[The European spp. formerly placed in Cacalia are now in Adenostyles, the African spp.in Crassocephalum, the eastern asiatic spp. in Parasenecio, the central American spp. in Psacalium, and the North American spp. mostly in Arnoglossum and Hasteola.]
Dorsal
abdomen with dark bands on ABD TERG 8, or 7 and 8, and often with dark
markings anterior to SIPH. Cauda without a constriction, and bearing 11-25
hairs
ANT tubercles weakly developed, not projecting
beyond middle part of head in dorsal view. ABD TERG 1 and 7 with marginal tubercles
(MTu)
.….9
–
ANT tubercles projecting beyond middle part of
front of head in dorsal view. ABD TERG 1 and 7 without MTu
…..10
9
Cauda 0.08-0.125 × BL (only more than 0.12 × BL
in very small specimens with BL less than 1 mm); pale to dusky, without a
constriction, less than 3 × longer than its width at midlength, and bearing
2-7 (usually 5-6) hairs
Cauda 0.125-0.16 × BL, very pale, usually
with a slight mid-way constriction, more than 3 × longer than its narrowest width
at midlength, and bearing 6-9 (usually 8) hairs
ANT tubercles well developed, spiculose, pointed. Femora with basal 0.6 or more pale, contrasting with black distal section. SIPH pale basally and dark distally, and slightly swollen subapically. (Al. with broad-banded wing veins, and radius fused with media to form a closed cell below pterostigma)
ANT tubercles weakly developed, without spicules.
Femora either mainly dark or mainly pale. SIPH dark, tapering, without any
subapical swelling. Al. with normal, pale wing venation
..…2
2
Cauda pale or dusky with 4-8 hairs. ANT PT/BASE
2.1-3.2
Body dorsoventrally flattened, almost circular,
wholly sclerotic with a distinct crenulate marging due to a continuous ring
of wax glands (e.g. Fig. 43a)
…..4
–
Body elongate oval, not dorsoventrally flattened,
not wholly sclerotic and without a continuous crenulate margin, but usually
with well-developed marginal elongate oval wax glands, arranged in groups
segmentally with long axes parallel
Frontal horns pointed, and well separated (Fig.
43e)
…..6
6
Underside of head with at least one pair of thick,
dagger-like hairs situated lateroventral to bases of frontal horns (Fig. 43b).
Cauda with 4-8 mainly long hairs
Dorsal abdomen with segmental markings consisting
of broad transverse bars, sometimes broken into paired, dark patches. Large
marginal abdominal wax glands, segmentally arranged in often rather irregular
groups (e.g. Fig.43f)
Dorsal abdomen without segmental markings,
wholly dusky. Wax glands either absent from segments anterior to SIPH or all
grouped in short rows with long axes parallel (Fig. 43g-j)
.….8
8
Groups of marginal wax glands usually well developed on all abdominal segments (Fig. 43h). ANT III 1.0-1.5 × ANT IV (when ANT is 5-segmented)
Cauda long and very pale, with only 4 hairs. SIPH slightly swollen on basal half (calf-shaped). ANT PT/BASE 5.0-6.3. (Hind wing of al. with only one oblique vein)
Cauda pale, dusky or dark with 4-28 hairs. SIPH cylindrical or tapering, not at all swollen on basal half. ANT PT/BASE 1.7-6.0. (Hind wing of al. with 2 oblique veins)
…..10
10
SIPH 2.1-3.0 × cauda. ANT entirely dark except for base of III. (Forewing of al. with once-branched media)
Dorsal body hairs long, 2.5-3.7 × BD III, arising
from tuberculate bases. Longest hairs on ANT III about 1.9 × BD III. Cauda
pale, helmet-shaped, a little shorter than its basal width
Dorsal hairs long and capitate, arising from tuberculate bases; those on front of head more than 3 × BD III. SIPH long and thin, often very slightly swollen at apices, more than 3 × cauda
Body with long finger-like marginal processes. Cauda knobbed, anal plate bilobed. Dorsum with extensive, paired dark sclerites leaving a clear spinal stripe
Body without long marginal processes. Cauda not knobbed, anal plate entire. Dorsum either with a solid dark shield or without any dark markings
…..2
2
Dorsum pale. Femora with fine hairs about as long as trochantro-femoral suture. Cauda with a midway constriction, rounded at apex, and bearing 6-12 hairs
Dorsum with a dark shield (fragmented at high temperatures). Femoral hairs about 0.5 × length of trochantro-femoral suture. Cauda not constricted and with rather pointed apex, and bearing 4-9 hairs
…..3
3
SIPH 0.9-1.2 (-1.3) × cauda. R IV+V 1.0-1.15 × HT II. Dorsal pigmentation often reduced to small scattered sclerites
SIPH 1.2-2.2 × cauda (rarely less than 1.3). R IV+V 0.9-1.3 × HT II. Dorsal abdomen usually with a dark shield, rarely with scattered small sclerites except in summer dwarfs
…..4
4
R IV+V 0.88-1.16 × HT II (mostly 0.9-1.05 X). Anterior half of genital plate with 2 (-3) hairs
SIPH clavate. ANT tubercles weakly developed, not
projecting beyond middle of front of head in dorsal view. Dorsal cuticle with
reticulate ornamentation formed by minute spinules arranged in polygons
SIPH smooth-surfaced, clavate, about 3 × cauda.
Hairs on ANT III short with capitate apices; the longest of them less than
0.5 × BD III. R IV+V 1.8-2.1 × HT II
R IV+V 0.19-0.23 mm, 2.0-2.2 × HT II. Marginal
abdominal hairs 78-103 μm long, 3-4 × ANT BD III. Marginal tubercles
(MTu) present on ABD TERG 1 but often absent from ABD TERG 7
SIPH dark at least distally, with polygonal reticulation on subapical 0.1-0.2 of length. ANT dark at least distally, with hairs on ANT III less than 0.25 × BD III, and ANT PT/BASE 5.0-6.8
ANT PT/BASE less than 0.5. Eyes of only 3-facets. SIPH absent. Dorsal wax gland plates (Fig.45a) present on all segments, with 6 on each of meso- and metanotum and ABD TERG 1-7
SIPH tapering, cylindrical or swollen, but if swollen then SIPH and cauda both pale
…..4
4
BL 3.5-4.0 mm, ANT tubercles weakly developed, ABD TERG 1-5 and 7 with well-developed, dome-shaped marginal tubercles (MTu). SIPH and cauda dark, Cauda with 14-15 hairs
Cauda with 14-21 hairs, but if with 14-15 then longest hairs on ABD TERG 3-5 are less than 2× BD III. ANT PT/BASE 6.2-8.3 (if less than 6.4 then cauda has 16-21 hairs). ANT III 7-8 × ANT VI BASE
…..11
11
ANT III with 19-58 rhinaria at a density of 20-58 per mm, extending over 0.42-0.94 of segment. (Al. with 43-78 rhinaria on ANT III and none on IV)
ANT III with 52-122 rhinaria at a density of 45-84 per mm, extending over 0.77-0.97 of segment. (Al. with 97-137 rhinaria on ANT III, and usually without but sometimes with 1-7 on IV)
SIPH tapering or cylindrical or swollen on distal half, with a distinct apical flange
…..13
13
Marginal tubercles (MTu) always present on ABD TERG 1 and 7
…..14
–
No MTu on ABD TERG 1 and 7
….17
14
ANT PT/BASE about 0.7. SIPH short, dark, conical, about 0.8 × the short triangular cauda. Dorsal abdomen with a pair of large dark spots anterior to SIPH
SIPH pale or dark, 0.8-2.4 × cauda which bears 6-25 hairs
…..16
16
Cauda pale or dusky. SIPH dark or pale with dark apices. Dorsal abdomen without any dark markings. Very short-haired; e.g. hairs on ANT III 0.2-0.6 × BD III. ABD TERG 8 with 2 short hairs. Cauda with 6-10 hairs
Cauda tongue-shaped, at least 1.5 × its basal width, with 4-12 hairs. SIPH swollen, cylindrical or tapering on distal half. ANT tubercles well developed
(Note:Both
species have long dorsal hairs and ANT PT/BASE less than 1.5.)
