SIPH black and much longer than the distance between their bases; cauda long, thin and pale. (Additional diagnostic characters: ANT III-VI wholly dark, R IV+V with 9-12 accessory hairs, subapical polygonal reticulation of SIPH consisting of just 3-5 rows of cells, extending less than 0.1 of SIPH)
SIPH pale or dark, but if wholly dark and longer than the distance between their bases then cauda is also black
…..2
2
SIPH pale with black tips, cauda dusky to black. (Additional diagnostic characters: head, ANT I-III and femora densely ornamented with nodulose imbrication, ANT PT/BASE 5.0-5.9, and almost all hairs on both dorsal and ventral surfaces of body and appendages very short and blunt)
Cauda longer than its basal width in dorsal view. ANT tubercles well developed, spiracles reniform
…..2
2
Dorsal hairs with broadly expanded apices, funnel-shaped. R IV+V stilletto-shaped, with concave sides, SIPH pale, without distal polygonal reticulation
Dorsal hairs with blunt or pointed apices. R IV+V with straight or slightly convex sides. SIPH mostly or entirely dark, with polygonal reticulation over distal 23-37%
Marginal tubercles (MTu) absent or present, but if present they are usually only on ABD TERG 2-4 (-5) and only rarely on ABD TERG 1 or 7
…..5
–
MTu always present at least on ABD TERG 1 and 7
…..17
5
Cauda helmet-shaped, constricted at base and not longer than its basal width. SIPH with a subapical annular incision. Spiracular apertures large and rounded
…..6
–
Cauda tongue- or finger-shaped, not constricted at base, longer than its basal width. SIPH without a subapical annular incision. Spiracular apertures reniform
…..8
6
Dorsum without dark markings. Mesosternum without mammariform processes. R IV+V 0.10-0.15 mm, 1.1-1.5 × HT II. SIPH pale, smooth, 0.8-2.0 × cauda
Dorsum with an extensive black shield. Mesosternum with a pair of dark mammariform processes. R IV+V 0.17-0.24 mm, 1.4-2.0 × HT II. SIPH dark, imbricated, 1.7-3.4 × cauda
…..7
7
Hairs on ABD TERG 8 are 30-61 µm long. Longest hairs on hind femur 10-25µm long
Dorsal hairs short or long, but if long then with pointed apices
…..9
9
SIPH pale at least over most of length, sometimes dusky or dark apically, and if with subapical polygonal reticulation then this is confined to distal 0.2 or less of length
SIPH dusky or dark over at least half of length, with polygonal reticulation always present and often extending over more than distal 0.2
…..10
10
SIPH shorter than or as short as (0.6-1.0 ×) cauda
…..11
–
SIPH longer than (1.1-2.9 ×) cauda
…..14
11
R IV+V 1.0-1.2 × HT II
…..12
–
R IV+V 0.7-0.9 × HT II
…..13
12
All dorsal abdominal hairs arising from conspicuous large dark scleroites. ANT PT/BASE 3.7-4.3. SIPH with reticulation over distal 0.50-0.63 of length. Cauda with 24-30 hairs
Dorsal abdominal hairs mostly arising from small scleroites, only large on ABD TERG 6-8. ANT PT /BASE 4.6-5.7. SIPH with reticulation over 0.63-0.81 of length. Cauda with 12-20 hairs
SIPH pale or dark, 1.3-2.3 × cauda and 0.24-0.36 × BL. Dorsal abdomen without paired spinal sclerites; if with small dark scleroites then these are mostly not fused between hair-bases
…..15
15
Cauda pale.SIPH often pale basally. Antennae and tibiae also pale except at apices. First tarsal segments with 3 hairs (a sense peg and a pair of lateral hairs); rarely with one additional lateral hair
