ANT PT/BASE less than 0.5. Wax gland plates present on head,
thorax and abdomen. Eyes 3-faceted. SIPH absent. (Apt. fundatrix, all progeny
of which are al. having unbramched media in forewing and ANT with narrow,
transversely elongate secondary rhinaria)
ANT PT/BASE more than 0.5. No wax gland plates. Eyes multifaceted.
SIPH present, tubular. (Al. have forewing with 1- or 2-branched media and ANT
with round or oval secondary rhinaria)
..…2
2
SIPH slightly to moderately clavate,
without any subapical polygonal reticulation, and HT II 0.65-0.8 × R
IV+V. Al. with wing veins broadly
bordered with fuscous
About
30 Cinara species are described from Abies, but many of the
North American species are little known or unrecorded since their original
description. Abies is the secondary host for all species of Adelges
subgenus Dreyfusia, which are undoubtedly the most economically
important group, migrating from cone-like galls on their primary host Picea,
or reproducing parthenogenetically on Abies throughout the year.
All the Abies-feeding
aphids are keyed together, as there is little evidence that any of them are
specific to particular Abies species. Except where otherwise stated,
the key should be applied only to adult apterous females. With Cinara
species, care must be taken that the individuals examined are not immature,
as this can lead to erroneous identifications. Cinara species not seen
by us are identified with an *, and identifications of these species
in particular should be treated very circumspectly. Colonies of Prociphilus
spp. in white wax wool on roots of Abies cannot be satisfactorily
keyed to species, and identification of Adelges to species requires
the neosistens stage to be available.
1
Adult apterae with very short antennae,
less than 0.1 of body length, with at most 3 segments. Small insects (BL less
than 1.2 mm) producing white wax wool. Always oviparous, adults having a
distinct chitinous ovipositor (Adelgidae)
…..2
–
Adult apterae with 5- or 6-segmented
antennae, at least 0.2 of body length. BL 1.3-7.8 mm. With or without wax
wool. Viviparous in spring and summer (Aphididae)
….. 3
2
Body of adult aptera broadly pear-shaped
to almost spherical. Cephaloprothoracic shield entire, uniformly pigmented.
Abdomen with 4 pairs of evident spiracles. Wax pores discontiguous (fig. 10A)
Body of adult aptera pear-shaped or oval. Head and prothorax not uniformly pigmented. Abdomen with 5 pairs of
evident spiracles. Wax pores contiguous (fig. 10B)
(Couplets 8-33 refer to apterous
viviparae.) Maximum diameter of base of SIPH cone less than 0.3 mm, or less
than 3 times the diameter of the SIPH aperture
…..9
–
Maximum diameter of base of SIPH cone (or
the pigmented area incorporating it) more than 0.3 mm, or more than 3 times
the diameter of the SIPH aperture
…..
15
9
HT I at least half as long as HT II (fig. 12A).
SIPH cones pale
Pigmented bases of SIPH cones very
extensive, with no clear limits, extending anteriorly and posteriorly to join
pigmented lateral areas on other abdominal segments (fig. 13A)
Pigmented bases of SIPH cones less
extensive, delimited, restricted to ABD TERG 6, or 5 and 6, any pigmented
lateral areas on other segments being separate
…..18
18
Length of sclerotized part of stylet groove
(fig. 74A)
less than 1.8 mm. ANT V about equal in length to, or shorter than, ANT VI
(including PT)
…19
–
Length of sclerotized part of
stylet groove greater than 1.8 mm. ANT V clearly longer than ANT VI including
PT (unless PT is more than 4× its basal width)
…..22
19
BL greater than 4 mm. Hind tibiae
conspicuously bicoloured, with yellow region on basal half
Length of sclerotized part of stylet
groove less than 2.9 mm
…..23
23
Antennae conspicuously bicoloured,
each segment with a broad black distal band contrasting with a pale base, ANT
IV and V being about half black and half pale. Pigmented bases of SIPH cones
of irregular shape, usually with a deep notch on the inner margin (fig. 13B)
All tibiae black or very dark brown,
although sometimes with a slightly less dark dusky brown section on basal
half
…..30
–
Fore and mid-tibiae pale yellow to amber,
dark at apices if at all, and hind tibiae if mainly dark then at least with a
distinctly paler section at base
…..33
30
BL greater than 4.8 mm. Hairs on hind
tibiae clearly longer than width of tibia at midpoint
Aptera with head and prothorax separate,
and antennae shorter than rostrum. Hairs on antennae and legs long. (On
roots; cannot be keyed to species)
…..Prociphilus spp.
–
Aptera with head and prothorax fused
dorsally, and antennae longer than rostrum. Hairs on antennae and legs short.
(On needles)
…..38
38
Prothorax of aptera with a pair of marginal
wax pore plates, and such plates also often present at least on ABD TERG 2-7,
with additional submarginal pairs often at least on ABD TERG 6 and 7
…..39
–
Aptera with wax pore plates almost always
absent from prothorax and ABD TERG 1 and 2, and only constantly present on
ABD TERG 6 and 7
…..43
39
RIV without any accessory hairs (both
apterae and alatae)
ANT III of alata with 8-54
tranversely elongate or oval rhinaria, and IV with 0-5. HT II of
aptera 0.119-0.223 mm long
…..41
41
ANT III of alata with 46-54 rhinaria.