–
Cauda finger-like, more
than 1.5 × its basal width, with 5-7 hairs. SIPH tubular, cylindrical or
slightly swollen, narrowing just before flange. R IV+V similar in length to
HT II. Dorsal abdominal hairs thick, rod-shaped, with flattened or furcate
apices
Cauda bluntly conical to helmet-shaped, shorter than its
basal width, with 13-18 hairs. SIPH are dark broad-based cones. R IV+V about
2 × HT II. Dorsal abdominal hairs pointed
Without that combination of characters; if SIPH
and cauda are both black then cauda is relatively shorter or bears more hairs
…..go to key to
polyphagous aphids, but note the possibility that specimens similar to Aphis
gossypii but with SIPH less than 1.5 × cauda may be A. punicae.
(C. bursa-pastoris (“Shepherd’s
Purse”) is a popular “reserve host” throughout a large part of the world for
numerous species of aphids, including many which are otherwise specific to other
plant genera or families. It seems to be a plant that aphids – particularly
grass and legume feeders – can utilise, and even form flourishing colonies
on, usually at times of year when their normal hosts are scarce or
unavailable. The key below attempts to discriminate the species most likely
to be found on Capsella, but neither the list above or the key can be
regarded as at all comprehensive.)
1
ANT PT/BASE less than 1. SIPH absent or, if present, then only about 0.5 × cauda
…..2
–
ANT PT/BASE more than 1. SIPH present and more than 0.5 × cauda
…..7
2
ANT PT/BASE more than 0.5. Eyes multifacetted. SIPH present, about 0.5 × the finger-like cauda
ANT tubercles absent or, if developed then small, and with median tubercle on front of head also developed; front of head therefore either convex, straight or sinuate in dorsal view. SIPH without polygonal reticulation
…..8
–
ANT tubercles moderately to well developed, with inner faces convergent, parallel or divergent in dorsal view; if rather low and divergent then SIPH have distal polygonal reticulation
…..19
8
SIPH almost cylindrical on basal half and slightly swollen on distal part, narrowing just before flange
…..9
–
SIPH tapering gradually from base to flange, with no trace of swelling on distal part
…..12
9
Cauda broadly triangular, about as long as its basal width in dorsal view. ANT III 2.5-3.7 × SIPH. Dorsal abdomen with dark segmental markings
ABD TERG 1 and 7 always with MTu. Spinal tubercles (STu) absent. Cauda tongue-shaped or bluntly conical, not constricted at base
…..13
–
ABD TERG 1 and 7 either without MTu, or if MTu are present then they are always in association with STu on ABD TERG 7 and/or 8. Cauda helmet-shaped or bluntly conical, somewhat constricted at base
…..14
13
ABD TERG 2-4(-5) regularly with well-developed marginal tubercles (MTu), of basal diameter about equal to distal diameter of SIPH
ABD TERG 2-4 without or only sporadically with small MTu (Go to key to polyphagous aphids, starting at couplet 24, but note that specimens running to gossypii may be one of a number of species/subspecies of the gossypii and frangulae groups that are recorded from Capsella (see systematic accounts under these two names), and specimens running to craccivora may be loti ssp. gollmicki.)
…..polyphagous Aphis spp.
14
Abdomen with an extensive dark dorsal shield
…..15
–
Abdomen without extensive dark markings anterior to SIPH
SIPH if pale, tapering/cylindrical and without polygonal reticulation, then more than 0.20 × BL and/or more than 1.25 × cauda
…..20
20
BL 2.5-5.5 mm. SIPH pale, without any subapical reticulation, very long and attenuate distally (thinner than middle part of hind tibia), but less than 2 × cauda
SIPH pale. Spinal hairs arising from pale/dusky sclerites or tuberculate bases, those on ABD TERG 3 not laterally displaced
…..4
4
Apt. vivip. present. Both apt. and al. with spinal hairs arising from tuberculate bases (less well developed in al., which have 12-20 sec. rhin. on ANT III)
ANT I not longer than wide, bearing 7-10 hairs. SIPH not so attenuate distally, as thick as or thicker than (0.95-1.7 ×) diameter of hind tibia at midlength. ANT VI BASE 1.1-1.7 × R IV+V
…..8
8
SIPH 1.75-2.05 × cauda. Diameter of SIPH at midlength 0.95-1.45 × diameter of hind tibia at midlength
SIPH 1.45-1.9 × cauda (only more than 1.8 × in large specimens with SIPH at least 0.9 mm). Diameter of SIPH at midlength 1.25-1.7 × diameter of hind tibia at midlength
ANT PT/BASE less than 0.5. Eyes 3-faceted. SIPH absent
…..2
–
ANT PT/BASE more than 0.5. Eyes multifaceted. SIPH present, tubular
…..3
2
Dorsal body and antennae clothed in numerous fine hairs. ANT II much longer than ANT I. Primary rhinaria with thick sclerotised rims. Wax glands not evident
Body and antennae sparsely hairy.ANT I and II of similar length.Primary rhinaria with ciliate rims. Abdomen with wax glands on ABD TERG 3-7 (usually 4 glands on each of ABD TERG 3-6 and 2 on ABD TERG 7)
ANT tubercles absent or weakly developed, with middle part of front of head also developed so that front of head is either convex, straight or sinuate in dorsal view
…..4
–
ANT tubercles moderately to well developed, with inner faces convergent, parallel or divergent, and median tubercle on front of head undeveloped or only weakly developed, so that there is a frontal sinus
…..12
4
ABD TERG 1 and 7 without marginal tubercles (MTu). SIPH almost cylindrical on basal half and slightly swollen on distal part, narrowing just before flange
…..5
–
ABD TERG 1 and 7 with MTu. SIPH tapering gradually from base to flange, with no trace of swelling on distal part
…..7
5
