aurantii, gossypii
Helicteres sp.	[Hyalomyzus raoi]

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

*Helictotrichon* (including Avenastrum, Avenula)	Poaceae
*Helictotrichon desertorum*	Metopolophium dirhodum; Sitobion fragariae
*H. hookeri*	Tetraneura nigriabdominalis ssp. shanxiensis
*H. pratense*	Geoica utricularia group; Sipha elegans
*H. pubescens*	Anoecia corni; Atheroides serrulatus; Forda marginata; Rhopalosiphum padi; Sipha elegans; Sitobion avenae, miscanthi; Tetraneura ulmi
*H. schellianum* = H. hookeri
*H. versicolor*	Sitobion avenae

Use key to apterae of grass-feeding aphids under Digitaria.

Heliocereus see Disocactus

Cactaceae

*Heliomeris*	Asteraceae
*Heliomeris multiflora*	Uroleucon ambrosiae

*Heliophila*	Brassicaceae
*Heliophila amplexicaulis*	Brevicoryne brassicae
*H. crithmifolia*	Brevicoryne brassicae
*H. dessecta*	Brevicoryne brassicae

*Heliopsis*	Asteraceae
*Heliopsis helianthoides*	Aphis nerii; Uroleucon [leonardi], obscuricaudatum
*H. laevis* = Bidens laevis
*H. scabra* = Heliopsis helianthoides var. scabra

Key to apterae on Heliopsis:-

–	SIPH black with distal polygonal reticulation extending 0.33-0.40 of length. Cauda dusky with 22-32 hairs. ANT and tibiae wholly dark, ANT III bearing 5-14 rhinaria	….. Uroleucon obscuricaudatum
–	Without this combination of characters	…..go to key to polyphagous aphids

*Heliotropium*	Boraginaceae
*Heliotropium angiospermum*	Aphis gossypii
*H. arborescens*	Aphis gossypii; Myzus persicae; Neomyzus circumflexus; Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Smynthurodes betae
*H. bacciferum*	Myzus persicae
*H. europaeum*	Aphis craccivora, fabae, gossypii; Aulacorthum solani; Myzus persicae; Neomyzus circumflexus; Smynthurodes betae
*H. indicum*	Aphis craccivora, gossypii, spiraecola; Brachycaudus helichrysi
*H. laevis* (?)	Neomyzus circumflexus
*H. lasiocarpum*	Aphis gossypii; Smynthurodes betae
*H. peruvianum* = Heliotropium arborescens
*H. procumbens*	Macrosiphum euphorbiae
Heliotropium sp.	[Acyrthosiphon kondoi, pisum]; Brachycaudus cardui; Myzus ornatus

Key to apterae on Heliotropium:-

–	Dorsum with an extensive solid black shield. Cauda helmet-shaped, shorter than its basal width. R IV+V 1.5-2.0 × HT II	….. Brachycaudus cardui
–	Dorsum pale, or with a U-shaped patch, or if with an extensive solid black shield then cauda is tongue-shaped, much longer than its basal width, and R IV+V is 0.9-1.2 × HT II	…..go to key to polyphagous aphids

*Helipterum*	Asteraceae
*Helipterum rosea*	Aphis fabae, spiraephaga; Brachycaudus helichrysi; Macrosiphum euphorbiae, [stellariae]; Pemphigus mordvilkoi
*H. stricta*	Aphis fabae
Helipterum sp.	Myzus antirrhinii

Key to apterae on Helipterum:-

1	SIPH black, 0.7-1.6 × the equally black cauda which bears 7-27 hairs	…..2
–	Without this combination of characters	…..go to key to polyphagous aphids, (but note that specimens running to Myzus persicae may be M. antirrhinii)
2	R IV+V 0.65-092 × HT II. SIPH 0/7-1.1 × cauda. Longest hair on ANT III 0.5-0.9 × basal diameter of segment	….. Aphis spiraephaga
–	R IV+V 0.9-1.1 × HT II. SIPH 0.7-1.8 × cauda. Longest hair on ANT III 0.8-2.2 × basal diameter of segment	….. Aphis fabae

*Helleborus*	Ranunculaceae
*Helleborus foetidus*	Aphis fabae; [Brachycaudus cardui]; Macrosiphum [euphorbiae], hellebori
*H. kochii*	Macrosiphum hellebori
*H. lividus* (incl. ssp. corsicus)	Macrosiphum hellebori; Rhopalosiphoninus staphyleae
*H. niger*	Macrosiphum hellebori; Myzus persicae; Rhopalosiphoninus staphyleae
*H. odorus*	Macrosiphum hellebori
*H. orientalis*	Macrosiphum hellebori; Rhopalosiphoninus staphyleae
*H. purpurascens*	Macrosiphum hellebori
*H. viridis*	Macrosiphum hellebori
Helleborus sp.	[Aphis sp. (Leonard 1974)]

Key to apterae on Helleborus:-

–	SIPH 1.9-2.6 × cauda, with subapical polygonal reticulation. Apices of femora and reticulated section of SIPH are dark. ANT PT/ BASE 4.6-7.9	….. Macrosiphum hellebori
–	SIPH without subapical polygonal reticulation and/or other characters do not all apply	…..go to key to polyphagous aphids

*Helminthotheca* see Picris	Asteraceae
**H. comosa ssp. lusitanica** see Picris spinifera

*Hemerocallis*	Hemerocallidaceae
*Hemerocallis alba* = Hosta plantaginea
*H. aurantiaca* = Hemerocallis fulva var. aurantiaca
*H. citrina*	[Aphis sp. (China, as elongata; Zhang 1999)]; Indomegoura indica; Myzus hemerocallis
*H. disticha* = Hemerocallis fulva var. angustifolia
*H. dumortieri*	Indomegoura indica; Myzus hemerocallis
*H. esculenta*	Indomegoura indica
*H. flava* L. = Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus
*H. fulva* (incl. vars aurantiaca, angustifolia)	Indomegoura indica; Myzus hemerocallis; Rhopalosiphoninus staphyleae
*H. kwanso* = Hemerocallis fulva
*H. lilioasphodelus*	Indomegoura indica; Myzus hemerocallis; Rhopalosiphoninus staphyleae
*H. littorea*	Indomegoura indica
*H. middendorffii*	Indomegoura indica; Rhopalosiphoninus staphyleae
*H. minor*	Myzus hemerocallis
Hemerocallis sp.	Myzus persicae

Key to apterae on Hemerocallis:-

(See Blackman & Eastop, 2000, Fig. 40, for illustrations of siphunculi of Hemerocallis-feeding aphids.)

1	SIPH markedly swollen on distal 0.7, with maximum diameter of swollen part 1.5-2.0 × minimum diameter of basal narrow part. Dorsal abdomen with dark spinal paired patches or interrupted cross bands on all tergites	…..Rhopalosiphoninus staphyleae
–	SIPH not or only moderately swollen distally. Dorsal abdomen without dark markings	…..2
2	Head, ANT, legs and SIPH all dark. SIPH thick, swollen or cylindrical over most of length, narrowing distally, with subapical polygonal reticulation	…..Indomegoura indica
–	Head, ANT, legs and SIPH mainly pale. SIPH thin, without polygonal reticulation	…..3
3	SIPH tapering or cylindrical on distal half, more than 2.5 × cauda, with coarse imbrication. (Al. without a black dorsal abdominal patch)	…..Myzus hemerocallis
–	SIPH slightly to moderately swollen on distal half, less than 2.5 × cauda, with normal imbrication. (Al. with a black dorsal abdominal patch)	…..Myzus persicae

*Hemichaena*	Phrymaceae
*Hemichaena fruticosa*	Brachycaudus helichrysi

Hemidioidia see Diodia

Rubiaceae

*Hemigraphis*	Acanthaceae
*Hemigraphis indicus* (?)	Myzus persicae

*Hemiptelea*	Ulmaceae
*Hemiptelea davidii* Simu	[Myzus dycei]; Pseudochromaphis coreana; Tinocallis takachihoensis

Key to species on Hemiptelea:-

–	Forewing membrane extensively mottled with dark pigment (fig. 51A, as Tinocallis coreanus). Head and prothorax pigmented dorsally with a pale spinal stripe and large pale areas around the hair bases. Dorsal abdomen without finger-like tubercles but with dark markings. ANT PT/BASE less than 0.5. ANT III with about 6-8 widely-spaced oval secondary rhinaria	….. Pseudochromaphis coreana
–	Forewing membrane with fuscous bordering distal branches of media and patches at ends of Cu_1a and Cu_1b (fig. 51B). Head and prothorax rather uniformly dark. Dorsal abdomen pale, with finger-like spinal tubercles on ABD TERG 1 and 2. ANT PT/BASE about 1 or more. ANT III with 14-18 secondary rhinaria	….. Tinocallis takachihoensis

*Hemistepta*	Asteraceae
*Hemistepta lyrata*	Aphis craccivora; Aulacorthum solani; Capitophorus elaeagni; Uroleucon [cepalonopli], formosanum, [giganteum], gobonis; [Tetraneura triangula]

Use key to apterae on Saussurea.