Aptera with a pair of spinal as well as a pair of marginal wax pore plates on
prothorax, and with 3 pairs of wax pore plates on each of ABD TERG 1-6
ANT III of alata with 8-23 rhinaria.
Aptera with only marginal wax pore plates on prothorax, and only ABD TERG 5-6
ever have 3 pairs of wax pore plates
…..42
42
Aptera with 1-2 pairs of wax pore plates on
all of ABD TERG 1-7, and usually 3 pairs on ABD TERG 6 (except sometimes in
fundatrices, which have marginal wax plates on all thoracic segments)
Key to resting-stage (neosistens) 1st instar larvae of Adelges spp. on Abies
Separation of the spring and summer apterous adult stages of Adelges spp. (mainly subgenus Dreyfusia) on Abies is very difficult because of their complex polymorphism. The key given here is based on the work of several authors (notably Eichhorn 1958), and relies on the lesser degree of variability of the more sclerotised 1st instar larvae of the sistens morph (the neosistens stage) which, in all species except A. pectinatae and A. pindrowi, is normally found on the bark of the stem and branches rather than on the needles, and is the most frequent stage at which aestivation or hibernation occurs. Except where otherwise stated, all characters used are those of the neosistens. Slide-mounted preparations are essential for this key.
1
Spinal and pleural sclerites fused on all
segments, and spinopleural sclerites also fused to marginal sclerites of ABD
TERG 6-8 (fig.
16A)
Spinal and pleural sclerites of
mesothorax, metathorax and ABD TERG 1-5 not fused (sometimes touching) (fig.
16B)
…..2
2
Pleural sclerites without wax glands.
Spinal sclerites with well-developed wax pore plates along inner margins
(fig. 16B)
…..3
–
Pleural sclerites with wax glands.
Spinal sclerites with wax pore plates variably developed, located centrally
…..6
3
Wax pore plates on inner margins of meso-
and metathoracic spinal sclerites containing numerous small, mostly rounded,
pits (fig. 16C),
arranged in 2-4 areas of rather rounded shape, the most central area
containing 7-12 pits. Total number of pits in the central areas only
of the spinal wax pore plates of the meso- and metathorax plus ABD TERG 1-3
(i.e. a total of 10 central areas) is 57-104
Wax pore plates on inner margins of
meso- and metathoracic spinal sclerites divided into 3-4 angular or rounded
areas (fig. 16D), the most central area containing 2-8 relatively large pits
of irregular shape, rounded or polygonal. Total number of pits in central
areas of spinal wax pore plates of meso- and metathorax plus ABD TERG 1-3
(i.e. 10 central areas) is 18-79
…..4
4
Central areas of wax pore plates on
meso- and metathoracic spinal sclerites usually more-or-less rounded, each with
3-8 pits. Total number of pits on the 10 central areas (as defined in couplet
3) is in range 23-79 (usually more than 40)
Central areas of wax pore plates on meso-
and metathoracic spinal sclerites often more-or-less triangular, each with
3-6 pits. Total number of pits on the 10 central areas is usually less than
40 (range 18-61)
…..5
5
Neosistens strongly sclerotised.
2nd instar sistens with a series of dark conical humps on the head,
thorax and 1st to 3rd (or 4th) abdominal segments, diminishing in size
posteriorly (fig.
16E)
Neosistens variably sclerotised,
but usually with rather weak sclerotisation (at least in European
populations). 2nd instar sistens without pronounced sclerotic humps on
head, thorax and anterior abdominal segments
Dorsal wax pore plates either much larger
and taking up most of the area of the sclerite, or much smaller and composed
of small groups of no more than 7 facets
…..7
7
Spinal, pleural and marginal
sclerites strongly sclerotised, those of the mesothorax, metathorax and
abdomen each almost fully occupied by a large wax pore plate composed of 2-5
segments separated by grooves, each segment having a reticulate structure (fig. 16F)
Spinal, pleural and marginal
sclerites weakly sclerotised, with wax pore plates on mesothorax, metathorax
and abdomen much smaller, comprising only 2-7 grouped or loosely-connected
facets, and without reticulate structure
…..8
8
Marginal sclerites of meso- and metathorax
each with a single wax pore plate comprising a compact group of 4-7 facets (fig. 16G)
[One or more of the above polyphagous aphid species have been recorded from each of the following Acacia spp.; alata, albida, arabica, ataxcantha, farnesiana, jonesii, karroo, longifolia, murrayana, pennata, plumosa, rotundifolia, saligna, scorpioides, visite.]
ANT tubercles weakly developed, not projecting beyond middle of
front of head in dorsal view. ANT length much less than BL, with PT shorter
than head width across (and including) eyes
…..2
–
ANT tubercles well developed, with inner faces divergent in dorsal
view. ANT length at least 0.9 × BL, with PT as long as or longer than head
width across eyes
[One or more of the above polyphagous aphid species have been recorded from each of the following Acalypha spp.; alopecuroides, aristata, australis, boehmeroides, capillipes, ciliata, godseffiana, havanensis, hispida, ornata, segetalis, villicaulis, virginica, wilkesiana.]
