HOST LISTS AND KEYS FOR EACH PLANT GENUS
(in alphabetical order)
Qua-Rey
| Qualea | Vochysiaceae |
| Qualea multiflora | Aphis gossypii, spiraecola |
Use key to polyphagous aphids.
| Quamasia see Camassia | Asparagaceae |
| Quercus (including Cyclobalanopsis) | Oaks Fagaceae |
About 225 aphid species in more than 40 genera feed on oaks. Some species, notably of Hormaphidinae, seem restricted to subgenus Cyclobalanopsis, but within the main subgenus Euquercus there is no clear pattern of host specificity relating to the sections of the subgenus; e.g. the North American aphid species complexes within Myzocallis, subgenera Neomyzocallis and Lineomyzocallis, are thought to be mainly associated with red oaks (sect. Erythrobalanus), yet most species in these groups are also sometimes recorded from American white oaks (sect. Leucobalanus). There is therefore no alternative to keying all Quercus aphids together. A single key would be too long and cumbersome, so after the host list there is a master key to the aphid subfamilies associated with Quercus followed by keys to the species in each subfamily (the drepanosiphine genera being divided into two keys).
Master key to the main groups of oak aphids:-
| 1 | Body small, pear-shaped, broadest anteriorly. Antennae 3-segmented; those of aptera with 1 rhinarium, those of alata with 2 rhinaria. Forewing of alata without radial sector, and hindwing without oblique veins | …..Phylloxeridae – KEY A |
| – | Body small or large, not broadest anteriorly. Antennae 2- to 6-segmented but only ever 2- or 3-segmented in aleyrodiform or coccidiform apterae; always with 2 primary rhinaria and, at least in alata, also with secondary rhinaria. Forewing of alata with a radial sector, and hindwing with 1-2 oblique veins | …..2 |
| 2 | Aptera aleyrodiform (or coccidiform), with head, thorax and first abdominal segment fused (as prosoma), and reduced antennae, legs and posterior abdominal segments. Alata with narrow annular secondary rhinaria, and forewing with Cu1a and Cu1b touching or united at their bases | …..Hormaphidinae – KEY B |
| – | Aptera of normal aphid form with well-developed antennae and legs. Alata with round, oval or transversely elongate secondary rhinaria and forewing with Cu1a and Cu1b arising separately | …..3 |
| 3 | SIPH tubular, much longer than basal width | …..4 |
| – | SIPH broadly conical, truncate, pore-like or absent | …..5 |
| 4 | SIPH with numerous hairs | …..Greenideinae – KEY C |
| – | SIPH without hairs | …..go to key to polyphagous aphids |
| 5 | Large aphids. First tarsal segments with 9 or more ventral hairs. SIPH in form of large pores, often placed on broad conical bases clothed with numerous hairs | …..Lachninae – KEY D |
| – | Small to medium-sized aphids. First tarsal segments with 2-7 ventral hairs. SIPH either truncate, small and pore-like, absent, or if on broad cones then with at most a single ring of hairs | …..6 |
| 6 | All adult viviparae alate | …..Calaphidinae (part) – KEY E |
| – | Colonies including apterae only or both apterae and alatae | …..Calaphidinae (part) + Thelaxinae + Phyllaphidinae- KEY F |
KEY A – Phylloxeridae on oaks
The taxonomy of the oak phylloxerids has been little worked, so the key which follows is partial and tentative, and is intended to summarise the available knowledge rather than to enable reliable determination to species. It refers only to apterous females (not fundatrices after the first two couplets), and is based mainly on the available literature.
| 1 | In galls on leaves, with only two generations per year and no alatae; fundatrices produce sexuales. Immature fundatrix bearing stellate processes with 4-11 pointed secondary projections (fig. 90B); processes of adult fundatrix small, digitiform | …..2 |
| – | Free-living on stems, leaves or roots. Stellate processes if present also in adult stage and with knob-like secondary projections | …..3 |
| 2 | Primary rhinarium on ANT III protruding almost to level of apex of PT, so that antennae appears to be double-tipped (fig. 90A). Immature fundatrix bearing stellate processes with 6-11 pointed secondary projections. Adult fundatrix with ABD TERG 1-4 each bearing 4 dorsal tubercles, the spinal ones shorter than their basal widths, the lateral ones a little longer | …..Acanthochermes quercus |
| – | Primary rhinarium may protrude but not nearly to level of apex of PT. Immature fundatrix bearing stellate processes with 4-5 pointed secondary projections. Adult fundatrix with ABD TERG 1-4 each bearing 6-10 dorsal tubercles, all longer than their basal widths | …..Acanthochermes similiquercus |
| 3 | Body with short, stellate, dorsal processes, bearing knob-like secondary projections (fig. 90C) | …..Phylloxera stellata* |
| – | Dorsal processes if present simple, although often bearing spicules or denticles | …..4 |
| 4 | Dorsal processes either undeveloped or if present then very small, not or hardly as long as their basal widths | …..5 |
| – | Dorsal processes evident, mostly longer than their basal widths | …..7 |
| 5 | Tergum with minute sclerotic ridges appearing as short, disconnected, irregular lines. BL about 0.5 mm | …..Phylloxera tuberculifera* |
| – | Tergum nearly smooth. BL 0.70-0.85 mm | …..6 |
| 6 | Primary rhinarium on ANT III subapical (i.e., PT developed; fig. 90D). ABD TERG 2-5 with spiracles | …..Phylloxera glabra |
| – | Primary rhinarium on ANT III either absent or virtually apical (PT undeveloped). ABD TERG 2-5 without evident spiracles | …..Phylloxera stanfordiana* |
| 7 | Dorsal processes constricted at extreme base, and bearing non-capitate, usually pointed, apical hairs (fig. 90E). (On roots) | …..Foaiella danesii |
| – | Dorsal processes usually widened at extreme base, and their apical hairs usually have expanded or capitate apices. (On aerial parts) | …..8 |
| 8 | Longest dorsal processes on thorax clavate; i.e., constricted centrally and with a swollen apex, or if short and knob-like or almost cylindrical they are not much narrower at apex than at base (e.g. figs 90F-H) | …..Phylloxera quercus group (coccinea, florentina, foae, ilicis, italicum, quercus) |
| – | Longest dorsal processes on thorax tapering, without a constriction, narrow distally; if cylindrical on distal part then much narrower near apex than at base (e.g. figs 90I-P) | …..9 |
| 9 | Spicules on dorsal processes very small and arranged in spiral rows (figs 90I, J) | …..10 |
| – | Spicules on dorsal processes larger and not arranged in spiral rows | …..11 |
| 10 | Longest dorsal processes more than 3 × their basal width, with a short apical hair (fig. 90I). ANT III long and thin. Dorsal cuticle with numerous pits | …..Phylloxera rileyi* |
| – | Longest dorsal processes less than 3 × their basal width, with apical hair long, 5-6 x its apical diameter (fig. 90J). ANT III rather stout, broadest on distal half. Dorsal cuticle finely reticulate | …..Phylloxera reticulata* |
| 11 | Dorsal processes with broad bract-like spicules (figs 90K, L). Spinal processes with long apical hairs that are at least 4 × their apical diameter | …..Phylloxera confusa* |
| – | Dorsal processes with narrower, pointed or denticulate spicules, and with short apical hairs which are usually less than 3 × their apical diameter (except when the processes are very short) | …..12 |
| 12 | All thoracic tergites and ABD TERG 1 with pleural as well as marginal processses. Dorsal cuticle with nodulose ornamentation. Spiracles present on ABD TERG 1-5 | …..13 |
| – | Pleural processes absent from hind margin of pronotum and from ABD TERG 1. Dorsal cuticle variously ornamented. Abdominal spiracles present only on ABD TERG 1 | …..14 |
| 13 | BL 2.0-2.5 mm. Dorsal processes conical, all less than 2 × their basal diameters (fig. 90M) | …..Phylloxera kunugi |
| – | BL 0.9-1.5 mm. Longest dorsal processes have attenuated, cylindrical apices and are more than 3 × longer than their basal diameters (fig. 90N) | …..Phylloxera quercina |
| 14 | Rostrum short; when directed backwards not reaching to hind coxae. Longest dorsal processes shorter than HT II. Dorsal cuticle with minute, short ridges or wrinkles | …..Phylloxera similans* |
| – | Rostrum reaching well beyond hind coxae. Longest dorsal processes usually longer than HT II; if a little shorter then the processes are pigmented and the dorsal cuticle is very rugose | …..15 |
| 15 | Thoracic and anterior abdominal tergites with very rugose, denticulate sculpturing. Dorsal processes pigmented, the longest usually no more than 2 × HT II and often much shorter (figs 90 O, P, as Moritziella corticalis) | …..Phylloxera corticalis |
| – | Dorsal cuticle less rugose, variously ornamented. Longest dorsal processes often more than 2 × HT II, degree of pigmentation unknown | …..16 |
| 16 | Longest dorsal processes more than 0.8 × hind femora, which are rather stout. Tibiae without annular ridges | …..Phylloxera querceti* |
| – | Longest dorsal processes less than 0.7 × hind femora, which are relatively slender. Tibiae with annular ridges | …..Phylloxera davidsoni* |
KEY B – Hormaphidinae (Nipponaphidini) on oaks
The taxonomy of Nipponaphidini on oaks is poorly understood, despite the revisionary work of Ghosh & Raychaudhuri (1973a, b). The primary host forms of most species, presumably forming galls on Distylium, are unknown; many have been collected infrequently or only once, and host plants are often not identified to species. Several species are recorded as feeding on other genera as well as Quercus, including other Fagaceae and especially Lauraceae (Litsea, Machilus), but some of these records may be due to errors of identification. Generic concepts within this group are especially problematic.
The key to aleyrodiform apterae which follows is partial and simplified to include only the better-known or more easily recognised species, but should enable specimens to be placed in the right species-group. The systematic part of the book should be consulted for further information.
| 1 | SIPH present as small pores or shallow cones on the posterior part of the “abdominal plate” (fused ABD TERG 2-7). At least hind tarsi always 2-segmented with claws | …..2 |
| – | SIPH completely absent. Tarsi variably developed, reduced in some species | …..14 |
| 2 | Prosoma (head, thorax and first abdominal segment) completely fused dorsally with abdominal plate (ABD TERG 2-7), leaving only ABD TERG 8 free | …..3 |
| – | Prosoma showing at least partial dorsal separation from abdominal plate, although the division may be indistinct medially (e.g. fig. 91A) | …..4 |
| 3 | Dorsal cuticle without reticulate sculpturing, ornamented with raised clusters of pustules (wax glands?). Antennae 3-segmented. Dorsal cephalic hairs are 37-45 μm, and hairs on ABD TERG 8 are 40-49 μm | …..Neohormaphis spp. (calva, wuyiensis) |
| – | Dorsal cuticle with irregular reticulation (less distinct posteriorly). Antennae 4-segmented (?). Dorsal cephalic hairs are 13-18 (-38?) μm, and hairs on ABD TERG 8 are 26-38 μm | …..Lithoaphis quercisucta* |
| 4 | Dorsal cuticle of prosoma (head, thorax and first abdominal segment) densely and entirely ornamented with nodules or pustules | …..5 |
| – | Dorsal cuticle of prosoma with at least some areas devoid of pustules (although the perpendicular marginal regions may be densely pustulate) | …..9 |
| 5 | Prosoma ornamented with blunt conical nodules, often longer than their basal widths (fig. 91A). Prosomal hairs very long and very fine | …..Nipponaphis monzeni |
| – | Prosoma ornamented with low pustules, all or mostly shorter than their basal widths (fig. 91B). Prosomal hairs long or short | …..6 |
| 6 | Prosoma with, in addition to the pustulate ornamentation, a series of paired spinal and marginal finger-like tubercles. Posterior part of abdominal plate (i.e., ABD TERG 7) without spinal hairs | …..7 |
| – | Prosoma without tubercles. ABD TERG 7 with or without a pair of spinal hairs | …..8 |
| 7 | Spinal and marginal tubercles on prosoma are thick and finger-like, with broad bases. Prosomal hairs hardly longer than basal diameter of ANT III | …..Indonipponaphis tuberculata* |
| – | Spinal and marginal tubercles very small. Prosomal hairs 2-3 × basal diameter of ANT III | …..Indonipponaphis fulvicola* |
| 8 | Body box-like, very heavily sclerotised, black, prosoma with short inconspicuous hairs. ABD TERG 7 with a pair of spinal hairs | …..Nipponaphis distyliicola/coreanus |
| – | Body flattened, light to dark brown sclerotic, with fine lateral hairs 3.0-3.5 × the basal diameter of ANT III. ABD TERG 7 without a pair of spinal hairs …..”Thoracaphis” | quercifoliae* |
| 9 | Antennae very short and unsegmented | …..10 |
| – | Antennae reduced but 3-segmented (concealed beneath anterior margin of prosoma between eyes) | …..11 |