Cauda broadly conical, about as long as its basal width in dorsal view. ANT III 2.5-3.7 × SIPH. Dorsal abdomen with dark segmental markings
Dorsal abdomen with dark cross-bands on ABD TERG 7 and 8, and usually with small dark spots anterior to SIPH. Cauda with 11-24 hairs. (Al. usually without rhinaria on ANT IV)
SIPH present as pores placed on flat, usually pigmented, cones. Head and appendages dark. ANT PT/BASE 0.33-0.69
…..4
4
Hind tarsus 0.65-0.70 × hind tibia, and bearing two distinct types of hair, one type much longer and straighter than the other, exceeding 2 × width of tarsus at midlength
Dorsal hairs with or without tuberculate bases, but these are not as tall as their basal widths. SIPH tubular. Cauda not distinctly knobbed
…..6
6
Long, capitate dorsal hairs present, at least on head and posterior abdomen, the longest of them 1.5-3.0 × diameter at midlength of the pale slender SIPH, which are 2.4-3.5 × cauda and do not have distal reticulation. ANT III without rhinaria
…..7
–
Dorsal hairs not distinctly capitate, less than 1.5 × midlength diameter of the pale or dark SIPH, which are usually less than 2.4 × cauda. ANT III with or without rhinaria
…..8
7
Cauda 1.1-1.5 × R IV+V, and bearing 5-8 hairs. ANT PT 3.1-4.4 × R IV+V, and ANT PT/BASE 4.6-6.3. SIPH without dark apices
SIPH dark, wholly or in distal part, with polygonal reticulation on more than distal 0.2 of length
…..9
–
SIPH pale or dark, but if dark then without any polygonal reticulation, and if pale then any reticulation extends maximally up to distal 0.2 of length
…..15
9
Dorsal abdominal hairs all arising from pale tubercles
…..10
–
Dorsal abdominal hairs all or mostly arising from dark scleroites
…..11
10
R IV+Vnarrow-based and acute, 1.2-1.4 × HT I. SIPH distally dark and basally pale. Cauda pale. Tibiae mainly pale. ANT III pale except at apex, with 13-25 rhinaria extending up to 0.7 of length
R IV+V 0.9-1.0 × HT II. SIPH and cauda uniformly dark. Tibiae mainly dark. ANT III dark except at base, with 34-51 rhinaria extending over almost the entire length
ANT III with 20-45 rhinaria on basal 0.35-0.52 of length. Cauda with 23-30 hairs. ABD TERG 2-4 with or without MTu
…..14
14
R IV+V about equal in length to, or slightly shorter than, HT II, which is usually more than 0.21 mm long. ABD TERG 2-4 without MTu, or sporadically with small MTu no larger than hair bases
R IV+V 1.2-1.4 × HT II, which is usually less than 0.21 mm long. ABD TERG 2-4 regularly with MTu (90% with a total of 5 or more), often larger than hair bases
Cauda helmet-shaped, with at least a slight basal constriction, a little shorter than its basal width, and bearing 4-8 hairs
…..16
–
Cauda (if developed) tongue- or finger-shaped, or bluntly conical, without any basal constriction, usually longer than its basal width, if shorter then bearing more than 10 hairs
…..19
16
Head and ABD TERG 8 with spinal tubercles (STu). Spiracular apertures small, reniform (partly covered by opercula)
Marginal tubercles (MTu) always present on ABD TERG 1 and 7. ANT tubercles undeveloped or weakly developed, head not spiculose or spinulose
…..20
–
No MTu on ABD TERG 1 and 7. ANT tubercles well developed, or if weakly developed then head spinulose
…..29
20
R IV+V longer than ANT PT. ANT PT/BASE 0.8-1.4. SIPH 0.65-1.2 × cauda which is helmet-shaped or bluntly conical, 0.7-1.2 × its basal width
…..21
–
R IV+V shorter than ANT PT. ANT PT/BASE more than 1.4. SIPH 0.8-2.2 × cauda which is tongue- or finger-like and usually more than 1.2 × its basal width
…..23
21
SIPH 0.50-0.68 × R IV+V, and 0.65-0.86 × cauda. Longest hairs on ABD TERG 3 are 1.2-1.8 × ANT BD III
ANT PT/BASE1.4-1.9. Dorsal body hairs and those on antennae all very short; hairs on ANT III up to 0.6 × BD III, and those on ABD TERG 8 shorter than BD III
…..24
–
ANT PT/BASE 1.7-3.5; if less than 1.9 then hairs longer; those on ANT III 0.6-3.4 × BD III, those on ABD TERG 8 are 1-5 × BD III
…..26
24
MTu occur only rarely on ABD TERG 2-4. R IV+V 1.30-1.56 × HT II
Cauda always dark like SIPH, and bearing 7-24 hairs. Longest hind femoral hairs usually more than 0.7 × diameter of trochantro-femoral suture
…..27
27
ANT I dark, but ANT II pale or dusky, not much darker than basal half of ANT III. Dorsal abdomen usually without any dark markings anterior to SIPH (except for dark intersegmental muscle sclerites). HT I with a sense peg between the pair of fine hairs. Cauda bearing 7-12 hairs
ANT I and II are both dark, contrasting with ANT III. Dorsal abdomen usually with some dark markings anterior to SIPH (in addition to dark intersegmental muscle sclerites). HT I without a sense peg, with only the 2 fine hairs. Cauda bearing 11-27 hairs
…..28
28
Longest hair on ANT III 35-50 μm, longest hair on hind femur 60-85 μm. R IV+V 0.85-1.05 × HT II. SIPH 0.9-1.6 × cauda and 0.10-0.17 × BL. ANT PT/BASE 2.4-3.4
Longest hair on ANT III 15-25 μm, longest hair on hind femur 45-70 μm. R IV+V 1.05-1.30 × HT II. SIPH 1.3-1.8 × cauda and 0.14-0.20 × BL. ANT PT/BASE 2.9-3.4
Head spinulose with low divergent ANT tubercles. Tergum extensively sclerotised. ANT mainly dark with 1-6 rhinaria on basal part of III. SIPH dark, c.2.5 × the short dark tongue-shaped cauda
If head is spinulose or spiculose then ANT tubercles are well developed with inner faces steep-sided, almost parallel or apically convergent. Other characters not in that combination
About 110 aphid species live on Carex. In particular, one whole tribe (Saltusaphidini)
is almost exclusively confined to this plant genus. A single key would be
rather cumbersome, so we have split it into two, A and B.