SIPH uniformly dark, thicker, 6-12 × diameter at midlength, with a
distal zone of reticulation consisting of numerous polygonal cells on
0.25-0.35 of length
There are several aphid genera which are
virtually specific to Acer, and within these genera there is a high
degree of monophagy, although a few species are able to colonise several Acer
species.
The first key takes adult aphid specimens colonising any Acer to species, with the exception of the two largest genera, Periphyllus (35 spp.) and Drepanaphis (20 spp.). The species of Acer are then listed in alphabetical order, with a list of the aphids recorded from them followed by keys, where necessary, to the species of Periphyllus and/or Drepanaphis.
Finally, a key is given to Periphyllus spp. described from unidentified species of Acer, together with the seven most polyphagous (oligophagous) species of this genus (acericola, bulgaricus, californiensis, kuwanaii, lyropictus, testudinaceus and villosii).
To identify an Acer-feeding
aphid, use the main key first, then if you know the species of Acer
refer to the alphabetical list to see whether your answer is appropriate,
using the subsidiary keys to Periphyllus and Drepanaphis if
necessary. If you have a species of Periphyllus from an unidentified Acer,
or one that does not appear in the alphabetical list, use the final key. The
final key may also help if your Periphyllus does not seem to be one of
those previously recorded from your species of Acer.
Except where otherwise stated, all the
keys can be applied to both apterous and alate viviparous females, but are
unlikely to work for fundatrices, oviparae and males.
Main Key
1
PT short and stump-like, if finger-like
then PT/BASE no more than 0.5
…..2
–
ANT PT/BASE clearly more than 0.5
…..17
2
SIPH pores placed at apices of broad,
pigmented, hairy cones (e..g. fig. 17)
…..3
–
SIPH absent, or present as small pores not
placed on pigmented, hairy cones
…..9
3
Rostrum short, less than one quarter of
body length
Total antennal length 1.8-2.0 mm. ANT
III 0.56-0.66 mm long with 3-9 rhinaria on its distal half. Labrum bearing
more than 20 hairs on its elongated part over almost the entire length
Total antennal length 2.0-2.6 mm.
ANT III 0.64-0.84 mm long with 6-21 rhinaria on its entire length. Labrum
bearing 0-7 hairs on basal half of its elongated part
Antennae of apterae 5- or 6-segmented,
about 0.33× BL. Spring migrant alatae with rather small, oval secondary
rhinaria confined to basal 0.7 of ANT III (fig.18A)
Antennae of apterae 5-segmented, less
than 0.25× BL. Spring migrant alatae with transversely elongate secondary
rhinaria extending at least over ANT III to V
…..11
11
ANT III of aptera (= fundatrix) 1.2-1.9× ANT
V(including PT). ANT VI of spring
migrant alata without secondary rhinaria (except those associated with
primary rhinarium) (fig. 18B)
BL 2.8-5.3 mm. ANT PT 25-60 µm long. ANT PT/BASE 0.10-019. HT II 0.2-0.4 mm, 1.4-2.5× R IV+V
…..14
14
Secondary rhinaria distributed III
14-21, IV 6-10, V 2-10, VI 0. R IV+V 0.13-0.16 mm, 0.6-0.7× HT II. ANT VI BASE
with 17-25 hairs. R IV+V without accessory hairs. Cauda with 3-4 hairs. First
tarsal segments with 3-4 hairs
Secondary rhinaria distributed III
6-14, IV 2-5, V 1-5, VI 0-5. R IV+V 0.15-0.21 mm long. ANT VI BASE with 2-19
hairs. R IV+V with 2-13 accessory hairs. Cauda with 2-25 hairs. First tarsal
segments with (4-)5-7 hairs
…..15
15
Secondary rhinarianarrowly
transverse oval, with 1-5 on base of ANT VI (III 6-14, IV 2-5, V 2-5, VI base
1-5). Cauda with 20-25 hairs. R IV with 8-13 hairs. ANT VI base with 2-10
hairs
SIPH generally stump-shaped, those of aptera
with an apical zone of polygonal reticulation, and those of alata generally
with more extensive reticulation. Antennal hairs usually long and
conspicuous, mostly much longer than diameter of segment from which they
arise (except in one N American species on A. glabrum and one E Asian
species on A. rufinerve). Alatae never with dark markings on wings
…..Periphyllus
spp. (see separate keys)
–
SIPH of various shapes, those of apterae
without polygonal reticulation, or if with reticulation then they are tubular
and the adults are all alatae and usually have dark markings on wings.
Antennal hairs of various lengths,
often shorter than or not much longer than the width of the segment
from which they arise
…..18
18
Hairs on front of head and sides of
abdomen modified as flattened leaf-like lamellae (fig. 19A).
(Very small insects, BL less than 1 mm)
…..aestivating
first instars of Periphyllus spp. (or Trichaitophorus spp.)
–
Hairs not thus modified
…..19
19
Front of head and at least the sides of the
abdomen with long hairs, those on front of head exceeding length of ANT I
…..20
–
Dorsal hairs generally short, or if
spinal and/or marginal hairs are long then hairs on front of head are not
longer than ANT I
…..30
20
SIPH longer than basal width in both apterae
and alatae, conspicuously flared at apices (e.g. fig.