*Hemizonella*	Asteraceae
*Hemizonella minima*	Hyperomyzus nigricornis

*Hemizonia*	Asteraceae
*Hemizonia fasciculata*	Macrosiphum euphorbiae

*Heptapleurum* see Schefflera	Araliaceae
*Heptapleurum octophyllum* = Schefflera heptaphylla

*Heracleum*	Apiaceae
*Heracleum antasiaticum* (?)	Cavariella pastinacae
*H. asperum* M. Bieb.	Aphis fabae; Cavariella pastinacae
*H. austriacum*	Aphis fabae; Aulacorthum solani; Cavariella theobaldi; Dysaphis newskyi
*H. barbatum*	Semiaphis heraclei
*H. candicans*	[Cavariella biswasi]
*H. canescens*	Hyadaphis foeniculi
*H. chorodanum*	Anuraphis subterranea; Dysaphis lauberti
*H. dissectum*	Anuraphis subterranea; Aphis fabae; Avicennina almatina; Cavariella archangelicae, pastinacae, theobaldi; Dysaphis lauberti, newskyi; Paramyzus heraclei
*H. dulce*	Cavariella konoi, sapporoensis
*H. laciniatum*	Aphis fabae; Cavariella pastinacae, theobaldi; Hyadaphis passerinii; Macrosiphum gei
*H. lanatum*	Anuraphis subterranea; Aphis asclepiadis, decepta, fabae, [heraclicola], spiraecola; Cavariella aegopodii, heraclei, [kamtshatica], konoi, nipponica, pastinacae, theobaldi; Hyadaphis foeniculi; Myzus ornatus; Paramyzus heraclei
**H. lanatum ssp. asiaticum** = H. lanatum
*H. lehmannianum*	Anuraphis subterranea; Cavariella theobaldi; Dysaphis crataegi ssp. heraclei, sp. nr lauberti
*H. leskovii*	Anuraphis subterranea; Dysaphis lauberti
*H. mantegazzianum*	Anuraphis subterranea; Aphis fabae; Cavariella aegopodii, pastinacae, theobaldi; Dysaphis lauberti; Paramyzus heraclei
*H. maximum*	Aphis decepta; Paramyzus heraclei; Semiaphis heraclei
*H. moellendorffii*	Aphis fabae; Cavariella angelicae, heraclei, japonica, konoi, nipponica, sapporoensis; Paramyzus heraclei; Semiaphis heraclei
*H. palmatum*	Cavariella pastinacae, theobaldi
*H. pastinacifolium*	Dysaphis crataegi ssp. heraclei
*H. persicum*	Aphis fabae; Cavariella pastinacae, theobaldi; Dysaphis lauberti; Hyadaphis foeniculi; Macrosiphum euphorbiae, gei; Paramyzus heraclei
*H. pubescens*	Dysaphis lauberti; Macrosiphum euphorbiae, gei
*H. pyrenaicum*	Anuraphis subterranea; Cavariella theobaldi
*H. sibiricum*	Anuraphis subterranea; Aphis brohmeri, fabae, grosmannae; Cavariella [cicutae], pastinacae, theobaldi; Dysaphis lauberti, newskyi, newskyi ssp. aizenbergi; Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus persicae; Paramyzus heraclei; Semiaphis [anthrisci], sphondylii
*H. sosnowskyi*	Aphis fabae; Cavariella aegopodii
*H. sphondylium* (incl. ssp. sibiricum)	Anuraphis subterranea; Aphis asclepiadis, brohmeri, fabae, [grosmannae] ; Aulacorthum solani; Cavariella aegopodii, archangelicae, pastinacae, theobaldi; Dysaphis crataegi, lauberti, newskyi; Hyadaphis foeniculi; Macrosiphum euphorbiae, gei; Myzus ascalonicus, ornatus, persicae; Paramyzus heraclei; Semiaphis heraclei, sphondylii
*H. stevenii*	Aphis fabae; Cavariella theobaldi
*H. transiliense* = Semenovia transiliensis
*H. villosum*	Aphis fabae; Cavariella aegopodii, pastinacae, theobaldi; [Pilobtusaphis dsengei Rusanova 1942 (nomen nudum)]
Heracleum sp.	[Brachycaudus umbelliferarum]; [Cavariella kamtshatica]; Macrosiphum pallidum

Key to apterae on Heracleum:-

1	ABD TERG 8 with a posteriorly projecting process above cauda; in some species this is reduced to a small, warty, knob in the centre of ABD TERG 8, with 2 associated hairs (Figs.10f-i)	…..Cavariella spp.; use couplets 2-14 of key to apterae on Angelica
–	No supracaudal process, nor are there 2 hairs on ABD TERG 8 close together and associated with a warty knob	…..2
2	SIPH very small, much shorter and thinner than cauda	…..3
–	SIPH as thick and/or as long as, or longer than, cauda	…..4
3	Cauda triangular in dorsal view. SIPH about twice (1.8-2.2) times as long as their diameter at midlength (Fig.10j)	…..Semiaphis sphondylii
–	Cauda tongue shaped, with rounded apex. SIPH 1.0-1.8 × their diameter at midlength (Fig.10k)	…..Semiaphis heraclei
4	Cauda helmet-shaped, not longer than its basal width in dorsal view. Head and ABD TERG 8 or 7-8 usually with spinal tubercles (STu)	…..5
–	Cauda tongue- or finger-shaped, longer than its basal width. Head without, and ABD TERG 7-8 usually without, STu	….9
5	SIPH with close-set rows of fine spinules. Cauda with 11-12 hairs	…..Anuraphis subterranea
–	SIPH with normal imbrication. Cauda with 4-8 hairs	…..6
6	Hairs on ABD TERG 2-3 acute, fine-pointed, maximally 27-65 μm long	…..Dysaphis lauberti
–	Hairs on ABD TERG 2-3 blunt, maximally 5-20 μm long	…..7
7	Hairs on ANT III fine-pointed, maximally 29-56 μm long, 1.2-2.0 × BD III	…..Dysaphis newskyi
–	Hairs on ANT III blunt, maximally 3-18 μm long, 0.3-0.8 × BD III	…..8
8	Hairs on ANT III and ABD TERG 2-3 maximally only 3-10 μm long, 0.3-0.5 × BD III. Well-developed marginal tubercles (MTu) present on ABD TERG 1-7. All apt. with secondary rhinaria on ANT III, and sometimes on ANT IV	…..Dysaphis newskyi ssp. aizenbergi
–	Hairs on ANT III and ABD TERG 2-3 maximally 7-19 μm long, 0.5-0.9 × BD III. MTu present on ABD TERG 1-5, usually absent from ABD TERG 7. Apt. usually without secondary rhinaria	…..Dysaphis crataegi group
9	ANT tubercles undeveloped or weakly developed, not or hardly projecting beyond middle of front of head in dorsal view. SIPH and cauda dark	…..10
–	ANT tubercles well-developed. SIPH at least basally pale, cauda pale	…..17
10	SIPH swollen on distal 0.7, and 0.85-1.4 × cauda. ABD TERG 1 and 7 without (but 5 usually with) marginal tubercles (MTu)	…..11
–	SIPH tapering or cylindrical, 0.8-2.2 × cauda. ABD TERG 1 and 7 always with MTu	…..12
11	Prosternal sclerite 1.36-2.6 × wider than long, often convex posteriorly. SIPH 1.05-1.4 × cauda. (Al. often with sec. rhinaria on ANT V)	…..Hyadaphis foeniculi
–	Prosternal sclerite 2.2-3.6 × wider than long, with posterior margin often straight. SIPH 0.85-1.2 × cauda. (Al. rarely with sec. rhinaria on ANT V)	…..Hyadaphis passerinii
12	ANT III 0.9-1.23 × cauda. ABD TERG 8 with 2 hairs, and usually no dark cross-band. Cauda usually with a distinct midlength constriction, and bearing 7-15 (mostly 8-12) hairs	…..Aphis spiraecola
–	ANT III 1.25-2.8 × cauda. ABD TERG 8 with (2-)3-11 hairs, usually on or just posterior to a dark cross-band. Cauda usually without a constriction, and bearing 10-31 hairs	…..13
13	R IV+V 1.1-1.4 × HT II. MTu on ABD TERG 1 and 7 only. Anterior half of subgenital plate with 2(-3) hairs. (ANT III of al. with 35-67 rather tuberculate rhinaria)	…..Aphis decepta
–	R IV+V 0.8-1.4 × HT II, but if more than 1.1 × HT II then there are at least some MTu on ABD TERG 2-4. Anterior half of subgenital plate with 2-14 hairs. (ANT III of al. with 7-40 rhinaria)	…..14
14	HT I with 3 hairs (sense peg present). ANT III 1.05-1.95 × PT, (1.6-)2.0-4.0 (-5.0) × R IV+V, and 1.5-2.5 (-2.8) × cauda. SIPH 1.5-2.9 × cauda. (Al. with 14-40 rhinaria on ANT III)	…..Aphis asclepiadis
–	HT I with 2 hairs (no sense peg). ANT III 0.65-1.3 × PT, 1.2-2.6 (-3.0) × R IV+V and 1.2-1.6 (-1.9) × cauda. SIPH 0.7-1.6 × cauda. ABD TERG 8 with 2-5(-7) hairs. (Al. with 6-23 rhinaria on ANT III)	…..15
15	ABD TERG 2-6 bearing a total of 0-3 small MTu	…..Aphis fabae
–	ABD TERG 2-6 bearing a total of 5-9 often rather large MTu	…..16
16	Longest hairs on ANT III 1.7-2.1 × BD III. Cauda with 20-31 hairs	…..Aphis brohmeri
–	Longest hairs on ANT III 0.3-0.6 × BD III. Cauda with 12-15 hairs	…..Aphis grosmannae
17	SIPH with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation. Cuticle of head smooth	…..18
–	SIPH without polygonal reticulation. Cuticle of head smooth or spiculose	…..20
18	Front of head dusky to dark. SIPH dark, or pale only at bases. ABD TERG (1-) 2-4 (-6) with evident marginal tubercles (MTu)	…..Macrosiphum pallidum
–	Front of head pale, SIPH pale or dark only towards apices. ABD TERG 1-6 usually without MTu, occasionally with very small MTu on some of ABD TERG 2-4	…..19
19	Longest hair on ABD TERG 8 is 38-63 μm, 0.6-1.4 × ANT BD III. Anterior half of subgenital plate usually (77%) with only 2 hairs (18% with 3, 5% with 4-6 hairs). SIPH pale or dusky at apices	…..Macrosiphum euphorbiae
–	Longest hair on ABD TERG 8 is 66-106 μm, 1.4-2.0 × ANT BD III. Anterior half of subgenital plate with 2-11 hairs, usually (77%) with 4-8 hairs. SIPH dark at apices	…..Macrosiphum gei
20	BL 3.7-5.6 mm. Head with inner faces of ANT tubercles smooth and divergent. ANT III with 16-35 secondary rhinaria. Cauda with 20-28 hairs	….Avicennina almatina
–	BL 1.0-2.3 mm. Head with inner faces of antennal tubercles gibbous and spiculose. ANT III without secondary rhinaria. Cauda with 4-8 hairs	…..21
21	SIPH coarsely imbricated, tapering, with a slight S-curve. Dorsal abdomen with an intersegmental pattern of dark spots. ANT PT/BASE 1.7-2.8	…..Myzus ornatus
–	Siph moderately or weakly imbricated, and slightly to moderately swollen on distal half. Dorsal abdomen without any dark markings. ANT PT/BASE 2.8-6.1	…..22
22	ANT III with 4-15 rhinaria on basal half. ANT PT/BASE 5.0-6.1	…..Paramyzus heraclei
–	ANT III without rhinaria. ANT PT/BASE 2.8-4.5	…..23
23	SIPH less than 0.75 × ANT III, almost smooth-surfaced, with minimum width on basal half less than midlength diameter of hind tibia. Inner faces of ANT tubercles approximately parallel-sided	…..Myzus ascalonicus
–	SIPH more than 0.75 × ANT III, moderately imbricated, with minimum width of basal half greater than midlength width of hind tibia. Inner faces of ANT tubercles apically convergent	…..Myzus persicae