ANT PT/BASE 3.9-6.0. SIPH 1.9-2.6 × cauda, which is black, rather pointed, and bears c.10 adpressed hairs that are difficult to count. ABD TERG 1-4 and 7 regularly with large MTu
ANT tubercles weakly developed, not projecting beyond middle part of front of head in dorsal view. ABD TERG 1 and 7 always with marginal tubercles (MTu)
…..2
–
Antennal tubercles well developed, with inner faces steep-sided, approximately parallel or apically convergent. No MTu on ABD TERG 1 and 7
…..3
2
All dorsal hairs very short and blunt, even those on front of head and ABD TERG 8 being less than 0.5 × ANT BD III
Dorsum with extensive dark sclerotisation, including a large dark sclerite extending across ABD TERG 2-4, often broken in the midline but joined laterally to the marginal sclerites
Dorsal abdomen with or without dark markings; if present and maximally developed these consist of segmentally discrete patches or transverse bars not united with marginal sclerites
Dorsal hairs blunt or more abruptly pointed; longest hairs on ANT III 0.7-2.2 × BD III. SIPH 1.7-3.0 × cauda
…..9
9
Spinal tubercles (STu) present on head and ABD TERG 1-2 as well as 7-8, and sometimes also on pronotum and ABD TERG 3 and 4. Longest hairs on ANT III 16-42 μm, 0.7-1.6 (-2.0) × BD III. ABD TERG 8 with 4-6 hairs
STu present on head and ABD TERG 7-8, never on 2-3, rarely on pronotum and ABD TERG 6. Longest hairs on ANT III 31-62 μm, 1.5-2.2 × BD III. ABD TERG 8 with 4-10 hairs
…..10
10
Longest hairs on ANT III and ABD TERG 3 are 7-18 μm. Pronotum without pleural hairs at posterior margin. Genital plate with 14-22 hairs
Longest hairs on ANT III and ABD TERG 3 are 31-62 μm. Pronotum with a pair of pleural hairs at posterior margin. Genital plate with 23-40 hairs
…..11
11
SIPH 0.20-0.28 mm, 3.2-4.8 × their width at midlength and 1.7-2.4 × cauda. Degree of sclerotisation of dorsal abdomen variable, but usually not extensive on ABD TERG 1-4, with transverse bars only on more posterior tergites
SIPH 0.21-0.37 mm, 4.5-6.2 × their width at midlength and 2.6-3.0 × cauda. Dorsal scleroti- sation of abdomen variable, but usually with sclerites coalesced into incomplete transverse bars, or a perforated shield, on ABD TERG (3-)4-5
SIPH cylindrical or tapering. Inner faces of ANT tubercles parallel or divergent. ANT III with 1-14 rhinaria on basal half
.….15
15
Cuticle of head densely spiculose. ANT tubercles steep-sided, parallel or apically convergent. ANT III with (0-)1-2(-4) rhinaria near base. SIPH 0.20-0.25 × BL, without any subapical reticulation
…..16
–
Cuticle of head without or with only sparse, minute spicules. Inner faces of ANT tubercles divergent. ANT III with 1-14 rhinaria near base. SIPH 0.25-0.37 × BL, with a subapical zone of reticulation
…..17
16
Dorsum with a large U-shaped black patch, and broad dark cross-bars on thorax. SIPH 0.7-1.1 × head width across (and including) eyes. (Immatures with spiculose hind tibiae)
Longest hair on ABD TERG 8 is 38-63 µm, 0.6-1.4 × basal diameter of ANT III. Anterior half of subgenital plate usually (77%) with only 2 hairs (18% with 3, 5% with 4-6 hairs)
Longest hair on ABD TERG 8 is 66-106 µm, 1.4-2.0 × basal diameter of ANT III. Anterior half of subgenital plate with 2-11 hairs, usually (77%) with 4-8 hairs
Cauda knobbed, anal plate bilobed. SIPH truncate. ANT III with 5-11 transversely elongate oval rhinaria. Abdomen with paired spinal and marginal conical hair-bearing processes
