Dorsal cuticle very wrinkled, variably pigmented but often mostly dark, with large marginal and post-siphuncular sclerites forming a broad dark stripe on each side of body
ANT BASE VI 1.6-1.8 × R IV+V, which bears only 2 accessory hairs. SIPH c.0.24 × BL, 6.5-7.5 × their diameter at midlength and 1.8-2.2 × cauda. ANT III without rhinaria
…..Ericolophium sp. (Meghalaya, BMNH collection)
–
ANT BASE VI 0.8-1.55 × R IV+V, which bears 6-23 accessory hairs. SIPH either relatively shorter or more slender. ANT III often with 1 or more rhinaria on basal half
…..9
9
Inner faces of ANT tubercles rugose or spiculose. SIPH without a distinct subapical zone of polygonal reticulation (sometimes with subapical transverse striae and 1-2 rows of closed polygonal cells)
…..10
–
Inner faces of ANT tubercles smooth. SIPH with a distinct subapical zone of polygonal reticulation (at least 4-5 rows of closed cells)
…..11
10
SIPH 1.5-1.75 × cauda. ANT tubercles low, with inner faces divergent and median frontal tubercle well developed. ANT III without rhinaria
SIPH 2.1-2.5 × cauda. ANT tubercles well-developed, with inner faces steep-sided, and median frontal tubercle much lower or undeveloped. 1-2 small rhinaria usually present on ANT III
ANT tubercles well developed. ANT III with 1-10 rhinaria. SIPH long, more than 10 × their width at midlength, with a well-developed flange and reticulation on distal 0.13-0.2 of length
ANT tubercles not well developed. ANT III with 7-16 rhinaria. SIPH less than 6 × their width at midlength, with a small flange and reticulation on at least distal 0.33 of length
Clypeus swollen (i.e., maximal width of the clypeus 0.75–1.15 times minimal ventral distance between antennal alveoli and maximal distance between the outer edges of the mandibular lamina 1.10–1.35 times minimal ventral distance between the antennal alveoli). Abdominal segments 1 to 5 or 6 diversely sclerotized, from discal plate (entire or fragmented), to widely or entirely membranous. Processus terminalis of antennal segment VI rarely longer than 1.9 and frequently shorter than 1.5 times the base of the segment. Longest seta on abdominal segment 8 goes to 48 µm
Clypeus not swollen (i.e. maximal width of the clypeus 0.65–0.85 times minimal ventral distance between antennal alveoli and maximal distance between the outer edges of the mandibular lamina 0.90–1.20 times minimal ventral distance between the antennal alveoli). Abdominal segments 1 to 5 or 6 usually with discal plate (it covers spinal, pleural and marginal areas), sometimes a bit fragmented, only exceptionally and in poor environmental conditions reduced. Processus terminalis of antennal segment VI usually longer than 2.0 times and rarely shorter than 1.6 the base of the segment. Longest seta on abdominal segment 8 usually shorter than 30 µm
SIPH swollen on distal half. Longest hairs on ANT III 0.7-1.0 × BD III
…..12
12
ABD TERG 2-5 with marginal tubercles (MTu), usually well-developed, with 2 marginal hairs of very unequal length situated anterio-dorsad and posterio-vantrad of each tubercle (Fig.30d)
Hairs on ABD TERG 1-5 very short and thick, with clubbed apices (Fig.30f). Abdominal spiracular plates raised as rounded tubercles (Fig.30g). (Head spiculose, SIPH slightly clavate. Al. with forewing veins fuscous-bordered and media fused with Rs)
Hairs on ABD TERG 1-5 thin; long or short, blunt or pointed. Abdominal spiracular plates not raised. (Head smooth or spiculose, SIPH clavate, cylindrical or tapering)
…..15
15
Head spiculose, tergum very rugose. SIPH coarsely imbricated (scaly), slightly clavate, longer than ANT III. R IV+V 1.3-1.5 × HT II
…..Myzus sp. H.P., India (BMMH collection)
–