–
SIPH tubular; tapering, cylindrical or
swollen, clearly longer than their basal widths
SIPHcylindrical or swollen, with terminal aperture. ANT 5- or 6-segmented, with PT/BASE more or less than 1
…..2
2
Head flattened and produced anteriorly, and sometimes also laterally, over antennal bases, to form either a projecting ledge (e.g. Fig.18b), or three large laterofrontal processes (the middle one displaced somewhat ventrally; Fig.18c)). SIPH very scabrous ventrally, swollen over most of length and narrowing just before flange, and curved inward at base and outward at apex into a shallow “S” curve
…..3
–
Head not flattened nor extended forward over antennal bases (although ANT tubercles may be present). SIPH scabrous, imbricated or smooth, and tapering, cylindrical or swollen
…..9
3
Front of head produced into a ledge, with median tubercle as a low swelling beneath it. Frontal hairs short and inconspicuous. Body oval
…..4
–
Front of head produced into three large separate processes, each bearing spine-like hairs. Body elongate oval
…..6
4
SIPH stout and very strongly constricted at apex (Fig.18d); width in middle 60-95 mm, 0.22-0.26 × length and 3.4-5.4 × width of subapical constriction
Ventral side of head with rows of spinules. R IV+V 1.09-1.42 × HT II
…..7
7
Median frontal process low, at most projecting only half as far as the laterofrontal processes. Abdomen with intersegmental areolations blurred with brown pigment and not clearly demarcated
Median frontal process developed to a similar extent to laterofrontal processes. Abdomen with intersegmental areolations clearly demarcated
..…8
8
Head narrow; width between (not including) eyes does not exceed maximum length (including frontal processes). R IV+V 1.24-1.42 × HT II. ANT PT/BASE 1.05-1.34
SIPH not thinnest on basal half; cylindrical on distal half with just slight swelling near apex. Processes on inner faces of antennal tubercles converging apically
ANT 5- or 6-segmented, but if 5-segmented then hairs are much shorter and/or ANT PT/BASE is less than 3.6
…..15
15
ANT less than 0.5 × BL
…..16
–
ANT more than 0.5 × BL
…..18
16
SIPH pale/dusky, not darker than body, very rugose, cylindrical on basal half, swollen distally and narrowing just before flange (Fig.18e). Dorsum sclerotic, strongly wrinkled. ANT usually 5-segmented, with ANT PT/BASE 1.0-1.5
SIPH black, or at least darker than body, moderately to heavily imbricated, tapering or with slight swelling. ANT usually 6-segmented, with ANT PT/BASE 1.7-3.6
…..17
17
Dorsum with extensive dark sclerotisation. Dorsal hairs long; those on ANT III about 2 × BD III. ANT III with 2-10 rhinaria near base. ANT PT/BASE 2.7-3.6
ANT III with 1-4 small rhinaria near base (rarely one side has none). ANT tubercles well developed, extending forward much further than middle of head in dorsal view. SIPH pale
…..22
–
ANT III without rhinaria. ANT tubercles small or only moderately developed, not extending forward much further than middle of head in dorsal view. SIPH dark or pale with dark apices
…..23
22
ANT witheach segment pale at base and dusky/dark at apex (base of VI paler than apex of V). R IV+V 0.55-0.71 × HT II. (Al. without dorsal abdominal pigmentation)
ABD TERG 8 with 5-18 hairs. Hind tibia with numerous long, fine hairs, exceeding 2 × its diameter at midlength, along whole length (Fig.18f). Longest hairs on ANT III usually longer than BD III. Papilliform marginal tubercles usually present on all of ABD TERG 1-7
…..24
–
ABD TERG 8 with 2-4 hairs. Hind tibia with shorter hairs, or if with hairs about 2 × its middle diameter then these do not extend to basal part. Longest hairs on ANT III rarely exceeding BD III. Marginal tubercles present or absent from ABD TERG 2-6
…..30
24
Most dorsal hairs with rather blunt apices; those on ABD TERG 3 maximally about 50 mm long, up to 2.5 × ANT BD III. Longest hairs on ANT III are about 1.5 × BD III
…..Schizaphis (Paraschizaphis)sp. (nigra auctt. nec Baker – see under nigra)
–
Most dorsal hairs with fine-pointed apices; longest hairs on ABD TERG 3 are 29-130 mm long, 2-4 × BD III. Longest hairs on ANT III more than 1.5 × BD III
…..25
25
SIPH with 4-10 hairs. ANT III with 19-31 hairs, 94-112 μm long
…..26
–
SIPH without hairs. ANT III with 4-16 hairs, 18-108 μm long
…..27
26
SIPH 1.43-1.61 × cauda. R IV+V 1.13-1.17 × HT II, and bearing 2 accessory hairs. ABD TERG 8 with 16-18 hairs
Subgenital plate usually with 2-6 hairs on anterior half (rarely up to 10). Dorsal body and ANT hairs variable in length; often some of those on both ANT III and ABD TERG 3 have blunt apices and are less than 50 μm long (range 28-87 μm and 29-100 μm respectively). R IV+V 1.02-1.25 (-1.38) × HT II. (Al. with (0-)2-5 rhinaria on ANT V)
Subgenital plate with (3-)5-14 hairs on anterior half. Dorsal body hairs all more than 65 μm long with pointed apices; hairs on ANT III and ABD TERG 3 are in range (30-) 50-108 μm and 81-132 μm respectively. R IV+V either 0.89-1.14 or 1.25-1.43 × HT II. Al with 0-1 rhinaria on ANT V
…..29
29
R IV+V 0.89-1.14 × HT II. Hairs on ANT III 53-108 μm long
SIPH pale or dark, 1.6-3.0 × cauda. R IV+V 0.8-1.5 × HT II
…..35
35
ABD TERG 1 and 7 without marginal tubercles (sometimes a very small tubercle on one side of ABD TERG 7 only). R IV+V 0.8-0.9 × HT II. ANT PT/BASE 3.1-3.4
ABD TERG 1 and 7 always with marginal tubercles (although these are sometimes not much larger than hair bases). R IV+V 0.9-1.5 × HT II. ANT PT/BASE 2.3-6.75
…..36
36
ABD TERG 6 with well-developed marginal tubercles, similar to those on 7, wider at base than the spiracular apertures
ABD TERG 6 either without tubercles, or with small tubercles that are not larger than spiracular apertures
…..37
37
Dorsal cuticle ornamented with spicules or nodules arranged in polygons, each polygon enclosing 1-4 similar spicules. SIPH dusky/dark, almost cylindrical for most of length or with swelling on distal half, and with a marked subapical constriction and large flange. Hairs on ABD TERG 7 and 8 short like those on more anterior tergites
…..38
–
Dorsal cuticle smooth or with reticulation but without spicules/nodules arranged in polygons. SIPH black, tapering from base to flange with no marked subapical constriction. Hairs on ABD TERG 7 and 8 much longer than hairs on more anterior tergites
…..39
38
SIPH distinctly clavate. R IV+V more than 0.14 mm long, 0.8-1.0 × HT II
Dorsal abdomen with a very marked reticulate microsculpture (Fig.18g). Spinal hairs on ABD TERG 1-3 with fine-pointed apices, and mostly about 1-2 × longer than ANT BD III. R IV+V 0.9-1.05 × HT II
Dorsal abdomen with weakly defined microsculpture (Fig.18h). Spinal hairs on ABD TERG 1-3 tend to be blunt and not longer than ANT BD III. R IV+V 1.07-1.6 × HT II
…..42
42
Cauda pale/dusky. ANT I, II and base of III pale
…..43
–
Cauda dark like SIPH. ANT I and II dark like most of ANT flagellum, only base of ANT III sometimes paler
…..44
43
ANT PT/BASE 4.3-4.5. Spinal hairs on ABD TERG 1-3 (Fig.18h) much shorter than marginal hairs
SIPH present as slightly-raised pores or as shallow cones. Cauda undeveloped, broadly rounded or knobbed. MTu present or absent
…..3
3