| 10 | Dorsal prosoma corrugated and reticulated, but without pustules. Fore- and mid-legs reduced, concealed beneath body | …..Microunguis depressa* |
| – | Dorsal prosoma with paired groups of pustules. Fore- and mid-legs not concealed beneath body | …..Hybothoracaphis laevigata |
| 11 | Margins of prosoma densely pustulate. Prosomal hairs thick basally and arising from prominent, somewhat tuberculate bases | …..Schizoneuraphis malayana/querciphaga* |
| – | Margins of prosoma palisade-like, or with longitudinal polygonal reticulation. Prosomal hairs minute or fine, without tuberculate bases | …..12 |
| 12 | Margins of prosoma with longitudinal double-walled polygonal reticulation. Prosomal hairs minute | …..Thoracaphis kumaoni* |
| – | Margins of prosoma palisade-like. Prosomal hairs long and fine | …..13 |
| 13 | Abdominal plate with 5-10 spinopleural hairs on each side of midline | …..Thoracaphis arboris |
| – | Abdominal plate with only 1-2 spinopleural hairs on each side of midline | ..…Thoracaphis kashifoliae |
| 14 | Prosoma completely fused with ABD TERG 2-7 | …..15 |
| – | Prosoma at least showing partial (lateral) separation from ABD TERG 2-7 | …..20 |
| 15 | Body flattened. Dorsal cuticle pale, not or only lightly sclerotised. Marginal hairs not spine-like. Dorsum with 4 pairs of long blunt or capitate hairs, and 1 pair of similar hairs on ABD TERG 8 | …..”Thoracaphis” flava |
| – | Body box-like. Dorsal cuticle brown-black, sclerotised. Marginal hairs, and 1-2 pairs on ABD TERG 8, spine-like | …..16 |
| 16 | Dorsal cuticle heavily sclerotised and corrugated, but not distinctly reticulate, with 5 pairs of spine-like spinopleural hairs, like the marginal hairs | …..Parathoracaphis elongatus* |
| – | Dorsal cuticle either granular with indistinct reticulation or heavily sclerotised and strongly reticulate. Spinopleural hairs either long and fine, minute or absent | …..17 |
| 17 | Body almost circular. Dorsal cuticle granular with indistinct reticulation, each prosomal segment bearing a pair of fine spinopleural hairs 40-50 µm long. The 4 spine-like hairs on ABD TERG 8 in a single transverse row, close together and all directed backwards | …..Parathoracaphis gooti |
| – | Body elongate oval. Dorsal cuticle black, heavily sclerotised with strongly reticulate or convolute sculpturing, and with minute, inconspicuous spinopleural hairs. Spine-like hairs on ABD TERG 8 not close together, the more lateral pair not pointing backwards | …..18 |
| 18 | Dorsal cuticle convoluted. ABD TERG 7 with 1 thick spine-like marginal hair on each side, the spines anterior to it being smaller and apparently on ABD TERG 6 (fig. 91G) | …..Parathoracaphis kayashimai |
| – | Dorsal cuticle strongly reticulate. ABD TERG 7 with 2 thick spine-like marginal hairs of similar size, close together on each side (e.g. fig. 91F) | …..19 |
| 19 | Head with a pair of long, thick and spine-like frontal hairs, similar to the marginal hairs | …..Parathoracaphis spinapilosa |
| – | Head with the frontal hairs very short, fine and pointed | …..Parathoracaphis setigera |
| 20 | Tarsi all 2-segmented, with claws | …..21 |
| – | Tarsi reduced at least on fore and mid legs; absent or one-segmented, often with rudimentary claws | …..25 |
| 21 | Entire prosoma, both dorsally and marginally, and also the abdominal plate, ornamented with flat polygonal pustules (fig. 91C). Prosomal hairs all short and inconspicuous | …..Paranipponaphis takaoensis |
| – | Dorsal cuticle smooth or with different ornamentation. Prosomal hairs long or short | …..22 |
| 22 | Prosoma only separate laterally from abdominal plate, which bears 6 pairs of marginal hairs. Prosoma without evident sculpturing medially, except around muscle plates | …..23 |
| – | Prosoma fully separated from abdominal plate, which is without marginal hairs. Medial area of prosoma with reticulate, convolute or mosaic sculpturing | …..24 |
| 23 | Prosoma with a posterior pair of spinopleural hairs. Abdominal plate with about 5 pairs of spino-pleural hairs as well as the marginal ones | …..Metathoracaphis isensis* |
| – | Prosoma without posterior pair of spinopleural hairs. Abdominal plate with spinopleural hairs only on ABD TERG 7 (near posterior margin) | …..Parathoracaphisella indica* |
| 24 | Prosoma and ABD TERG 8 with very long (100-150 µm) marginal hairs arising from tuberculate bases. ABD TERG 8 with 4 hairs. Entire dorsal cuticle with fine, irregular, mosaic-like sculpturing (fig. 91D) | …..Allothoracaphis piyananensis |
| – | Prosoma with marginal hairs absent or inconspicuous. ABD TERG 8 with 2 hairs. Dorsal cuticle with corrugated, convoluted sculpturing (fig. 91E), marginal areas of prosoma with reticulate sculpturing | …..Pseudothoracaphis himachali |
| 25 | Dorsal cuticle of prosoma and abdominal plate subdivided by clear, longitudinal sutures into medial and lateral plates, which each carry characteristic ornamentation. Margins of body with irregular lateral outgrowths of venter (e.g. fig. 91I) | …..26 |
| – | Dorsal cuticle of prosoma and abdominal plate not subdivided | …..27 |
| 26 | ABD TERG 8 with a large wax gland plate. Vestigeal hind tarsus very small, shorter than its basal width and rounded at apex | …..Quadrartus agrifoliae |
| – | ABD TERG 8 without a wax plate. Vestigeal hind tarsus triangular, as long as or longer than its basal width, pointed and with a vestigeal claw at apex | …..Quadrartus yoshinomayai |
| 27 | Prosoma usually unevenly and often asymmetrically sclerotised, with short marginal and spinal hairs | …..Dermaphis coccidiformis* |
| – | Prosoma not unevenly sclerotised, with short or long hairs | …..28 |
| 28 | Prosoma with long marginal hairs, either pointed or flattened and expanded distally, and often projecting around sides of body (which in old adults is jet black and mostly opaque unless bleached before mounting) | …..29 |
| – | Prosoma if with marginal hairs then these are shorter, thick and blunt and do not project around sides of body | …..31 |
| 29 | Marginal prosomal hairs flattened and expanded distally, with toothed or serrate apices (fig. 48C) | …..Reticulaphis distylii group |
| – | Marginal prosomal hairs with pointed apices (fig. 91L) | …..30 |
| 30 | BL usually 1 mm or more. Eyes of 3 adjacent facets, on a slight or distinct protruberance. Dorsum convex | …..Dermaphis spp. (crematogastri, japonensis, takahashii) |
| – | BL 0.7-0.9 mm. Eyes not protruberant, with one facet distinctly separated from the other two. Dorsum flattened | …..Neodermaphis spp.* |
| 31 | Prosoma with very thick and blunt spinopleural and submarginal hairs. Prosoma and abdominal plate with pustulate ornamentation, the prosoma having smooth irregular lateral outgrowths (fig. 91J). Hind legs not projecting behind body | …..Quernaphis tuberculata |
| – | Prosomal hairs absent or inconspicuous. Dorsal ornamentation mosaic-like or reticulate, or composed of small circular pore-like structures. Hind legs often projecting behind body | …..32 |
| 32 | Hind legs very short, not much longer than fore and middle legs, concealed beneath body. Marginal areas of prosoma with many small circular pore-like indentations | …..Neoreticulaphis nipponica* |
| – | Hind legs distinctly longer than fore and middle legs, usually projecting behind body. Marginal areas of prosoma smooth, ridged or with mosaic-like or reticulate ornamentation | …..33 |
| 33 | Fore and mid legs without tarsi, hind legs with rudimentary tarsi. Dorsal prosoma with polygonal reticulate sculpturing, marginal areas smoother (fig. 91K) | …..Neothoracaphis yanonis group (quercicola, semicarpifolia, tarakoensis, yanonis) |
| – | All legs with rudimentary (1-segmented) tarsi. Cuticle of prosoma mosaic-like, ridged, corrugated or nearly smooth | …..34 |
| 34 | Dorsal cuticle of prosoma with fine polygonal mosaic-like sculpturing, apparently extending into marginal areas | …..Neothoracaphis garwhalensis* |
| – | Dorsal cuticle of prosoma ridged, corrugated or nearly smooth | …..35 |
| 35 | Prosoma with a distinct spinal ridge, which has a number of variably-developed constrictions and may have transverse furrows | …..36 |
| – | Spinal ridge absent or indistinct | …..38 |
| 36 | Prosoma distinctly corrugated over entire dorsal surface (except for narrow marginal area) | …..Neothoracaphis querciphaga* |
| – | Prosomal cuticle without corrugations or distinctly corrugated only submarginally | …..37 |
| 37 | Spinal ridge of prosoma without prominent constrictions | …..Neothoracaphis elongata* |
| – | Spinal ridge of prosoma with 4 prominent constrictions | ….. Neothoracaphis saramoensis* or N. glaucae (“S-type”)* |
| 38 | Hind legs pale | …..Neothoracaphis glaucae* (“L-type”)* |
| – | Hind legs dark | …..Neothoracaphis sutepensis* |
KEY C – Greenideinae on oaks (apterous viviparae unless otherwise stated)
Subtropical, oriental, evergreen oak species are the hosts of numerous species of Greenideinae, but many of the aphid species are described from single collections, with the host unidentified to species. Since we first attempted to key the oak-feeding Greenideinae there have been revisions of this group for India (Ghosh & Agarwala 1993), Java (Noordam 1994) and Japan (Greenidea spp. only; Sugimoto 2008) that have resolved some of the problems. The key has been extensively revised in the light of this work, but many of the species separations are still rather tentative, and further work may reveal more synonymies. The rather cumbersome subgeneric classifications that have been erected within the genera Eutrichosiphum and Mollitrichosiphum are probably best ignored for general purposes. (bg indicates records from exotic hosts in botanic gardens)
| 1 | SIPH with short hairs. Body with very large, branched, hair-bearing processes (fig. 92A) | …..Cervaphis quercus |
| – | SIPH with long hairs. Body without large branched hair-bearing processes | …..2 |
| 2 | Cauda usually with an apical papilla (fig. 92B). SIPH always with some pale reticulation, at least at base (and often snapped off at base in preserved specimens). Body often brown, broadly pear-shaped and rather flat (genus Greenidea) | …..3 |
| – | Cauda always without an apical papilla. SIPH usually without any reticulation. Body broadly pear-shaped, oval or elongate | …..16 |
| 3 | SIPH with pale reticulation extending over most of length (subgenus Greenidea) | …..4 |
| – | SIPH reticulated only at base (subgenus Trichosiphum) | ……6 |
| 4 | ANT III reticulated over most of length except at extreme base, and also distinctly imbricated distally | …..5 |
| – | ANT III not reticulated nor imbricated | …..Greenidea quercifoliae/ (mushana) |
| 5 | R IV+V 1.7-2.0 × HT II | …..Greenidea ayyari* |
| – | R IV+V 2.7-3.2 × HT II | …..Greenidea querciphaga |
| 6 | Tibiae with striate imbrication over most of their lengths | …..7 |
| – | Tibiae smooth | …..9 |
| 7 | R IV+V 2.0-3.0 × HT II | …..Greenidea quercicola (or pallidipes?) |
| – | R IV+V 1.3-1.9 × HT II | …..8 |
| 8 | Ventral abdomen evenly spinulose. Legs dark | …..Greenidea okajimai |
| – | Ventral abdomen without spinules. Legs pale | …..Greenidea myricae |
| 9 | SIPH more than 0.4 × BL. Longest and thickest hairs on antennae, legs and SIPH mostly arising from brown spots or patches. (R IV+V 2.38-2.63 × HT II) | …..Greenidea isensis* |
| – | SIPH less than 0.4 × BL. Hairs on appendages not arising from brown spots. R IV+V 1.5-2.8 × HT II | …..10 |
| 10 | SIPH short and stout, 0.33-0.47 mm long and 2.5-3.3 × their maximum width (e.g. fig. 92D) | …..11 |
| – | SIPH cigar-shaped, 0.31-1.20 mm long and 3.4-7.1 × their maximum width (e.g. figs 92E, F) | …..13 |
| 11 | Mid-ventral area of abdomen spinulose | …..Greenidea sikkimensis* |
| – | Mid-ventral area of abdomen without spinules | …..12 |
| 12 | R IV+V 1.6-1.9 × HT II | …..Greenidea kumaoni* |
| – | R IV+V 2.1-2.3 × HT II | …..Greenidea haldari |
| 13 | Ventral abdomen smooth, or only locally and weakly spinulose, the spinules much smaller than hair sockets | …..14 |
| – | Ventral abdomen strongly spinulose, each spinule about as long as the diameter of the sockets of the ventral hairs | …..15 |
| 14 | Tibiae dark brown on basal half and pale brown on distal half. Cauda with 5-9 hairs | …..Greenideakuwanai |
| – | Tibiae pale brown, dark at apex. Cauda with 8-14 hairs | …..Greenidea prinicola |
| 15 | Tibiae pale brown | …..Greenidea nipponica |
| – | Tibiae dark brown | …..Greenidea nigra |
| 16 | Hind tibia with a series of narrow (stridulatory?) transverse ridges spaced out on basal 0.5-0.9 of length (e.g. fig. 57D; genus Mollitrichosiphum) | …..17 |
| – | Hind tibia without transverse ridges (but often imbricated distally) | …..23 |
| 17 | Hind tibia with over 50 transverse, very narrow ridges extending over about 0.9 of its length. Antenna 5- or 6-segmented. Dorsum pale | …..Mollitrichosiphum niitakaensis |