Cauda tongue- or finger-shaped, anal plate entire. SIPH not truncate. ANT III with any rhinaria subcircular. Abdomen without conical hair-bearing processes
…..2
2
Broadly oval aphids with dorsal abdominal sclerotisation. ANT tubercles poorly developed. ABD TERG 1 and 7 with marginal tubercles (MTu)
…..3
–
Spindle-shaped, pale aphids. ANT tubercles well developed. ABD TERG 1 and 7 without MTu
…..6
3
R IV+V bearing 2-6 (usually 4-5) accessory hairs. ABD TERG 1-4 and 7, and sometimes also 5 and 6, with MTu
R IV+V always with 2 accessory hairs. MTu only consistently present on ABD TERG 1 and 7, present or absent on ABD TERG 2-4, rarely on 5 and 6
…..4
4
R IV+V 1.17-1.44 × HT II. Dorsal abdomen with broad dark segmental bands partly fused across segments, but not forming a solid shield. ABD TERG 2-4 often with MTu
R IV+V 0.82-1.18 × HT II. Dorsal abdomen with a solid black shield extending over tergites 1-6. ABD TERG 2-4 rarely with MTu
…..5
5
Cauda finger-like, parallel-sided for much of length, nearly 2 × longer than its basal width, 0.13-0.18 × BL, and bearing 6-11 hairs. SIPH 0.78-1.53 × cauda. (Al. with 0-2 rhinaria on ANT IV)
Cauda with distal part tapering, about 1.5 × longer than its basal width, 0.09-0.13 × BL, and bearing 4-9 hairs. SIPH 1.17-2.18 × cauda. (Al. never with rhinaria on ANT IV)
SIPH 0.98-1.1 × head width across (and including) eyes, and 6.7-8.7 × maximum width of swollen part (Fig. 10c). Length of supracaudal process at least 1.6 × maximum width of swollen part of SIPH (Fig. 10f). (Al. with a complete black band on ABD TERG 6)
SIPH 0.8-1.01 (-1.07) × head width across eyes, and 5.0-7.3 × maximum width of swollen part (Fig. 10d). Length of supracaudal process less than 1.5 × maximum width of swollen part of SIPH.(Fig.10g) (Al. with a pair of roundish dark marks on ABD TERG 6)
SIPH 2.5-3.5 times longer than their basal width, and 12-25 × longer than the short, blunt and inconspicuous hairs on front of head
…..14
14
Posterior hair on hind trochanter0.24-0.56 (rarely more than 0.5) × length of trochantro-femoral suture. Longest hair on ABD TERG 8 is 11-38 μm, rarely longer than 30 μm. ABD TERG 7 often with a pair of marginal tubercles (MTu)
Posterior hair on hind trochanter0.42-1.00 (rarely less than 0.5) × length of trochantro-femoral suture. Longest hair on ABD TERG 8 is 25-80 μm, rarely shorter than 30 μm. ABD TERG 7 rarely with MTu
ANT III 0.12-0.36 mm long, usually 0.65-1.0 × PT, but up to 1.3 × in small specimens (i.e., those with PT less than 0.27 mm long), and 1.3-3.0 × R IV+V (1.3-2.6 × R IV+V except in large specimens). ABD TERG 8 with 2-7 hairs, HT I with only 2 hairs. (ANT III of al.with 3-23, but rarely more than 15, rhinaria)
…..20
20
ANT III 0.9-1.2 × cauda, which is black, slightly constricted about its midlength, and bears 6-15 (usually 9-11) hairs. Dorsal abdomen without any dark markings
Head with a pair of frontal horns projecting forward between the antennae. Head and prothorax fused. SIPH as raised pores with sclerotised rims. Body hairs sparse
…..3
3
Dorsal abdomen with large paired groups of spinal as well as marginal wax glands. Frontal horns shorter than ANT I
ANT III and IV normally without rhinaria. SIPH 1.0-3.9 × R IV+V. ANT PT/BASE 1.35-4.7
…..6
6
Hind tibia mainly pale, with length of longest hairs on middle part only about 0.7 of width of tibia at midlength
…..7
–