*Herderia*	Asteraceae
*Herderia* sp.	Sitobion sp. (van Harten 1972a)

*Hernandia*	Hernandiaceae
*Hernandia sonora*	Aphis gossypii

*Herniaria*	Caryophyllaceae
*Herniaria besseri* = H. incana
*H. incana*	Aphis herniariae

Herpetica see Cassia

Fabaceae

*Hertia*	Asteraceae
*Hertia cheirifolia*	Macrosiphum euphorbiae

*Hesperantha*	Iridaceae
*Hesperantha coccinea*	Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Neomyzus circumflexus

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

*Hesperis*	Brassicaceae
*Hesperis matronalis*	Aphis gossypii; Brevicoryne brassicae; [Dysaphis pavlovskyana]; Lipaphis erysimi; Myzus ascalonicus, persicae; Rhopalosiphoninus staphyleae (ssp. tulipaellus)

Key to apterae on Hesperis:-

1	SIPH weakly to markedly clavate (i.e. swollen on distal half, narrower on basal half)	…..2
–	SIPH not clavate (i.e. not thinner on basal half than on distal half)	…..4
2	Dorsum with dark markings. ANT III with 0-7 small rhinaria near base	…..Rhopalosiphoninus staphyleae
–	Dorsum without dark markings. ANT III without rhinaria	…..3
3	SIPH 0.82-1.34 × ANT III. SIPH with a narrow basal stem, its narrowest part thinner than, or as thin as, hind tibia at midlength. R IV+V (1.3-)1.4-1.6 × HT II, with 7-15 accessory hairs	…..Myzus ascalonicus
–	SIPH 0.54-0.81 × ANT III. Narrowest part of SIPH not narrower than hind tibia at midlength. R IV+V 0.9-1.0 (-1.2) × HT II, with 2-7 hairs	…..Myzus persicae
4	ANT III 2.2-3.7 × SIPH. SIPH short and thick, 0.8-1.0 × cauda, which is broad and triangular. Dorsal abdomen with paired dark sclerites anterior to SIPH	…..Brevicoryne brassicae
–	ANT III 0.9-1.8 × SIPH. SIPH 1.3-2.5 × cauda, which is tongue-shaped. Dorsal abdomen without dark sclerites anterior to SIPH	…..5
5	ABD TERG 1 and 7 with marginal tubercles. SIPH tapering from base to flange, without any trace of swelling distally, and darker than cauda	…..Aphis gossypii
–	ABD TERG 1 and 7 without marginal tubercles. SIPH cylindrical or slightly swollen on distal half, with similar pigmentation to cauda	…..Lipaphis erysimi

*Heteranthera*	Pontederiaceae
*Heterantha limosa*	Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae

*Heterocaryum*	Boraginaceae
*Heterocaryum rigidum* = H. szovitsianum
*H. szovitsianum*	Aphis craccivora
*Heterocaryum* sp.	Brachycaudus helichrysi

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

*Heteromeles* see Photinia	Rosaceae
*Heteromeles salicifolia* see Photinia arbutifolia

*Heteromorpha*	Apiaceae
*Heteromorpha trifoliata*	Aphis spiraecola; Myzus persicae

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

*Heteropanax*	Araliaceae
*Heteropanax fragrans*	[Aiceona titabarensis]

(Try key to aphids on Aralia.)

*Heteropappus*	Asteraceae
*Heteropappus altaicus*	Macrosiphoniella (Asterobium) aktaschica

*Heteropogon*	Poaceae
*Heteropogon contortus*	Forda hirsuta; Sitobion graminis, miscanthi

(or use key to apterae of grass-feeding aphids under Digitaria)

*Heteropyxis*	Myrtaceae
*Heteropyxis natalensis*	Aphis gossypii

*Heterosmilax*	Smilacaceae
*Heterosmilax gaudichaudiana*	Sitobion smilacifoliae

*Heterotheca*	Asteraceae
*Heterotheca grandiflora*	Uroleucon erigeronense
*H. inuloides*	Uroleucon heterothecae, paucosensoriatum, [penderum]
*H. subaxillaris*	Uroleucon ambrosiae
*H. villosa*	Brachycaudus helichrysi; [Illinoia grindeliae]; Pleotrichophorus villosae; Uroleucon carberriense

Key to apterae on Heterotheca:-

1	Dorsal body densely clothed in fan-shaped hairs. SIPH pale, about as long as cauda, without any polygonal reticulation	…..Pleotrichophorus villosae
–	Dorsal body hairs not fan-shaped. SIPH pale or dark, longer than cauda, with or without a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation	…..2
2	ANT tubercles undeveloped. Spiracular apertures large and rounded. SIPH pale, truncate, without polygonal reticulation. Cauda, helmet-shaped, not longer than its basal width, with 4-6 hairs	…..Brachycaudus helichrysi
–	ANT tubercles well developed. Spiracular apertures reniform. SIPH dark at least apically, with a distal zone of polygonal reticulation. Cauda finger-shaped with 6-27 hairs	…..2
3	SIPH wholly dark	…..4
–	SIPH pale at least at base	…..5
4	Tibiae entirely dark. ANT III with 4-16 rhinaria	.….Uroleucon paucosensoriatum
–	Tibiae with paler section on basal half. ANT III with 8-35 rhinaria	…..Uroleucon ambrosiae
5	ABD TERG 2-5 with conical marginal tubercles (MTu)	…..Uroleucon heterothecae*
–	ABD TERG 2-5 without MTu	…..6
6	SIPH dark on at least distal half, pale basally, less than 0.4 × BL. Distal parts of femora and most of tibiae dark. Cauda with some apical hairs short, and often blunt or capitate	…..Uroleucon erigeronense
–	SIPH dark only at apices, and more than 0.4 × BL. Femora and tibiae pale except at apices. Cauda with all hairs of similar length	…..Uroleucon carberriense

*Heterotrichum*	Melastomataceae
*Heterotrichum* sp.	Aphis aurantii, spiraecola; Neomyzus circumflexus