If head spiculose then other characters are not in that combination
…..16
16
SIPH black, 0.08-0.12 × BL, about equal in length to the dark cauda. ANT PT/BASE 1.7-2.4 (only more than 2.0 in small specimens of BL c.1mm)
SIPH strongly swollen over about distal 0.7 of length, with greatest diameter of swelling more than twice the least diameter of the ‘stem’. Cauda bearing 14-32 hairs
…..2
–
If SIPH are at all swollen then cauda has less than 12 hairs
…..3
2
Cauda with 25-32 hairs. R IV+V with 9-12 accessory hairs
Long, thick capitate dorsal hairs present on head and posterior abdomen, arising from tuberculate bases. SIPH slender, pale, about as thick as hind tibia at midlength. ANT PT/BASE 6.0-9.2
Dorsal hairs, not long, thick and capitate, without tuberculate bases; if long and slightly expanded apically then SIPH are much thicker than hind tibiae at midlength, or clavate. ANT PT/BASE 1.7-7.3
ANT PT/BASE less than 0.5. Eyes with only 3 facets. Wax gland plates present on thorax and abdomen. SIPH as raised pores with sclerotic rims and surrounding hairs
ANT PT/BASE more than 1. Eyes multifaceted. No wax gland plates. SIPH tubular
…..2
2
SIPH with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation (at least 4-5 rows of closed cells)
…..3
–
SIPH without polygonal reticulation, or with only 1-3 rather indistinct rows of cells
…..9
3
Longest hairs on ANT III 0.3-0.5 × BD III. ANT III with 1-4 very small rhinaria. ANT tubercles rather low, and median frontal tubercle distinctly developed
Longest hairs on ANT III 0.6-1.3 × BD III. ANT III with 1-35 rhinaria of various sizes. ANT tubercles well developed, median frontal tubercle undeveloped
…..4
4
Front of head pale, SIPH pale or dark only towards apices
…..5
–
Front of head dusky to dark. SIPH dark, or pale only at bases
Longest hair on ABD TERG 8 is 38-63 μm, 0.6-1.4 × ANT BD III. Anterior half of subgenital plate usually (77%) with only 2 hairs (18% with 3, 5% with 4-6 hairs)
Dorsal body hairs long, thick and capitate, maximally c. 3 × ANT III, with prominently tuberculate bases. SIPH also with 3-4 thick capitate hairs on basal part
Dorsal body hairs not thick and capitate, without tuberculate bases. SIPH without hairs
…..10
10
ANT tubercles very well developed, with divergent inner faces. Cuticle of head smooth or with a few spinules ventrally. ANT III with 0-24 rhinaria
…..11
–
Either ANT tubercles weakly developed and head without spicules, or ANT tubercles with well-developed steep-sided inner faces and cuticle of head densely spiculose or nodulose. ANT III with 0-2(-4) rhinaria
BL 0.7-1.6 mm. SIPH 0.15-0.33 mm, slender and usually slightly swollen on distal half. ANT III without rhinaria. (Al. with a dorsal abdominal black patch and sec. rhinaria on ANT III, IV and V)
BL 1.8-4.0 mm. SIPH 0.45-1.0 mm, tapering, cylindrical or evidently swollen on distal half. ANT III with 1-24 rhinaria. (Al. pale dorsally and with sec. rhinaria restricted to ANT III
…..12
12
SIPH markedly swollen on distal half, the swollen part being smooth-surfaced. ANT III with 1-7 small rhinaria near base
…..13
–
SIPH tapering or cylindrical, and with imbrication throughout. ANT III with 1-30 rhinaria
…..14
13
SIPH 2.2-2.8 × cauda. R IV+V 1.2-1.4 × HT II. ANT III with 1-3 rhinaria
SIPH very small and thin, 0.03-0.08 mm long. Well-developed marginal tubercles (MTu) present on ABD TERG 1-5, and head with a large pair of spinal tubercles (STu). Cauda helmet-shaped, shorter than its basal width in dorsal view
Large spindle-shaped aphid, BL more than 3 mm, ANT much longer than BL. ANT tubercles smooth, with inner faces divergent. Dorsal hairs long and pointed. SIPH long, tapering and normally imbricated, with flared apices