| – | Hind tibia with only 14-30 transverse ridges on basal 0.5-0.6. Antenna 6-segmented. Dorsum pale or dark | …..18 |
| 18 | Body elongate. BL more than 2 × maximum width of abdomen | …..19 |
| – | Body broader, pear-shaped. BL less than 2 × maximum width of abdomen | …..21 |
| 19 | Dorsal abdomen with a central dark patch extending spinopleurally over ABD TERG 2-5. SIPH 0.45-0.57 × BL | ….. Mollitrichosiphum nigriabdominalis* |
| – | Dorsal abdomen without a central dark patch. SIPH 0.56-0.80 × BL | …..20 |
| 20 | R IV 7.5-8.0 × longer than R V | …..Mollitrichosiphum godavariense* |
| – | R IV 4.2-5.3 × longer than R V | …..Mollitrichosiphum tenuicorpus |
| 21 | R IV+V 2.2-2.6 × HT II | ….. Mollitrichosiphum luchuanum |
| – | R IV+V 1.4-1.8 × HT II | …..22 |
| 22 | R IV+V 1.5-1.8 × HT II | …..Mollitrichosiphum nigrofasciatum |
| – | R IV+V 1.4-1.6 × HT II | ……Mollitrichosiphum glaucae |
| 23 | Longest hairs on antennae and dorsum distinctly capitate (fig. 92C) | …..24 |
| – | Hairs on antennae and dorsum with pointed, blunt, expanded or bifurcate apices, but never capitate | …..26 |
| 24 | Body pear-shaped. SIPH about 0.28 × BL. Antennae 5-segmented | …..Allotrichosiphum assamense |
| – | Body elongate. SIPH more than 0.5 × BL. Antennae 5- or 6-segmented | …..25 |
| 25 | R IV+V more than 3 × HT II, with 10-16 accessory hairs | …..Allotrichosiphum cyclobalanopsidis |
| – | R IV+V less than 2.5 × HT II, with 7-10 accessory hairs | …..Allotrichosiphum kashicola |
| 26 | Abdominal tergum with numerous spinules densely scattered or in irregular rows over entire surface | …..27 |
| – | Abdominal tergum at least with medial area devoid of spinules | …..33 |
| 27 | Abdominal tergum with densely scattered spinules which are much longer than their basal diameters (fig. 92H). SIPH only about 0.16-0.19 × BL. R IV+V 2.6-3.2 × HT II | …..Eutrichosiphum davidi |
| – | Abdominal tergum with small spinules, hardly longer than their basal diameters, in numerous irregular rows (fig. 92I). SIPH 0.23-0.42 × BL. R IV+V 1.5-3.5 × HT II | …..28 |
| 28 | Dorsum pale. R IV+V 1.5-1.7 × HT II. SIPH pale at base, black distally, 0.40-0.55 × BL | …..Eutrichosiphum shiicola |
| – | Dorsum pale or dark. R IV+V 1.8-3.5 × HT II. SIPH uniformly dark and 0.22-0.35 × BL (e.g. fig. 92G) | …..29 |
| 29 | Antennae 5- or 6-segmented, with ANT PT/BASE 1.5-2.4. R IV+V 2.6-3.5 × HT II | …..30 |
| – | Antennae 5-segmented, with ANT PT/BASE 1.1-1.9. R IV+V 1.8-2.6 × HT II | …..31 |
| 30 | ANT III of aptera not longer than ANT VI (BASE + PT) and bearing 13-18 hairs, with long hairs only on anterior side | …..Eutrichosiphum dubium |
| – | ANT III of aptera 1.1-1.5 × ANT VI and bearing 32-53 hairs, with long hairs on both anterior and posterior sides (fig. 92J) | …..Eutrichosiphum heterotrichum |
| 31 | Dorsal abdominal hairs all have acute apices | …..Eutrichosiphum arunachali* |
| – | Dorsal abdominal hairs mostly have blunt or furcate apices | …..32 |
| 32 | Dorsum brown-black, R IV+V 1.8-2.6 × HT II | …..Eutrichosiphum pasaniae |
| – | Dorsum mainly pale, sometimes dark at margins. R IV+V 2.2-2.9 × HT II | …..Eutrichosiphum pseudopasaniae |
| 33 | R IV+V 1.0-1.5 × HT II. Antennae 5-segmented | …..34 |
| – | R IV+V 1.6-3.8 × HT II. Antennae 5- or 6-segmented | …..35 |
| 34 | SIPH 0.20-0.25 × BL. R IV+V 1.07-1.35 × HT II. Dorsal abdominal hairs of various lengths, with acute apices, the longest more than 2 × basal diameter of ANT III | …..Eutrichosiphum tapatii* |
| – | SIPH 0.40-0.45 × BL. R IV+V 1.32-1.48 × HT II. Dorsal abdominal hairs thick with blunt apices, those on anterior tergites less than 2 × basal diameter of ANT III | …..Eutrichosiphum manipurense* |
| 35 | SIPH barrel-shaped, only 0.15-0.20 × BL. ANT PT/BASE 0.9-1.2 | …..36 |
| – | SIPH 0.21-0.57 × BL. ANT PT/BASE 1.0-2.3 | …..37 |
| 36 | Body elongate, pale. SIPH pale. R IV+V 2.36-2.90 × HT II | …..Eutrichosiphum flavum |
| – | Body pear-shaped, dark. SIPH black. R IV+V 2.90-3.70× HT II | …..Eutrichosiphum mukerjii* |
| 37 | R IV+V 3.0-3.8 × HT II; if about 3.0 then ANT PT/BASE is more than 1.4 | …..38 |
| – | R IV+V 1.6-3.0 × HT II; if about 3.0 then ANT PT/BASE is less than 1.4 | …..40 |
| 38 | Antennae 5-segmented. SIPH 0.39-0.57 × BL | …..Eutrichosiphum quercifoliae |
| – | Antennae 6-segmented. SIPH 0.21-0.28 × BL | …..39 |
| 39 | ANT III with 17-19 hairs, mostly more than 2 × basal diameter of segment. ABD TERG 7 with 15-18 hairs | …..Eutrichosiphum russellae* |
| – | ANT III with 9-10 hairs, of which only 2-3 are more than 2 × basal diameter of segment. ABD TERG 7 with 10 or fewer hairs | …..Eutrichosiphum rameshi* |
| 40 | Head at least partially spinulose dorsally | …..41 |
| – | Head without spinules on dorsal surface | …..43 |
| 41 | ANT PT/BASE 1.6-2.2 | …..Eutrichosiphum raychaudhurii* |
| – | ANT PT/ BASE 1.0-1.3 | …..42 |
| 42 | ANT 5-segmented. R IV+V 1.5-1.7 × HT II. SIPH 0.44-0.51 × BL. Dorsal abdomen with spinules anteriolaterally | …..Eutrichosiphum jugeshwari* |
| – | ANT 5- or (more usually) 6-segmented. R IV+V 2.5-3.0 × HT II. SIPH 0.23-0.31 × BL. Dorsal abdomen without spinules | …..Eutrichosiphum khasyanum |
| 43 | SIPH pale basally and dark apically, 0.37-0.46 × BL. Antennae 5-segmented | …..Eutrichosiphum glabrum* |
| – | SIPH pale or dark, 0.22-0.38 × BL. Antennae 5- or 6-segmented | …..44 |
| 44 | Dorsal abdomen with a dark brown central patch on ABD TERG 3-5, irregular in outline and not extending to lateral regions. SIPH 0.32-0.36 × BL | …..Eutrichosiphum querciphaga* |
| – | Dorsal abdomen without a dark central patch; if dark then the pigmentation is vaguely defined and extends into lateral regions. SIPH 0.22-0.38 × BL | …..45 |
| 45 | Antennae almost always 6-segmented. Dorsal abdomen usually with vaguely defined dark pleuro-lateral pigmentation and paler spinal region | …..Eutrichosiphum tattakanum |
| – | Antennae 5-segmented. Dorsal abdomen either more uniformly pale brown, or with a clearly defined oval pale central area encircled by a broad, brown-black margin | …..46 |
| 46 | Dorsal abdomen with an extensive, clearly defined oval pale central area encircled by a broad, brown-black margin. SIPH uniformly black | ….. Eutrichosiphum nasensis* |
| – | Dorsal abdomen more uniformly pigmented, pale brown. SIPH pale or dark | …..47 |
| 47 | SIPH dark, especially towards apices. Dorsal hairs all with acute, blunt or slightly expanded apices, none of them furcate. R IV+V 0.19-0.23 mm long | ….. Eutrichosiphum pyri* |
| – | SIPH pale. Dorsal hairs include some with furcate apices. R IV+V 0.23-0.30 mm long | …..Eutrichosiphum assamense |
KEY D – Lachninae on oaks (apterous viviparae except where otherwise stated)
| 1 | Rostrum much longer than body | …..2 |
| – | Rostrum shorter than body | …..5 |
| 2 | ABD TERG 1-7 all with large paired dark spinal patches, often consisting of clusters of small sclerites | …..3 |
| – | ABD TERG 3-5 usually without paired dark spinal patches, and ABD TERG 1, 2 and/or 6 either without patches of with small clusters of sclerites | …..4 |
| 3 | Total antennal length 0.37 × BL or less. HT II less than 2.85 × longer than HT I, and less than 1.31 × longer than second segment of mid tarsus (MT II) | …..Stomaphis wojciechowskii* |
| – | Total antennal length more than 0.37 × BL. HT II more than 2.85 × longer than HT I, and more than 1.31 × longer than second segment of mid tarsus (MT II) | …..Stomaphis quercus |
| 4 | ABD TERG 1-7 all without spinal sclerites. HT II elongate, more than 1.55 × longer than second segment of mid tarsus. ANT VI (incl. PT) about as long as ANT V | …..Stomaphis bratislavensis |
| – | At least ABD TERG 7 with paired spinal patches, which are often present at least as small clusters of sclerites on some other tergites. HT II less than 1.45 × longer than second segment of mid tarsus. ANT VI distinctly longer than ANT V | …..Stomaphis japonica |
| 5 | BL more than 5 mm. Forewings of alata not maculate | …..6 |
| – | BL almost always less than 5 mm. Forewings of alata (if known) maculate | …..8 |
| 6 | Forewing of alata with a normal, blunt pterostigma | …..Lachnus quercihabitans |
| – | Forewing of alata with an elongate pterostigma that curves around tip of wing | …..7 |
| 7 | HT II 1.8-2.3 × HT I | …..Longistigma caryae |
| – | HT II about 2.6 × HT I | …..Longistigma xizangensis* |
| 8 | SIPH pores on very flat cones, hardly raised above level of dorsum, with a broad, flange and little or no pigmentation (fig. 93A). Appendages and entire body, dorsally as well as ventrally, clothed in a dense pile of hairs; those on ABD TERG 1-5 with bases less than 20µm apart | …..Lachnus crassicornis |
| – | SIPH pores on conical bases that are usually large, pigmented and clearly demarcated, but sometimes small and pale. Hairs numerous, but not forming a dense pile; hair bases more than 20µm apart, at least on dorsum | …..9 |
| 9 | R IV+V 1.15-1.43 × HT II. Mesosternum with a pair of prominent pigmented mammariform processes | …..Lachnus takahashii |
| – | R IV+V 0.65-1.29 × HT II (if more than 1.15 × then mesosternum is without mammariform processes) | …..10 |
| 10 | R IV+V 0.65-0.82 × HT II, but if 0.78-0.82 × HT II then R IV+V is less than 0.2 mm long | …..11 |
| – | R IV+V 0.78-1.29 × HT II; if less than 0.85 × HT II then R IV+V is more than 0.2 mm long | …..13 |
| 11 | Maximal basal diameter of SIPH cone 0.3-0.7 mm. R IV+V 0.65-0.70 × HT II. ANT/PT BASE 0.5 or more. Longest hairs on ABD TERG 1-3 more than 1.5 × basal diameter of ANT III. Dorsal abdomen without a conical process | …..Lachnus allegheniensis |
| – | Maximal basal diameter of SIPH cone 0.16-0.24 mm. R IV+V 0.74-0.85 × HT II. ANT PT/BASE a little less than 0.5. Hairs on ABD TERG 1-3 all shorter than basal diameter of ANT III. Dorsal abdomen with or without a pale conical median process | …..12 |
| 12 | Dorsal abdomen with a small pale conical median process. Dorsal cuticle with reticulate ornamentation | …..Lachnus acutihirsutus |
| – | Dorsal abdomen without a conical process. Dorsal cuticle smooth …..Lachnus margallaensis | |
| 13 | Hind tibia with some of more distal hairs on ventral side very long and fine-pointed, at least 2-3 × longer than neighbouring short hairs (as in fig. 93D) | …..14 |
| – | Hind tibia with hairs on ventral side often longer and finer distally, but not with some hairs 2-3 × longer than others | …..16 |
| 14 | Dorsal body hairs short (less than 30 µm), with blunt or capitate apices, arising from large, ring-like bases | …..Lachnus pseudonudus |
| – | Dorsal body hairs long and fine-pointed (more than 35 µm), with pointed apices | …..15 |
| 15 | Hind tibiae with proximal half mainly dark except at base, and distal part somewhat paler except near apex. ANT VI 0.14-0.19 mm long (BASE 0.103-0.138 mm, PT 0.035-0.058 mm). Mesosternal processes absent | …..Lachnus pallipes |
| – | Hind tibiae with basal half paler and distal part uniformly dark brown. ANT VI 0.21-0.25 mm long (BASE 0.14-0.17 mm, PT 0.07-0.08 mm). Mesosternum with a pair of small, flat processes | …..Lachnus chosoni* |
| 16 | SIPH cones small and pale (basal diameter 0.09-0.13 mm). Hairs on ABD TERG 1-6 all short and blunt, maximally about 10 µm | …..Lachnus tuatayae |
| – | SIPH cones usually large (basal diameter more than 0.3 mm) and well-pigmented. Hairs on ABD TERG 1-6 variable, but the longest always more than 20 µm | …..17 |
| 17 | Abdomen bearing a large rounded tubercle on ABD TERG 4, its base about as broad as that of SIPH cones (and another much smaller and flatter tubercle on ABD TERG 5) | …..Lachnus sorini |
| – | Abdomen without a large tubercle on ABD TERG 4 | …..18 |
| 18 | ANT PT/BASE (0.35-)0.45-0.60 (rarely less than 0.45). Mesosternal processes mammariform (fig. 93B) | …..Lachnus tropicalis |
| – | ANT PT/BASE 0.19-0.45(-0.50) (rarely more than 0.45). Mesosternal processes papilliform or horn-like (fig. 93C) | …..19 |
| 19 | ANT PT shorter than diameter of primary rhinarium on VI (fig. 93E). Hairs on ABD TERG 1-3 mostly thick, blunt and less than 30 µm long | …..Lachnus swirskii |
| – | ANT PT longer than diameter of primary rhinarium on VI (fig. 93F). Hairs on ABD TERG 1-3 variable but mostly pointed, and mostly more than 30 µm long | …..Lachnus roboris (or iliciphilus) |
KEY E – Calaphidinae on oaks (alate viviparae only)
Aphids of the subfamily Calaphidinae which exist only as alatae in their parthenogenetic phase comprise mainly two large genera, Tuberculatus and Myzocallis. Within both these genera there are some distinct subgeneric groupings, which are referred to in the key, although when the world fauna is considered there are several species in each case that do not fit clearly into these groups and are placed in monotypic subgenera. The key has been extensively revised since Blackman & Eastop (1994) following the work of Quednau (1999).