Distal part of cauda developed into a knob
…..4
–
Cauda either undeveloped or broadly rounded (semicircular)
…..59
4
Dorsal hairs mostly short with pointed apices or fan- or mushroom-shaped, or if long then rod-shaped or with expanded apices. Eyes protruding. and without an ocular tubercle (triommatidium). Anal plate bilobed, with a deep cleft between the two lobes
…..5
–
Dorsal hairs mostly or partly long, and spine-like. Eyes sessile or stalked, with an ocular tubercle. Anal plate either entire or with a shallow cleft (emarginate)
…..57
5
Fore and mid tibiae thickened at base, forming a smooth sclerotic “patella” (clearly different from base of hind tibia; Fig.18i). SIPH stump-shaped, conical or raised pores
…..6
–
Fore and mid tibiae constricted at base like hind tibiae. SIPH as slightly raised pores
…..22
6
All dorsal hairs pointed, each arising from a round wax gland, and surrounded by numerous other round wax glands (Fig.18j). Body broadly oval. ANT PT/BASE 0.6-0.75. SIPH as smooth, raised pores
Dorsal hairs mostly fan-shaped, mushroom-shaped, or rod-shaped with expanded apices, not arising from nor surrounded by wax glands. Body narrower; pear-shaped or elongate oval. ANT PT 0.7-2.1. SIPH stump-shaped or conical, sclerotic and densely spiculose
…..7
7
Body very elongate, more than 3 times longer than its greatest width. Front of head extended anteriorly between ANT bases to level of base of ANT II, as a rounded, dome-like protruberance (Fig.19a). Dorsum pale (except for intersegmental muscle sclerites)
Body less than 3 times its greatest width. Front of head angular (e.g. fig. 19b) or convex, but not extended so far forward. Dorsum usually dark or with dark markings
…..8
8
Posterior margin of ABD TERG 8 bilobed or with paired hair-bearing processes
…..9
–
Posterior margin of ABD TERG 8 entire
…..11
9
Head mostly pale, with angular median frontal projection (Fig. 19b). Dorsum with variable, rather diffuse dark markings tending to form longitudinal bands. ABD TERG 8 with a pair of large quadrate processes each bearing two long rod-shaped slightly capitate hairs arising from tuberculate bases (Fig. 18k)
Head dark, with rounded median frontal projection. Dorsum with extensive dark sclerotisation including two pairs of large dark patches and dark ABD TERG 8, which has variably dveeloped paired processes
…..10
10
Dorsal cuticle ornamented with numerous small blunt spicules, tending to form rows. Processes on ABD TERG 8 conical, shorter than their basal widths and with inner sides broadly divergent
Dorsal cuticle ornamented with nodules, not arranged in rows. Processes on ABD TERG 8 rounded, as long as their basal widths and with inner sides parallel or narrowly divergent
ABD TERG 8 with much fewer, longer, rod-shaped or fan-shaped hairs, often arising from tuberculate bases. Dorsum often with a distinctive pattern of dark markings
…..12
12
Dorsal abdominal hairs all rather long and rod-shaped or tapering, with expanded apices
…..13
–
Many or most of dorsal abdominal hairs short and fan-shaped, although longer rod- or strap- shaped hairs may also occur, especially marginally and/or on posterior tergites
…..15
13
Femora pale except at apices.Dorsal abdomen mainly pale except for intersegmental muscle sclerites and dark spots at hair bases
Femora dark. Dorsal abdomen with extensive dusky/dark markings
…..14
14
Dorsal abdomen with an irregular dark band forming an arc across ABD TERG 5 between SIPH, fused at least partially across midline (Fig.19c). Coxae dusky/dark
ANT PT/BASE 0.9-1.1 (note that transition point between PT and BASE is defined by the distal end of the primary (largest) rhinarium, so measure from this, ignoring the accessory rhinarium that is situated distal to this, at start of narrower part of PT). Head with a pale medial zone
Tarsi with at least distal part fuscous, darker than distal parts of hind tibiae
…..17
17
Dorsal abdomen with pigmentation anterior to SIPH very variable; either mainly comprising dark spots around hair bases, or with more extensive paired dark patches on ABD TERG 3-5 or 4-5, but these are not fused, or only tenuously fused, across midline, leaving a clear spinal stripe
…..18
–
Dorsal abdomen usually with extensive areas of dark pigmentation anterior to SIPH, variable but most often consisting of a continuous arc of pigment between SIPH, fused at least partially across midline on border between ABD TERG 4 and 5 (and sometimes also between 3 and 4), and never leaving a clear spinal stripe
…..19
18
ANT III dark on distal 0.3-0.6 of length, contrasting with basal part of segment and as dark as or darker than fore femora. Dorsal abdomen anterior to SIPH usually mainly pale, with pigmentation concentrated around hair bases; sometimes there is more extensive pigmentation, but this is ill-defined, and has numerous lacunae. Posterior marginal hairs on ABD TERG 7 usually long and rod-shaped, but sometimes fan-shaped
ANT III dusky on distal 0.1-0.3 of length, which part is paler than fore femora. Dorsal abdominal pigmentation variable but if well-developed then usually in the form of clearly defined paired rather solid dark patches extending forward and mesad from the very dark SIPH bases (always leaving a clear spinal stripe). Posterior marginal hairs on ABD TERG 7 almost always fan-shaped
Head with a broad pale median zone extending to front
…..20
–
Head dark, at least anteriorly
…..21
20
ANT 0.9-1.1 × BL. Marginal hairs on ABD TERG 3-8, and spinal hairs on ABD TERG 5-8, mostly rod-shaped (that is, at least with basal half cylindrical), with expanded apices. Modified basal dorsal hairs on tibiae also usually rod-shaped
Empodial hairs with fine-pointed apices (Fig.19e). Dorsal hairs always pointed. ABD TERG 8 with hairs usually restricted to posterior margin. (Hind wing of al. with two oblique veins)
…..23
–
Empodial hairs spatulate (Fig.19f). Dorsal hairs of various shapes; pointed, spatulate or mushroom-shaped. ABD TERG 8 usually with some hairs on central part (unless deeply incised; Fig. 20a). (Hind wing of al. usually with only one oblique vein)
…..35
23
Front of head with a very large trapezoid medial process, projecting forward to level of ANT II apices (Fig.19g). ANT short, spiculose (including ANT II)
Front of head often projecting forward but not beyond base of ANT II. ANT spiculose or imbricate on ANT III-VI, smooth on ANT II
…..24
24
ABD TERG 8 with its posterior margin bluntly triangular, and with a pair of hairs close together, one on each side of the apex (Fig.19h). ANT III with 1-5 rhinaria on distal half
…..25
–
ABD TERG 8 with posterior margin rounded, straight or emarginate (Figs 19i-n), with the two most medial hairs well separated. ANT III either without rhinaria or with 1-5 rhinaria in the middle of the segment or distally
Dorsal cuticle with numerous small stippled wax pores, especially on margins of posterior tergites and often around bases of spinal, pleural and marginal hairs. ANT III 0.35-1.25 × head width across (and including) eyes. ANT PT/BASE 0.7-1.1
…..27
–
Wax pores not apparent (except sometimes a few on posterior margin of ABD TERG 8). ANT III 0.9-1.2 × head width across eyes. ANT PT/BASE 0.94-1.4