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

*Heuchera*	Saxifragaceae
*Heuchera americana*	Aphis spiraecola; Nasonovia heucherae, [tiarellae]
*H. glabra*	Nasonovia cynosbati
*H. hartwegii*	Nasonovia davidsoni, heucherae
*H. hirsuticaulis*	Nasonovia heucherae
*H. hispida*	Nasonovia heucherae
*H. longiflora*	Nasonovia heucherae
*H. micrantha* (incl. var. diversifolia)	Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Nasonovia davidsoni, heucherae
*H. richardsonii*	Nasonovia borealis
*H. rubescens*	Nasonovia cynosbati
*H. sanguinea*	[Aphis sp. (Leonard 1973, 17)]
*H. villosa*	Nasonovia smithi

Key to apterae on Heuchera:-

	(Note: apterae of Nasonovia tiarellae are unknown.)
1	Thoracic spiracular apertures much larger than abdominal ones. ANT III with 1-44 secondary rhinaria, and secondary rhinaria also often on ANT IV, or IV and V. Hairs on ABD TERG 3 usually longer than ANT BD III, and with expanded apices. R IV+V 1.4-2.2 × HT II. Cauda pale, finger- or tongue-shaped, with 4-7 (usually 5) hairs	…..2
–	Thoracic spiracular apertures similar in size to abdominal ones. ANT III with 0-10 secondary rhinaria, none on IV or V. Hairs on ABD TERG 3 usually shorter than ANT BD III. R IV+V usually less than 1.4 × HT II. Cauda if pale and tongue- or finger-shaped then usually with more than 5 hairs	.….go to key to polyphagous aphids
2	Dorsal abdomen pale or with indistinct sclerotisation	…..3
–	Dorsal abdomen with dark marginal sclerites and/or dark spino-pleural sclerites, or cross-bars, or a patch or shield	…..4
3	SIPH 1.2-2.3 × cauda, and 0.14-0.20 × BL. ANT PT/BASE 4.5-9.7. Secondary rhinaria distributed ANT III 1-44, IV 0-15, V 0-4	…..Nasonovia cynosbati
–	SIPH 1.0-1.2 × cauda, and 0.11-0.14 × BL. ANT PT/BASE 4.1-5.6. Secondary rhinaria distributed ANT III 24-54, IV 0-26, V 0-13	…..Nasonovia borealis
4	Longest hair on ANT III 0.4-0.8 × BDIII. Secondary rhinaria distributed ANT III 7-21, IV 0-9, V 0-1	…..Nasonovia smithi
–	Longest hair on ANT III 0.8-1.3 × BD III. Secondary rhinaria distributed ANT III 26-37, IV 10-15, V 0-7	…..5
5	Dorsal abdomen usually with dark marginal sclerites and spino-pleural sclerites or cross-bars, seldom with a larger more solid pigmented area. R IV+V with 7-11 accessory hairs (usually 8-10). ANT PT/BASE 4.8-6.9	…..Nasonovia heucherae
–	Dorsal abdomen with a solid black shield. R IV+V with 10-13 accessory hairs. ANT PT/BASE about 6.5-7.8	…..Nasonovia davidsoni

*Hexachlamys*	Myrtaceae
*Hexachlamys edulis*	Aphis gossypii

*Hibbertia*	Dilleniaceae
*Hibbertia obcuneata*	Myzus ornatus
*H. pancheri*	Aphis gossypii
*H. scandens*	Myzus persicae

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

*Hibiscus* (including Bamia)	Malvaceae
*Hibiscus abelmoschus* = Abelmoschus moschatus
*H. acetosella*	Aphis gossypii
*H. arnottianus*	Aphis gossypii
*H. asper*	Aphis gossypii
*H. boryanus* = H. rosa-sinensis
*H. calyphyllus*	Aulacorthum solani
*H. cannabinus*	Aphis craccivora, gossypii, umbrella
*H. coccineus* = Malvaviscus arboreus
*H. eetveldeanus* = H. acetosella
*H. esculentus* = Abelmoschus esculentus
*H. furcellatus*	Aphis gossypii
*H. hamabo*	Aphis gossypii
*H. liliflorus*	Aphis gossypii
*H. ludwigii*	Aphis gossypii
*H. manihot* = Abelmoschus manihot
*H. moschatus* = Abelmoschus manihot
**H. moscheutos ssp. palustris**	Aphis craccivora
*H. mutabilis*	Aphis eugeniae, gossypii; [Macrosiphum sp.; Leonard 1972a]; Myzus ornatus, persicae
*H. palustris* = H. moscheutos ssp. palustris
*H. panduriformis*	Aphis gossypii
*H. pedunculatus* = Pavonia candida
*H. rosa-sinensis*	Aphis aurantii, coreopsidis, craccivora, eugeniae, fabae, gossypii, nasturtii, odinae, spiraecola, umbrella; Aulacorthum solani; [Brachycaudus cardui]; [Eutrichosiphum pseudopasaniae]; Myzus ascalonicus, ornatus, persicae; [Nasonovia ribisnigri]; Neomyzus circumflexus; Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominale; [Schoutedenia ralumensis]; [Sitobion rosaeiformis]
*H. schizopetalus*	Aphis gossypii
*H. sabdariffa*	Aphis gossypii, spiraecola; Myzus persicae; Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominale
*H. squamosus*	Aphis gossypii
*H. sterculiifolius*	Aphis gossypii
*H. surattensis*	Aphis gossypii
*H. syriacus*	Aphis [albella], craccivora, fabae, gossypii, spiraecola, [Aphis sp. (Davletshina 1964)]; Myzus persicae; [Nasonovia ribisnigri]; Pseudomegoura magnoliae
*H. tiliaceus*	Aphis aurantii, craccivora, gossypii
*H. trionum*	Aphis [albella], craccivora, gossypii, umbrella; Aulacorthum solani
Hibiscus spp.	Acyrthosiphon gossypii, malvae; Aphis althaeae, solanella; Macrosiphum euphorbiae, [pechumani]

Key to apterae on Hibiscus:-

1	ANT tubercles well developed. ABD TERG 1 and 7 without marginal tubercles	…..2
–	ANT tubercles weakly developed. ABD TERG 1 and 7 with marginal tubercles	…..3
2	SIPH pale, very long and attenuated distally, thinner than hind tibiae at their respective midlengths, 0.33-0.45 × BL and 2.5-3.5 × cauda	…..Acyrthosiphon gossypii
–	SIPH pale or dark, thicker and relatively shorter	…..go to key to polyphagous aphids
3	SIPH pale, or only dusky near apices	…..4
–	SIPH dark	…..6
4	ANT 5-segmented. R IV+V very long, narrow and pointed, 4-5 × its basal width and 1.6-2.1 × HT II. Hairs on ABD TERG 2-4 mostly longer than ANT BD III. MTu absent from ABD TERG 2-5	…..Aphis althaeae
–	ANT 5- or 6-segmented. R IV+V less than 3 × its basal width and 0.95-1.6 × HT II. Hairs on ABD TERG 2-4 shorter than ANT BD III. MTu often present on ABD TERG 2-5 as well as 1 and 7	…..5
5	MTu only sporadically present on ABD TERG 2-5, and diameter of tubercle on ABD TERG 7 is less than that of base of ANT III. SIPH 0.8-1.5 × cauda. R IV+V 0.95-1.2 × HT II. ANT VI BASE 0.85-1.1 × HT II	…..Aphis nasturtii
–	Large MTu usually present (except in summer dwarfs) on ABD TERG 2-5 in addition to those on 1 and 7, those on 7 being greater in diameter than base of ANT III. SIPH 1.4-2.5 × cauda. R IV+V 1.1-1.3 × HT II. ANT VI BASE 1.0-1.35 × HT II	…..Aphis umbrella
6	Head, ANT I, II and basal part of III very pale, contrasting with dark rest of antenna. SIPH 0.24-0.40 × BL, about twice as long as the much paler cauda.	..….Aphis coreopsidis
–	Head and antennal segments differently pigmented. SIPH usually less than 0.24 × BL. Cauda pale or dark.	…..go to key to polyphagous aphids, starting at couplet 14