| 1 | Dorsal abdomen with one or more tergites bearing paired or bifurcate hair-bearing spinal processes, which may be conical or finger-like, or merely low hair-bearing bosses which in a few species are only slightly raised above surface. Marginal hairs also often on processes. Forewings not maculate, except in one species that has dark marginal processes (genus Tuberculatus) | …..2 |
| – | Dorsal abdomen with spinal hairs not raised above surface (except in two species which have maculate forewings, and marginal processes absent or weakly developed) | …..50 |
| 2 | Dorsal abdomen with one large black bifurcate spinal process on ABD TERG 3 (fig. 94A) | …..Tuberculatus querceus |
| – | Dorsal abdomen with more than one pair of spinal processes, usually separated basally | …..3 |
| 3 | Tibiae with a conspicuous jet black spot at their bases (i.e. on their “knees”) (subgenus Pacificallis) | …..4 |
| – | Tibiae pale or variably pigmented but without a well-defined jet black basal spot | …..11 |
| 4 | Forewing with Cu1b thickly bordered with fuscous, the width of this vein plus borders at its halfway point being 0.05-0.07 mm | …..Tuberculatus maureri |
| – | Forewing with the Cu1b itself often thicker and darker than other veins but not bordered and not more than 0.035 mm wide at its halfway point | …..5 |
| 5 | Spinal hairs on pronotum less than 10µm long. Spinal processes absent from thorax or at most developed as tubercular hair-bases shorter than their basal diameters | …..Tuberculatus passalus |
| – | Spinal hairs on pronotum more than 10µm long. Spinal processes developed on pronotum and mesonotum, with at least those on mesonotum as long as their basal diameters and often finger-like | …..6 |
| 6 | Pronotum with only 1 evident (posterior) pair of spinal processes (although the anterior prothoracic spinal hairs may have slightly raised bases) | …..7 |
| – | Pronotum with 2 pairs of evident spinal processes, both pairs longer than their basal diameters | …..9 |
| 7 | Head with 6-13 dorsal hairs between the eyes. Pronotum with anterior marginal hairs. Embryos with marginal hairs on ABD TERG 1-4 duplicated | …..Tuberculatus californicus |
| – | Head with 4 dorsal hairs between eyes. Prothorax with no anterior marginal hairs. Embryos with marginal hairs on ABD TERG 1-4 single | …..8 |
| 8 | ANT BASE VI with 1 hair. In embryos and immatures most of the dorsal hairs are strongly capitate, and usually not on sclerites | ……Tuberculatus columbiae |
| – | ANT BASE VI with 2 hairs. In embryos and immatures most of their dorsal hairs are rod- or spear-shaped with blunt or pointed apices, and those of the immatures usually arise from pigmented sclerites | …..Tuberculatus chrysolepidis |
| 9 | Antennae often longer than body. ANT III with 6-14 secondary rhinaria. ABD TERG 1-4 with spinal processes all of similar size | …..Tuberculatus kiowanicus |
| – | Antennae 0.7-0.9 × BL. ANT III with 2-7 (-9) secondary rhinaria. ABD TERG 1 and 2 with spinal processes about twice as tall as those on more posterior tergites | …..10 |
| 10 | R IV+V 0.12-0.13 mm with usually 2 pairs of lateral accessory hairs as well as some ventral hairs. Front of head usually with 3 pairs of hairs, and these are often slightly but distinctly capitate | …..Tuberculatus quercifolii |
| – | R IV+V 0.095-0.11 mm with 1 pair of lateral accessory hairs as well as some ventral ones. Head with 2 pairs of hairs that are blunt but not capitate | …..Tuberculatus pallidus |
| 11 | Immatures with spiculate dorsal hairs (fig. 94B; spicules also discernible on the longest dorsal hairs of embryos within adult alata). First tarsal segments all with 5 ventral hairs (and often 2 dorsal ones) (subgenus Toltecallis) | …..12 |
| – | Dorsal hairs of immatures and embryos without spicules. First tarsal segments with 5-7 ventral hairs | ….15 |
| 12 | First tarsal segments without dorsal hairs. Spinal and marginal processes very low, hardly raised above dorsal surface | …..Tuberculatus leptosiphon |
| – | First tarsal segments each with a pair of dorsal hairs. Spinal and/or marginal tubercles variably developed, tubercular to finger-like | …..13 |
| 13 | ANT PT/BASE more than 1.5, and PT more than 1.6 × R IV+V. ANT II pigmented. (ABD TERG 1-4 with spinal processes) | …..Tuberculatus mexicanus |
| – | ANT PT/BASE less than 1.3, and PT less than 1.4 × R IV+V. ANT II pale. (ABD TERG 1-2 or 1-4 with spinal processes) | …..14 |
| 14 | R IV+V 0.09-0.10 mm. ABD TERG 1-2 (and also mesosternum) with spinal processes; height of those on mesosternum is 0.3-0.5 × HT II | …..Tuberculatus garciamartelli |
| – | R IV+V 0.11-0.16 mm. Mesosternum, ABD TERG 1-4, and often 6 also, with spinal processes; those on mesosternum 0.7-1.1 × HT II | …..Tuberculatus spiculatus* |
| 15 | Frontal hairs mostly shorter than, and hairs on ANT III less than 0.5×, basal diameter of ANT III (subgenus Tuberculoides) | …..16 |
| – | Frontal hairs usually 2 or more × basal diameter of ANT III, and hairs on ANT III more than 0.5× basal diameter of ANT III (and sometimes much longer) | …..26 |
| 16 | ABD TERG 1-4 each with a pair of pale spinal processes (e.g. fig. 94C; although those on 4 may be small) | …..17 |
| – | Only ABD TERG 1-3 with spinal processes (fig. 94D) | …..20 |
| 17 | R IV+V 0.13-0.19 mm, 1.15-1.50 × HT II, with 3 pairs of lateral accessory hairs (as well as 3-6 ventral ones) | …..Tuberculatus remaudierei |
| – | R IV+V 0.08-0.12 mm, 0.80-1.05 × HT II, with 2 pairs of lateral accessory hairs (and 3-5 ventral ones) | …..18 |
| 18 | Spinal hairs of embryos (seen through abdominal cuticle of alate vivipara) all similar in length to the long marginal hairs on the same tergites (fig. 95A) | …..Tuberculatus eggleri |
| – | Spinal hairs on at least ABD TERG 2-3 of embryos only half as long as marginal hairs on same segments or shorter | …..19 |
| 19 | Embryos with spinal hairs on ABD TERG 1-6 all about 5-8 µm long, thin, with blunt apices; marginal hairs 15-45 µm long, with those on at least ABD TERG 2-3 not overlapping those of next tergite (fig.95B) | …..Tuberculatus borealis |
| – | Embryos with distinctly capitate spinal hairs, those on ABD TERG 1 being 6-10 µm long, increasing in size on more posterior tergites to 26-75 µm on ABD TERG 6; marginal hairs 26-75 µm long, all except those on ABD TERG 1 overlapping those on next tergite (fig. 95C) | …..Tuberculatus eggleri (early season form) |
| 20 | Spinal hairs of embryos mostly very long and overlapping between segments | ……21 |
| – | Spinal hairs on ABD TERG 1-5 of embryos all very short (less than 5 µm) | ……23 |
| 21 | ANT PT/BASE 2.1-2.8. R IV+V 1.20-1.35 × HT II and bearing 12-15 accessory hairs | …..Tuberculatus etruscus |
| – | ANT PT/BASE 0.9-1.8. R IV+V 0.90-1.15 × HT II and bearing 7-10 accessory hairs | …..22 |
| 22 | BL 1.3-2.3 mm. ANT PT/BASE 1.42-1.78 | …..Tuberculatus inferus |
| – | BL 2.0-3.1 mm. ANT PT/BASE 0.88-1.39 | …..Tuberculatus maximus |
| 23 | SIPH almost completely pale. ANT PT/BASE 0.85-0.95. ANT III usually with dusky section about one third from base (use hand lens) | …..Tuberculatus albosiphonatus |
| – | SIPH dark on apical third or more. ANT PT/BASE 0.87-1.53, but if less than 0.95 then ANT III is pale except for black distal section | …..24 |
| 24 | ANT PT/BASE 0.87-1.14. ANT III pale except for black distal section. ABD TERG 2-5 of embryos with marginal hairs 8-13 µm long, like the spinal hairs on same segments; usually only ABD TERG 8 with long capitate hairs (fig. 95D) | …..Tuberculatus annulatus |
| – | ANT PT/BASE 0.95-1.53, but if less than 1.14 then ANT III usually has a dusky section around the most distal secondary rhinarium. Embryos with marginal hairs on ABD TERG 2-5 always much longer than spinal hairs on those segments, and at least ABD TERG 7 as well as 8 with long capitate hairs (e.g. fig. 95E) | …..25 |
| 25 | ANT PT/BASE 0.95-1.13. ANT III usually with a dusky central section. SIPH a little shorter than R IV+V | …..Tuberculatus moerickei |
| – | ANT PT/BASE 1.14-1.53. ANT III pale except for black distal section. SIPH a little longer than R IV+V | …..Tuberculatus neglectus |
| 26 | Thorax of mounted specimens pale (pronotum sometimes marginally dark, or with dark scutellum). Mesonotum without spinal processes | …..27 |
| – | At least mesothorax usually dark brown dorsally and/or ventrally or with a dark brown dorsal patch, but if pale then mesonotum has a pair of long spinal processes | …..38 |
| 27 | Pronotum without spinal processes, or rarely with the posterior spinal hairs on slightly raised bases. Spinal processes on ABD TERG 1 and 2 not more than 2 × longer than their basal widths | …..28 |
| – | Pronotum usually with at least one pair of spinal processes; if with none, then processes on ABD TERG 1-2 are 2.5-3.5 × longer than their basal widths | …..29 |
| 28 | Spinal processes at least on ABD TERG 3 much longer than their basal widths; those on ABD TERG 3 usually have dark apices. Forewing veins ending in dark triangles. Femora with dark subapical spots. SIPH dark distally | …..Tuberculatus (Tuberculoides) pallescens |
| – | Spinal processes on ABD TERG 1-3 low, hardly longer than their basal widths, and usually pale. Forewing veins not ending in dark triangles. SIPH pale | …..Tuberculatus (Orientuberculoides)kashiwae |
| 29 | Pronotum only with a single (posterior) pair of (sometimes very small) spinal processes. Hairs on ANT III not deeply pigmented. Base of ANT VI with 1 hair | …..30 |
| – | Pronotum with 2 pairs of spinal processes. Longest 1-3 hairs on ANT III often capitate and markedly pigmented, the sockets around the hair-bases also being pigmented. Similar hairs often present on ANT I and II and on front of head. Base of ANT VI with 1-2 hairs | …..36 |
| 30 | Head with 3 pairs of long capitate dorsal hairs anterior to the lateral ocelli | …..Tuberculatus (Orientuberculoides) querciformosanus |
| – | Front of head with only 2 pairs of long capitate hairs anterior to the lateral ocelli, plus one much shorter pair | …..31 |
| 31 | Pterostigma with a dark inner margin. One or more of spinal processes on ABD TERG 1-3 entirely black or dark, and often with pigment extending between bases. SIPH with at least distal half black. Femora with distal brown mottling or a subapical dark smudge | …..32 |
| – | Pterostigma pale or with weakly pigmented inner margin. Spinal processes on ABD TERG 1-3 pale or only dusky on distal part. SIPH pale or dark only on distal third or less. Femora without a subapical dark smudge | …..33 |
| 32 | Spinal processes on ABD TERG 3 wholly pigmented and often with pigment extending between their bases, but those on ABD TERG 1 and 2 are paler. Marginal abdominal processes each with 2-3 hairs | …..Tuberculatus (Orientuberculoides) konaracola |
| – | Spinal processes on ABD TERG 1-3 all dark, or those on ABD TERG 1 darkest. Marginal abdominal processes each with 3-4 (-5) hairs | …..Tuberculatus (Orientuberculoides) fuscotuberculatus |
| 33 | Embryos with all spinal hairs on ABD TERG 2-6 short, less than half of length of marginal hairs on same segments (only about 0.2 × longer than marginal hairs in paranaracola s. str.; 0.3-0.5 × longer with capitate apices in ssp. hemitrichus) | …..Tuberculatus (Orientuberculoides) paranaracola |
| – | Embryos with spinal hairs on ABD TERG 2-6 long, comparable in length to marginal hairs on same segments | …..34 |
| 34 | Hairs on inner side of ANT III (opposite rhinaria) short, thin and cylindrical or club-shaped, only up to about 0.6 × basal diameter of segment, and not on raised bases. (ANT III with 3-6 rhinaria, confined to basal 0.3-0.5 of segment even in spring populations. (Forewing with Cu1a , Cu1b and media all of similar thickness and degree of pigmentation) | …..Tuberculatus (Orientuberculoides) higuchii |
| – | Hairs on inner side of ANT III capitate, 0.75-1.50 × basal diameter of segment, with raised bases | …..35 |
| 35 | R IV+V shorter than (c. 0.8 ×) HT II. Longest hairs on ANT III 0.75-1.2 × basal diameter of segment. ANT III in spring alatae with 4-10 secondary rhinaria extending over 0.5-0.9 of segment, only in midsummer alatae confined to basal 0.3 of segment and 2-4 in number. Cu1a and especially Cu1b of forewing thicker and darker than distal branches of media (use hand lens) | …..Tuberculatus (Orientuberculoides) yokoyamai |
| – | R IV+V longer than (1.1-1.2) × HT II. Longest hairs on ANT III 1.3-1.7 × basal diameter of segment. ANT III with 4-7 rhinaria restricted to basal 0.5 of segment even in spring populations. Cu1a , Cu1b and media of forewing all of similar thickness and pigmentation | …..Tuberculatus (Orientuberculoides) paiki |
| 36 | Forewing veins including media with diffuse fuscous bordering over whole length. Base of ANT VI with 1 hair. Spinal tubercles on ABD TERG 1-3 pigmented and with dark sclerites between their bases | ….. Tuberculatus (Orientuberculoides) nervatus |
| – | Forewing veins unbordered except sometimes for Cu1b and basal part of Cu1a. Base of ANT VI usually with 2 hairs. Only spinal tubercles on ABD TERG 3 pigmented | …..37 |
| 37 | Front of head, ANT I-III and dorsal thorax all with strongly capitate hairs. Dorsal hairs on basal half of hind tibia rather stiff, about 1.0-1.3 × diameter of tibia, with blunt or slightly capitate hairs. Embryos with spinal hairs on ABD TERG 2-6 very thickly capitate | …..Tuberculatus (Orientuberculoides) capitatus |
| – | Front of head, ANT I-III and dorsal thorax with acute, blunt and/or slightly capitate hairs. Dorsal hairs on basal half of hind tibia thin with very fine apices, up to 2 × diameter of tibia. Embryos with spinal hairs on ABD TERG 2-6 blunt or only slightly capitate | …..Tuberculatus (Orientuberculoides) fangi |
| 38 | Longest hair on ANT II 2 or more × longer than longest hair on ANT III. Secondary rhinaria with ciliate rims. Pronotum without any spinal processes | …..39 |
| – | Longest hair on ANT II usually similar in length to or shorter than longest hair on ANT III, or not more than 1.5 × longer. Secondary rhinaria with or without ciliation. Pronotum with or without spinal processes | …..40 |
| 39 | Forewings maculate. Spinal processes on ABD TERG 1-4 pigmented, and shorter, pale spinal processes also present on more posterior tergites. SIPH pale or only dark basally | …..Tuberculatus maculipennis |