Small oval aphid, BL less than 2 mm, ANT much shorter than BL. ANT tubercles scabrous, with inner faces apically convergent. Dorsal hairs inconspicuous. SIPH thick and scaly for most of length, with smooth tapering distal part that is somewhat bent outwards
Cauda helmet-shaped (“pentagonal”), not longer than its basal width, with 4-6 hairs. Head and ABD TERG 8, or 7 and 8, with paired spinal tubercles (STu), and marginal tubercles (MTu) present on prothorax and ABD TERG 1-5, or 1-5 and 7
Cauda (if at all evident) triangular or tongue-shaped, longer than its basal width, with 4-25 hairs. STu absent from head, rarely on ABD TERG 7-8. MTu absent or only regularly present on ABT TERG 1 and 7
…..2
2
SIPH dark, tapering, with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation. Hairs on ANT III less than 0.6 × BD III
…..3
–
SIPH (if present) pale or dark, but if dark then either without subapical polygonal reticulation, or strongly swollen. Hairs on ANT III more or less than 0.6 × BD III
Cauda 0.53-0.6 × SIPH and 2.4-3.0 × HT II. Dorsal abdominal sclerotisation very variable, but when well developed it is segmentally divided and has well-defined edges
Without that combination of characters; if SIPH are pale, cylindrical (i.e not swollen) and lack subapical reticulation then R IV+V is 0.95-1.35 × HT II
ANT 0.25-0.3 × BL, with PT/BASE less than 1. Cauda and anal plate both extended posteriorly, together forming a dark hairy rounded protruberance. SIPH absent
ANT 0.5-1.6 × BL, with PT/BASE 1.7-5. Cauda and anal plate normal. SIPH present
…..2
2
SIPH evidently swollen, with maximum diameter of swollen part 1.3-2.1 × minimum diameter of basal part
…..3
–
SIPH tapering or cylindrical
…..4
3
SIPH with minimum diameter of basal part (“stem”) greater than that of hind tibia at midlength, and swollen part as wide as base of cauda. SIPH 3.1-4.3 × R IV+V. ANT III with 1-3 rhinaria near base. Dorsum with dark markings
SIPH with minimum diameter of “stem” less than that of hind tibia at midlength, and swollen part about half as wide as base of cauda. SIPH 1.8-2.5 × R IV+V. ANT III without rhinaria. Dorsum without dark markings
Front of head scabrous or spiculose, and ANT tubercles well-developed with steep-sided, almost parallel or convergent inner faces
…..5
5
ANT III without rhinaria. Inner faces of ANT tubercles convergent or with convergent processes
…..6
–
ANT III usually with 1-3 small rhinaria near base. Inner faces of ANT tubercles approximately parallel
…..7
6
Head and appendages mainly dark. ANT PT/BASE 3.5-4.3. R IV+V with 4-6 accessory hairs. Dorsal abdomen without small dark intersegmental spots. (Immatures with smooth hind tibiae)
Head and appendages pale. ANT PT/BASE 1.7-2.8. R IV+V with 2 accessory hairs. Dorsal abdomen ornamented with a pattern of small dark intersegmental spots. (Immatures with spinulose hind tibiae)
Head spinulosewith inner faces of
antennal tubercles scabrous, divergent. ANT III with c. 4 secondary rhinaria.
Dorsal cuticle dark, sclerotic, with dorsal hairs c.2× longer than BD III
Dorsal abdomen without dark markings. Cauda paler than SIPH
…..11
11
Cauda 0.08-0.135 × BL (only more than 0.12 × BL in very small specimens with BL less than 1 mm), and 0.8-1.25 × ANT V; pale to dusky, without a constriction, less than 3 × longer than its width at midlength, and bearing 4-7 (usually 5-6) hairs
Cauda 0.12-0.175 × BL, and 1.05-1.7 × ANT V; very pale, usually with a slight mid-way constriction, more than 3 × longer than its narrowest width at midlength, and bearing 5-10 (usually 7-9) hairs
ANT tubercles very well developed, with smooth divergent inner faces.SIPH pale and attenuated distally, thinner than hind tibiae at their respective midpoints
…..2
–