19B)
…..21
–
SIPH of apterae very short, usually
shorter than basal width and not or hardly flared at apices
…..23
21
ANT
PT/BASE less than 3.0. Longest hairs on ANT III usually less than 2 × basal
diameter of segment. R IV+V usually with 4 accessory hairs
ANT PT/BASE more than 3.0. Hairs on ANT III varying greatly in length,
the longest of them often 3-5 × basal diameter of segment. R IV+V with up to
8 accessory hairs
…..22
22
SIPH dark. Cauda knobbed. ANT 1.06-1.19 × BL. Alata with dark pterostigma
Apterae
with spino-pleural hairs on abdomen as long and thick as marginal hairs, and
at least some of them with flattened or expanded apices
…..24
–
Apterae with spino-pleural abdominal
hairs often minute, sometimes long, but always with finely pointed apices
…..25
24
Abdominal tergites I-VII each with 1 or 2
spino-pleural and 2 marginal shorter hairs with flattened apices, besides 1
pair of spinal and 1 pair of marginal long and thick hairs. R IV+V without accessory
hairs. Marginal hairs of embryos are long, thick and acute, but the spinal
hairs are very short or indiscernible
Abdominal
tergites I-VII each with 3–10 spino-pleural (one occasionally), and 1–5 pairs
of marginal shorter hairs with flattened apices, besides 1 pair of spinal and
1 pair of marginal long and thick hairs. R IV+V with 1 or 2 accessory hairs.
In embryos, dorsal body with long, thick and acute spinal hairs, similar in
shape to marginal hairs
SIPH truncate, distinctly shorter than
their basal width. ABD TERG 8 with a pair of very long thick hairs, other
dorsal hairs being short, thick and blunt
SIPH of various shapes but longer
than their basal width. ABD TERG 8 without a pair of very long hairs and
other dorsal hairs not thick and blunt
…..31
31
Adult viviparous females all alate
(sometimes brachypterous). Cauda shorter than its width at base or, if
longer, then with a clear constriction and a knobbed apex
…..32
–
Adult viviparae apterous or alate. Cauda
never with a knobbed apex and usually longer than its basal width
Forewing sometimes with dusky spots at
ends of veins, but not with pigment extending between vein endings
…..34
34
SIPH
tapering gradually from base to apex, rarely with any discernible swelling.
Pterostigma of forewing with a characteristically shaped dark band, thickened
near its proximal end (fig. 21B).
ANT III with less than 12 rhinaria
SIPH with at least a slight swelling of
middle region. Pterostigma of forewing pale, or with either a uniformly thin
dark band or a dark distal patch. ANT III usually with more than 12 rhinaria
…..35
35
Dorsal abdomen with two broad, dark,
transverse bands on segments 4 and 5, that on segment 5 extending laterally
to almost touch the marginal sclerites in front of the SIPH (fig. 22A).
Pterostigma with a small dark patch at its distal extremity. Often
brachypterous or with short wings
Dorsal abdomen either without
transverse bars or with more, shorter, bars not extending to marginal
sclerites. Pterostigma without any distinct small dark patch. Always fully
winged
…..36
36
Fore
femora more than 1.5× thicker than mid- and hind femora
…..37
–
Fore femora less than 1.5× thicker than
mid- and hind femora, sometimes with a dark ventral stripe but this never
very conspicuous. ANT III pale or dusky at base
…..38
37
Fore femora with a very distinct broad black longitudinal ventral
stripe (fig.
22C). ANT III with a short black contrasting section near base, as dark
as the apex of the segment. R IV+V 0.5-0.8 × HT II
PT
less than 0.7 ×ANT III, PT/BASE 6.0-7.0. R IV+V at least 0.14 mm.BL 3.1-4.3
mm. With or without a black patch in front of each SIPH
…..39
–
PT more than 0.7× ANT III, PT/BASE
7.5-12.0. R IV+V less than 0.14 mm. BL 2.1-3.3 mm. With a black patch in
front of each SIPH
…..40
39
Either with no dorsal or marginal abdominal markings
(spring/summer) or with a series of brown-black transverse dorsal bars
and marginal sclerites including a large black ante-siphuncular sclerite
(autumn)
SIPH without any reticulation at apices.
Forewings either clear or with pigment only along wing veins
…..42
–
SIPH with subapical reticulation.
Forewings often with areas of dark pigment extending between wing veins, or at
least between Rs and media
…..43
42
SIPH truncate, not swollen on basal half and
with a very small flange (fig. 22D ).
Abdomen with only small dorsal processes. Primary rhinarium on ANT VI without
a medium-sized secondary rhinarium proximal to it
SIPH flask-shaped, with swollen base,
narrow “neck” and well-developed apical flange (fig. 22E). Abdomen
usually with conspicuous pigmented dorsal processes. Primary rhinarium on ANT
VI with a medium-sized secondary rhinarium proximal to it, and usually
another distal to it
…..Drepanaphis
spp. (see separate keys)
43
SIPH
more than 0.6 mm long
…..44
–
SIPH less than 0.5 mm long
…..48
44
Among accessory rhinaria on antennal segment VI, two are placed distally and proximally away from the primary rhinarium, the rest are placed near the primary rhinarium; secondary rhinaria circular or slightly oval
Forewing with Rs and distal branches of M heavily bordered with black, and cubital veins dark for most of length (fig. 22F). ANT III with 12-21(rarely up to 26) rhinaria
SIPH contrastingly dark and with only
subapical reticulation. Both hairs on ANT VI BASE are long and of similar length;
the longer hair not more than 1.5 × the length of the shorter hair
Cauda broadly rounded (crescent-shaped), less
than half as long as basal width (fig. 23A).