| – | Forewings not maculate. Abdomen with 2 pairs of dark spinal processes (very long and basally joined on ABD TERG 3). SIPH wholly dark | …..Tuberculatus cornutus |
| 40 | Forewing membrane densely covered with scales and often with scattered hairs. Head and thorax dark or mottled with pigment | …..41 |
| – | Forewing membrane not or only weakly scaly and without hairs. Head and thorax mainly pale, sometimes darker on margins | ……45 |
| 41 | Membrane of forewing without hairs. Head uniformly dark sclerotic. Mesonotum with reticulate sculpturing. Thorax without spinal processes. ABD TERG 1-3 with low wart-like spinal processes | …..42 |
| – | Membrane of forewing with scattered hairs. Head mottled with dark pigment. Mesonotum smooth or weakly nodulose. Pronotum and sometimes also mesonotum with wart-like or finger-like processes. Spinal processes on at least ABD TERG 2 and 3 well-developed, longer than their basal widths | …..43 |
| 42 | Forewings with veins narrowly bordered and ending in dark triangles. Pterostigma with dark inner border and a small dark spot at base. Pronotum with 4-5 posterior spinal hairs | …..Tuberculatus (Acanthocallis) nigrosiphonaceus* |
| – | Forewings with at least media and Cu1a unbordered and without dark triangles at ends of veins. Pterostigma weakly pigmented without dark spot at base. Pronotum with 2-3 posterior spinal hairs | …..Tuberculatus (Acanthocallis) acuminatus |
| 43 | Forewings with Cu1a and Cu1b and unbranched base of media fuscous-bordered, but distal branches of media unbordered. Hairs on inner side of ANT III stiff and with blunt or capitate apices. Spinal processes on ABD TERG 1-3 short; those on 3 not much longer than their basal diameters | …..Tuberculatus (Acanthocallis) grisipunctatus* |
| – | All forewing veins evenly bordered with fuscous over their entire length. Hairs on inner side of ANT III long, wavy and finely pointed. Spinal processes on ABD TERG 1-3, especially those on 3, much larger and darker than those on 4-5 | …..44 |
| 44 | R IV+V longer than HT II. ANT I with (4-)6-10 hairs. ANT III with 4-9 secondary rhinaria. ANT VI (including PT) 0.7-1.1 × ANT IV. Caudal knob oval, longer than wide | …..Tuberculatus (Acanthocallis) macrotuberculatus |
| – | R IV+V shorter than HT II. ANT I with 3-5 hairs. ANT III with 3-6 secondary rhinaria. ANT VI (including PT) 1.1-1.6 × ANT IV. Caudal knob rounded, about as long as wide | ….. Tuberculatus (Acanthocallis) quercicola |
| 45 | Pronotum with 2 pairs of (pale) spinal processes | …..46 |
| – | Pronotum without spinal processes | …..49 |
| 46 | Forewings with all veins evenly fuscous-bordered. First tarsal segments with 5 ventral hairs | …..Tuberculatus (Acanthotuberculatus) radisectuae |
| – | Forewings with diffuse bordering at bases of veins, but distal parts at least of media and Cu1a unbordered. First tarsal segments usually with 6 ventral hairs | …..47 |
| 47 | Frontal hairs strongly capitate. Dorsal hairs on femora and on basal half of hind tibia all stiff and distinctly capitate | …..Tuberculatus (Acanthotuberculatus) japonicus |
| – | Frontal hairs with finely pointed, acute or rounded apices, sometimes slightly capitate. Dorsal hairs on femora pointed, and many of those on basal half of hind tibia fine and pointed (a few may be blunt or slightly capitate) | …..48 |
| 48 | Frontal hairs and those on dorsal side of tibiae with finely pointed apices. Longest hairs on inner side of ANT III pointed, longer than those on ANT I and II | ….. Tuberculatus (Acanthotuberculatus) pilosulus* |
| – | Frontal hairs with blunt or slightly capitate apices, and on dorsal side of tibiae with acute apices. Longest hairs on inner side of ANT III usually not longer than those on ANT I and II | …..Tuberculatus (Acanthotuberculatus) indicus |
| 49 | Forewing veins with broad fuscous borders. Hind tibia mainly pale. ANT III with 12-24 secondary rhinaria. Front of head slightly convex | …..Tuberculatus (Nippotuberculatus) pilosus |
| – | Forewing veins not bordered. Hind legs entirely black, in sharp contrast to other legs. ANT III with 3-8 secondary rhinaria. Front of head between antennae concave | …..Tuberculatus (Arakawana) stigmatus |
| 50 | ABD TERG 1-6 each with only 1 pair of spinal hairs, pleural hairs being absent. (Mesonotal lobes smooth, wings hyaline, tibiae not marked with black) | …..Apulicallis trojanae |
| – | ABD TERG 1-6 each with 2 or more pairs of spinal hairs, often in paired clusters, and pleural hairs present or absent; if with only a single pair on some tergites then mesonotum is nodulose and forewings are maculate or have dark triangles at ends of veins | …..51 |
| 51 | Head and prothorax with a median longitudinal pale stripe extending backward from the median ocellus between bands of pigment. Pronotum with anterior and posterior spinal and marginal clusters of small hairs. Abdomen with paired dark spinal sclerites that are fused posteriorly across midline, on ABD TERG 1-7 (fig. 96A) or on 1-2 only. ANT PT/BASE 0.50-0.95 (genus Hoplocallis) | …..52 |
| – | Head and prothorax pale or variously pigmented but never with a pale median longitudinal stripe. Pronotal hairs not in clusters, and anteriolateral ones often absent. Abdomen either without sclerites or with paired sclerites not usually fused across the midline, at least on anterior tergites. ANT PT/BASE 0.95-3.50 (genus Myzocallis) | …..55 |
| 52 | R IV+V stiletto-shaped, more than 1.7 × HT II. Abdomen with dark sclerites only on ABD TERG 1 and 2, and with segmental clusters of pleural hairs | …..Hoplocallis microsetosus |
| – | R IV+V less than 1.6 × HT II. Abdomen usually with dark sclerites on ABD TERG 1-7 (fused across midline at least on 1-5). ABD TERG 1-5 without pleural hairs | …..53 |
| 53 | SIPH small, c.0.04 mm long, 0.2-0.3 × R IV+V and about 0.5 × as long as knob of cauda. R IV+V stiletto-shaped, 1.30-1.65 × HT II | …..Hoplocallis microsiphon |
| – | SIPH 0.07-0.10 mm long, 0.50-0.85 × R IV+V, about as long as knob of cauda. R IV+V obtuse, 1.00-1.55 × HT II | …..54 |
| 54 | R IV+V 1.25-1.55 × HT II. ANT PT/BASE 0.5-0.8. ANT III with 2-4 secondary rhinaria | …..Hoplocallis picta |
| – | R IV+V 1.0-1.2 × HT II. ANT PT/BASE 0.7-0.95. ANT III with 3-5 secondary rhinaria | …..Hoplocallis ruperti |
| 55 | Forewings with pigmentation thickly bordering all veins, or extending between veins (sometimes not so evident in spring populations where it may be reduced to triangles at ends of veins, but in such cases the mesonotal lobes are always nodulose) | …..56 |
| – | Forewings without pigmentation along or between veins, except along costal margin, and sometimes RS and/or Cu1b (sometimes with narrow bordering of other veins or with veins ending in dark triangles, but then the mesonotal lobes are smooth) | …..60 |
| 56 | SIPH dark, on large dark sclerites, with or without spicules | …..57 |
| – | SIPH pale, with spiculose ornamentation | …..59 |
| 57 | SIPH (and basal sclerite) smooth. Mesonotal lobes smooth. Forewings with RS almost indiscernible. Head and pronotum very dark with a very narrow pale medial stripe | …..Myzocallis (Californicallis) agrifolicola |
| – | SIPH (and basal sclerites) with rows of spicules. Mesonotal lobes nodulose. Forewings with RS distinct. Head and pronotum if dark then without a medial stripe | …..58 |
| 58 | ANT III with 4-12 rhinaria distributed over most of its length. HT I with 4-5 ventral hairs. Posterior margin of pronotum denticulate in middle. Embryo with spinal and marginal hairs of ABD TERG 1 about half as long as those on other segments | …..Myzocallis (Neomyzocallis) discolor |
| – | ANT III with 3-6 rhinaria confined to basal 0.4 of its length. HT I with 6 (rarely 5, 7 or 8) ventral hairs. Posterior margin of pronotum not denticulate in middle. Embryo with spinal and marginal hairs of ABD TERG 1 not much shorter than those on other segments | …..Myzocallis (Neomyzocallis) pseudodiscolor |
| 59 | ABD TERG 1 and 2 with paired spinal processes, low (c. 0.75 × basal width) in spring populations, but in summer they are conical or finger-like, sometimes pigmented, with those on ABD TERG 1 largest (up to 0.14 mm), usually with a single apical hair. Clypeus produced anteriorly | …..Myzocallis (Neomyzocallis) tuberculata |
| – | ABD TERG 1 and 2 with or without small paired wart-like spinal processes not more than 0.5 × their basal widths. Clypeus normal | …..Myzocallis (Neomyzocallis) punctata |
| 60 | Head and pronotum with a distinct dark, median longitudinal stripe (fig. 35E) | …..Myzocallis (Agrioaphis) castanicola |
| – | Head and pronotum variously pigmented but not with a dark median stripe | …..61 |
| 61 | Costal margin of forewing with a usually continuous band of pigment extending beyond pterostigma to tip of wing (fig. 96D). Thorax rather pale except that the lateral margins of the pronotum, have conspicuous dark longitudinal stripes, continuing on the mesonotum to the base of the forewing. (Spring generations can however almost entirely lack pigmentation, except for dusky patches at tips of RS and apical branch of media) (subgenus Lineomyzocallis) | …..62 |
| – | Costal margin of forewing without a continuous line of pigment. Thorax variously pigmented but without contrasting dark marginal stripes | …..79 |
| 62 | Hairs on ANT III finely pointed, maximally 30-40 μm long, up to 2 × basal diameter of segment | …..Myzocallis (Lineomyzocallis)spinosa |
| – | Hairs on ANT III with acute, blunt or slightly capitate apices, 10-25 μm long, rarely longer than basal diameter of segment | …..63 |
| 63 | ANT PT/BASE 3.2-4.5, with ANT BASE VI measuring less than 0.15 mm. Immatures with long, pointed dorsal hairs | …..Myzocallis (Lineomyzocallis) elliotti |
| – | ANT PT/BASE 1.0-3.5, with ANT BASE VI more than 0.16 mm. Immatures with at least some of dorsal hairs capitate | …..64 |
| 64 | Fore tibiae very dark or black, usually for most of their lengths, distinctly darker than and usually contrasting with mid and hind tibiae, although often paler at base (and sometimes only very dark distally in spring populations). Antennae longer or shorter than body (distinctly longer than body in the species with least contrast between fore tibiae and mid/hind tibiae) | …..65 |
| – | All tibiae similarly pigmented. Antennae not longer than body | …..72 |
| 65 | Antennae distinctly longer than body, with ANT PT/BASE 2.4-3.5. Mid and hind tibiae often almost as dark as fore tibiae | …..Myzocallis (Lineomyzocallis) longiunguis |
| – | Antennae not distinctly longer than body, ANT PT/BASE 1.0-2.8. Mid and hind tibiae much paler than fore tibiae | …..66 |
| 66 | Fore femur with pigment dorsally and ventrally, at least on distal 0.3-0.5 | …..Myzocallis (Lineomyzocallis) exultans |
| – | Fore femur unpigmented except sometimes at apex | …..67 |
| 67 | R IV+V 0.95-1.35 × HT II | …..68 |
| – | R IV+V 0.62-0.92 × HT II | …..70 |
| 68 | HT I with 3 ventral hairs. Knob of cauda with a short rounded dorsal process. Pronotum with (2-) 3-5 posterio-lateral hairs on each side. ANT PT/BASE 1.1-1.6 | …..Myzocallis (Lineomyzocallis) multisetis |
| – | HT I with 4-5 ventral hairs. Knob of cauda without a dorsal process. Pronotum usually with 2 posterio-lateral hairs on each side. ANT PT/BASE 1.3-2.8 | …..69 |
| 69 | ANT PT/BASE 2.0-2.8. R IV+V 0.08-0.11 mm long. Summer populations often have very little pronotal marginal pigment, but dark marginal processes on ABD TERG 3 and 4 | ….. Myzocallis (Lineomyzocallis) longirostris s. str. |
| – | ANT PT/BASE 1.3-1.6. R IV+V 0.12-0.14 mm long. Marginal processes on ABD TERG 3 and 4 pale | ….. Myzocallis (Lineomyzocallis) longirostris ssp. tepehuanensis |
| 70 | ABD TERG 2-4 with marginal processes black. Immature alatae with dark spinal and marginal sclerites | ….. Myzocallis (Lineomyzocallis) atropunctata |
| – | ABD TERG 2-4 with marginal processes unpigmented (except in some late-season alatae). Immature alatae usually without dark sclerotisation | …..71 |
| 71 | Apices of fore femora pale. Immature alatae with each of ABD TERG 1-5 having 1-2 pairs of spinal hairs and 1 pair of pleural hairs, in spring as well as summer populations; the spinal hairs being mostly shorter than the distances between their bases. Embryos with spinal hairs on ABD TERG 2-5 short, their ends not touching | …..Myzocallis (Lineomyzocallis)walshii |
| – | Apices of fore femora sometimes with some pigment. Immature alatae with each of ABD TERG 1-5 having 2-5 pairs of spinal hairs, and usually more than 1 pair of pleural hairs (more in spring populations); the spinal hairs being mostly shorter than the distances between their bases.. Embryos with spinal hairs on ABD TERG 2-5 longer, their ends mostly touching or overlapping | …..Myzocallis (Lineomyzocallis) ephemerata |
| 72 | Pronotum with 1 marginal hair on each side and without anterior pleural hairs. Antennae as long as or longer than body. Femora pale or only dark at apices | …..73 |
| – | Pronotum with 2 (or 3) marginal hairs on each side and with 2 (rarely 1 on one side) anterior pleural hairs. Antennae shorter than body. Hind femora pigmented over distal 0.3 or more of length | …..75 |
| 73 | ANT IV and V uniformly dark. Immature alatae with 2 dorsal longitudinal rows of dark spots | …..Myzocallis (Lineomyzocallis) frisoni |
| – | ANT IV and V pale basally shading to dark distally. Immature alatae with (ssp. iturbide) or without dorsal pigmentation | …..74 |
| 74 | Head with a conspicuous black spot immediately posterior to eye. ANT III with small hairs on inner side (opposite rhinaria) capitate. Immature alatae with dorsal longitudinal rows of dark spots | …..Myzocallis (Lineomyzocallis) pepperi ssp. iturbide |
| – | Head spot behind eye absent or indistinct. ANT III with small hairs on inner side pointed. Immature alatae without dorsal pigmentation | …..Myzocallis (Lineomyzocallis) pepperi s. str. |
| 75 | Hind femora with dark pigmentation only on about distal 0.3 of length | …..76 |
| – | Hind femur with dark pigmentation over at least half of length | …..77 |
| 76 | ANT III-VI pale except at apices of segments. Lobes of anal plate longer than their basal width, and cauda with an elongate “neck” (fig. 96C) | …..Myzocallis (Lineomyzocallis) granovskyi |