…..34
27
Distance between the two most medial hairs on posterior margin of ABD TERG 8 about the same as (0.9-1.25 ×) their distance from their nearest neighbours on each side (Fig.19i). Posterior margin of ABD TERG 8 very evenly rounded (semi-circular). ANT III without rhinaria
…..28
–
Distance between the two most medial hairs on posterior margin of ABD TERG 8 more than 1.3 × their distance from their nearest neighbours on each side (Figs 19j-l). ABD TERG 8 not evenly rounded; often with an obtuse corner between sides and broadly rounded apex, or with a straight or concave section between the most medial hairs on the posterior margin. ANT III without or with 1-5 rhinaria
…..30
28
ANT III 8-10 × its maximum width, and 0.6-0.7 × head width across (and including) eyes
ANT III 3.5-7.5 × its maximum width, and 0.3-0.5 × head width across eyes
…..29
29
ABD TERG 8 with 6-15 thin hairs on central part, in addition to the row of marginal hairs. ANT III c.5 × its maximum width, and 0.3-0.4 × head width across eyes. Dorsum sclerites often fused across ABD TERG 3-6
Central part of ABD TERG 8 without any hairs. ANT III c.7 × its maximum width, and c.0.5 × head width across eyes. Dorsum sclerites all separated between segments, paired or forming cross-bands
Posterior margin of ABD TERG 8 with its two most medial hairs very widely separated, 2.5-3.25 × further apart than the distance from their nearest neighbours on each side. Wax pores on ABD TERG 8 confined to marginal areas (Fig.19j)
Posterior margin of ABD TERG 8 with the distance between the two most medial hairs less than 2.5 × the distance from their nearest neighbours on each side. Wax pores in a band extending across posterior part of ABD TERG 8 (Figs 19k, l)
…..31
31
Dorsal surface mainly rather pale, devoid of wax pores except for ABD TERG 8 and small fields with 1-6 pores around hair bases; with well-developed spiculose/noduloseornamentation.Posterior hairs on ABD TERG 8 on or near posterior margin (Fig.19k)
…..32
–
Dorsal surface usually dark with numerous wax pores on all ABD TERG, and often also on tibiae and distal segments of ANT; with or without spicules or nodules. Hairs on ABD TERG 8 placed inward from posterior margin (Fig.19l)
…..33
32
ANT 0.46-0.52 × BL. ANT III without secondary rhinaria
Dorsal cuticle rather smooth. ANT 1.4-2.0 × maximum width of body (except in specimens excessively flattened during mounting). ANT III 0.95-1.25 × head width across eyes
ABD TERG 8 with 10-16 thin, curved hairs 15-30 mm long, and with posterior margin not indented in middle (Fig.19m). Dorsal ornamemtation of ABD TERG 2-4 mostly consisting of rows of spinules
ABD TERG 8 with 6-10 (usually 8) stout hairs, the middle ones 50-85 mm long, and with posterior margin somewhat indented in middle (Fig.19n). Dorsal ornamentation of ABD TERG 2-4 mostly consisting of rather densely packed nodules
ANT mainly dark, with a pattern of pale reticulate imbrication that is mostly devoid of spicules (except sometimes a few minute ones on the imbrication of ANT V-VI). ANT PT/BASE 0.44-0.71
…..37
–
ANT pale or dark, with spiculose imbrication (especially marked on distal segments). ANT PT/BASE 0.38-1.47
…..40
37
Dorsum with numerousstippled wax pores, on broad dark bands across all tergites. Dorsal hairs small and thin. ANT III 0.8-1.0 × head width across eyes
Dorsum without any evident wax pores anterior to SIPH, although a few may sometimes be visible on ABD TERG 7-8. Dorsal hairs spine-like. ANT III 0.5-0.65 × head width across eyes
…..38
38
BL about 2.5 × maximum body width. Metanotum and ABD TERG 1-5 with paired pleural dusky-dark patches, leaving an almost unpigmented spinal stripe (in cleared preparations)
BL often more than 2.6 × maximum body width. Metanotum and ABD TERG 1-5 with dark cross bars, often fragmented in the spinal region but not leaving a clear spinal stripe
…..39
39
BL about 2.5 × maximum body width. ANT III with longest hairs c.2 × basal diameter of segment. Vertex of head with about 60 similarly long hairs
Dorsal body hairs 4-20 mm long (except on head and posterior abdomen); spine-like, lanceolate, furcate, dentate or mushroom-shaped
…..43
43
Lateral margin of ABD TERG 7 (and also ABD TERG 8) with large, backwardly-projecting hair-bearing processes (Fig.20a). Dorsal cuticle pale, strongly wrinkled or alveolate
ABD TERG 7 without large backwardly-projecting hair-bearing processes. Dorsal cuticle ornamented with numerous small spicules or nodules
…..44
44
ANT VI with accessory rhinaria placed proximal and distal to, and at some distance from, primary rhinarium. ANT PT/BASE 1.3-1.47 (measure from distal end of primary rhinarium). Head with some (mushroom-shaped) hairs on lateral margins between eye and ANT socket
…..45
–
ANT VI with accessory rhinaria close to primary rhinarium. ANT PT/BASE 0.7-1.1. Head without any hairs on lateral margins between eye and ANT socket
…..46
45
R IV+V with 2 pairs of accessory hairs (based on al.; apt. unknown)
ABD TERG 1-5 with some short, spine-like hairs (and sometimes with longer marginal ones) in addition to the very short “mushroom-shaped” hairs (which are stellate in dorsal view)
…..47
–
ABD TERG 1-5 with exclusively mushroom-shaped/stellate hairs (or occasionally with a few very short spine-like hairs, but not more than 1-2 per segment)
…..48
47
ABD TERG 2-5 or 3-5 each with a long marginal hair on each side, much longer than spine-like hairs in the spinal region. All hairs in pleural regions of ABD TERG 2-6 are mushroom-shaped
Dorsal ornamentation consisting of very small, subacute nodules, smaller than hair bases and arranged in irregular curved rows, or sometimes forming a reticulate pattern
Dorsal ornamentation consisting of blunt or rounded, rather flat nodules 4-8 μm in diameter, usually larger than hair bases, not in curved rows nor forming a reticulate pattern
…..50
50
Vertex with 60-80 mushroom-shaped hairs. ABD TERG 1 with 90-140 mushroom-shaped hairs. ABD TERG 8 with up to 13 (rarely as few as 8) long marginal hairs
Dorsal ornamentation consisting of rather large flat transversely oval nodules, much larger than the hair bases (Fig.20b). Posterior margin of ABD TERG 8 deeply incised, to a greater degree than anal plate
Dorsal ornamentation consisting of small nodules, or blunt or pointed spinules/spicules, not much larger than hair bases (Figs 20c-e). Posterior margin of ABD TERG 8 not usually so deeply incised
…..52
52
ABD TERG 8 with 16-20 long stout marginal hairs. Dorsum without dark or dusky longitudinal markings; very densely clothed in mushroom-shaped/stellate hairs. Spino-pleural regions of ABD TERG 1-3 ornamented with numerous evenly distributed small pale nodules, not arranged in rows (Fig.20c)
ABD TERG 8 with 6-16 long stout marginal hairs. Dorsum usually with at least traces of differential pigmentation in form of longitudinal stripes, or paired dusky patches on each tergite. Spino-pleural ornamentation of ABD TERG 1-3 consisting of very small pale or dark nodules or spicules, arranged in irregular rows (Fig.20d, e)
…..53
53