Hind tibia pale or dark, with length of longest hairs on middle part equal to or greater than its width at midlength or, if a little shorter, then hind tibia is mainly dark
…..9
7
R IV+V 1.2-1.5 × HT II. Cauda with 16-22 hairs. ABD TERG 8 with c.6 hairs
ABD TERG 8 with 2-11 hairs (usually 4-6). ANT III 0.95-1.9 × SIPH. Dorsal abdomen with or without dark markings. Cauda without any constriction
…..11
11
ANT III 0.65-1.01 × PT, 1.1-1.6 × cauda and 0.95-1.35 × SIPH. Dorsal abdomen usually with some dark markings anterior to SIPH (in addition to dark intersegmental muscle sclerites)
ANT III 1.05-1.95 × PT, 1.55-2.2 × cauda and 1.2-1.9 × SIPH. Dorsal abdomen usually without any dark markings anterior to SIPH (except for dark intersegmental muscle sclerites)
SIPH entirely black and moderately clavate; swollen to about 1.4-1.5 × their minimum width. Abdominal marginal sclerites domed, each bearing 2-4 hairs 35-50 μm long with slightly capitate apices (Fig. 11a)
SIPH if entirely black then not swollen to about 1.4-1.5 × their minimum width. Abdominal marginal sclerites not domed, and not bearing capitate hairs
…..2
2
SIPH slightly swollen on distal half, but with a narrower, reticulated subapical section (a few large closed polygonal cells). R IV+V 1.3-1.5 × HT II and bearing 14-16 accessory hairs. First tarsal segments with 5 hairs
SIPH with or without swelling on distal half, but if with subapical reticulation then R IV+V is relatively much shorter and bears fewer hairs, and first tarsal segments have 3 hairs
…..3
3
ANT III distinctly longer than ANT IV+V together. First tarsal segments with 5-6 hairs (1-2 median sense pegs and 2 pairs of longer, lateral hairs). ANT PT/BASE 1.0-2.3
…..4
–
ANT III shorter than ANT IV+V together. First tarsal segments with 2-4 hairs (usually 0-1 median sense pegs and 1 pair of laterals). ANT PT/BASE 1.8-6.5
…..5
4
SIPH very short, conical, 0.25 –0.3 × cauda which is very long and finger-like and bears 14-20 hairs (Fig.11b). ANT PT/BASE 1.0-1.3
R IV+V 1.2-2.2 × HT II. SIPH 1.1-2.1 × cauda. Dorsal body with variable dark sclerotisation, sometimes extensive on dorsal abdomen, but not on head and thorax (except in alatiform apterae)
…..7
7
SIPH 0.19-0.22 × BL. Dorsal sclerotic pattern consisting of pairs of pale brown spinal, pleural and marginal spots on each segment. Antennae and femora mainly dark brown
SIPH 0.11-0.17 × BL. Dorsal sclerotisation very variable but never as separate paired spots; sometimes with a black shield covering ABD TERG 2-5 (or 2-6). Antennae and femora mainly pale
R IV+V 0.15-1.2 × SIPH. SIPH 0.052-0.4 × BL and 0.7-2.4 × cauda (if less than 1.0 × cauda then R IV+V 0.55-0.75 × HT II)
…..4
4
ANT III 2.1-3.7 × the short and somewhat barrel-shaped SIPH. Cauda broadly triangular, not longer than its basal width. ANT tubercles undeveloped. Dorsal abdomen with dark markings
ANT III 0.8-2.0 × SIPH, which are not barrel-shaped. Cauda tongue-shaped or triangular, longer than its basal width. ANT tubercles variably developed, and dorsal abdomen with or without dark markings
…..5
5
Ventral surfaces of femora scabrous or heavily imbricated. ANT tubercles variably developed, with inner faces divergent; if well developed then the median frontal tubercle is also well developed
…..6
–
Ventral surfaces of femora smooth or weakly imbricated or, if scabrous or heavily imbricated, then the ANT tubercles are well developed and converge apically, and the median frontal tubercle is undeveloped