| – | ANT III-VI dark except at base of III. Cauda and anal plate normal for genus, i.e. lobes of anal plate shorter than their basal width, and constricted part of cauda not elongated | …..Myzocallis (Lineomyzocallis) durangoensis |
| 77 | Prothoracic dark marginal stripes 0.16-0.18 mm wide, with pale area between them longer than wide. ANT I and II often dark. ANT III-V usually pale except apically. Immature alatae with 5 pairs of large contrasting black dorsal patches | …..Myzocallis (Lineomyzocallis) bella |
| – | Prothoracic dark marginal stripes 0.09-0.14 mm wide, with pale area between them at least as wide as long (e.g. fig. 96E). ANT I and II are usually pale, never darker than base of III. ANT III-V either pale or dark. Immature alatae with dorsal pigmentation variable or absent | …..78 |
| 78 | ANT I and II pale or dusky, and ANT III-VI usually blackish throughout, sometimes paler at base of III. HT I with 4 (-5) ventral hairs. Immature alatae (and oviparae) without a dark spot adjacent to posterior margin of eye, even in individuals with dark dorsal sclerites | …..Myzocallis (Lineomyzocallis) melanocera |
| – | ANT I and II always pale, ANT III-VI pale or slightly dusky with only apices of III-V blackish. HT I with 5 (-6) ventral hairs. Immature alatae ( and oviparae) with a small dark spot adjacent to posterior margin of eye | ….. Myzocallis (Lineomyzocallis) neoborealis |
| 79 | PT 1.5 or more × ANT III; ANT PT/BASE 2.5-3.0. ANT III with 1-3 (usually 2) secondary rhinaria near base | …..Myzocallis (Paramyzocallis) tenochca |
| – | PT shorter than ANT III; ANT PT/BASE 1.2-2.5. ANT III with 2-12 (rarely 2) secondary rhinaria | …..80 |
| 80 | Radial sector dark, with a black spot at base | ….. Myzocallis (Neomyzocallis) punctata (pale form) |
| – | Radial sector very pale, especially at base | …..81 |
| 81 | Pterostigma of normal length, i.e. its length measured from proximal end of black patch is 3.8-4.7 × its maximum width (fig. 96H). Primary rhinarium on ANT VI similar in size to that on V. Dorsal abdomen with paired spinal sclerites variably developed but with hairs arising from them rarely exceeding 40 μm in length | …..82 |
| – | Pterostigma short, trapezoid, its length 2.5-3.8 × its maximum width (fig. 96I; subgenus Pasekia). ABD TERG 1-7 usually with a well-developed series of spinal sclerites, that often bear hairs 50-60 μm long, similar to those of immature stages | …..84 |
| 82 | R IV+V stiletto-shaped, 0.15-0.22 mm long, 1.6-2.0 × HT II | …..Myzocallis occidentalis |
| – | R IV+V 0.10-0.16 mm long, 0.8-1.5 × HT II | …..83 |
| 83 | R IV+V 1.2-1.5 × HT II, with 4-7 accessory hairs | …..Myzocallis schreiberi |
| – | R IV+V 0.84-1.25 × HT II (usually less than 1.2 in summer populations), with 4-12 accessory hairs | …..Myzocallis boerneri |
| 84 | ANT PT/BASE 2.4-3.2. (Spinal sclerites on ABD TERG 1-5 oval, with longest hairs 28-50 µm long, having blunt or slightly capitate apices; fig. 96G) | …..Myzocallis (Pasekia) cocciferina |
| – | ANT PT/BASE 1.2-2.1. (Spinal sclerites on ABD TERG 1-5 and the hairs upon them of various shapes and forms, but if longest hairs are more than 40 µm long then they usually have strongly expanded or capitate apices) | …..85 |
| 85 | Longest hairs on vertex very long, about 2.5 × basal diameter of ANT III, and those on ANT III about equal to basal diameter of ANT III or a little longer, and distinctly capitate. Primary rhinarium on ANT IV not ciliated, elongate, 41-50 µm long. ANT III with 8-12 secondary rhinaria | …..Myzocallis (Pasekia) persica |
| – | Longest hairs on vertex 0.5-1.2 × basal diameter of ANT III, and those on ANT III about 0.5 × that diameter. Primary rhinarium on ANT IV ciliated, less than 40 µm long. ANT III with 2-8 secondary rhinaria | …..86 |
| 86 | Empodial hairs setiform. Spinal hairs on ABD TERG 1-5 mostly pointed, and all less than 40 µm long. Sclerites on ABD TERG 4 and 5 often fused intersegmentally to form a pair of large dark patches | …..Myzocallis (Pasekia) taurica |
| – | Empodial hairs spatulate. Longest spinal hairs on ABD TERG 1-5 often more than 40 µm long, with expanded or capitate apices. Sclerites on ABD TERG 4 and 5 never fused intersegmentally | …..87 |
| 87 | Hairs on vertex arising from pigmented sclerites (pale in spring forms). ABD TERG 1-5 each with a pair of oval to quadrate sclerites that have a dark margin around a large pale central area (fig. 96F). Primary rhinarium on ANT VI 26-33 µm long | …..Myzocallis (Pasekia) komareki |
| – | Vertex without pigmented sclerites at hair-bases, but with paired longitudinal bands of brown pigment running through lateral ocelli (indistinct in spring forms). Paired spinal sclerites on ABD TERG 1-5 oval or irregular in shape, often paler in centre but without a clearly defined dark margin. Primary rhinarium on ANT VI 19-25 µm long | …..Myzocallis (Pasekia) mediterranea |
KEY F – Calaphidinae and Thelaxinae with apterous viviparae on oaks
| (refers to apterous viviparae only except where otherwise stated). | ||
| 1 | Eyes of 3 facets. Antennae 5-segmented. Dorsal hairs fine if long, or short and thick | …..2 |
| – | Eyes multifaceted. Antennae 4- to 6-segmented; if 4- or 5-segmented then dorsal hairs very long and thick | …..6 |
| 2 | Cauda rounded. Dorsal hairs all long and fine | …..Kurisakia querciphila |
| – | Cauda knobbed. Many dorsal hairs short, thick and spine-like, dagger-like or club-shaped | …..3 |
| 3 | ABD TERG 5 with 12-25 short, blunt, club-shaped hairs (fig. 97A). Head and pronotum with 50-67 and mesonotum with 30-53 hairs | …..Thelaxes valtadorosi |
| – | ABD TERG 5 with 8-14 pointed, spine-like (fig. 97B) or dagger-like (fig. 97C) hairs. Head and pronotum with 20-26 hairs, mesonotum with 13-28 | …..4 |
| 4 | R V less than 0.25× R IV and less than 2 × ANT PT. Hairs on ABD TERG 5 usually less than 24 µm long, spine-like (fig. 97B). (Alata with 4-7 secondary rhinaria on ANT III) | …..Thelaxes dryophila |
| – | R V more than 0.25× R IV and 2 or more × ANT PT. Hairs on ABD TERG 5 mostly more than 25 µm long, thick and dagger-like (fig. 97C). (Alata with 0-5 secondary rhinaria on ANT III) | …..5 |
| 5 | ABD TERG 1-5 each with a single hair on each side, which is thick and dagger-like. Knob of cauda as long as or longer than broad | …..Thelaxes suberi |
| – | ABD TERG 1-5 each usually with 2 or more dagger-like marginal hairs on each side (except in summer dwarfs). Knob of cauda slightly broader than long | …..Thelaxes californica |
| 6 | Dorsal hairs mostly conspicuously bifurcate, resembling fishes’ tails (fig. 97D). Cauda tongue-shaped | …..Siculaphis vittoriensis |
| – | Dorsal hairs not bifurcate. Cauda tongue-shaped or knobbed | …..7 |
| 7 | At least some of dorsal hairs thick and spine-like, rod-shaped or capitate, arising from raised sclerites or elongate processes, or with tuberculate bases | …..8 |
| – | Dorsal hairs all thin and setaceous, sometimes with expanded apices but not arising from tuberculate bases | …..22 |
| 8 | Antennae 4- or 5-segmented | …..9 |
| – | Antennae 6-segmented | …..17 |
| 9 | Spinal hairs on thorax and ABD TERG 1-6 are all minute (only 3-5 μm long) | …..10 |
| – | Long spinal hairs present on at least some segments, arising from large tubercular processes, similar to the marginal hairs | …..11 |
| 10 | Dorsal cuticle strongly and densely nodulose. Front of head with 2 long finger-like forwardly-directed hair-bearing processes. ABD TERG 1-4 each with 2-3 pairs of marginal hairs arising from large backwardly directed processes. ANT PT/BASE 1.25-1.9 | …..Mexicallis areolatus |
| – | Dorsal cuticle wrinkled and only locally and very weakly nodulose. Front of head without finger-like processes. ABD TERG 1-4 each with a single pair of marginal hairs arising from tuberculate bases not much longer than their basal diameters. ANT PT/BASE less than 1.0 | …..Mexicallis brevituberculatus |
| 11 | ANT PT/BASE 0.6-0.7. Dorsal hairs on head and pronotum less than 20 µm long. Dorsal cuticle with faint nodulose sculpturing | …..Mexicallis calvus |
| – | ANT PT/BASE 0.7-1.4. Dorsal hairs on head and pronotum longer than 25 µm. Dorsal cuticle spiculose or wrinkled | …..12 |
| 12 | Dorsal hairs all capitate. Antennae 4-segmented with 0-1 hairs on ANT III | …..Mexicallis panamensis* |
| – | Only the shortest dorsal hairs are capitate. Antennae 4- or 5-segmented with 2 hairs on the penultimate segment | …..13 |
| 13 | Cauda elongate, with knob 1.3-1.4 × its maximum width. SIPH short (0.03-0.04 mm), about as long as their apical diameters. Metanotum without spinal hairs | …..Mexicallis longicaudus |
| – | Cauda short with knob about as long as wide. SIPH often longer. Metanotum with spinal hairs | …..14 |
| 14 | Dorsal cuticle not spiculose. Antennae always 4-segmented, with ANT III 4-7× SIPH. SIPH 0.027-0.044 mm long, less than 2 × their minimum diameter. Base of last antennal segment without a hair | …..Mexicallis spinifer |
| – | Dorsal cuticle spiculose. Antennae of 4 or 5 segments, with ANT III only 2-3× SIPH. SIPH 0.046-0.166 mm long, 2-6 × their minimum diameter. Base of last antennal segment with 1 hair | …..15 |
| 15 | Antennae 4-segmented, less than 0.4 × BL. Spinal processes shorter than 55 μm, and marginal processes are merely tubercular hair-bases shorter than 20 μm. SIPH 0.048-0.060 mm long | …..Mexicallis analiliae ssp. pumilus |
| – | Antennae 4- or 5-segmented, 0.45-0.55 × BL. Spinal processes 70-200 μm, and marginal processes 25-100 μm. SIPH 0.067-0.166 mm long | …..16 |
| 16 | Marginal processes large, sausage-shaped, at least 40-50 μm long. R IV+V 0.83-1.30 × SIPH and 1.3-1.9 × HT II. All dorsal hairs smooth or nearly smooth | …..Mexicallis analiliae ssp. caulifer |
| – | Marginal processes less than 25 μm long. R IV+V 0.60-0.77 × SIPH and 1.1-1.3 × HT II. Largest dorsal hairs are densely spiculose | …..Mexicallis analiliae s. str. |
| 17 | Cauda triangular but with a membranous bladder-like, hairless apex. Anal plate moderately indented with a T-shaped sclerite at the base of the cleft | …..Wanyucallis amblyopappos |
| – | Cauda tongue-shaped or knobbed. Anal plate without a T-shaped sclerite | …..18 |
| 18 | Cauda tongue-shaped, without a constriction, anal plate only weakly indented. Dorsal spine-like hairs bearing many minute spinules | …..Serratocallis takahashii |
| – | Cauda knobbed, anal plate bilobed. Dorsal spine-like hairs not bearing minute spicules | …..19 |
| 19 | R IV+V longer than HT II, with rather pointed apex and bearing 6 accessory hairs. Pronotum with a single marginal hair on each side | …..Hoplochaitophorus dicksoni |
| – | R IV+V shorter than HT II, with obtuse apex and bearing 8-15 accessory hairs. Pronotum with a group of marginal hairs on each side | …..20 |
| 20 | Spine-like dorsal hairs outnumbered by fine hairs with finely-pointed apices (fig. 97E); sometimes spine-like hairs are few in number, or even absent in weakly-pigmented midsummer individuals. Longest hairs on ANT III long and fine, at least 2 × basal diameter of segment | …..Hoplochaitophorus heterotrichus |
| – | Most dorsal body hairs spine-like and on tuberculate bases (e.g. fig.97F). Longest hairs on ANT III 1.0-1.25 × basal diameter of segment | …..21 |
| 21 | SIPH flared apically and almost as long as R IV+V. ANT PT/BASE more than 0.65 | …..Hoplochaitophorus quercicola |
| – | SIPH small, not much widened apically, about 0.5 × R IV+V. ANT PT/BASE less than 0.6 | …..Hoplochaitophorus spiniferus |
| 22 | Anal plate bilobed, cauda with or without a constriction. Wax pore plates not evident. ANT II as short as or shorter than ANT I | …..23 |
| – | Anal plate entire, cauda broadly rounded. Wax pore plates evident. ANT II much longer than ANT I | …..43 |
| 23 | ANT PT/BASE 1.0 or less | …..24 |
| – | ANT PT/BASE more than 1.2 | …..39 |
| 24 | Many of dorsal body hairs very long, up to or exceeding length of ANT III. Cauda knobbed | …..Hoplochaetaphis zachvatkini |
| – | Dorsal body hairs all very much shorter than ANT III. Cauda with or without a constriction | …..25 |
| 25 | Antennae densely hairy; ANT VI BASE with 7-15 hairs. (Alata with forewing veins thickly bordered with fuscous) | …..26 |
| – | Antennae sparsely hairy; ANT VI BASE with 1-3 hairs. (Alata with forewing veins not or only weakly bordered) | …..27 |
| 26 | Alata with 4-8 (most commonly 5 or 6) secondary rhinaria on ANT III, and wing veins with borders not more than 0.10 mm across, the pigment of veins Cu1a and media not coalescing at their bases. Sclerotic cross-bands on ABD TERG 5 and 6 each with 14-35 spino-pleural hairs. Aptera with an almost complete shield from mesonotum to ABD TERG 7 | …..Lachnochaitophorus querceus |
| – | Alata with 6-11 (most commonly 8 or 9) secondary rhinaria on ANT III, and wing veins with borders up to 0.15 mm across, the pigment of veins Cu1a and media coalescing at their bases. Sclerotic cross-bands on ABD TERG 5 and 6 each with 2-20 spino-pleural hairs. Aptera with mutually separate cross-bands on ABD TERG 1-7 | …..Lachnochaitophorus obscurus |
| 27 | Mid femora, hind femora and hind tibiae mainly dark (hind tibiae sometimes with a pale middle or distal section) | …..28 |
| – | Mid femora, hind femora and tibiae mainly pale | …..36 |
| 28 | ABD TERG 8 with more than 20 hairs. Apex of hind femur smooth | …..29 |
| – | ABD TERG 8 with less than 16 hairs. Apex of hind femur spiculose | …..33 |
| 29 | ANT III-VI almost entirely dark, except for base of III and PT | ….. Neosymydobius neomexicanus* |
| – | ANT III-V pale with only distal parts or apices of segments dark | …..30 |
| 30 | ANT PT/BASE more than 0.5. ABD TERG 1-5 with transverse bars and long fine hairs (more than 50 µm). R IV+V with 4-6 accessory hairs | …..Neosymydobius albasiphus |
| – | ANT PT/BASE less than 0.4. ABD TERG 1-5 without transverse bars, but with small sclerites at bases of the short or very short dorsal hairs (8-38 µm). R IV+V with 8-11 accessory hairs | …..31 |
| 31 | Hairs on ANT III long , erect and pointed with wavy apices, not shorter on basal part, where they are 1.3-1.5 × basal diameter of segment. Femoral hairs with wavy apices, maximally 45 µm, and marginal hairs are 40-63 µm | …..Neosymydobius rumoresensis* |