Dorsal cuticle including submarginal regions of tergites rather evenly and densely ornamented with fairly coarse blunt nodules. Mushroom-shaped hairs relatively sparse (less than 50 on each of ABD TERG 1-3 in spino-pleural regions between muscle plates), and with “caps” mostly very incomplete and asymmetrical, forming less than 180° of complete circle, with only a few rather jagged points of different sizes (Fig.20d)
Dorsal cuticle ornamented with nodules that become finer and often more spicule-like and less dense towards marginal, and sometimes also spinal, regions of each tergite. Mushroom-shaped hairs very numerous (more than 50 on each of ABD TERG 1-3 in spino-pleural regions between muscle plates), and with fairly symmetrical “caps” completing more than 180° of a circle, and more evenly stellate in dorsal view (Fig.20e)
…..54
54
Dorsum usually with well-marked and clearly-defined pleural longitudinal dark stripes that run almost the full length of the body (with small breaks between segments); these stripes are almost as dark as the intersegmental muscle plates, and are either side of a very pale spinal region that has no trace of a darker spinal stripe. (Wholly dark forms also sometimes occur)
Dorsum either almost unpigmented (except for muscle plates), or with ill-defined dark pleural longitudinal stripes or rows of paired patches that are paler than intersegmental muscle plates. When pleural bands are well-developed then there is also between them at least a trace of a dark spinal stripe. (Wholly dark forms are not known to occur)
…..55
55
ANT III 1.2-1.5 × ANT VI (BASE + PT together). BL 2.4-3.0 mm
Body elongate, almost parallel-sided. ANT 4- or 5-segmented. Dorsal hairs short, spatulate or rod-shaped, often with ragged apices. SIPH as small pores
…..60
–
Body oval. ANT 5- or 6-segmented. Dorsal hairs thick and spine-like, or long with expanded apices. SIPH as pores raised on shallow cones
…..61
60
ANT always 5-segmented, 0.20-0.25 × BL. ANT PT/BASE 0.8-1.2. ABD TERG 1-5 each usually with just 2 pairs of spinal hairs and one pair of pleural hairs
Abdomen with discrete, faceted wax glands. R IV+V 0.04-0.23 mm (if more than 0.17 mm then tarsal segments fused)
…..63
–
Abdomen without discrete wax glands. R IV+V 0.20-0.36 mm. Tarsal segments clearly articulated
…..73
63
Tarsi 1-segmented (sometimes showing a clear line of fusion of two segments, but with the articulation clearly non-functional). Wax glands consisting either of groups of large cells surrounded by smaller ones, or rings of cells around clear central areas, which may be small and rounded, or elongate
…..64
–
Tarsi 2-segmented. Abdominal wax glands each consisting of a group of similar-sized cells, and without any clear central area
…..69
64
Abdominal wax glands each consisting of a group of large cells surrounded by smaller ones. SIPH present as pores on small dark cones. R IV+V 0.17-0.23 mm
Abdominal wax glands each consisting of a ring of cells around a clear, round or elongate central area. SIPH either absent or present as pores not placed on dark cones. R IV+V 0.04-0.16 mm
…..65
65
Abdominal wax glands always with rather small, rounded, darkly bordered central areas (sometimes subdivided into two)
…..66
–
At least the larger (marginal) wax glands have narrow elongate central areas
…..67
66
Marginal wax glands comprising 10-20 cells (largest glands on posterior segments; Fig.20f). (Al. with sec. rhin. distributed III 10-12, IV 2-3, V 2-3, BASE VI 0)
Marginal wax glands comprising 4-12 cells (largest glands on posterior segments; Fig.20g)). (Al. with sec. rhin. distributed III 9-20, IV 2-5, V 2-5, BASE VI 0-3)
All dorsal abdominal wax glands oval to elongate oval with slit-like central areas (Fig. 20h). SIPH always present as slightly raised pores with dark, semicircular partial rims. R IV+V about 0.145 mm
Body almost globular. Anal plate enlarged and extended or displaced dorsally, surrounded on three sides by the U-shaped ABD TERG 8 to form a trophobiotic organ (to retain honeydew for collection by ants)
SIPH present as shallow cones surrounded by hairs. ANT 6-segmented. Large flat transparent marginal tubercles present on prothorax and ABD TERG 1-7. Body and appendages with numerous long fine hairs (75-150 mm long)
SIPH absent. ANT 5- or 6-segmented. No marginal tubercles. Body and appendages with sparser and shorter hairs (12-90 mm long)
…..74
74
BL 2.9-3.8 mm. ANT 5- or 6-segmented; primary rhinarium on last segment not enlarged, less than half width of segment. Cauda broadly conical. Hairs very short (c.12 mm long)
BL 1.9-3.3 mm. ANT 5-segmented. Primary rhinarium on ANT V enlarged, almost occupying whole width of segment. Cauda semicircular. Hairs long and fine (50-90 mm long)
SIPH with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation. ANT III with more than 20 small rhinaria. SIPH and cauda both dark; head smooth, dark, ANT tubercles well-developed with inner faces divergent
…..2
–
Without that combination of characters
…..5
2
R IV+V a little shorter than the long, thin HT II. Large aphid, BL c.3.9-4.0 mm, with very long SIPH and cauda; SIPH longer than ANT III
R IV+V 1.3-1.7 × HT II. BL 1.7-3.0 mm. SIPH shorter than ANT III
…..3
3
SIPH 1.4-1.6 × cauda which bears 15-28 hairs. ANT III with 16-54 rhinaria extending over basal 0.40-0.75 (mostly 0.45-0.60) of segment. ABD TERG 2-4 often with small marginal tubercles (MTu) about the size of hair bases. Hind tibiae more-or-less uniformly dark
SIPH 1.75-3.1 × cauda which bears 7-20 hairs. ANT III with 22-55 rhinaria extending over 0.63-0.98 (mostly 0.70-0.96) of segment. MTu absent. Tibiae dark basally and on the apical half, with a pale area in between
…..4
4
SIPH 1.75-2.3 × cauda which bears 7-12 hairs. R IV+V 1.7-1.8 × ANT BASE VI
ANT PT/BASE 0.80-1.36. ANT III with 0-10 rhinaria, and ANT IV with 0-4 (but often both have 0). SIPH and cauda very short, the cauda pale and bluntly triangular, shorter than its basal width, with 10 or more hairs
…..6
–
Without that combination of characters
…..7
6
ANT PT/BASE 1.04-1.36. ANT III and IV usually without rhinaria, and bearing very short hairs less than 0.3 × BD III
Body flattened and dorsum sclerotic, with fused
head and pronotum, fused ABD TERG 1-7, and a crenulate rim due to a
continuous marginal row of wax glands. Cauda knobbed, anal plate bilobed
…..2
–
Body not flattened, segments not fused, no crenulate margin of wax glands. Cauda not knobbed, anal plate entire (but note that specimens running to couplet 20 might be Uroleucon amamianum)
Rostrum much shorter than body. SIPH small, conical or truncate
…..5
5
Wings with extensive pigmentation between veins
…..6
–
Wings without pigmentation
…..7
6
ANT III with 7-12 rhinaria in a single row, and with longest hairs less than 2 × diameter of segment at base. R IV+V 1.0-1.2 × HT II, with 4-6 accessory hairs
ANT III with 11-16 rhinaria not in a single row, and with longest hairs more than 2 × basal diameter of segment. R IV+V 1.25-1.6 × HT II , with 9-10 accessory hairs
SIPH dark, wholly or in distal part, with polygonal reticulation usually on more than distal 0.2 of length
…..4
–
SIPH pale or dark; if dark then without any polygonal reticulation, and if pale then reticulation extends maximally over distal 0.2 of length