*Hieracium*	Asteraceae
*H. acuminatum* = vulgatum
*H. albiflorum*	Hyperomyzus [nabali], nigricornis; Macrosiphum euphorbiae
*H. alpinum*	Brachycaudus helichrysi; Nasonovia ribisnigri; Pemphigus bursarius; Uroleucon obscurum
*H. × ambiguum*	Uroleucon obscurum
*H. amplexicaule*	Aulacorthum solani; Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus ornatus; Nasonovia compositellae ssp. nigra
*H. argillaceum* (incl. lachenalii)	Aphis fabae, hieracii; Nasonovia pilosellae, ribisnigri; Pleotrichophorus deviatus; Uroleucon obscurum
*H. atratum*	Pleotrichophorus deviatus; Uroleucon obscurum
*H. aurantiacum* (incl. auricoma)	Aphis fabae, hieracii, pilosellae; Aulacorthum solani; Brachycaudus helichrysi; Macrosiphum euphorbiae, [gei]; Nasonovia compositellae ssp. nigra, pilosellae, ribisnigri; Pleotrichophorus deviatus; Uroleucon cichorii, obscurum, pilosellae
*H. auratum*	Nasonovia ribisnigri
*H. bauhini*	Aphis curtiseta, mohelnensis, pilosellae; Aulacorthum solani; Brachycaudus helichrysi; Nasonovia ribisnigri; Uroleucon pilosellae
*H. bifidum*	Aphis fabae; Aulacorthum solani; Nasonovia compositellae ssp. nigra, ribisnigri; Uroleucon obscurum
*H. bombycinum*	Uroleucon obscurum
*H. boreale* = H. sabaudum
*H. bosniacum*	Brachycaudus cardui, helichrysi
*H. brachiatum*	Uroleucon cichorii
*H. brachyphyllum* = H. brevifolium ssp. muraltae
**H. brevifolium ssp. muraltae**	Uroleucon pseudobscurum
*H. brunneocroceum* = H. aurantiacum
*H. bupleuroides*	Aphis pilosellae
*H. caespitosum* = Pilosella caespitosa
*H. canadense* = H. umbellatum
*H. cymosum*	Aphis curtiseta, fabae; Nasonovia ribisnigri; Uroleucon pilosellae
*H. dacicum*	Nasonovia ribisnigri
*H. deganwyense*	Nasonovia compositellae
*H. × densiflorum*	Uroleucon obscurum
*H. × dubium*	Uroleucon cichorii
*H. dunense*	Aphis hieracii
*H. echioides*	Aphis hieracii, mohelnensis, pilosellae; Nasonovia compositellae, compositellae ssp. nigra, pilosellae; Uroleucon obscurum, pilosellae, pseudobscurum
*H. exotericum*	Myzus cymbalariae; Nasonovia compositellae, compositellae ssp. nigra, pilosellae
*H. fallax*	Aphis curtiseta; Nasonovia compositellae ssp. nigra, ribisnigri
*H. flagellare*	Aphis fabae; Nasonovia ribisnigri
*H. florentinum*	[Uroleucon sp. (Leonard 1968, 346)]
*H. floribundum*	Aulacorthum solani; Nasonovia ribisnigri; Uroleucon obscurum
*H. gentile*	Nasonovia compositellae ssp. nigra, ribisnigri
*H. glomeratum*	Uroleucon obscurum
*H. gronovii*	Nasonovia ribisnigri; Uroleucon pseudambrosiae
*H. heldreichii*	Myzus ornatus; Nasonovia ribisnigri
*H. hoppeanum* = Pilosella hoppeana
*H. intybaceum*	Nasonovia nivalis
*H. jaculifolium*	Nasonovia ribisnigri
*H. japonicum*	Uroleucon picridis
*H. junceum*	Nasonovia ribisnigri
*H. korshinskyi*	Acyrthosiphon ilka; Nasonovia compositellae ssp. nigra
*H. krylovii*	Aphis hieracii
*H. lachenalii* see H. argillaceum
*H. lactucella* = Pilosella lactucella
*H. laevigatum* = H. umbellatum
*H. lanatum* = H. tomentosum
*H. lanceolatum* = H. prenanthoides ssp. lanceolatum
*H. linariifolium* = H. umbellatum?
*H. macranthum* = Pilosella macrantha
*H. maculatum*	Nasonovia compositellae ssp. nigra; [Uroleucon grossum]
*H. murorum*	Acyrthosiphon malvae; Aphis fabae, hieracii, pilosellae; Aulacorthum solani; Hyperomyzus hieracii; Myzus ascalonicus; Nasonovia compositellae ssp. nigra, pilosellae, ribisnigri; Pleotrichophorus deviatus; Uroleucon cichorii, obscurum, sonchi
*H. pallidum*	Aphis fabae; Aulacorthum solani; Nasonovia compositellae ssp. nigra, ribisnigri
*H. peleterianum* = Pilosella peleteriana
*H. pilosella* = Pilosella officinarum
*H. piloselloides*	Aphis curtiseta; Nasonovia compositellae ssp. nigra, pilosellae, ribisnigri; Pleotrichophorus deviatus; Uroleucon cichorii, [grossum]
**H. pilosum ssp. villosiceps**	Nasonovia nivalis, ribisnigri
*H. porrifolium*	Acyrthosiphon porrifolii; Uroleucon obscurum
*H. praealtum*	Uroleucon obscurum
*H. praecox*	Nasonovia compositellae ssp. nigra
*H. pratense* = Pilosella caespitosa
*H. prenanthoides* (incl. ssp. lanceolatum)	Nasonovia compositellae ssp. nigra
*H. racemosum*	Uroleucon obscurum
*H. robustum*	Uroleucon obscurum
*H. rotundatum*	Brachycaudus helichrysi; Nasonovia ribisnigri
*H. rubrum* = Pilosella rubra
*H. sabaudum* (incl. boreale, silvestre)	Aphis fabae, hieracii; Nasonovia compositellae ssp. nigra, hieracii, ribisnigri; Hyperomyzus hieracii; Pleotrichophorus deviatus; Uroleucon obscurum
*H. saxifragum*	Aphis hieracii
*H. scabrum*	Uroleucon pseudambrosiae
*H. schmidtii*	Aphis hieracii
*H. scouleri*	Brachycaudus helichrysi; Nasonovia ribisnigri
*H. silvestre* = H. sabaudum
*H. spondylium* (?)	[Nasonovia sp. (Börner 1952, 350)]; Uroleucon obscurum
*H. sylvaticum* = H. murorum
*H. tomentosum*	Aphis fabae; Nasonovia ribisnigri; Uroleucon obscurum
*H. transsilvanicum* = H. rotundatum
*H. tridentatum*	Urleucon obscurum
*H. umbellatum* (incl. laevigatum)	[Anuraphis farfarae]; Aphis fabae, heiei, hieracii; Brachycaudus cardui, helichrysi; Hyperomyzus hieracii, picridis; [Macrosiphoniella femorata]; Nasonovia compositellae ssp. nigra, ribisnigri; Pleotrichophorus deviatus; Uroleucon hieracicola, obscurum, [picridis], pseudobscurum
*H. vavietis* (?)	Nasonovia compositellae ssp. nigra (? – as hieracii Kalt.)
*H. venosum*	[Aphis hieracium-venosum Rafinesque (invalid name)]; [Nearctaphis bakeri]; [Uroleucon eupatoricolens, Uroleucon sp. (Leonard 1968, 346)]
*H. villosiceps* = H. pilosum ssp. villosiceps
*H. villosum*	Nasonovia ribisnigri
*H. virosum*	Aphis fabae, frangulae group, hieracii, mohelnensis; Hyperomyzus picridis; Nasonovia compositellae ssp. nigra, ribisnigri; Pemphigus bursarius; Uroleucon obscurum, pseudobscurum
*H. vulgatum*	Aphis fabae, hieracii; Acyrthosiphon rubi; Hyperomyzus hieracii; Macrosiphum chukotense; Nasonovia compositellae, compositellae ssp. nigra, pilosellae, ribisnigri; Pleotrichophorus deviatus; Uroleucon obscurum, pseudambrosiae
*H. × zizianum*	Uroleucon obscurum
Hieracium spp.	Aphis gossypii; Hyperomyzus inflatus, picridis; [Macrosiphoniella yomenae]; Nasonovia brevipes (?), compositellae ssp. iberica; Protaphis scorzonerae; Uroleucon [erigeronense], hieracioides, [sonchellum]