ANT PT/BASE of aptera 2.0-3.6 (of alata, 1.9-4.1)
…..2
–
Cauda broadly tongue-shaped or with a
constriction near base, more than half as long as its basal width (fig. 23B-D
). ANT PT/BASE of aptera 3.2-6.9 (of alata, 3.7-6.7)
…..7
2
Hind tibiae uniformly pale
…..3
–
Hind tibiae at least pigmented at
base and apex
…..6
3
Apterae with at least some of dorsal hairs
dusky or black, even in the palest specimens. Dorsal pigmentation of apterae
variable, but darkest specimens have dark head and segmental cross-bands
..…4
–
Apterae with dorsal hairs pale, and
dorsal pigmentation often lacking, never very dark, nor extensive
…..5
4
ABD TERG 1-6 with only one pair of long dark spinal hairs per segment.
ANT PT/BASE c. 1.2
Cauda with not more than 20
hairs. Longer of 2 hairs on base of
ANT VI in aptera 2.25-3.5 × longer, in alata 2.5-3.0 × longer, than the
shorter one; the latter 20-40 μm long and not reaching beyond primary
rhinarium
Cauda with more than 20 hairs. Longer of 2 hairs on base of ANT VI in
aptera 1.4-3.2 × longer, in alata 1.4-2.4 × longer, than the shorter one; the
latter 25-100 μm long and reaching beyond primary rhinarium
The 2 hairs on base of ANT VI very
unequal in length, the longer one more than 4 × as long as the shorter one,
which is less than half length of base of ANT VI (including primary rhinarial
complex) (e.g. fig.
24A)
…..8
–
The 2 hairs on base of ANT VI both long
and fine, the longer one 1.3-3.0× the shorter, which is more than half length
of base of ANT VI (e.g. fig. 24B)
…..9
8
Length of the shorter of the 2 hairs on
base of ANT VI less than basal diameter of segment. Apterae with long hairs
on antennae, legs and dorsum all blunt or slightly expanded at their apices,
and with SIPH at least 1.5 × longer than their basal widths (fig. 25A)
Length of the shorter of the 2 hairs on base of ANT VI greater than basal diameter of segment. Apterae with long hairs on antennae, legs and dorsum all fine-pointed, and with SIPH about as long as or only a little longer than their basal widths (fig. 25B)
Drepanaphis granovskyi, idahoensis, knowltoni, utahensis; Drepanosiphum platanoidis; Periphyllus americanus, testudinaceus
Key to Drepanaphis spp. on A. grandidentatum:-
1
Fore femora pigmented along their entire
lengths, especially dorsally. Dorsal tubercles on ABD TERG 3 well developed,
pigmented, united for about half their lengths; those on ABD TERG 1
undeveloped and those on ABD TERG 2 small (fig. 26A)
Fore femora pale, or dusky at their distal
ends only. Dorsal abdominal tubercles variably developed
…..2
2
ANT PT/BASE more than 8.0. Dorsal abdominal
tubercles all pigmented, those on ABD TERG 3 well developed, dark, united for
about half their lengths; those on ABD TERG 2 conical, about one third as
long; those on ABD TERG 1 small (fig. 26B)
Dorsal tubercles on ABD TERG 3
bluntly conical, united at bases, usually pigmented; those on ABD TERG 1 and
2 undeveloped or small. ANT PT/BASE 6.0-7.0 (fig. 26C)
Hind tibiae with middle part much paler than
base or distal section, and hind femora with pale basal half and
contrastingly dark distal half. Longer of the 2 hairs on ANT BASE VI 21-47 µm
long. SIPH of both aptera and alata dark
ANT PT/BASE less than 3.5. Long dorsal
hairs all fine-pointed, and at least those on ABD TERG 5-8 are dark-pigmented
…..3
3
Aptera with long spinal hairs on ABD TERG
5-8 (or 4-8) much darker than spinal hairs on more anterior tergites. Longer
of 2 hairs on ANT BASE VI 0.8-1.3 × length of ANT BASE VI, and shorter hair
0.25-0.47 × BASE VI
Aptera with long spinal hairs similarly
pigmented on all ABD TERG. Longer of 2 hairs on ANT BASE VI 0.3-0.8 × length
of BASE VI, and shorter hair 0.12-0.27 × BASE VI
Aptera and alata both with a clear
pattern of dorsal dark markings, the alata with broad transverse bars and the
aptera with either bars or paired spots. Longest hair on base of ANT VI
usually more than half as long as base of ANT VI. Alata with 10-23 rhinaria
on ANT III
Aptera and alata with only faint dorsal abdominal markings. Longest hair on base of ANT VI always less than half as long as base of ANT VI. Alata with 3-10 rhinaria on ANT III
Fore femora pigmented along entire
length, especially dorsally
…..2
2
ANT PT/BASE more than 8.0. Tubercles on
ABD TERG 3 finger-like, united for more than half their lengths; those on ABD
TERG 2 and 4 very small, those on ABD TERG 1 undeveloped (fig. 26A)
ANT PT/BASE less than 7.0.