…..7
4
ANT III 1.8-2.5 × ANT V, with 42-86 rhinaria extending over 0.68-0.95 of length. Middle part of hind tibia pale; the pale section occupying at least 0.7 of total length. SIPH with reticulation over distal 0.25-0.32. ANT PT/BASE 5.2-7.3, mostly 5.5-7.0. ABD TERG 2-4 without marginal tubercles (MTu)
ANT III 1.4-1.9 × ANT V, with 15-54 rhinaria extending over 0.45-0.68 of length. Middle part of hind tibia dusky to dark, or if rather pale then the pale section is less than 0.6 of total length. SIPH with reticulation over distal 0.16-0.27. ANT PT/BASE 4.3-6.6, mostly 4.5-5.5; if more than 5.5 then ABD TERG 2-4 with MTu
…..5
5
ABD TERG 2-4 with marginal tubercles (MTu) that are mostly larger than adjacent hair bases.Cauda 3.5-4.5 × ANT BASE VI, and bearing 20-34 hairs. R IV+V 1.2-1.6 × ANT BASE VI. ANT PT/BASE 5.0-6.6
ABD TERG 2-4 with or without MTu that if present are mostly smaller than adjacent hair bases. Cauda 2.6-4.0 × ANT BASE VI, and bearing 13-29 hairs. R IV+V 1.0-1.3 × ANT BASE VI. ANT PT/BASE 4.3-5.5
…..6
6
R IV+V 0.95-1.15 × ANT BASE VI. ANT III with 23-45 rhinaria, few of which exceed 10 mm in diameter
Cauda helmet-shaped, with basal constriction, a little shorter than its basal width in dorsal view, and bearing 4-8 hairs. Spiracular apertures large and rounded
…..11
–
Cauda tongue- or finger-shaped, longer than its basal width. Spiracular apertures reniform
…..12
11
Dorsum with an extensive black shield. SIPH dark, imbricated, 1.7-3.4 × cauda. ANT III 0.31-0.47 mm, 2.4-3.4 × HT II. R IV+V 0.17-0.24 mm
ANT tubercles well-developed, with inner faces smooth and divergent. SIPH long and thin, without any subapical polygonal reticulation
…..13
–
Without this combination of characters; if ANT tubercles have smooth, divergent inner faces then SIPH have subapical polygonal reticulation for 0.1-0.2 of length
The
aphids of pecan (Carya illinoiensis) were keyed in Blackman &
Eastop (2000). The present key is extended to cover other Carya
species, but there are certain difficulties. The hickory phylloxerids (Phylloxera
spp.), with more than 30 available names, are impossible to key in the
present state of knowledge. Pergande (1904) provided a classification and
keys based on the galls. Many species of the three North American genera Monellia,
Monelliopsis and Protopterocallis are morphologically similar,
and often the early spring forms show significant differences from later
generations, making correct identification even more problematic. Yet most
are recorded from several Carya species, so a single key is necessary
with some rather difficult and possibly unreliable discriminants within these
genera. For further help with this group consult Quednau (2003).
Cauda knobbed, anal plate deeply bilobed. SIPH cones with at most 1-2 short hairs. ANT PT/BASE greater than 0.4 (all viviparae alate)
…..4
4
SIPH black, truncate, similar in length to ANT I (fig. 33A). Head and thorax, and mid- and hind femora, all very dark, as are the well-developed spinal and marginal abdominal processes
SIPH pale and often inconspicuous, small, tuberculate. Head thorax and all femora mainly pale or dusky, abdominal processes variably developed and/or pigmented
…..5
5
Marginal processes on ABD TERG 1-3 if developed not usually larger than those on more posterior tergites. Head and ANT I and II always without dark pigmentation. Rhinariated part of ANT III only slightly thickened, rarely up to 1.5 ×diameter of basal articulation of segment (fig. 33B). Embryos (seen through adult cuticle) with spinal hairs on ABD TERG 5 and 7 displaced laterally, and spinal hairs on ABD TERG 6 displaced medially (figs 34A, B)
…..6
–
Marginal processes developed on ABD TERG 1-3 but absent or inconspicuous on more posterior tergites. In midsummer ANT I and II, and margins of head and thorax may become dark-pigmented. Rhinaria-bearing part of ANT III conspicuously swollen, usually more than 1.5 × diameter of basal articulation of segment (fig. 33C). Embryos with spinal hairs on ABD TERG 1-6 in two longitudinal rows without any lateral or medial displacement, and only those on ABD TERG 7 displaced laterally (figs 34C-E)
…..14
6
ANT PT/BASE 0.6-1.1. Small, delicate aphids, BL rarely more than 2 mm
…..7
–
ANT PT/BASE 0.3-0.6. More robust aphids, BL usually more than 2 mm
…..11
7
Tibiae dark. Antennae mainly dark, except at bases of segments. Forewings with both Cu1a and especially Cu1b bordered with fuscous, much darker than other veins ABD TERG 1-6 without pleural hairs, but with 2 spinal hairs on each spinal process. Hind femur with a black spot dorsally near apex (fig. 33F)
Tibiae mainly pale. Antennae with only apical parts of segments and rhinariated section of ANT III dark. Forewings with only Cu1b lightly bordered with fuscous, Cu1a as other veins. ABD TERG 1-6 with separate spinal and pleural hairs on separate processes. Hind femur with a black spot on ventral side near apex (fig. 33G)
…..8
8
Subcoxa of hind leg usually with a dark transverse streak. In midsummer alatae ABD TERG 1-5 each with a transverse spinopleural row of 5-12 hairs. ABD TERG 6 with 2 (spring) up to 6 (midsummer) spinopleural hairs. Embryos with dorsal body hairs having fan-shaped, denticulate apices
Subcoxa of hind leg without a transverse mark. In midsummer alatae ABD TERG 1-5 with up to 6 or even 8 hairs, but ABD TERG 6 almost always with 2 (rarely 3) spinal hairs. Embryos with dorsal body hairs having knobbed apices
…..9
9
Pleural hairs on ABD TERG 1-4 mostly on smaller processes than spinal ones (fig. 33H). ABD TERG 1-5 in spring usually each with 4-6 spinopleural hairs, in midsummer with 5-8 spinopleural hairs (arising from dark bases)
Pleural hairs on ABD TERG 1-4 on processes of similar size to spinal ones (fig. 33I), or none of hairs raised above surface. ABD TERG 1-5 in spring usually each with 2-5 spinopleural hairs; in midsummer with 4-6 spinopleural hairs (often with dark bases)
…..10
10
ABD TERG 1-5 normally each with 4 spinopleural hairs, with exceptionally 5 on one tergite. Spinopleural hairs on ABD TERG 1 and 2 arising from low processes
Some of spinal hairs on ABD TERG 1-3 neotenic; as long as or longer than the processes from which they arise, 45-100 µm long, expanded at tips and very stout-based (fig. 33M)
ABD TERG 1-6 each with only 2 spinal hairs, often on low processes
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Spinal hairs on ABD TERG 1-4 all short and fine, less than 40 µm long, less than 1.5 × diameter of most swollen part of ANT III. ABD TERG 1-6 of embryos (seen through adult cuticle) with very short spinal hairs and long overlapping marginal hairs (fig. 34C)
At least some of spinal hairs on ABD TERG 1-4 long, 40-80 µm, 1.5-3.2 × diameter of most swollen part of ANT III. If ABD TERG 1-6 of embryos have very short spinal hairs (Monellia hispida) then the marginal hairs are non-overlapping
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Embryos (and 1st instars) with marginal hairs on abdominal segments 1-6 short, not overlap-ping between segments, and spinal hairs minute (fig. 34D)