ANT tubercles weakly developed. SIPH dark, thicker than hind tibiae at their respective midpoints
Dorsum usually with a black sclerotic shield, which under the microscope has a distinct pale reticulation that follows the reticulate sculpturing of the cuticle; sometimes this shield is reduced of fragmented (especially in small specimens developing at higher temperatures), but there are usually at least some small fragments showing a reticulate pattern. SIPH and cauda both black
…..4
–
Dorsum without a black sclerotic shield or reticulated sclerites. SIPH and cauda pale, dusky or dark
…..7
4
ABD TERG 2-4 (-6) rather regularly bearing dome-shaped marginal tubercles (MTu), totalling 4-10 on these tergites
…..5
–
ABD TERG 2-6 usually without MTu, rarely with 1-3 small ones
…..6
5
Cauda with most hairs short, blunt, and often rather straight. Dorsal sclerotisation often fragmented intersegmentally. Longest hairs on ANT III 5-8 μm, 0.15-0.33 × BD III
Cauda with long, curved, finely-pointed hairs. Dorsal sclerotisation usually forming a solid patch. Longest hairs on ANT III 8-16 μm, 0.36-0.72 × BD III
R IV+V more than 0.20 mm long, more than 2 × HT II. SIPH dark, cylindrical or slightly swollen, imbricated. Spiracular apertures small and reniform. Tergum with variably developed dark sclerotisation
…..7
7
Longest hairs on ANT III 12-15 μm, shorter than ANT BD III, and longest hairs on ABD TERG 3 15-36 μm, less than 2 × ANT BD III
ANT tubercles undeveloped or weakly developed, or if well developed then densely spiculose or scabrous and with parallel or apically convergent inner faces. SIPH without a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation
…..9
–
ANT tubercles well developed, with almost smooth, divergent inner faces. SIPH often with distal or subapical polygonal reticulation
…..10
9
Eyes reduced to 10-30 facets, with no distinct ocular tubercle (triommatidium). ANT I very wide, 2 or more × thicker than ANT II
…..Tuberocephalus sp. near tsengi (Japan, BMNH collection)
–
Eyes with many more than 30 facets and a distinct ocular tubercle. ANT I less than 2 × thicker than ANT II
SIPH swollen on distal half, if with reticulation than this does not extend beyond 0.07 of length. R IV+V 1.5-2.3 × HT II
…..12
12
Thoracic spiracles similar in size to abdominal ones.R IV+V 1.5-1.7 × HT II. SIPH 2.2-2.5 × cauda, imbricated and with some subapical reticulation. ANT III with rhinaria regularly spaced in a row
Thoracic spiracles much larger than abdominal ones. R IV+V c.2.3 × HT II. SIPH 1.4-1.5 × cauda, almost smooth, without subapical reticulation. ANT III with rhinaria clustered on swollen part near base
……Hyperomyzus (Neonasonovia) sp. (U.P., India; BMNH collection, leg. D. Bhattacharya)
13
SIPH more than 10 × longer than their width at midlength, with at most 1-3 rows of subapical polygonal reticulation. Hairs on ABD TERG 1-5 much shorter than ANT BD III, and without pigmented basal scleroites
SIPH thicker, less than 10 × their width at midlength, with many rows of polygonal reticulation. Hairs on ABD TERG 1-5 longer than ANT BD III and often arising from pigmented scleroites
…..14
14
SIPH about 1.1-1.2 × cauda, and reticulated over about half of length
Coxae pale. Dorsal hairs with or without dark basal scleroites
…..17
17
SIPH distally dark and basally pale. Cauda with one or more distal hairs short and blunt or capitate. ANT III with 5-17 rhinaria. R IV+V longer than HT II. Dorsal cephalic hairs 18-36 μm
Use key to polyphagous aphids, but note that specimens running to Macrosiphum euphorbiae could be M. stellariae, and those running to Myzus persicae could be M. certus; for separation of these species-pairs see the key to aphids on Dianthus, couplets 3 and 16 respectively.