Tubercles on ABD TERG 3 conical, united only at base; those on ABD TERG 1, 2
and 4 half as long, subequal, finger-like (fig. 26E)
Cauda broadly rounded
(crescent-shaped). Dorsal abdomen of aptera either without sclerotisation or
with either cross-bands or longitudinal rows of spinal sclerites each having
two hairs
…..2
2
Dorsal abdomen of aptera without dark
sclerites. SIPH short and very dark, only 0.7-0.8 × HT II
Hind femur with pale basal half and
contrastingly dark distal half. Hind tibiae with pale middle region,
contrasting with dark base and distal section. Longer of the two hairs on
base of ANT VI always less than 0.5 ×
length of base of ANT VI (fig. 24C)
Cauda broadly rounded or
crescent-shaped, clearly shorter than its basal width (fig. 23A)
…..2
2
Hind tibia with pale middle region
contrasting with dark base and distal section. Longer of 2 hairs on base of
ANT VI less than half as long as length of base of ANT VI (fig. 24C)
Longer of 2 hairs on base of ANT VI less
than half as long as base of ANT VI
…..2
–
Longer of 2 hairs on base of ANT VI more
than half as long as base of ANT VI
…..3
2
Aptera with only very pale dorsal
abdominal sclerites. Alata with normally at least 8 long hairs on each of ABD
TERG 1 to 7. Tibiae pale or rather evenly pigmented, or darkening distally
Aptera with a clear pattern of dark
dorsal abdominal sclerites. Alata normally with only 6 long hairs on each of
ABD TERG 1 to 7. Tibiae with very pale middle region contrasting with dark
base and distal section
Wing veins not dark-bordered except for
pterostigma and basal part of Rs. Tubercles on ABD TERG 1 either much smaller
than those on ABD TERG 3, or undeveloped
…..3
3
ANT PT/BASE less than 7.0. Tubercles
on ABD TERG 1 to 4 all well developed; those on ABD TERG 1 and 2 finger-like
and of about equal length, about half the height of the broadly conical
tubercles on ABD TERG 3, which are united near their bases (fig. 26E)
ANT PT/BASE more than 8.0. Only tubercles on
ABD TERG 3 well developed, united for about half their lengths; others
undeveloped of inconspicuous (fig. 26A)
Wing veins diffusely bordered with fuscous,
giving wings a slightly cloudy appearance (best seen with hand lens). ANT III
with 6-17 rhinaria (usually 10 or more)
Fore femora pigmented along entire
length, especially dorsally. All wing veins distinctly dark-bordered.
Tubercles on ABD TERG 1 long and finger-like, much longer than those on ABD
TERG 2, almost as long as those on ABD TERG 3 (fig. 26F)
Fore femora pale. Wing veins not
dark-bordered (except pterostigma and basal part of Rs. Tubercles on ABD TERG
1 about equally developed to those on ABD TERG 2, much shorter than those on
ABD TERG 3 (fig. 26G)
Cauda more than half as long as wide,
with a slight basal constriction (fig 23D).
Longer of the 2 hairs on base of ANT VI very long and fine, longer than
length of base of ANT VI
Cauda broadly rounded, less than half as
long as its basal width (fig. 23A). Longer of 2 hairs on base of ANT VI less
than half as long as length of base of ANT VI (including rhinarium)
…..2
2
Aptera with only very faint dorsal
abdominal markings. Alata with normally at least 8 long hairs on each of ABD TERG
1 to 7. Tibiae pale, or rather evenly pigmented, or darkening distally
Aptera with a clear pattern of dorsal
abdominal sclerites. Alata with normally only 6 long hairs on each of ABD
TERG 1 to 7. Tibiae with pale middle region contrasting with dark base and
distal section
Tubercles on ABD TERG 3 well developed,
united for at least half of their lengths; those on ABD TERG 1, 2 and 4
undeveloped or inconspicuous (fig. 26H)
ANT PT/BASE more than 9.0. Only the
tubercles on ABD TERG 3 well developed, united for about half their lengths;
those on ABD TERG 1, 2 and 4 inconspicuous or undeveloped (fig.26A)
ANT PT/BASE less than 8.0. Tubercles on
ABD TERG 1 to 4 all developed, although those on ABD TERG 1, 2 and 4 often
smaller than those on 3
…..5
5
Tubercles on ABD TERG 3 about twice as
long as those on ABD TERG 2, which are of similar length to those on ABD TERG
1 and 4 (fig.
26E). On ANT VI, 4 small accessory sensoria alongside the main primary
rhinarium
Tubercles on ABD TERG 2 almost as long as
those on 3, clearly longer than those on 1 and much longer than those on 4
(fig. 26I). On ANT VI, 5-6 small accessory sensoria alongside the primary
rhinarium
ANT PT/BASE more than 8.0. Dorsal
abdominal tubercles variably developed, but those on ABD TERG 3 always
largest
…..7
7
ANT II concolorous with ANT III, paler
than ANT I
…..8
–
ANT II much darker than ANT III, as dark
as ANT I
…..9
8
Wing veins diffusely bordered, giving
wings a cloudy appearance (view with hand lens). Tubercles on ABD TERG 1 to 4
well developed, although those on ABD TERG 1, 2 and 4 only one quarter to one
half of the height of those on the ABD TERG 3 (fig. 26K)
Dorsal body hairs, including those
on abdominal tubercles, clearly longer than basal diameter of ANT III, and with distinctly expanded
apices. ANT III with 3-5 rhinaria
Dorsal body hairs mostly shorter than, or as short as, basal diameter of ANT III, and with blunt or only very slightly expanded apices. ANT III with 7-16 rhinaria
Cauda as long as its basal width, often
with a slight constriction, so that the apical part is a knob (fig. 23D)
…..2
–
Cauda shorter than its basal width,
without a trace of a constriction (fig. 23A)
…..3
2
SIPH dark in alata, pale to dusky in
aptera, conical, about as long as their basal widths. ANT PT/BASE 4.5-6.0.