Key to apterae on Hieracium:-

1	Hind tarsus much elongated, more than 0.5 × hind tibia. SIPH absent	…..Trama troglodytes
–	Hind tarsus of normal length. SIPH present, tubular	…..2
2	SIPH with distal reticulated zone (at least 4-5 rows of closed polygonal cells extending for 0.13 or more of length)	…..3
–	SIPH without a distinct zone of polygonal reticulation (sometimes with transverse striae and 1-2 indistinct rows of transversely elongate cells)	…..13
3	SIPH pale, or only dusky towards apices, with reticulation on distal 0.13-0.20 of length. Femora wholly pale, or only dusky at apices	…..4
–	SIPH wholly dark or only pale at base or in middle, with reticulation on distal 0.16-0.44 of length	…..5
4	Small marginal tubercles (MTu) only sporadically present on ABD TERG 2-5 and spinal tubercles (Stu) only occasionally present on ABD TERG 7-8. R IV+V with 6-10 accessory hairs	…..Macrosiphum euphorbiae
–	MTu almost always present on ABD TERG 2-5, and STu also consistently present on ABD TERG 7 and 8. R IV+V with 7-13 accessory hairs	…..Macrosiphum chukotense
5	Cauda dark	…..Uroleucon hieracioides*
–	Cauda much paler than SIPH	…..6
6	Well-developed, crescent-shaped antesiphuncular sclerites present	…..7
–	Antesiphuncular sclerites absent, broken or vestigeal	…..10
7	Tibiae entirely black	…..8
–	Tibiae with paler basal or middle section	…..9
8	Hind tibiae 0.85-1.05 × BL. Cauda with 9-18 hairs	…..Uroleucon pseudobscurum
–	Hind tibiae 0.70-0.85 × BL. Cauda with 18-28 hairs	…..Uroleucon cichorii
9	SIPH reticulated on distal 0.33-0.40 of length. First tarsal segments usually with 3 hairs (rarely 4 or 5). ANT III with 15-28 rhinaria	…..Uroleucon pilosellae
–	SIPH reticulated on 0.19-0.30 of length. First tarsal segments with 5 hairs. ANT III with 13-55 rhinaria	…..Uroleucon obscurum
10	Coxae dark, much darker than trochanters and bases of femora. Dorsal abdominal hairs not arising from dark scleroites	…..11
–	Coxae pale or dusky, similar to trochanters and bases of femora. Some or all of dorsal abdominal hairs arising from dark scleroites	…..12
11	SIPH pale at base. First tarsal segments with 3 (or rarely 4) hairs. Cauda bearing 26-32 hairs, 2.4-3.0 × R IV+V which bears 10-12 accessory hairs. ANT PT/BASE 3.0-4.2	…..Uroleucon bielawskii
–	SIPH dark at base, sometimes paler in middle. First tarsal sgements with (4-) 5 hairs. Cauda bearing 16-24 hairs, 2.9-4.3 × R IV+V which bears 7-8 accessory hairs. ANT PT/BASE 3.9-5.2	…..Uroleucon sonchi
12	R IV+V 1.3-1.4 × HT II	…..Uroleucon hieracicola
–	R IV+V 0.9-1.1 × HT II	…..Uroleucon pseudambrosiae
13	ABD TERG 1 and 7 with marginal tubercles (MTu)	…..14
–	ABD TERG 1 and 7 without MTu	…..22
14	Cauda obtusely triangular, about as long as its basal width in dorsal view. SIPH very short, about equal in length to cauda. ANT PT/BASE about 1	…..Protaphis scorzonerae*
–	Cauda tongue-shaped, longer than its basal width. SIPH usually longer than cauda. ANT PT/BASE more than 1.25	…..15
15	Cauda with 11-25 hairs. Dorsal abdomen usually with scattered dark markings anterior to SIPH, and broad dark cross-bars on ABD TERG 7and 8	…..Aphis fabae
–	Cauda with 4-10 hairs. No dark dorsal markings anterior to SIPH	…..16
16	ANT PT 0.8-1.3 × R IV+V. R IV+V 1.5-2.0 × HT II	…..17
–	ANT PT 1.4-2.1 × R IV+V. R IV+V 0.95-1.5 (occasionally more than 1.5 in summer dwarfish specimens)	…..18
17	ANT 4- or 5-segmented. Posterior hair on hind trochanter 0.2-0.4 × diameter of trochantro-femoral suture. Ventral abdominal hairs about equal to ANT BD III, or shorter	…..Aphis pilosellae
–	ANT usually 6-segmented. Posterior hair on hind trochanter 0.8-1.4 × diameter of trochantro-femoral suture. Ventral abdominal hairs distinctly longer than ANT BD III	…..Aphis mohelnensis
18	Cauda paler than SIPH	…..19
–	Cauda as dark as SIPH	…..20
19	R IV+V 1.1-1.4 × HT II. ANT PT/BASE 2.1-3.2	…..Aphis gossypii
–	R IV+V 0.85-1.05 × HT II. ANT PT/BASE 1.6-2.0	…..Aphis frangulae group on H. virosum, Uzbekistan (see Holman 1998)
20	Posterior hair on hind trochanter 0.3-0.8 × diameter of trochantro-femoral suture. Hairs on ANT III maximally 0.4 × BD III	…..Aphis curtiseta
–	Posterior hair on hind trochanter 0.9-1.5 × diameter of trochantro-femoral suture. Longest hairs on ANT III 0.5-1.2 × BD III	…..21
21	Longest hairs on ABD TERG 3 are 25 μm long, about 1.3 × ANT BD III. Longest dorsal and ventral hairs on hind femur are respectively 0.3-0.8 and 0.5-1.0 × diameter of trochantro-femoral suture	…..Aphis hieracii
–	Longest hairs on ABD TERG 3 are 50-70 μm long, 2.5-3.5 × ANT BD III. Longest dorsal and ventral hairs on hind femur are of about equal length, 1.2-1.4 × diameter of trochantro-femoral suture	…..Aphis heiei
22	Cauda helmet-shaped, a little shorter than its basal width in dorsal view	…..23
–	Cauda tongue- or finger-shaped, or triangular, longer than its basal width	…..24
23	Dorsum with an extensive black shield. SIPH dark, imbricated, 2.1-3.4 × cauda	…..Brachycaudus cardui
–	Dorsum without dark markings. SIPH pale, smooth-surfaced, 0.8-1.5 (-2.0) × cauda	…..Brachycaudus helichrysi
24	Cuticle of head smooth, not spiculose	…..25
–	Cuticle of head densely spiculose or nodulose	…..go to key to polyphagous aphids, starting at couplet 5
25	Dorsal hairs narrowest at base, widening gradually to a broadly fan-shaped apex	…..Pleotrichophorus deviatus
–	Dorsal hairs not narrowest at base; blunt, pointed or with expanded, not fan-shaped apices	…..26
26	SIPH slightly to markedly clavate	…..27
–	SIPH not clavate	…..30
27	SIPH very strongly inflated, with maximum width 2.2-3.1 × minimum width on basal half. (ANT with 23-40 rhinaria on III, 1-7 on IV and 0-1 on V)	…..Hyperomyzus inflatus
–	SIPH less strongly inflated, with maximum width 1.1-2.0 × minimum width on basal half. (ANT with 9-44 rhinaria on III, 0-6 on IV, 0 on V)	…..28
28	Dorsal abdomen with a large dark central patch. SIPH with swollen part up to 1.5-2.0 × width of narrowest part on basal half	…..Hyperomyzus hieracii
–	Dorsal abdomen without a large dark central patch. SIPH with swollen part 1.1-1.6 × width of narrowest part on basal half	…..29
29	SIPH 1.5-2.4 × cauda, with maximum width of distal part less than 1.3 × minimum width on basal half. Tibiae and distal halves of femora dusky to dark	…..Hyperomyzus nigricornis
–	SIPH 1.4-1.6 × cauda, with swollen part 1.3-1.6 × minimum width on basal half. Tibiae and femora pale except for tibial apices	…..Hyperomyzus picridis
30	Hairs on ANT III very short, 0.2-0.3 × BD III. ANT III with only 0-3 small rhinaria near base. Thoracic spiracular apertures similar in size to abdominal ones	…..31
–	Hairs on ANT III 0.8-1.7 × BD III. ANT III with 2-36 rhinaria. Thoracic spiracular apertures much larger than (more than 2 × diameter of) abdominal ones	…..34
31	ANT PT/BASE 4.4-7.5	…..32
–	ANT PT/BASE 3.0-4.2	…..33
32	R IV+V 0.87-1.13 × HT II. Dorsal cuticle rugose, variolate	…..Acyrthosiphon rubi
–	R IV+V 1.0-1.5 × HT II. Dorsal cuticle smooth or slightly wrinkled	…..Acyrthosiphon malvae
33	SIPH 1.7-2.5 × cauda and 1.0-1.3 × ANT III. R IV+V 0.75-0.9 × HT II	…..Acyrthosiphon ilka
–	SIPH 1.3-1.6 × cauda and 0.7-0.8 × ANT III. R IV+V 1.0-1.15 × HT II	…..Acyrthosiphon porrifolii
34	R IV+V about 2 × HT II. ANT PT/BASE 3.1-3.8. Hind tarsus I with 3 hairs. Cauda (probably) with 5 hairs	…..Nasonovia brevipes*
–	R IV+V 1.1-1.7 × HT II. ANT PT/BASE 3.4-11.4. Hind tarsus I with 2 or 3 hairs. Cauda with 6-9 (usually 7) hairs	…..35
35	Dorsum with extensive black sclerotisation, including a continuous shield extending over ABD TERG 1-5	…..36
–	Dorsum with paired spino-pleural dark markings and sometimes less distinct cross-bars, never with a solid shield	…..38
36	ANT PT/BASE 3.4-5.0. ABD TERG 2-4 usually with small marginal tubercles (MTu). R IV+V 1.1-1.3 × HT II	…..Nasonovia compositellae ssp. compositellae
–	ANT PT/BASE 4.9-9.8. ABD TERG 2-4 usually without MTu. R IV+V 1.2-1.6 × HT II	…..37
37	ANT PT/BASE 4.9-8.3. Longest hairs on ANT III 1.1-1.7 × BD III. R IV+V 0.16-0.19 mm, 1.2-1.5 × HT II, and bearing 8-10 accessory hairs	…..Nasonovia compositellae ssp. nigra
–	ANT PT/BASE 8.3-9.8. Longest hairs on ANT III 1.0-1.2 × BD III. R IV+V 0.21-0.24 mm, 1.3-1.6 × HT II, and bearing 11-14 accessory hairs	…..Nasonovia compositellae ssp. iberica
38	Hind tarsus I with 3 hairs. ANT PT/BASE 7.0-11.4	…..Nasonovia ribisnigri
–	Hind tarsus I with 2 hairs. ANT PT/BASE 4.9-8.0	…..39
39	R IV+V 1.4-1.7 × HT II. ANT PT/BASE 5.7-8.0	…..Nasonovia pilosellae
–	R IV+V 1.1-1.4 × HT II. ANT PT/BASE 4.9-6.4	…..Nasonovia nivalis

*Hierochloe*	Poaceae
*Hierochloe hookeri* = Anthoxanthum hookeri
*H. odorata*	Sitobion avenae, fragariae

Use key to apterae of grass-feeding aphids under Digitaria.