ANT tubercles and median frontal tubercle weakly developed. Dorsum with broad dark bands on all tergites. SIPH and cauda very dark
.….7
–
ANT tubercles and median frontal tubercle moderately to well developed. Dorsum without dark bands or with dark bars only on ABD TERG VII and VIII. SIPH pale or dusky with dark apices, cauda pale or dark
ANT uniformly dusky or dark except for basal part of ANT III. ANT PT/BASE 1.8-2.7. R IV+V 0.6-0.9 × HT II. Dorsal cuticle roughened. Cauda dusky or dark, 0.6-0.9 × SIPH and 1.2-1.9 × R IV+V
ANT pale except for much darker apex of ANT V and whole of VI. ANT PT/BASE 2.7-3.5. R IV+V 1.1-1.4 × HT II. Dorsal cuticle smooth. Cauda pale, 0.4-0.6 × SIPH and 0.6-1.3 × R IV+V
Without this combination of characters; if ANT
tubercles are well developed and have smooth, divergent inner faces then SIPH
have subapical polygonal reticulation for 0.1-0.2 of length
ANT tubercles weakly developed, not projecting beyond middle part of head in dorsal view. Head without spicules. SIPH without polygonal reticulation. MTu present on ABD TERG 1 and 7
…..3
3
Stridulatory apparatus present (cuticular ridges ventrolaterally on abdominal segments 5-6, and a row of peg-like hairs on hind tibia)
…..4
–
No stridulatory apparatus
…..6
4
SIPH much shorter than (0.4-0.6 ×) cauda. ANT PT/BASE 2.5-3.0
Longest hairs on ANT III 12-27 μm long, 0.5-1.0 × BD III. Longest hairs on hind tibia up to 60 μm long, less than 0.6 × HT II. Cauda with 10-26 hairs (rarely more than 20). BL often less than 2 mm
Longest hairs on ANT III 29-64 μm long, 1.5-2.0 × BD III. Longest hairs on hind tibia up to 80-110 μm long, 0.7-1.0 × HT II. Cauda with 19-54 hairs (rarely less than 25). BL usually more than 2 mm
Antennae 5-segmented, with ANT PT/BASE more than 4. ANT III with 0-5 small secondary rhinaria on distal part. (Alata with radial sector often missing from forewing?)
Antennae 6-segmented, with ANT PT/BASE less than 4. ANT III without secondary rhinaria except in alatiform individuals. (Alata with radial sector present in forewing)
…..7
7
Cauda pale or dusky, clearly paler than SIPH. Hairs on hind femur all shorter than diameter of femur at its base
ANT tubercles absent or weakly developed, not
projecting forward beyond middle of head in dorsal view
…..5
–
ANT tubercles well developed, projecting forward
beyond middle of head, with inner faces convergent, divergent or parallel in
dorsal view
…..22
5
Cauda helmet-shaped, shorter than its basal width
in dorsal view
…..6
–
Cauda finger-shaped or bluntly conical, as long
as or longer than its basal width
…..13
6
Prothorax
with a pair of very large marginal tubercles (MTu), up to twice the diameter
of the compound eye, and ABD TERG 1-5 also with very large MTu. SIPH long and
flangeless, more than 7 × cauda, and bearing some small pointed hairs
Longest hairs on ANT III at least 0.8 × BD III,
and dorsal body hairs mostly longer than this diameter
…..9
9
Paired lateral, spinal, and often also
pleural, tubercles present on most tergites. Marginal tubercles (MTu) very
large and sometimes subdivided. R IV+V longer than ANT III
Spinal tubercles (STu) usually on head and
ABD TERG 7 and 8, rarely on other segments. MTu variable in size, never
subdivided. R IV+V much shorter than ANT III
Dorsal hairs thick and distinctly capitate,
arising from tuberculate bases. SIPH long, pale and slender, 2.6-3.2 × cauda.