Rhinaria on ANT III of alata extending at least 0.6 of length of segment
SIPH of both aptera and alata pale,
almost cylindrical, more than 2× longer than their basal widths. ANT PT/BASE
less than 4.0. Rhinaria on ANT III of alata confined to basal half of segment
SIPH of aptera jet black,
contrasting greatly with pale body and appendages (except possibly
extremities of tarsi and base of ANT VI). First tarsal segments all with 5
hairs
Hind femur with pale basal half and
contrastingly dark distal half. Longer of the 2 hairs on base of ANT VI 21-47 µm long, always less than 0.5×
length of base of ANT VI (fig. 24C).
ANT PT/BASE 2.5-4.2 (always more than 3.0 in alatae)
Hind femur either entirely pale or
mostly dark except at base. Longer of the 2 hairs on base of ANT VI 45-95 µm
long, 0.3-1.3× length of base of ANT VI. ANT PT/BASE 1.6-3.7 (less than 3.0
except in alatae of bulgaricus)
Apterae in spring usually with front of head dark, dusky to dark transverse bars or paired patches on ABD TERG 1 to 6, and the long spinal hairs, or at least those on ABD TERG 5-8, dark-pigmented
…..12
12
Aptera with long spinal hairs on ABD
TERG 5-8 (or 4-8) much darker than spinal hairs on more anterior tergites.
Longer of 2 hairs on ANT BASE VI 0.8-1.3 × length of ANT BASE VI, and shorter
hair 0.25-0.47× BASE VI
Aptera with long spinal hairs similarly pigmented on all ABD TERG. Longer of 2 hairs on ANT BASE VI 0.3-0.8 × length of BASE VI, and shorter hair 0.12-0.27× BASE VI
…..13
13
ABD TERG VI of aptera with longest hairs
270-480 µm
Marginal abdominal tubercles
(MTu) absent or present, but if present they are usually only on ABD TERG 2-4
(-6) and only rarely on ABD TERG 1 or 7
……5
–
MTu always present at least on ABD TERG 1 and 7
…..42
5
ANT tubercles absent or weakly developed, so that front of head has
convex outline in dorsal view, with middle part projecting furthest forward
…..6
–
ANT tubercles variably developed, but if low they are broadly
divergent, so that the front of the head is concave in dorsal view
…..9
6
Cauda tongue- or finger-shaped, longer than its basal width. Eye with
ocular tubercle indistinct and displaced ventrally, so inconspicuous in dorsal view (Fig.5a)
……7
–
Cauda helmet-shaped, distinctly constricted at base and as long as
broad. Eye with protruberant ocular tubercle, positioned at posterior margin
…..8
7
Dorsal body hairs short, inconspicuous. ANT PT only 1.1-1.4 × BASE
VI. SIPH 1.3-1.8 × cauda
Dorsal abdomen with an extensive solid black shield. ANT III 0.31-0.47 mm, 2.4-3.4 × HT II. R IV+V 0.17-0.24 mm. SIPH dark, imbricated, 1.7-3.4 × cauda
Dorsal hairs numerous and long, with fan-shaped or clearly expanded apices (Fig.5c)
……10
–
Dorsal hairs short or long, but if long then with blunt or pointed
apices
……15
10
SIPH 0.31-1.0 × cauda
…..11
–
SIPH more than 1.5 × cauda
…..13
11
Dorsal fan-shaped hairs very numerous, e.g. usually more than
25 on ABD TERG 6 between SIPH, and 28-45 on dorsal surface of head (not
including those projecting forward between ANT bases). SIPH 0.61-1.0 × cauda.