*Hippocrepis*	Fabaceae
*Hippocrepis comosa*	Acyrthosiphon caraganae, loti, pisum
*H. emerus*	Acyrthosiphon caraganae, loti, [parvum]; Aphis craccivora, cytisorum; Aulacorthum solani; Myzus ornatus; Therioaphis langloisi
Hippocrepis sp.	Macrosiphum euphorbiae

Use key to apterae on Coronilla.

Hippomarathrum see Cachrys

Apiaceae

Hippophae Sea Buckthorn

Elaeagnaceae

Most of the aphid species found on Hippophae are also recorded from the closely related genus Elaeagnus, so the key to Elaeagnus can be used to discriminate the species listed below. It is likely that all heteroecious Capitophorus species can utilise either Elaeagnus or Hippophae as primary host, depending on availability.

*Hippophae rhamnoides* (= Elaeagnus rhamnoides)	[Aphis craccivora, fabae]; Capitophorus [carduinus], elaeagni, hippophaes, [inulae], meghalayensis, [mitegoni], pakansus, rhamnoides, similis, wojciechowskii, xanthii; Lachnus wichmanni
*H. salicifolia*	Capitophorus similis
Hippophae sp.	Capitophorus himalayensis

*Hippuris*	Plantaginaceae
*Hippuris vulgaris*	Aphis fabae, nasturtii; Brachycaudus helichrysi; Myzus lythri; Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae

Key to apterae on Hippurus:-

1	Head densely spiculose. SIPH tapering and coarsely imbricated, 1.8-2.8 × ANT PT. Immatures with spinulose hind tibiae	….. Myzus lythri
–	Head not spiculose. SIPH almost smooth or moderateely imbricated, tapering, truncate or swollen on distal half. 0.45-1.05 × ANT PT. Immatures with smooth hind tibiae	…..2
2	SIPH swollen on distal half, more than 2 × cauda which is much longer than its basal width. Dorsal cuticle with a reticulate pattern formed by roundish, bead-like spinules	….. Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae
–	Without that combination of characters	…..go to key to polyphagous aphids

*Hiptage*	Malpighiaceae
*Hiptage madablota*	Aphis craccivora

*Hirschfeldia*	Brassicaceae
*Hirschfeldia incana* (incl. adpressa)	[Aulacorthum hirschfeldii Rusanova 1942 (nomen nudum)]; Brevicoryne brassicae; Lipaphis erysimi, pseudobrassicae; Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus persicae
Use key to aphids on Brassica.

*Hispidella*	Asteraceae
*Hispidella hispanica*	Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Uroleucon mierae, [picridis]

Couplet to separate these two species:-

(Both species have SIPH with subapical polygonal reticulation.)

–	ANT and SIPH black, and legs brown-black on distal basal parts of femora and tibiae. Dorsal hairs all arising from dark scleroites, and pre- and post-siphuncular sclerites present	….. Uroleucon mierae
–	ANT, SIPH and legs mainly pale. Dorsum without any dark markings	….. Macrosiphum euphorbiae

*Histiopteris*	Dennstaedtiaceae
*Histiopteris incisa*	Aphis gossypii

*Hoffmannia*	Rubiaceae
*Hoffmannia ghiesbreghtii*	Aphis gossypiii

*Hoffmannseggia*	Fabaceae
*Hoffmannseggia falcaria* = H. glauca
*H. glauca*	Aphis mirabilis

*Hoita*	Fabaceae
*Hoita macrostachya*	Acyrthosiphon pisum

*Holarrhena*	Apocynaceae
*Holarrhena antidysinterica*	Aphis gossypii, spiraecola

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

*Holboellia*	Lardizabalaceae
*Holboellia latifolia*	Hillerislambersia darjeelingi; Sinonipponaphis holboelliae

Couplet for separation of apterae of these two species:-

–	Dorsal cuticle of head, thorax and most abdominal segments fused into a sclerotic oval carapace, covered with numerous conical spine-like pustules. ANT 4-segmented, c.0.2 × BL, not visible from above. SIPH as pores on dark sclerites. Cauda knobbed, anal plate bilobed	….. Sinonipponaphis holboelliae
–	Dorsal cuticle membranous and divided normally, bearing long, finely-pointed hairs up to 5.5 × ANT BD III. ANT 6-segmented, 0.65-0.9 × BL. SIPH tubular, thick, tapering, with distal polygonal reticulation. Cauda short, tongue-shaped, 1.0-1.5 × its basal width, and anal plate entire	….. Hillerislambersia darjeelingi

*Holcus*	Poaceae
*Holcus annuus*	Sitobion fragariae
*H. halepensis* = Sorghum halepense
*H. lanatus*	Anoecia corni, fulviabdominalis; Atheroides serrulatus; Cryptaphis poae; Diuraphis frequens, holci; Forda formicaria; Geoica lucifuga, setulosa, utricularia; Hyalopteroides humilis; Laingia psammae; Melanaphis pyraria; Metopolophium dirhodum, festucae; Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae, oxyacanthae, padi; Schizaphis [graminum], holci; Sipha maydis; Sitobion avenae, fragariae; Tetraneura ulmi
*H. mollis*	Anoecia corni; Cryptaphis poae; Diuraphis holci; Forda formicaria; Rhopalosiphum padi; Schizaphis holci; Sipha glyceriae, maydis; Sitobion avenae, fragariae; Tetraneura ulmi
*H. setiglumis* = H. annuus
*H. sorghum* = Sorghum bicolor
Holcus sp.	Sipha flava

Use key to apterae of grass-feeding aphids under Digitaria.

*Holmskioldia*	Lamiaceae
*Holmskioldia sanguinea*	Aphis gossypii, spiraecola; Brachycaudus helichrysi; Myzus ornatus

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

*Holodiscus*	Rosaceae
*Holodiscus discolor*	Acyrthosiphon rockspirea; Aphis cercocarpi, craccivora, fabae, holodisci, schuhi; Illinoia gracilicornis, spiraeae; Macrosiphum clydesmithi, euphorbiae, holodisci, opportunisticum, pteridis, walkeri; Wahlgreniella sp. (Washington, USA – A. Jensen, aphidtrek.org)
*H. dumosus*	Acyrthosiphon rockspirea; Aphis cercocarpi, holodisci; Illinoia gracilicornis, spiraeae

Key to apterae on Holodiscus (based mainly on Jensen 2021):-

1	ABD TERG 1 and 7 with marginal tubercles (MTu). ANT tubercles weakly developed. ANT shorter than BL. Dorsal abdomen with or without dark markings. SIPH dark, without subapical polygonal reticulation.	…..2
–	ABD TERG 1 and 7 without MTu. ANT tubercles well developed, with divergent inner faces. ANT longer than BL. Dorsal abdomen without dark markings. SIPH pale, dusky or light brown apically, usually with subapical polygonal reticulation.	…..5
2	SIPH very short, about as long as their basal widths and shorter than the pale/dusky cauda. Dorsal abdomen without dark markings	…..Aphis schuhi
–	SIPH longer than their basal widths and longer than the dark cauda. Dorsal abdomen with dark markings	…..3
3	Dorsal abdomen with an extensive solid dark shield. Longest hairs on ANT III 0.4-0.8 × BD III. Cauda tapering to a blunt point, with 4-9 hairs	…..Aphis craccivora
–	Dorsal abdomen with dark spots or patches, no solid dark shield. Longest hairs on ANT III 0.8-2.2 × BD III. Cauda rounded at apex, with 8-24 hairs	…..4
4	Cauda with 4-12 hairs, often constricted in the middle and/or pointed apically	…..Aphis holodisci
–	Cauda with 11-25 hairs, broad and not typically constricted in middle nor pointed apically	…..Aphis fabae
5	Cauda 0.6-1.1 × SIPH, and without or with almost no subapical polygonal reticulation	…..Acyrthosiphon rockspirea
–	Cauda less than 0.6 × SIPH, and usually with 3 or morel rows of subapical polygonal reticulation	…..6
6	SIPH weakly to distinctly clavate over apical half, with 3 or fewer rows of subapical reticulation	…..7
–	SIPH not clavate or only slightly wider immediately basad of subapical reticulation, which is sometimes composed of more than 3 rows	…..9
7	Cauda with 2 pairs of lateral hairs and one dorsal subapical hair	….Wahlgreniella sp. (Washington, USA; see Jensen 2021)
–	Cauda with 3 or more pairs of lateral hairs	…..8
8	Hairs on ANT tubercles about equal in length to or greater than the width of ANT III. Hairs on ABD TERG 8 usually longer than width of basal half of SIPH	…..Illinoia gracilicornis (part)
–	Hairs on ANT tubercles much shorter than the width of ANT III. Hairs on ABD TERG 8 distinctly shorter than width of basal half of SIPH	…..Illinoia spiraeae
9	ANT very long, with ANT V usually longer than ANT III. Secondary rhinaria on ANT II small, protuberant, scattered sparsely over much of length of segment. ANT I with extensive spiculose ornamentation laterally, and almost none medially	…..Macrosiphum holodisci
–	ANT V almost always shorter than ANT III. Secondary rhinaria on ANT III normal, clustered near base of segment. ANT I with spiculose ornamentation absent or extensive only medially, or both medially and laterally	…..10
10	Longest hairs on ANT III about half as long as width of ANT III or shorter	…..11
–	Longest hairs on ANT III about equal to or longer than width of ANT III	…..13
11	R IV+V at least 0.14 mm long. SIPH unusually long and thin, with about 2 or fewer rows of distinct subapical reticulation	…..Macrosiphum clydesmithi
–	R IV+V almost always less than 0.14 mm long. SIPH of moderate length, not noticeably thin, with or without subapical polygonal reticulation	…..12
12	SIPH without or with only 1-2 rows of subapical polygonal reticulation, and usually slightly thicker on distal half	…..Illinoia gracilicornis (part)
–	SIPH with about 3 rows of subapical polygonal reticulation, and not at all thicker on distal half	…..Macrosiphum walkeri
13	Head almost uniformly densely spiculose ventrally	…..Macrosiphum opportunisticum
–	Head much less spiculose ventrally; at most either with a ventral cluster of spinules, or with a narrow band of spicules extending from ANT tubercles to mouthparts	…..14
14	R IV+V 1.18-1.32 × HT II. Longest hairs on ANT III 0.3-0.5 × BD III. Abdominal tergum pale-sclerotic. ANT tubercles each with a ventral cluster of spicules	…..Macrosiphum pteridis
–	R IV+V 0.8-1.0 × HT II. Longest hairs on ANT III 0.6-1.0 × BD III. Abdominal tergum pale and membranous. ANT tubercles usually without spicules, rarely with a narrow band ventrally between ANT tubercles and mouthparts	…..Macrosiphum euphorbiae