ANT PT/BASE 6.0-9.2. ANT III without rhinaria
Dorsal hairs pointed, blunt or if slightly
capitate then thin and not arising from tuberculate bases. SIPH pale or dark,
1.5-2.7 × cauda. If ANT III
without rhinaria then ANT/PT BASE
1.75-4.5
.…23
23
Inner faces of ANT tubercles convergent in dorsal
view. ANT III without rhinaria
…..24
–
Inner faces of ANT tubercles parallel or
divergent in dorsal view. ANT III with at least 1 rhinarium near base of ANT
III, and sometimes many more
…..25
24
SIPH slightly clavate. ANT PT/BASE 3.0-4.5. Dorsal abdomen without
dark intersegmental markings. Immatures with smooth hind tibiae
SIPH tapering with a slight “S”-curve. ANT PT/BASE 1.75-2.8. Dorsal abdomen with a
pattern of dark intersegmental markings. Immatures with spinulose hind tibiae
Inner faces of ANT tuberclesparallel oralmost
parallel in dorsal view. ANT hairs very short and blunt, the longest hair on
ANT III less than 0.5 × BD III. SIPH without any subapical polygonal
reticulation
…..26
–
Inner faces of ANT tubercles clearly divergent in
dorsal view. Longest hair on ANT III more than 0.5 × BDIII. SIPH with a
distal zone of polygonal reticulation
…..27
26
BL 1.5-3.0 mm. Dorsal cuticle of head spinulose. ANT III
with 1-2 rhinaria near base
SIPH mainly or wholly dark with polygonal
reticulation extending over distal 0.2-0.5
…..28
28
SIPH thinnest in middle and flared
apically, with reticulation extending over about distal 0.5; altogether much
thinner than cauda. ANT III with 2-5 rhinaria near base. R IV+V 0.7-0.9 × HT
II, stilletto-shaped (concave-sided) with very long accessory hairs
SIPH tapering or cylindrical on distal half and
reticulated over distal 0.2-0.3; about as thick as cauda. ANT III with 18-48 rhinaria extending over
most of segment. R IV+V 1.0-1.8 × HT II
Dorsal abdomen without dark markings, and spiculose ornamentation restricted to posterior part of head and posterior margins of thoracic and abdominal tergites
Cauda helmet-shaped, not longer than basal width in dorsal view. SIPH tapering strongly, with a marked subapical annular incision. Spiracular apertures wide open, rounded
Cauda tongue- or finger-like, or triangular, longer than its basal width. SIPH tapering weakly or swollen on distal half, without a marked subapical annular incision. Spiracular apertures partially occluded, reniform
…..7
7
ANT tubercles weakly developed, not projecting forward beyond middle of head in dorsal view. ABD TERG 1 and 7 always with marginal tubercles (MTu). SIPH black, tapering or cylindrical on distal half
…..8
–
ANT tubercles well developed. MTu rarely on ABD TERG 1 and 7. SIPH pale and/or swollen on distal half
…..11
8
Cauda pale or dusky, evidently paler than SIPH, and bearing 4-7(-8) hairs
Dorsal abdomen with an extensive dark shield covering most of ABD TERG 1-6. ANT III with 0-14 rhinaria, and VI with 0-2 rhinaria. Longest hairs on ANT III 0.5-0.8 × BD III
Dorsal abdomen with variable dark markings, and sometimes with transverse bars, but never with an almost entire shield. ANT III and IV without rhinaria (except in alatiform specimens). Longest hairs on ANT III 0.8-2.4 × BD III
…..10
10
BL 1.6-2.0 mm. ANT III 9-18 × longest hair (18-27 μm) upon it, which is never longer than ANT BD III. Lateral hairs on ABD TERG 2-4 are 19-37 μm long, about as long as the distance between their bases
BL usually more than 2 mm, if less then ANT III is only 5-9 × longest hair (30-65 μm) upon it, which is usually longer than BD III. Lateral hairs on ABD TERG 2-4 are 40-85 μm long, longer than the distance between their bases