ANT III with 1-2 secondary rhinaria
Dorsal
fan-shaped hairs less numerous, e.g. less than 20 on ABD TERG 6 between SIPH,
and 14-25 on dorsal surface of head (Fig.5c). SIPH
0.31-0.75 × cauda. ANT III with 1-8 secondary rhinaria
.….12
12
R IV+V 0.12-0.13 mm long, 0.86-1.09 × HT II. SIPH 0.14-0.21 mm long,
0.62-0.75 × cauda
SIPH pale at least over most of length, sometimes dusky or dark
apically, and if with subapical polygonal reticulation then this is confined
to distal 0.2 or less of length
SIPH dusky or dark over at least half of length, with polygonal
reticulation extending over distal 0.06-0.70
…..19
19
Cauda tapering, triangular, less than 1.6 times longer than its basal width (e.g. Fig.5f). ANT tubercles very weakly developed, so that front of head is very shallowly concave in dorsal view
…..20
–
Cauda finger-like, more than 2 times its basal width. ANT tubercles
variably developed
……24
20
Dorsal abdominal hairs very short and blunt
……21
–
Dorsal abdominal hairs long, like ventral abdominal hairs
…..23
21
Longest hairs on ANT III 0.5-0.6 × BD III. Cauda with 11-20 hairs
…..22
–
Longest hairs on ANT III about as long as BD III. Cauda with c.8 hairs
First tarsal segments with 3 hairs (a sense peg and a pair of lateral
hairs); rarely with one additional lateral hair. SIPH often paler basally,
and reticulated over distal 0.15-0.7
…..31
–
First tarsal segments with 5 hairs (sense peg plus 2 lateral pairs);
rarely with only 4 hairs. SIPH wholly dark, reticulated over distal 0.17-0.33
…..37
31
SIPH wholly dark, 1.1-1.3 × cauda and 0.16-0.24 × BL. Dorsal abdomen
with paired dark spinal sclerites, each bearing 2-3 hairs
SIPH often pale basally, 1.25-2.9 × cauda and 0.20-0.33 × BL. Dorsal abdomen without paired spinal
sclerites; if with small dark scleroites then these are not fused between hair-bases
…..32
32
SIPH 1.7-2.9 × cauda
…..33
–
SIPH 1.25-1.5 × cauda
…..35
33
SIPH reticulated over distal 0.48-0.69. Dark crescent-shaped
presiphuncular sclerites usually present, and dorsal abdominal hairs arising
from dusky or dark scleroites (Fig.5h)
SIPH
reticulated over distal 0.06-0.25. Presiphuncular sclerite usually not
evident, and dorsal abdominal hairs not arising from dark or dusky scleroites
(e.g. Fig.5i)
…..34
34
SIPH 2.0-2.9 × cauda, slightly expanded at apices, with reticulation
on subapical 0.06-0.13. Cauda with 6-8 hairs
Cauda 0.08-0.125 × BL (only more than 0.12 × BL
in very small specimens with BL less than 1 mm); pale to dusky, without a
constriction, less than 3 × longer than its width at midlength, and bearing
2-7 (usually 5-6) hairs
Cauda 0.125-0.16 × BL, very pale, usually
with a slight mid-way constriction, more than 3 × longer than its narrowest
width at midlength, and bearing 6-9 (usually 8) hairs
Dorsal abdomen with raised dusky/dark hair-bearing sclerites or
scleroites. SIPH 0.07-0.10 × BL, pale, without any subapical polygonal
reticulation. Cauda pale or dusky
…..7
–
Dorsal abdomen without dusky/dark sclerites/scleroites. SIPH 0.15-0.35
× BL, dark or pale, with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation. Cauda
pale or dark
…..9
7
Abdominal spinal scleroites each bearing a single hair (rarely 2), which
is longer than the diameter of the scleroite (Fig.6f)
SIPH usually dark at least distally, often with a swollen section at
about midlength, 0.15-0.20 × BL. Cauda dark. Thoracic spiracles much larger
than abdominal ones (Fig.6h)
.….10
10
SIPH 1.1-1.3 × cauda and 0.15-0.19 × BL, and mainly dark except at
their bases. Cauda with 6-18 hairs (Fig.6i)
SIPH 1.3-2.0 × cauda and 0.19-0.26 × BL, and dark on distal half or
less. Cauda with 6-10 hairs
……11
11
SIPH 1.6-2.0 × cauda which is 0.33-0.43 mm long, bears 7-10 hairs (usually
8-9), and has distal part clearly thicker than hind femur, from where it tapers rather abruptly to a rounded apex (Fig.6j)
SIPH 1.3-1.55 × cauda which is 0.44-0.53 mm long, bears 6-8 hairs
(usually 6), and has distal part maximally about as thick as or thinner than
hind femur, from where it tapers gradually almost to a point (Fig.6k)
Body dorsoventrally
flattened, subcircular, wholly sclerotic with a distinct crenulate margin due
to a continuous row of wax glands. SIPH in form of pores. Head with a pair of
forwardly directed frontal horns
Body of “normal” aphid
form. SIPH tubular. No frontal horns
…..2
2
ANT tubercles well developed, with inner faces scabrous and convergent
in dorsal view. SIPH and cauda pale. (Dorsum with a pattern of dark
intersegmental markings)
SIPH tapering, without
any evident distal swelling and without a subapical constriction proximal to the
flange, which is small. Dorsal cuticle not ornamented with nodules arranged
in polygons
……5
–
SIPH slightly or
moderately swollen on distal part, and then abruptly narrowing to a smooth constriction proximal to the flange,
which is well developed. Dorsal cuticle with a pattern of bead-like nodules
arranged in polygons, each polygon enclosing one or more additional nodules
SIPH either without subapical polygonal reticulation or HT II 0.8-1.0 × ANT VI BASE
…..2
2
Front of head with ANT tubercles absent or weakly developed. Marginal tubercles (MTu) present on most or all of ABD TERG 2-4(-5), as well as on 1 and 7. HT II with dorsal hairs, including dorsoapical pair, very short and inconspicuous. R IV+V 1.1-1.3 × HT II. Cauda finger-shaped, constricted in middle, with 13-19 hairs