| – | Hairs on ANT III pointed, blunt or weakly capitate, often inclined or adpressed, usually shorter on basal part. Femoral hairs blunt, 15-25 µm, and marginal hairs are 10-25 µm | …..32 |
| 32 | Hind tibiae almost entirely dark. Base of ANT VI with 10-20 hairs. Longest hairs on distal part of ANT III are 1.5-2 × basal diameter of segment, distinctly longer than those on basal part | …..Neosymydobius agrifoliae |
| – | Hind tibiae with pale middle sections. Base of ANT VI with 1-7 hairs. Longest hairs on distal part of ANT III are not longer than basal diameter of segment, only a little longer than those on basal part | …..Neosymydobius paucisetosus |
| 33 | Abdomen with spinal and pleural hairs in groups, 25-40 per tergite, with some hairs not on the transverse sclerites. ANT I with 4-7 hairs | …..Neosymydobius peregrinus* |
| – | Abdomen with spinal and pleural hairs in transverse rows on the transverse sclerites, at most 10 per tergite. ANT I with 3-4 hairs | …..34 |
| 34 | Hairs on ANT III erect, pointed, 38-45 µm long, 1.25-1.5 × basal diameter of segment. Hairs on ABD TERG 1-6 thin with pointed apices | …..Neosymydobius acutipilosus* |
| – | Hairs on ANT III often rather blunt, at most 25 µm long, not longer than basal diameter of segment. Hairs on ABD TERG 1-6 blunt or with incrassate apices | …..35 |
| 35 | Hairs on ABD TERG 1-6 pointed, blunt or very slightly capitate. Hairs on ANT III pointed, blunt or weakly capitate, 19-25 µm, more than 0.5 × basal diameter of segment | …..Neosymydobius chrysolepis |
| – | Hairs on ABD TERG 1-6 thick and flared apically. Hairs on ANT III blunt, 8-19 µm, at most 0.5 × basal diameter of segment | …..Neosymydobius butzei |
| 36 | ABD TERG 1-7 each with 1-3 (usually 2) marginal hairs on each side | …..37 |
| – | ABD TERG 1-7 each with 3-7 marginal hairs on each side | …..38 |
| 37 | Marginal tubercles present on all tergites (10-12 on pronotum, 1-4 on other segments). ANT PT/BASE less than 0.6. ABD TERG 1-6 with broad but only lightly pigmented transverse bands each bearing 12-16 hairs | …..Neosymydobius ajuscanus |
| – | Marginal tubercles absent or rarely present. ANT PT/BASE more than 0.6. ABD TERG 1-6 with well-pigmented transverse bands bearing only 6 hairs (2 spinal, 4 marginal) | …..Neosymydobius mimicus |
| 38 | Hairs on ANT III long and fine, 2-3 × BD III. ANT PT/BASE less than 0.8 | …..Neosymydobius quercihabitus |
| – | Hairs on ANT III shorter than BD III. ANT PT/BASE more than 0.8 | …..Neosymydobius luteus |
| 39 | Dorsal abdominal hairs very short, pointed. Marginal tubercles present on all tergites (5-10 on pronotum, 0-5 on other segments) | …..Neosymydobius memorialis |
| – | Dorsal abdominal hairs long with blunt, swollen, capitate or flared apices. Marginal tubercles absent | …..40 |
| 40 | Cauda not knobbed, but swollen dorsally into a membranous, hemispherical bladder with a sclerotic, hair-bearing plate on the underside (fig. 97G) | …..Myzocallis (Globulicaudaphis) pakistanica |
| – | Cauda knobbed | …..41 |
| 41 | Spinopleural hairs on ABD TERG 1-6 very numerous (more than 30 per segment), 15-55 µm long. Longest hairs on ANT III strongly capitate, longer than basal diameter of segment | …..Myzocallis (Neodryomyzus) polychaeta |
| – | ABD TERG 1-6 each with 8-14 spinopleural hairs 15-140 µm long. Longest hairs on ANT III blunt or weakly capitate, shorter than basal diameter of segment | …..42 |
| 42 | Antennae banded, tibiae mainly pale. ABD TERG 1-7 with dark spinal sclerites, not fused between segments. ANT PT/BASE 1.4-1.7. (Fore wing of alata unpigmented except for small dark spots on the pterostigma and at base of Cu1b) | …..Myzocallis glandulosa |
| – | Antennae and tibiae mainly dark. Dorsal abdomen with a black spinal patch restricted to ABD TERG 3-5, fused between segments. ANT PT/BASE 2.3-3.0. (Alata with entire costal margin of forewing pigmented round to tip) | …..Myzocallis (Lineomyzocallis) meridionalis |
| 43 | SIPH pores small to minute (usually less than 25 µm in diameter), not surrounded by a ring of hairs | …..44 |
| – | SIPH pores larger (usually more than 25 µm in diameter), with an encircling ring of hairs | …..48 |
| 44 | SIPH pore much larger than (4-6 × diameter of) nearest wax pores. Fore femur 4-5 × its maximum width. R IV+V with convex sides, somewhat pointed apically but not stiletto-shaped (e.g. fig. 98A) | …..45 |
| – | SIPH pore only 1-2 × diameter of nearest wax pores. Fore femur 2.5-3.5 × its maximum width R IV+V with slightly concave sides, either blunt apically or stiletto-shaped | …..46 |
| 45 | ABD TERG 8 with 2 hairs. ANT PT/BASE 0.2 or less | ….Diphyllaphis mordvilkoi |
| – | ABD TERG 8 with 4 hairs. ANT PT/BASE more than 0.3 | …..Diphyllaphis quercus |
| 46 | ABD TERG 8 with 8-10 hairs, cauda with 2 hairs. R IV+V blunt apically (fig. 98C), with primary (subapical) hairs not displaced proximally (all on distal third) | …..Diphyllaphis microtrema |
| – | ABD TERG 8 with 4 hairs, cauda with 3-4 hairs. R IV+V pointed or stiletto-shaped (fig. 98B), with primary hairs displaced proximally | …..47 |
| 47 | ANT II shorter than ANT III. R IV+V shorter than HT II. ABD TERG 6-8 fused | …..Diphyllaphis konarae |
| – | ANT II as long as or longer than ANT III. R IV+V longer than HT II. ABD TERG 6-8 with separate sclerites | …..Diphyllaphis alba |
| 48 | Vertex of head with all wax pore elements ring-shaped and double-contoured. First tarsal segments with 3-4 hairs, and second tarsal segments with 1-2 hairs at about midlength. Embryos with 5-segmented antennae | …..49 |
| – | Vertex of head with wax pore elements in form of cribriform discs, in addition to minute ring-shaped pores. First tarsal segments mostly with 2 hairs, and second tarsal segments often without hairs other than the subapical ones. Embryos with 4-segmented antennae | …..50 |
| 49 | R IV+V 0.087-0.095 mm long, obtuse, with somewhat convex sides. (Ovipara with 20-40 scent glands on hind tibiae) | …..Stegophylla quercina s. str. |
| – | R IV+V 0.102-0.129 mm long, acute, tapering, almost stiletto-shaped. (Ovipara with 5-21 scent glands on hind tibiae) | …..Stegophylla quercina ssp. acutirostris |
| 50 | ANT II c. 3.0-3.5 × as long as its midlength width. R IV with 2 accessory hairs. ABD TERG 1-5 often with submarginal or duplicated marginal hairs | …..51 |
| – | ANT II at most 2.75 × as long as its midlength width. R IV usually without any accessory hairs. ABD TERG 1-5 with 1 pair each of spinal, pleural and marginal hairs | …..52 |
| 51 | R IV+V 0.110-0.121 mm long, 0.93-1.05 × HT II. Second tarsal segments (in apt.) with 2 mediolateral hairs | …..Stegophylla mugnozae |
| – | R IV+V 0.132-0.148 mm long, 1.16-1.32 × HT II. Second tarsal segments (in apt.) only with subapical hairs | …..Stegophylla quercifoliae |
| 52 | R IV+V 0.064-0.083 mm long, 0.57-0.90 × HT II and 0.9-1.1 × ANT II | …..53 |
| – | R IV+V (0.80-) 0.087-0.114 mm long, 0.80-1.13 × HT II and 1.4-1.6 × ANT II | …..54 |
| 53 | Tarsi with empodial hairs. R IV+V 0.068-0.083 mm long, 0.75-0.90 × HT II. R IV sometimes with 1-2 accessory hairs | …..Stegophylla davisi |
| – | Tarsi (of adult viviparae) without empodial hairs. R IV+V 0.064-0.076 mm long, 0.57-0.83 × HT II. R IV without accessory hairs | …..Stegophylla brevirostris |
| 54 | R IV+V 0.8-0.9 × HT II | …..Stegophylla quercicola |
| – | R IV+V (0.9-) 1.0-1.13 × HT II | …..Stegophylla essigi |
| Quillaja | Rosaceae |
| Quillaja saponaria | Aphis craccivora, marthae |
Key to apterae on Quillaja:-
(Both species have variably developed but usually extensive black dorsal sclerotisation.)
| – | Hairs on ABD TERG 8 short, 15-25 µm, shorter than basal diameter of ANT III. Longest hairs on ANT III 0.4-0.8 × its basal diameter. Cauda with 4-9 hairs | …..Aphis craccivora |
| – | Hairs on ABD TERG 8 long, 45-70 µm, 1.5-1.8 × basal diameter of ANT III. Longest hairs on ANT III 0.8-1.1 × its basal diameter. Cauda with 9-14 hairs | …..Aphis marthae |
R
| Rabdosia see Isodon | Lamiaceae |
| Racomitrium (including Niphotrichum) | Grimmiaceae |
| Racomitrium canescens | [Nurudea meitanensis] |
| = Niphotrichum canescens | |
| R. lanuginosum | Pseudacaudella rubida |
| Racomitrium sp. | Myzodium modestum; [Prociphilus xylostei] |
(or use key to apterae of moss-feeding aphids under Polytrichum)
| Radermachera | Bignoniaceae |
| Radermachera sp. | Aphis gossypii; Myzus persicae |
Use key to polyphagous aphids.
| Radicula see Rorippa | Brassicaceae |
| (Radicula armoracia see Armoracia lapathifolia) |
| Radiola | Linaceae |
| Radiola linoides | Aphis fabae |
| Ramischia see Orthilia | Ericaceae |
| Ramona see Salvia | Lamiaceae |
| Randia | Rubiaceae |
| Randia aculeata | Aphis spiraecola; Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii |
| R. dasycarpa = Catunaregam tomentosa | |
| R. mitis = R. aculeata | |
| R. sinensis | Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii |
| R. spinosa = Catunaregam spinosa | |
| Randia spp. | [Eutrichosiphum subinoyi]; |
| [Greenidea himansui (described from vagrant alata?)]; | |
| Taiwanaphis randiae |
| – | ANT PT/BASE about 1.0 SIPH short, dark, conical, much shorter than their basal width. Cauda knobbed, anal plate bilobed. ANT III of alata with 32-46 transversely oval secondary rhinaria, not in a row | …..Taiwanaphis randiae |
| – | ANT PT/BASE more than 2.0 | SIPH tubular. Cauda tongue-shaped, anal plate entire. ANT III of alata with 2-17 roundish secondary rhinaria in a single row |
…..go to key to polyphagous aphids
| Ranunculus (including Batrachium, Beckwithia) | Ranunculaceae |
| Ranunculus acris | Acyrthosiphon sp. near malvae (Switzerland, BMNH |
| (incl. ssp. strigulosus, var. stevenii) | collection, leg. W. Meier); |
| Aphis fabae, gossypii, nasturtii, spiraecola; | |
| [Aploneura lentisci]; Aulacorthum solani; | |
| Dysaphis ranunculi; Macrosiphum euphorbiae, ranunculi; | |
| Myzus ascalonicus, ornatus, persicae; | |
| Neomyzus circumflexus; Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae; | |
| Thecabius affinis; Tubaphis ranunculina | |
| R. angustifolius see R. pyrenaeus | |
| R. aquatilis | Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus ornatus; |
| Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae | |
| R. arvensis | Aphis fabae; Aulacorthum solani; Dysaphis ranunculi; |
| Myzus persicae; Sitobion miscanthi; Thecabius affinis | |
| R. asiaticus | Aphis fabae; Myzus persicae |
| R. auricomus | Macrosiphum ranunculi; Thecabius affinis |
| R. biternatus | Aulacorthum solani |
| R. borealis | [Macrosiphum chukotense] |
| R. bulbosus (incl. ssp. aleae) | Aphis fabae, nasturtii, spiraecola; Aulacorthum solani; |
| Dysaphis ranunuculi; | |
| Myzus ascalonicus, ornatus, persicae; | |
| Neomyzus circumflexus; Protrama [radicis], ranunculi; | |
| Rhopalosiphum padi; | |
| Thecabius affinis, populiconduplifolius | |
| R. californicus | Thecabius affinis |
| R. cassubicus | Macrosiphum ranunculi |
| R. cortusifolius | Aphis fabae, solanella; Aulacorthum solani |
| R. diffusus | Aulacorthum solani |
| R. flammula (incl. var. ovalis) | Aphis fabae, nasturtii; Macrosiphum euphorbiae; |
| Thecabius affinis | |
| R. fluitans | Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae |
| R. glaber | Thecabius affinis |
| R. glacialis (=Beckwithia glacialis) [Nasonovia brevipes] | |
| R. gramineus | Macrosiphum euphorbiae |
| R. grandis | Cavariella japonica, nipponica, salicicola; |
| Miyazakia ranunculi; Thecabius affinis; | |
| Tubaphis ranunculina; Sitobion akebiae | |
| R. hirtellus | Thecabius affinis |
| R. japonicus = R. grandis | |
| R. lanuginosus | Aphis fabae; Aulacorthum solani; Macrosiphum ranunculi |
| R. lingua | Aphis nasturtii, triglochinis; Thecabius affinis |
| R. lyallii | Aulacorthum solani |
| R. montanus | Thecabius affinis |
| R. multifidus | Aulacorthum solani |
| R. muricatus | Dysaphis ranunculi; Thecabius affinis |
| R. nemorosus = D. serpens ssp. nemorosus | |
| R. polyanthemos | Dysaphis ranunculi; Tubaphis ranunculina |
| R. propinquus | Macrosiphum euphorbiae; [Tubaphis ranunculina] |
| R. pyrenaeus (incl. ssp. | Macrosiphum euphorbiae |
| angustifolius) | |
| R. quelpaertensis | Thecabius affinis |
| R. recurvatus | Neomyzus circumflexus |
| R. repens | Aphis nasturtii; Aulacorthum solani; |
| Brachycaudus helichrysi; Dysaphis [annulata], ranunculi; | |
| Macrosiphum euphorbiae, stellariae; | |
| Myzus ascalonicus, ornatus; | |
| Protrama [radicis], ranunuculi; | |
| Thecabius affinis; Tubaphis ranunculina | |
| R. rupestris = R. spicatus | |
| R. sardous | Aulacorthum solani; Dysaphis ranunculi; Thecabius affinis |
| R. sceleratus (incl. ssp. | Aphis nasturtii; [Lipaphis erysimi]; |
| . reptabundus) | Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus ornatus; |
| Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae; Thecabius affinis | |
| R. serbicus | Aphis fabae |
| R. serpens ssp. nemorosus | Dysaphis ranunculi |
| R. silerifolius | Thecabius affinis; Tubaphis ranunculina |
| R. spicatus | Aphis fabae |
| R. stevenii = R. propinquus | |
| R. subcorymbosus | Tubaphis ranunculina |
| R. sundaicus | Neomyzus circumflexus |
| R. ternatus | Thecabius populiconduplifolius |
| R. trichophyllus | Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae |
| R. velutinus | Protrama ranunculi; Tubaphis ranunculina |
| R. vernyi = R. silerifolius | |
| Ranunculus spp. | Abstrusomyzus phloxae; [Aleurodaphis blumeae]; |
| Aphis montanicola; Macrosiphum centranthi]; | |
| Nasonovia ranunculi; Protaphis middletonii; | |
| [Thecabius orientalis ssp. minensis]; | |
| Tubaphis clematophila |
Key to apterae on Ranunculus:-
| 1 | HT II greatly elongated, 0.5-0.65 × hind tibia. SIPH as pores on dark sclerites. All apt. alatiform with dark dorsal cross bands and marginal sclerites | …..Protrama ranunculi |
| – | HT II of normal length. SIPH tubular or absent . Dorsum with or without dark markings | …..2 |
| 2 | ANT PT/BASE less than 0.5. Eyes of only 3-facets. SIPH absent. Dorsal wax gland plates (Fig.45a) present on all segments except ABD TERG 8 | …..Thecabius affinis (incl. Th. populiconduplifolus) |
| – | ANT PT/BASE more than 1.5. Eyes multifaceted. SIPH tubular. No discrete wax glands | …..3 |
| 3 | Cauda semicircular, pentagonal, helmet-shaped or bluntly triangular, shorter than or not more than 1.2 × longer than its basal width in dorsal view | …..4 |