SIPH without subapical polygonal reticulation, cylindrical or swollen on distal half, . Hairs on ANT III all very short and blunt, less than 0.4 × BD III
SIPH slightly to markedly swollen on distal half. ANT PT/BASE 3.3-6.5
…..13
13
Dorsal abdomen usually with paired dark sclerites sometimes fused into cross bars, sometimes very small. Dorsal cuticle of head densely spiculose. SIPH strongly swollen. Cauda triangular
ANT III without rhinaria (except in alatiform specimens). Femoral apices pale or only slightly dusky, and SIPH entirely pale/dusky or only dark at apices
…..15
15
ANT tubercles with a markedly scabrous region protruding ventrally. HT II only sparsely imbricated
ANT PT about equal to BASE, shorter than R IV+V. SIPH very short, shorter than the bluntly triangular cauda which is a little shorter than its basal width in dorsal view
Dorsal hairs thick and distinctly capitate, arising from tuberculate bases. SIPH long, pale and slender, 2.6-3.2 × cauda. ANT PT/BASE 6.0-9.2. ANT III without rhinaria
Dorsal hairs pointed, blunt or if slightly capitate then thin and not arising from tuberculate bases. SIPH pale or dark, 1.5-2.7 × cauda. If ANT III without rhinaria then ANT/PT BASE 1.75-4.5
Cauda helmet shaped, shorter than its basal width. Dorsal abdomen with an extensive solid black sclerotic shield. (Mesosternum with a pair of pigmented mammariform processes)
SIPH with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation
…..2
–
SIPH without any subapical polygonal reticulation (or absent)
…..7
2
SIPH 0.65-1.45 × cauda and with polygonal reticulation extending over distal 0.4 or more of length
…..3
–
SIPH 1.55-2.3 × cauda and with polygonal reticulation only on distal 0.3 or less
…..4
3
BL 1.0-2.3 mm. ANT III with 8-28 rhinaria extending over its entire length. SIPH only 0.65-0.9 × cauda, with reticulation on distal 0.6-0.8. ANT VI BASE 0.6-1.0 × R IV+V, which is 1.0-1.3 × HT II. Cauda with 10-17 hairs
BL 3.0-5.1. ANT III with 3-10 rhinaria on basal half. SIPH 0.9-1.45 × cauda, with reticulation on distal 0.4-0.6. ANT VI BASE 1.8-2.4 × R IV+V, which is 0.65-0.8 × HT II. Cauda with 22-33 hairs
SIPH paler than body for most of length and cylindrical on reticulated part, only widening at flange. Cauda as pale as basal part of SIPH. ANT III with 1-10 rhinaria
ANT tubercles absent or weakly developed or, if well developed their inner faces are parallel or convergent, and the dorsal cuticle of the head is spiculose or scabrous. SIPH pale or dark, less than 0.25 × BL
ANT PT/BASE much more than 1. Eyes multifaceted. SIPH evident, tubular
…..2
2
Head spiculose dorsally and ventrally, with well-developed, steep-sided ANT tubercles. ANT III with 1-2 small rhinaria near base. SIPH almost smooth, and swollen on distal 0.7
Front of head convex in dorsal view, with scabrous/warty cuticle. ABD TERG 8 with a small scabrous spinal process bearing two hairs. Thorax and ABD TERG 1-3 or 1-4 with well-developed lateral tubercles. SIPH long and scabrous, c.4 × cauda
Dorsal body hairs long and thick, almost
spine-like, 3-4 × longer than BDIII; 4-6 per segment in paired spinal,
marginal and pleural rows; contrasting with minute hairs on ANT III-VI
SIPH pale with dusky apices, slightly swollen on distal half, but not clavate (i.e., no thinner proximal part). ANT tubercles weakly developed. No marginal tubercles (MTu) on ABD TERG 1 and 7
Head smooth with
well-developed ANT tubercles, their inner faces diverging. SIPH swollen on
distal half and with 2-4 rows of subapical polygonal reticulation
SIPH short and broad-based, rarely more than twice as long as their basal widths, and 2.5-5.0 times as long as the long and fine hairs on front of head