ANT PT/BASE less than 0.3. Body and appendages densely hairy. SIPH absent
…..2
–
ANT PT/BASE at least 0.5. Body and appendages not densely hairy. SIPH present
…..3
2
ANT V BASE and R IV+V both very long, respectively about 1.7 and 2.5 × width of head between antennal bases. ANT II similar in length to ANT I, much shorter than III
ANT V BASE and R IV+V of normal length , both about 0.5 × width of head between antennal bases. ANT II about twice as long as ANT I, similar in length to III
SIPH pale or dark, thicker than hind tibia at their respective midpoints, and less than 2.5 × cauda
…..4
4
ANT 5-segmented, bearing long, fine hairs, many of them more than 2 × BD III. SIPH cylindrical for most of length but markedly constricted just proximal to flange
Two-segmented tarsi present. Secondary rhinaria absent or on ANT III only. ANT PT/BASE 1.4-6.5
…..2
2
ANT tubercles weakly developed or undeveloped. SIPH without subapical reticulation
…..3
–
ANT tubercles well developed. SIPH with or without subapical reticulation
…..4
3
Cauda helmet-shaped, shorter than its basal width in dorsal view, with 4-7 hairs. SIPH pale, smooth, conical, with an annular subapical incision. Spiracular apertures rounded. Dorsum without dark markings or reticulate sculpturing. No marginal tubercles (MTu)
Cauda tongue-shaped, longer than its basal width, with 6-12 hairs. SIPH dark, coarsely imbricated, with no annular subapical incision. Spiracular apertures reniform. Dorsum with variably developed dark markings and reticulate sculpturing. Large MTu present on prothorax and ABD TERG 1 and 7
SIPH without a distinct zone of reticulation, at most with subapical transverse striae and 1-2 rows of indistinct polygonal cells
…..5
–
SIPH with a distinct distal zone of reticulation extending 0.2 or more of its length and with numerous polygonal cells
…..7
5
Head spiculose, with inner faces of ANT tubercles approximately parallel. SIPH tapering or cylindrical on distal half. ANT III with 0-3 (usually 1) rhinaria
SIPH dark with distal polygonal reticulation extending over 0.33-0.44 of length. ANT III bearing 27-51 rhinaria extending over most of length. Cauda pale, 2.5-2.9 × ANT BASE VI and bearing 8-12 hairs
Cauda not knobbed. Body
without finger-like processes
…..2
2
Head smooth with ANT tubercles undeveloped. SIPH dark, similar in length to the equally dark cauda, which bears 8-16 hairs. First tarsal segments with 3-5 (commonly 4) hairs
Head nodulose with ANT tubercles well-developed and apically convergent. SIPH pale/dusky, more than twice as long as the pale cauda which bears 4-6 hairs. First tarsal segments with 3 hairs (or try key to polyphagous aphids)
SIPH smooth, pale, and swollen on distal 0.7, maximum width of swollen part being 1.3-1.5 × minimum width of basal part. ANT III with 5-30 rhinaria. ANT PT/BASE 4.4-6.8
SIPH (if present) pale or dark, as long as or longer than cauda
…..3
3
ANT tubercles low, somewhat scabrous, and median frontal tubercle (on ventral side of head) developed to a similar extent and also scabrous. ABD TERG 1 and 7 without marginal tubercles (MTu). Anterior part of mesosternum with a pair of spinal mammariform processes, ornamented with spinules
…..4
–
If ANT tubercles are low then ABD TERG 1 and 7 have marginal tubercles. Mesosternum without a pair of mammariform processes
…..8
4
SIPH distinctly clavate, with maximum width of swollen part at least 1.3 × minimum width basad
…..5
–
SIPH cylindrical or only slightly clavate; maximum width of swollen part less than 1.2 × minimum width basad
…..6
5
Abdominal dorsum membranous and pale with only intersegmental muscle plates pigmented. SIPH pale
Abdominal dorsum with pigmented patches and sclerites, usually comprising sclerotic bands on metanotum and ABD TERG 7 and 8, and a broken patch on ABD TERG 1-6. SIPH dark
Head, prothorax (with a complete or fragmented transversal band) and SIPH brown. Abdominal spinopleural patch variably developed and pigmented and sometimes fragmented or (often in small specimens) absent
SIPH with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation.Femora usually with a dark spot or patch near apices. ABD TERG 2-3 with longest hair 26-56 μm, usually as long as or longer than ANT BD III. Subgenital plate with 2-13 hairs in addition to those on posterior margin
Macrosiphum euphorbiae; [Amphorophora sp., Leonard 1972a]
H. sericea
Aphis gossypii; Sitobion africanum
Hakea spp.
Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii
Key to apterae on Hakea:-
–
SIPH dark with subapical polygonal
reticulation (a few rows of large polygonal cells). Dorsum with variably
developed dark cross-bands (often absent). Hairs on dorsal body body and antennae very short and blunt
R IV+V 1.75-2.50 × HT II and bearing 6-10 accessory hairs. HT II very short, 0.65-0.83 × ANT BASE VI. Marginal tubercles (MTu) small and often absent from ABD TERG 1 and 7