| – | Cauda tongue- or finger-shaped, more than 1.25 × its basal width | …..7 |
| 4 | Cauda bluntly triangular, with 10 or more hairs. ABD TERG 7 with marginal tubercles (MTu) | …..Protaphis middletonii |
| – | Cauda either broadly rounded, semicircular, pentagonal or helmet-shaped, with 4-7 hairs. ABD TERG 7 usually without MTu | …..5 |
| 5 | SIPH pale, legs mainly pale. Tergum membranous. Spiracular apertures large and rounded. Head without spinal tubercles (STu), and MTu also usually absent | …..Brachycaudus helichrysi |
| – | SIPH dark, legs mainly dark. Tergum with more-or-less extensive sclerotisation. Spiracular apertures reniform. Head with a pair of STu, and MTu present at least on ABD TERG 1-5 | …..6 |
| 6 | SIPH bearing 5-8 hairs (Fig.45d). Hairs on dorsal body, ANT and legs 2.5-3.5 × ANT BD III. Cauda broadly rounded, much shorter than its basal width in dorsal view (Fig.45b) | …..Miyazakia ranunculi |
| – | SIPH without hairs. Hairs on dorsal body, ANT and legs variable in length, but maximally 2 × ANT BD III and often much shorter. Cauda helmet-shaped/pentagonal, about as long as its basal width (Fig.45c) | …..Dysaphis ranunculi |
| 7 | SIPH with subapical polygonal reticulation (at least 4-5 rows of closed polygonal cells) | …..8 |
| – | SIPH without polygonal reticulation | …..11 |
| 8 | SIPH wholly dark, 1.4-1.9 × cauda. Hairs on ANT III less than 0.5 × BD III | …..Sitobion akebiae (or miscanthi) |
| – | SIPH mainly pale, often darker towards apices, 1.7-2.2 × cauda. Hairs on ANT III more than 0.5 × BD III | …..9 |
| 9 | ANT PT/BASE c. 3. ANT III with 7-10 rhinaria. Cauda with 12-17 hairs | …..Macrosiphum ranunculi* |
| – | ANT PT/BASE more than 5. ANT III with 1-10 rhinaria (usually less than 7). Cauda with 8-15 hairs | …..10 |
| 10 | Femora usually with a dark spot or patch near apices. ABD TERG 2-3 with longest hair 26-56 μm, usually as long as or longer than ANT BD III. Subgenital plate with 2-13 hairs in addition to those on posterior margin | …..Macrosiphum stellariae |
| – | Femora pale or only slightly dusky at apices. ABD TERG 2-3 with longest hair 21-37 μm, usually shorter than ANT BD III. Subgenital plate with 2(-4) hairs on anterior part | …..Macrosiphum euphorbiae |
| 11 | Cauda with a constriction near base. SIPH pale, tapering or cylindrical, rather straight, and with very coarse imbrication. Head spiculose, dorsal abdomen without dark markings | …..12 |
| – | Cauda not constricted near base, and other characters not in that combination | …..13 |
| 12 | ANT I with a rounded, scabrous process at inner apex (Fig.45e). SIPH tapering on distal half, with diameter of flange less than diameter at midlength. Mesosternal furca sessile | …..Tubaphis clematophila |
| – | ANT I not extended at inner apex (Fig.45f). SIPH cylindrical on distal half or slightly flared apically, with large flange of diameter greater than diameter at midlength (Fig.45g). Mesosternal furca with a distinct broad basal stem | …..Tubaphis ranunculina |
| 13 | Thoracic spiracles large and rounded, much larger than abdominal ones. ANT III with c.15-17 rhinaria in a row along its whole length. R IV+V with c.10-11 accessory hairs. SIPH 0.9-1.0 × cauda, which has a midway constriction and bears 5 hairs | …..Nasonovia ranunculi |
| – | Thoracic spiracles similar in size and shape to abdominal ones, ANT III with 0-4 rhinaria, and other characters not in that combination | …..14 |
| 14 | Dorsal abdomen with a pattern of bead-like spicules arranged in polygons. SIPH clavate | …..Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae |
| – | Dorsal abdomen without a pattern of spicules. SIPH cylindrical, tapering or clavate | …..15 |
| 15 | ABD TERG 8 with a posteriorly projecting process above cauda; in some species reduced to a small, warty, knob in the centre of ABD TERG 8, with 2 associated hairs | …..16 |
| – | No supracaudal process, nor are there 2 hairs on ABD TERG 8 close together and associated with a warty knob | …..18 |
| 16 | ANT PT/BASE 1.4-2.0. Process on ABD TERG 8 is a small knob. SIPH tapering/cylindrical, or with only slight subapical swelling | …..Cavariella japonica |
| – | ANT PT/BASE 0.6-1.33. Process on ABD TERG 8 projects backwards over cauda. SIPH clavate | …..17 |
| 17 | R IV+V 1.05-1.2 × HT II. SIPH short and stout, narrowing only near base | …..Cavariella salicicola |
| – | R IV+V 1.3-1.5 × HT II. SIPH with narrower basal stem extending over c.0.33 of length | …..Cavariella nipponica |
| 18 | ANT PT/BASE 1.1-1.73. SIPH pale and 0.7-1.3 × cauda | …..Aphis triglochinis |
| – | Without that combination; if ANT PT/BASE less than 1.8 then SIPH are dark and/or more than 1.5 × cauda | …..19 |
| 19 | ABD TERG 1 and 7 with large marginal tubercles (MTu). Marginal hairs on ABD TERG 1 are 0.3-0.6 × diameter of adjacent MTu. (SIPH dark, R IV+V 1.2-1.5 × HT II, ANT PT/BASE 1.6-2.3) | …..Aphis montanicola |
| – | ABD TERG 1 and 7 with or without MTu, but if with MTu then marginal hairs on ABD TERG 1 are 0.7-2.8 × diameter of MTu on that segment. (SIPH pale or dark, R IV+V 0.8-1.4 × HT II, ANT PT/BASE 1.7-5.3) | …..go to key to polyphagous aphids |
| Rapanea | Primulaceae |
| Rapanea avenis | Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii |
| R. guianensis =Myrsine guianensis |
| Raphanus | Brassicaceae |
| Raphanus acanthiformis = R. sativus | |
| R. landroides | Brevicoryne brassicae |
| R. macropodus = R. sativus | |
| R. maritimus = R. raphanistrum ssp. landra | |
| R. raphanistrum | Aphis craccivora, fabae, nasturtii, spiraecola; |
| (incl. ssp. landra) | Aulacorthum solani; Brevicoryne brassicae; |
| Lipaphis erysimi, pseudobrassicae; | |
| Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus persicae; | |
| Neomyzus circumflexus; Pemphigus populitransversus; | |
| Smynthurodes betae | |
| R. sativus | [Akkaia bengalensis, sikkimensis]; |
| Aphis craccivora, gossypii, nasturtii, spiraecola; | |
| Aulacorthum solani; [Brachycaudus helichrysi]; | |
| Brevicoryne brassicae, [crambe]; | |
| Lipaphis erysimi, pseudobrassicae; | |
| Macrosiphum [chukotense], euphorbiae; | |
| Myzus ascalonicus, [dycei], ornatus, persicae, raphanense; | |
| Pseudomegoura magnoliae; | |
| Rhopalosiphum [nymphaeae], [padi]; | |
| Smynthurodes betae; Uroleucon compositae | |
| Raphanus sp. | [Myzus certus]; [Neotoxoptera sungkangensis] |
Use key to apterae on Brassica.
| Raphia | Arecaceae |
| Raphia gaertneri = R. palma-pinus | |
| R. hookeri | Cerataphis brasiliensis |
| R. palma-pinus | Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii; |
| Cerataphis brasiliensis, lataniae |
Use key to aphids on palms under Calamus.
| Raphiolepis see Rhaphiolepis | Rosaceae |
| Rapistrum | Brassicaceae |
| Rapistrum perenne | Aphis gossypii; Brevicoryne brassicae, [crambe]; |
| Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus persicae | |
| R. rugosum | Brevicoryne brassicae; Lipaphis pseudobrassicae; |
| Myzus persicae |
Use key to apterae on Brassica.
| Ratibida | Asteraceae |
| Ratibida columnaris = R. columnifera | |
| R. columnifera | Aphis ornata; Myzus ornatus |
Key to apterae on Ratibida:-
| – | SIPH dark, shorter than R IV+V, 0.7-1.0 × the dark broadly conical cauda, which bears 8-10 hairs. ABD TERG 1 and 7 with large marginal tubercles. Abdomen with variable dark dorsal sclerotisation, most developed on ABD TERG 4-5 | …..Aphis ornata |
| – | Without that combination of characters | .….go to key to polyphagous aphids |
| Rauvolfia | Apocynaceae |
| Rauvolfia caffra | Sitobion halli |
| R. densiflora = R. verticillata | |
| R. inebrians = R. caffra | |
| R. lamarkii = R. viridis | |
| R. nitida | Aphis craccivora |
| R. tetraphylla | Aphis craccivora, gossypii, spiraecola |
| R. verticillata | Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii |
| R. viridis | Aphis spiraecola |
| R. vomitoria | Sitobion halli, krahi (?) |
| Rauvolfia spp. | [Clethrobius dryobius] |
Key to species:-
| 1 | Antennal tubercles not developed. ANT PT/BASE less than 6. SIPH without any subapical reticulation. Cauda black | …..go to key to polyphagous aphids, couplet 24 |
| – | Antennal tubercles well-developed, divergent. ANT PT/BASE more than 6. SIPH with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation. Cauda pale, without a constriction | …..2 |
| 2 | Longest posterior dorsal cephalic hairs (between eyes) less than 18 µm long. R IV+V 0.80-1.05× HT II. SIPH narrow (about 0.5× width of cauda at their respective midpoints), with zone of polygonal reticulation extending less than 0.2 of its total length | …..Sitobion halli |
| – | Longest posterior cephalic hairs more than 18 µm long. R IV+V 1.05-1.20× HT II. SIPH broad (about as wide as cauda at their respective midpoints), with zone of polygonal reticulation extending more than 0.3 of total length | …..Sitobion krahi |
| Ravenala | Strelitziaceae |
| Ravenala madagascariensis | Pentalonia nigronervosa |
| Ravensara | Lauraceae |
| Ravensara aromatica | Sinomegoura citricola |
| Reaumuria | Tamaricaceae |
| Reaumuria hirtella | ?Xerobion sp. (Egypt, BMNH collection) |
| Reboudia | Brassicaceae |
| Reboudia pinnata | |
| (= Erucaria pinnata) | Myzus persicae |
| Rechsteineria see Sinningea | Gesneriaceae |
| Reevesia | Sterculiaceae |
| Reevesia thyrsoidea | Myzus persicae |
| Rehmannia | Plantaginaceae |
| Rehmannia glutinosa | Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae |
| Rehmannia sp. | Macrosiphum euphorbiae |
Key to apterae on Rehmannia:-
| – | Dorsal cuticle with a pattern of spicules arranged in polygons, with 1-3 spicules in the centre of each polygon. SIPH clavate, dusky/dark, without imbrication | …..Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae |
| – | Dorsal cuticle without spicules arranged in polygons. SIPH not clavate (or if clavate then pale and with imbrication) | …..go to key to polyphagous aphids |
| Reichardia (including Picridium) | Asteraceae |
| Reichardia intermedia | Aulacorthum solani; Brachycaudus helichrysi; |
| Hyperomyzus lactucae; Myzus persicae; | |
| Uroleucon [chondrillae], sonchi | |
| R. picroides | Aphis fabae, picridis; Aulacorthum solani; |
| Hyperomyzus carduellinus, lactucae; | |
| Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Protaphis terricola; | |
| Uroleucon cichorii, hypochoeridis, picridis, sonchi; | |
| R. tingitana | Aphis fabae; Hyperomyzus carduellinus, lactucae |
| R. vulgare = R. picroides |
Key to apterae on Reichardia:-
| 1 | ANT PT/BASE 0.7-1.4. Cauda bluntly triangular with 10-24 hairs | …..Protaphis terricola |
| – | ANT PT/BASE more thn 1.5. Cauda either tongue- or finger-shaped or with fewer hairs | …..2 |
| 2 | ANT III with 4-97 rhinaria; if with less than 11 then SIPH are either black or markedly clavate | …..3 |
| – | ANT III with 0-10 rhinaria; if with more than 3 then SIPH are pale and not clavate | …..8 |
| 3 | SIPH pale, markedly swollen, and without polygonal reticulation | …..4 |
| – | SIPH dark, not swollen, with distal zone of polygonal reticulation | …..5 |
| 4 | Hairs on ABD TERG 8 are 8-19 μm long, and on the ANT tubercles 6-11 μm. Secondary rhinaria distributed ANT III 11-29, IV (0)-1-16, V 0 (-9). ANT PT/BASE 4.3-5.6. ANT PT 1.6-2.3 × cauda | …..Hyperomyzus carduellinus |
| – | Hairs on ABD TERG 8 are 30-50 μm long, and on the ANT tubercles 18-30 μm. Secondary rhinaria distributed ANT III 4-20, IV 0 (-1), V 0. ANT PT/BASE 4.8-7.4. ANT PT 2.0-3.0 × cauda | …..Hyperomyzus lactucae |
| 5 | Hairs on ABD TERG 1-5 not placed on dark scleroites. Antesiphuncular sclerites absent or vestigeal. R IV+V 0.73-0.88 × HT II | …..Uroleucon sonchi |
| – | Hairs on ABD TERG 1-5 placed on dark scleroites. Crescent-shaped antesiphuncular sclerites present. R IV+V 0.84-1.84 × HT II | …..6 |
| 6 | R IV+V 1.45-1.84 × HT II. (ANT III with 25-60 rhinaria) | …..Uroleucon picridis |
| – | R IV+V 0.84-1.33 × HT II | …..7 |
| 7 | R IV+V 1.17-1.33 × HT II. ANT III with 56-97 rhinaria | …..Uroleucon cichorii |
| – | R IV+V 0.84-1.08 × HT II. ANT III with 20-85 rhinaria | …..Uroleucon hypochoeridis |
| 8 | Rostrum reaching back beyond hind coxae; length (measured from base of protractor apodeme) 0.35-0.38 × BL | …..Aphis picridis |
| – | Rostrum not reaching back beyond hind coxae, its length 0.2-0.33 × BL | …..go to key to polyphagous aphids |
| Remijia | Rubiaceae |
| Remijia densiflora | Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii |
| R. laevifolia = R. densiflora |
| Reseda | Resedaciae |
| Reseda alba | Brevicoryne brassicae |
| R. complicata | [Anoecia corni]; Aphis fabae; [Therioaphis trifolii] |
| R. lutea | [Acyrthosiphon pisum]; Aphis craccivora, fabae; |
| Brevicoryne brassicae; Myzus persicae | |
| R. luteola | [Acyrthosiphon pisum]; Aphis fabae; |
| Brevicoryne brassicae; [Cavariella aegopodii]; | |
| [Uroleucon cichorii] | |
| R. muricata | Myzus persicae |
| R. odorata | Aphis fabae, [introducta Walker, 1849 (nomen dubium)] |
| R. orientalis | Myzus persicae |
| Reseda sp. | Brevicoryne brassicae |
Key to apterae on Reseda:-
| 1 | ANT III 2.5-3.7 × SIPH. SIPH short, thick, 0.8-1.0 × the broadly triangular cauda, which bears 6-9 hairs. Dorsal abdomen with variable dark markings | …..Brevicoryne brassicae |
| – | ANT III less than 2 × SIPH, and other characters not in that combination | …..2 |
| 2 | SIPH pale and distally attenuate, thinner than hind tibia at midpoint. ANT VI BASE 0.24-0.39 mm long and 1.6-2.7 × R IV+V | …..Acyrthosiphon pisum |
| – | Without that combination of characters | …..go to key to polyphagous aphids |
| Retama | Fabaceae |
| Retama monosperma | Aphis craccivora/ cytisorum group (Israel, BMNH collection) |
| R. raetum | Aphis craccivora |
| R. sphaerocarpa | Aphis craccivora, fabae |
| Retama sp. | Acyrthosiphon gossypii |
Use key to apterae on Vigna.
| Retanilla | Rhamnaceae |
| Retanilla trinervia | Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus persicae |
Use key to polyphagous aphids.
| Reynoutria see Fallopia | Polygonaceae |
| Reynoutria aubertii see Fallopia aubertii | |
| R. cuspidatum see Fallopia japonica | |
| R. elliptica see Fallopia forbesii | |
| R. forbesii see Fallopia forbesii | |
| R. japonica see Fallopia japonica | |
| R. multiflora see Fallopia multiflora | |
| R. sachalinensis see Fallopia sachalinensis |