*Holoptelea*	Ulmaceae
Holoptelea integrifolia	Aphis craccivora, gossypii

(Use key to polyphagous aphids)

*Holoschoenus* see Scirpoides	Cyperaceae
*Holoschoenus vulgaris* = Scirpoides holoschoenus

*Holosteum*	Caryophyllaceae
*Holosteum umbellatum*	Myzus ascalonicus, persicae

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

Homalocenchrus see Leersia

Encalyptaceae

*Homogyne*	Asteraceae
*Homogyne alpina*	Brachycaudus helichrysi; Capitophorus similis

Couplet for separating these two species:-

–	SIPH long and thin, curved outwards distally, 0.25-0.37 × BL and 3.7-5.0 × cauda, which is tongue-shaped. Hairs on front of head and dorsal body capitate	…..Capitophorus similis
–	SIPH short, conical, 0.07-0.10 × BL and 0.8-1.5 (-2.0) × cauda, which is helmet-shaped and not longer than its basal width. Hairs not capitate	…..Brachycaudus helichrysi

*Homonoia*	Euphorbiaceae
*Homonoia riparia*	[Cavariella aegopodii]

*Honkenya*	Caryophyllaceae
*Honkenya peploides*	Acyrthosiphon auctum; Myzus ascalonicus, certus, persicae

Use key to apterae on Cerastium.

Hocquartia see Aristolochia

Aristolochiaceae

*Hordelymus*	Poaceae
*Hordelymus europaeus*	Forda formicaria

*Hordeum*	Poaceae
*Hordeum aegiceras*	Metopolophium dirhodum; Sitobion avenae
*H. avenaceum* = Arrhenatherum elatius
*H. brachyantherum*	Rhopalosiphum padi; Sipha glyceriae; Sitobion fragariae
*H. brevisubulatum*	Diuraphis noxia; Forda marginata, pawlowae, riccobonii; Metopolophium dirhodum; Rhopalosiphum padi; Sipha elegans, maydis; Sitobion avenae, miscanthi
*H. bulbosum*	Anoecia corni; Diuraphis noxia; Forda formicaria; Metopolophium dirhodum; Paracletus cimiciformis; Schizaphis graminum; Sipha elegans, maydis; Sitobion avenae, fragariae
*H. caespitosum* = H. dubatum
*H. chilense*	Metopolophium dirhodum; Rhopalosiphum padi; Sitobion avenae
*H. coeleste* = H. vulgare
*H. comosum*	Diuraphis noxia
*H. distichon*	Anoecia haupti; Diuraphis noxia; Metopolophium dirhodum, festucae ssp. cerealium; Rhopalosiphum maidis, padi; Schizaphis graminum; Sipha maydis; Sitobion akebiae, avenae, fragariae
*H. hexastichon* see H. vulgare
*H. hystrix* = H. marinum ssp. gussoneanum
*H. jubatum*	Anoecia corni, Anoecia sp. (Manitoba, Canada; BMNH collection, leg. A.G. Robinson); Diuraphis noxia, tritici; Geoica setulosa; Metopolophium dirhodum; [Pemphigus betae]; Rhopalosiphum maidis, padi; Schizaphis graminum; Sipha elegans, glyceriae; Sitobion alopecuri, avenae, fragariae
*H. leporinum* = H. murinum ssp. leporinum
*H. marinum* (incl. ssp. gussoneanum)	Anoecia corni; Forda marginata, orientalis, pawlowae; Metopolophium dirhodum; Rhopalosiphum padi; Sipha maydis
*H. murinum*	Anoecia corni, haupti, vagans; Aphis craccivora, fabae; Aploneura lentisci; Atheroides serrulatus; Baizongia pistaceae; Diuraphis noxia; Geoica setulosa, utricularia group; Israelaphis carmini, ilharcoi; Melanaphis pyraria; Metopolophium dirhodum, fasciatum, festucae, festucae ssp. cerealium; Myzus persicae; Paracletus bykovi ssp.muzbekistanicus, cimiciformis; Rhopalosiphum maidis, padi; Schizaphis graminum; Sipha elegans, maydis; Sitobion avenae, fragariae; Tetraneura [reticulata del Guercio 1920)], ulmi
H. murinum ssp. leporinum	Anoecia corni; Diuraphis noxia; Israelaphis ilharcoi; Metopolophium dirhodum; Paracletus cimiciformis; Rhopalosiphum maidis, padi; Schizaphis graminum; Sitobion avenae, fragariae, [longisiphon Rusanova 1942 (nomen nudum)]
*H. nevskyanum* = H. brevisubulatum
*H. nodosum* = H. bulbosum
*H. pusillum*	Schizaphis graminum; Sitobion avenae
*H. roshevitzii*	Diuraphis noxia; Forda marginata, pawlowae; Sipha maydis
*H. sativum* = H. vulgare
*H. secalinum*	Diuraphis noxia; Sitobion fragariae
*H. spontaneum*	Metopolophium dirhodum; Rhopalosiphum maidis
*H. stenostachys*	Schizaphis graminum
*H. turkestanicum* = H.brevisubulatum
*H. violaceum* = H. brevisubulatum
*H. vulgare* (incl. vars hexastichon, sativum)	Anoecia corni, fulviabdominalis, vagans; Aploneura lentisci; Asiphonella cynodonti; Baizongia pistaceae; Carolinaia rhois; Cavariella aquatica; Diuraphis holci, noxia; Forda formicaria, hirsuta, marginata, pawlowae, rotunda; Geoica harpazi, lucifuga, utricularia; Hysteroneura setariae; Laingia psammae; Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Melanaphis sorghi; Metopolophium dirhodum, festucae ssp. cerealium; Myzus persicae; Neomyzus circumflexus; Paracletus bykovi, cimiciformis, subnudus; Rhopalosiphum maidis, padi, rufiabdominale; Schizaphis graminum; Sipha elegans, flava, glyceriae, maydis; Sitobion akebiae, avenae, fragariae, graminis, miscanthi, [rosaeiformis]; Smynthurodes betae; Tetraneura africana, akinire, radicicola, ulmi
**H. vulgare var. nudum** = H. distichon
**H. vulgare var. trifurcatum** = H. aegiceras
Hordeum spp.	Anoecia graminis; Diuraphis frequens; Melanaphis pyraria

Use key to apterae of grass-feeding aphids under Digitaria.

*Horkelia* see Potentilla	Rosaceae
*Horkelia fusca* = Potentilla fusca

*Hornstedtia*	Zingiberaceae
*Hornstedtia mollis*	Astegopteryx styracophila

(or try key under Hedychium)

*Hornungia*	Brassicaceae
*Hornungia alpina*	Brevicoryne brassicae; Myzus persicae

See key to apterae on Brassica.

Hortensia see Hydrangea

Hydrangeaceae

*Hoslundia*	Lamiaceae
*Hoslundia opposita*	Uroleucon compositae

*Hosta* (including Funkia)	Asparagaceae
*H. caerulea* = H. ventricosa
*H. japonica* = H. plantaginea
*H. lancifolia*	Aphis fabae
*H. montana* = H. sieboldiana var. montana
*H. plantaginea*	Aphis fabae, sambuci
*H. rectifolia*	Aphis fabae
*H. sieboldiana* (incl. var. montana)	Aulacorthum solani; Macrosiphum euphorbiae
*H. subcordata* = H. plantaginea
*H. undulata*	Aphis fabae
*H. ventricosa* (incl. caerulea)	Aphis ?fabae

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

*Hottonia*	Primulaceae
*Hottonia palustris*	Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae