C_HOSTS_Cab_Car – Blackman & Eastop's Aphids on the World's Plants

[The European spp. formerly placed in Cacalia are now in Adenostyles, the African spp in Crassocephalum, the eastern asiatic spp. in Parasenecio, the central American spp. in Psacalium, and the North American spp. mostly in Arnoglossum and Hasteola.]

Cacalia atriplicifolia = Arnoglossum atriplicifolium
C. auriculata = Parasenecio auriculatus
C. delphiniifolia = Parasenecio delphiniifolia
C. hastata = Parasenecio hastatus
C. hirsuta = Adenostyles alliariae
C. sonchifolia = Emilia sonchifolia
C. suaveolens = Hasteola suaveolens
*C. tuberosa* = Arnoglossum plantagineum

*Cachrys* (including Hippomarathrum)	Apiaceae
*Cachrys crispum*	Anuraphis pyrilaseri; Aphis umbelliferarum
C. ferulacea (?)	Anuraphis pyrilaseri
C. libanotis	Anuraphis cachryos; [Dysaphis crataegi]
C. macrocarpa (?)	[Aphis craccivora]
C. pabularia see Prangos pabularia
C. sicula	Anuraphis cachryos

Key to aphids on Cachrys:-

(N.B. all 3 species in the key have a short cauda, and marginal tubercles on most abdominal segments.)

1	SIPH rudimentary, hardly thicker than ANT III, about 0.5 × the triangular cauda, which bears 6-7 short subapical hairs	.….Aphis umbelliferarum
–	SIPH conical, broad-based, bearing close-set rows of minute spinules, 1.4-2.5 × cauda which is rounded at apex and bears 7-12 long hairs	..…2
2	Marginal tubercles (MTu) usually present on all of ABD TERG 1-7. SIPH 0.12-0.19 mm long, 1.4-1.9 × cauda	…..Anuraphis cachryos
–	MTu on ABD TERG 1-5 only, not on ABD TERG 6-7. SIPH 0.18-0.28 mm long, 1.8-2.5 × cauda	…..Anuraphis pyrilaseri

*“Cactus”* (see Mamillaria, Melocactus, Opuntia)	Cactaceae
“Cactus” spp.	Aphis gossypii; Myzus persicae; Smynthurodes betae

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

*Caesalpinia*	Fabaceae
*Caesalpinia angulata*	[Acyrthosiphon kondoi]; Aphis spiraecola
*C. coriaria*	Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii
*C. decapetala*	Aphis gossypii
*C. gilliesii*	Aphis craccivora
C. pulcherrima	Aphis craccivora, gossypii; Macrosiphum euphorbiae
*C. sepiaria* = C. decapetala
*Caesalpinia* spp.	Myzus persicae; [Sitobion aulacorthoides]

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

*Cajanus* (see also Atylosia)	Fabaceae
*Cajanus cajan* (incl. indicus)	[Acyrthosiphon caraganae];
	Aphis craccivora, fabae, glycines, gossypii, spiraecola;
	Brachycaudus [cardui], helichrysi;
	Cervaphis rappardi, rappardi ssp. indica, schouteniae;
	[Uroleucon compositae (as Macrosiphum neavei
	Theobald, a nomen dubium)];
	Megoura lespedezae; Myzus persicae;
	Sitobion nigrinectarium

Key to aphids on Cajanus:-

(This is a revised version of the key to aphids on pigeon pea in Blackman & Eastop (2000), incorporating two more species.)

1	Body with large, branched marginal hair-bearing processes	.….2
–	Body without large branched marginal processes	…..3
2	Dorsal hairs very numerous, e.g. c.40-60 on head between eyes. Hairs on dorsal abdomen mostly with rounded apices	….. Cervaphis rappardi
–	Dorsal hairs less numerous, e.g. less than 25 on head between eyes. Most hairs on dorsal abdomen have acute, lanceolate or bifurcate apices	….. Cervaphisschouteniae
3	Cauda helmet-shaped, a little shorter than its basal width. Spiracular apertures rounded	…..Brachycaudus helichrysi
–	Cauda tongue-shaped, clearly longer than its basal width. Spiraclular apertures reniform	.….4
4	SIPH pale, slightly clavate, about 2 × cauda. ANT well developed with inner faces convergent, scabrous	…..Myzus persicae
–	SIPH dark. ANT tubercles weakly developed, or with smooth, divergent inner faces	…..5
5	Cauda as dark as SIPH	..…6
–	Cauda paler than SIPH	..…8
6	Dorsal abdomen usually with an extensive solid black shield. Cauda with 4-7 hairs	..…Aphis craccivora
–	Dorsal abdomen without extensive dark markings anterior to SIPH. Cauda with 7-25 hairs	..…7
7	Dorsal abdomen without any dark markings. Cauda usually with a midway constriction, and bearing 7-15 hairs	…..Aphis spiraecola
–	Dorsal abdomen with dark bands on ABD TERG 8, or 7 and 8, and often with dark markings anterior to SIPH. Cauda without a constriction, and bearing 11-25 hairs	…..Aphis fabae
8	ANT tubercles weakly developed, not projecting beyond middle part of head in dorsal view. ABD TERG 1 and 7 with marginal tubercles (MTu)	.….9
–	ANT tubercles projecting beyond middle part of front of head in dorsal view. ABD TERG 1 and 7 without MTu	…..10
9	Cauda 0.08-0.125 × BL (only more than 0.12 × BL in very small specimens with BL less than 1 mm); pale to dusky, without a constriction, less than 3 × longer than its width at midlength, and bearing 2-7 (usually 5-6) hairs	…..Aphis gossypii
–	Cauda 0.125-0.16 × BL, very pale, usually with a slight mid-way constriction, more than 3 × longer than its narrowest width at midlength, and bearing 6-9 (usually 8) hairs	..…Aphis glycines
10	SIPH tapering, more than 1.5 × cauda, with polygonal reticulation on distal 0.12-0.25 of length	.….Sitobion nigrinectarium
–	SIPH slightly swollen, less than 1.5 × cauda, without any polygonal reticulation	..…Megoura lespedezae

*Cakile*	Brassicaceae
*Cakile edentula* var. islandica	Acyrthosiphon auctum
*C. maritima* (incl. ssp. euxina)	Acyrthosiphon auctum; Aphis fabae;
	Brevicoryne brassicae; Lipaphis erysimi;
	[Cavariella theobaldi]; [Hyadaphis foeniculi];
	Myzus persicae, [varians]

Key to aphids on Cakile:-

1	ANT III 2.5-3.7 × SIPH. Cauda short, broad-based, triangular	.….Brevicoryne brassicae
–	ANT III less than 2 × SIPH. Cauda tongue-shaped	.….2
2	SIPH cylindrical or slightly tapering, 0.85-1.33 × cauda. SIPH and cauda both pale, concolorous with body. ANT III with 1-3 small rhinaria near base	…..Acyrthosiphon auctum
–	SIPH tapering or slightly swollen on distal half; if less than 1.33 × cauda then both SIPH and cauda are dusky or dark. ANT III without any rhinaria	.….3
3	SIPH black and tapering from base to flange. Marginal tubercles (MTu) present on ABD TERG 1 and 7	.….Aphis fabae group
–	SIPH dusky/dark or pale with slight to moderate swelling. No MTu on ABD TERG 1 and 7	…..4
4	ANT tubercles well developed, scabrous, with convergent inner faces. SIPH pale, 1.9-2.5 × cauda	.….Myzus persicae
–	ANT tubercles weakly developed. SIPH usually dusky or dark, 1.3-1.6 × cauda	.….Lipaphis erysimi

*Caladium*	Araceae
*Caladium bicolor*	Aphis gossypii;Melanaphis sacchari;
	Pentalonia caladii
C. colocasia =Colocasia esculenta
Caladium spp.	Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii

Key to aphids on Caladium:-

1	ANT tubercles well developed, spiculose, pointed. Femora with basal 0.6 or more pale, contrasting with black distal section. SIPH pale basally and dark distally, and slightly swollen subapically. (Al. with broad-banded wing veins, and radius fused with media to form a closed cell below pterostigma)	.….Pentalonia caladii
–	ANT tubercles weakly developed, without spicules. Femora either mainly dark or mainly pale. SIPH dark, tapering, without any subapical swelling. Al. with normal, pale wing venation	..…2
2	Cauda pale or dusky with 4-8 hairs. ANT PT/BASE 2.1-3.2	..…Aphis gossypii
–	Cauda dark with 9-26 hairs. ANT PT/BASE 3.2-5.0	…..3
3	R IV+V 1.3-1.6. SIPH 0.9-1.5 × cauda. Stridulatory apparatus present	.…. Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii
–	R IV+V 0.9-1.1 × HT II. SIPH 0.7-0.95 × cauda. No stridulatory apparatus	…..Melanaphis sacchari

Calalia see Cacalia

Asteraceae

*Calamagrostis*	Poaceae
Calamagrostis × acutiflora	Laingia psammae
C. arenaria = Ammophila arenaria
C. argentea = Stipa calamagrostis
C. arundinacea	Anoecia major; Chaetosiphella stipae ssp. setosa;
	Forda marginata; Laingia psammae;
	[Pemphigus gramineus Shinji];
	Schizaphis graminum, jaroslavi, longicaudata;
	Sitobion avenae, fragariae; [Watabura nishiyae]
*C. canescens*	Anoecia corni; Diuraphis calamagrostis; Forda formicaria;
	Rhopalosiphum padi; Schizaphis dubia, graminum;
	Sitobion fragariae
*C. deschampsioides*	Metopolophium dirhodum
C. epigeios	Anoecia corni, furcata, major, vagans, zirnitsi;
	Atheroides serrulatus; Diuraphis calamagrostis;
	Forda formicaria; Geoica utricularia; Hyalopterus pruni;
	Laingia psammae; Metopolophium dirhodum;
	Paracletus bykovi, cimiciformis;
	Rhopalosiphum padi; Schizaphis graminum, jaroslavi ;
	Sipha arenarii, glyceriae, littoralis, maydis;
	Sitobion africanum, avenae, fragariae, graminearum;
	Tetraneura africana, ulmi
C. lanceolata = C. canescens
C. langsdorfii = C. purpurea
C. littorea = C. pseudophragmites
C. neglecta = C. stricta
C. pilosula	Tetraneura indica
C. pseudophragmites	Hyalopterus pruni; Laingia psammae; Sipha maydis;
	Sitobion avenae
C. purpurea	Diuraphis calamagrostis; Metopolophium dirhodum;
	Schizaphis nigerrima, thunebergi; Sitobion avenae
C. stricta	Diuraphis calamagrostis; Laingia psammae;
	Rhopalosiphum padi;
	Schizaphis nigerrima, [Schizaphis sp. (Stekolshchikov 2017)]; Sitobion avenae
*C. villosa*	Laingia psammae; Sitobion avenae
Calamagrostis spp.	Schizaphis cuprea; Sitobion beiquei

Use key to apterae of grass-feeding aphids under Digitaria.

*Calamintha*	Lamiaceae
Calamintha acinos = Clinopodium acinos
C. alpina = Clinopodium alpinum
C. clinopodium = Clinopodium vulgare
C. grandiflora = Clinopodium grandiflorum
C. nepeta = Clinopodium nepeta
C. officinalis = Clinopodium nepeta ssp. glandulosum
C. sylvatica = Clinopodium menthifolium
C. umbrosa = Clinopodium umbrosum
Calamintha spp.	[Aphis nepetae]; Eucarazzia elegans;
(= Clinopodium spp.?)	Ovatomyzus chamaedrys

See key under Clinopodium

*Calamistrum*	Marsileaceae
*Calamistrum globuliferum*	Neomyzus circumflexus

*Calamus*	Arecaceae
*Calamus quinquesetinervius*	Cerataphis jamuritsu
*C. rotang*	Cerataphis brasiliensis, lataniae
C. unifarius	Astegopteryx nipae

Key to apterae on Calamus and other aphids on palms (Arecaceae):-

1	SIPH present as shallow cones or pores	…..2
–	Siphunculi tubular	…..9
2	Head without frontal horns	…..Tuberaphis xinglongensis*
–	Head with frontal horns	…..3
3	Body dorsoventrally flattened, almost circular, wholly sclerotic with a distinct crenulate marging due to a continuous ring of wax glands (e.g. Fig. 43a)	…..4
–	Body elongate oval, not dorsoventrally flattened, not wholly sclerotic and without a continuous crenulate margin, but usually with well-developed marginal elongate oval wax glands, arranged in groups segmentally with long axes parallel	…..7
4	Frontal horns clearly longer than ANT III	…..Cerataphis jamuritsu*
–	Frontal horns shorter than ANT III	……5
5	Frontal horns finger-like, rounded apically, very close together (Fig. 43d)	…..Cerataphis formosana
–	Frontal horns pointed, and well separated (Fig. 43e)	…..6
6	Underside of head with at least one pair of thick, dagger-like hairs situated lateroventral to bases of frontal horns (Fig. 43b). Cauda with 4-8 mainly long hairs	…..Cerataphis brasiliensis
–	Underside of head with only fine hairs (Fig. 43c). Cauda with 8-16 hairs of various sizes	…..Cerataphis lataniae
7	Dorsal abdomen with segmental markings consisting of broad transverse bars, sometimes broken into paired, dark patches. Large marginal abdominal wax glands, segmentally arranged in often rather irregular groups (e.g. Fig.43f)	….Astegopteryx rappardi
–	Dorsal abdomen without segmental markings, wholly dusky. Wax glands either absent from segments anterior to SIPH or all grouped in short rows with long axes parallel (Fig. 43g-j)	.….8

8	Groups of marginal wax glands usually well developed on all abdominal segments (Fig. 43h). ANT III 1.0-1.5 × ANT IV (when ANT is 5-segmented)	…..Astegopteryx nipae
–	Marginal wax glands reduced or absent on abdominal segments anterior to SIPH (Figs 43i-j). ANT III 1.5-2.0 × ANT IV (when ANT is 5-segmented)	…..Astegopteryx rhapidis
9	Cauda long and very pale, with only 4 hairs. SIPH slightly swollen on basal half (calf-shaped). ANT PT/BASE 5.0-6.3. (Hind wing of al. with only one oblique vein)	…..Hysteroneura setariae
–	Cauda pale, dusky or dark with 4-28 hairs. SIPH cylindrical or tapering, not at all swollen on basal half. ANT PT/BASE 1.7-6.0. (Hind wing of al. with 2 oblique veins)	…..10
10	SIPH 2.1-3.0 × cauda. ANT entirely dark except for base of III. (Forewing of al. with once-branched media)	…..Schizaphis rotundiventris
–	SIPH 0.8-2.2 (-2.5) × cauda. ANT pale at least on most of III and IV. (Forewing of al. with media once- or twice-branched)	….. go to key to polyphagous aphids

*Calandrinia* (including Cosmia)	Portulacaceae
*Calandrina parviflora*	Aphis spiraecola
*Calandrinia* sp.	Aphis fabae, gossypii

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

*Calanthe*	Orchidaceae
*Calanthe corymbosa* = C. sylvatica
C. discolor	Hydronaphis calanthes
C. masuca = C. sylvatica
*C. sylvatica*	Myzus persicae; Cerataphis orchidearum;
	Sitobion indicum, luteum
C. volkensii = C. sylvatica
Calanthe sp.	Aphis gossypii

Key to apterae on Calanthe:-

–	Dorsal body hairs long, 2.5-3.7 × BD III, arising from tuberculate bases. Longest hairs on ANT III about 1.9 × BD III. Cauda pale, helmet-shaped, a little shorter than its basal width	.….Hydronaphis calanthes
–	Dorsal hairs and those on ANT III all shorter than BD III. Cauda tongue-shaped (or knobbed)	…..use key to other aphids on orchids under Cymbidium

*Calathea*	Marantaceae
*Calathea crotalifera*	Pentalonia nigronervosa

*Calceolaria*	Calceolariaceae
*Calceolaria chelidonioides*	Aphis spiraecola; Brachycaudus helichrysi
*C. corymbosa*	Neomyzus circumflexus
C. crenatiflora	Myzus persicae
C. esculenta	Aphis gossypii
C. europaeum	Myzus persicae; Neomyzus circumflexus
C. mexicana	Aphis gossypii
C. × speciosa	Aulacorthum solani
Calceolaria spp.	Acyrthosiphon malvae group; Macrosiphum euphorbiae;
	Myzus ornatus

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

*Calendula*	Asteraceae
*Calendula aegyptiaca* = C. arvensis
C. algeriensis = C. stellata
C. arvensis	Aphis craccivora, fabae, gossypii, solanella, spiraecola;
	Aulacorthum solani; Brachycaudus cardui, helichrysi;
	Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus persicae;
	Protaphis terricola;
	Uroleucon calendulae, chrysanthmi, [nigrotuberculatum]
C. micrantha = C. arvensis
C. officinalis	Aphis fabae, gossypii, solanella;
	Brachycaudus cardui, helichrysi;
	Capitophorus archangelskii;
	[Dysaphis tulipae]; Macrosiphum euphorbiae;
	Myzus persicae; Neomyzus circumflexus;
	Neotoxoptera oliveri; Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominale;
	Uroleucon ambrosiae, compositae,
	Uroleucon sp. (California, Mexico; BMNH collection)
C. sicula = C. stellata
C. stellata	Aphis fabae; Brachycaudus helichrysi
Calendula sp.	[Lipaphis erysimi]; [Uroleucon kashmiricum]

Key to apterae on Calendula:-

1	Dorsal hairs long and capitate, arising from tuberculate bases; those on front of head more than 3 × BD III. SIPH long and thin, often very slightly swollen at apices, more than 3 × cauda	..…Capitophorus archangelskii
–	Dorsal body hairs not capitate, without tuberculate bases. SIPH less than 3 × cauda	..…2
2	ANT PT/BASE 0.7-1.4	…..Protaphis terricola
–	ANT PT/BASE more than 2	…..3
3	Cauda helmet-shaped, a little shorter than its basal width. Spiracular apertures large and rounded	…..4
–	Cauda tongue-or finger-shaped, clearly longer than its basal width. Spiracular apertures small and reniform	…..5
4	Abdomen without extensive dark markings. SIPH pale, smooth, 0.9-1.5 × cauda. Mesosternum without mammariform processes	…..Brachycaudus helichrysi
–	Abdomen with a extensive dark dorsal shield. SIPH dark, imbricated, 2.1-3.4 × cauda. Mesosternum with a pair of dark mammariform processes	…..Brachycaudus cardui
5	SIPH with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation	…..6
–	SIPH without polygonal reticulation	.….go to polyphagous aphids key
6	Cauda and SIPH both dark. ANT III with 25-86 rhinaria	..…Uroleucon compositae
–	Cauda pale or dusky, SIPH pale or dark. ANT III with 1-35 rhinaria	..…7
7	SIPH pale with polygonal reticulation on distal 0.12-0.17 of length. ANT III with 1-10 rhinaria	..…Macrosiphum euphorbiae
–	SIPH dusky or dark with poygonal reticulation on distal 0.3 or more of length. ANT III with 7-35 rhinaria	..…8
8	ANT III with about 10 rhinaria forming a single row over entire length. SIPH about 2 × cauda	…..Uroleucon calendulae*
–	ANT III with 7-35 rhinaria, not arranged in a row, usually restricted to basal part of segment. SIPH 1.0-1.5 × cauda	…..9
9	R IV+V 0.15-0.16 mm, 0.9-1.0 × HT II	…..Uroleucon chrysanthemi
–	R IV+V 0.16-0.24 mm, 1.1-1.85 × HT II	…..10
10	R IV+V 0.16-0.22 mm, 1.1-1.33 × HT II and bearing less than 10 accessory hairs	..…Uroleucon ambrosiae
–	R IV+V 0.22-0.24 mm, 1.5-1.85 × HT II, and bearing more than 20 accessory hairs	…..Uroleucon sp., California and Mexico (BMNH collection)

*Calicotome* (including Calycotome)	Fabaceae
Calicotome spinosa	Acyrthosiphon pisum; Aphis craccivora, pseudocytisorum;
	Ctenocallis israelica; Myzus persicae
C. villosa	Aphis craccivora, cytisorum, spiraecola;
	Ctenocallis israelica

Key to apterae on Calicotome:-

1	Body with long finger-like marginal processes. Cauda knobbed, anal plate bilobed. Dorsum with extensive, paired dark sclerites leaving a clear spinal stripe	…..Ctenocallis israelica
–	Body without long marginal processes. Cauda not knobbed, anal plate entire. Dorsum either with a solid dark shield or without any dark markings	…..2
2	Dorsum pale. Femora with fine hairs about as long as trochantro-femoral suture. Cauda with a midway constriction, rounded at apex, and bearing 6-12 hairs	…..Aphis spiraecola
–	Dorsum with a dark shield (fragmented at high temperatures). Femoral hairs about 0.5 × length of trochantro-femoral suture. Cauda not constricted and with rather pointed apex, and bearing 4-9 hairs	…..3
3	SIPH 0.9-1.2 (-1.3) × cauda. R IV+V 1.0-1.15 × HT II. Dorsal pigmentation often reduced to small scattered sclerites	…..Aphis pseudocytisorum
–	SIPH 1.2-2.2 × cauda (rarely less than 1.3). R IV+V 0.9-1.3 × HT II. Dorsal abdomen usually with a dark shield, rarely with scattered small sclerites except in summer dwarfs	…..4
4	R IV+V 0.88-1.16 × HT II (mostly 0.9-1.05 X). Anterior half of genital plate with 2 (-3) hairs	…..Aphis craccivora
	– R IV+V 0.97-1.3 × HT II (mostly 1.06-1.2 X). Anterior half of genital plate with 2-8 hairs (mode 4, mean 5.2)	…..Aphis cytisorum

*Calla*	Araceae
*Calla palustris*	Aphis nasturtii; Myzus persicae; Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae
Calla sp.	Acyrthosiphon malvae; Aulacorthum solani;
	Neomyzus circumflexus

Key to apterae on Calla:-

–	SIPH clavate. ANT tubercles weakly developed, not projecting beyond middle of front of head in dorsal view. Dorsal cuticle with reticulate ornamentation formed by minute spinules arranged in polygons	..…Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae
–	Without this combination of characters	…..go to key to polyphagous aphids

*Callerya*	Fabaceae
*Callerya reticulata*	Aulacophoroides formosana

*Calliandra*	Fabaceae
*Calliandra eriophylla*	Aphis sp. (Leonard 1972a: 98)
*C. guildingii*	Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii
C. haematocephala	Aphis aurantii, gossypii, Aphis sp. (Leonard 1972a: 98);
	Myzus persicae
C. inaequilatera = C. haematocephala
C. surinamensis	Aphis craccivora
C. tweedii	Myzus persicae

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

*Callicarpa*	Lamiaceae
*Callicarpa bodinieri*	Aphis fabae
C. dichotoma	Aphis gossypii
*C. formosana*	Aphis gossypii
C. japonica	Aphis gossypii
C. longifolia	Myzus persicae
C. macrophylla	Aphis gossypii, raji; Subovatomyzus leucosceptri
C. mollis	Aphis gossypii
C. purpurea = C. dichotoma

Key to aphids on Callicarpa:-

1	SIPH smooth-surfaced, clavate, about 3 × cauda. Hairs on ANT III short with capitate apices; the longest of them less than 0.5 × BD III. R IV+V 1.8-2.1 × HT II	..…Subovatomyzus leucosceptri
–	Without this combination of characters	…..2
2	R IV+V 0.19-0.23 mm, 2.0-2.2 × HT II. Marginal abdominal hairs 78-103 μm long, 3-4 × ANT BD III. Marginal tubercles (MTu) present on ABD TERG 1 but often absent from ABD TERG 7	…..Aphis raji
–	Without this combination of characters	….go to key to polyphagous aphids

*Calliergon*	Amblystegiaceae
*Calliergon cordifolium*	Pseudacaudella rubida
C. *stramineum*	Myzodium mimulicola

Use key to aphids on mosses under Polytrichum.

*Calliergonella*	Amblystegaceae
Calliergonella cuspidata	[Jacksonia papillata];
	Muscaphis cuspidata, escherichi, musci;
	Pseudacaudella rubida

Use key to apterae of moss-feeding aphids under Polytrichum.

*Calligonum*	Polygonaceae
Calligonum aphyllum	Brachyunguis harmalae
C. arborescens	Brachyunguis harmalae
C. caput-medusea	Brachyunguis harmalae
C. comosum	Aphis sp. (Israel, BMNH collection);
	Brachyunguis harmalae
C. densum	Brachyunguis calligoni
C. eriopodum	Aphis craccivora; Brachyunguis calligoni, harmalae
C. flavidum	Brachyunguis calligoni
C. junceum	Brachyunguis calligoni
C. leucocladum	Brachyunguis harmalae
C. microcarpum	Brachyunguis calligoni
C. mongolicum	Brachyunguis harmalae
C. pallasia = C. aphyllum
*C. rubicundum*	Brachyunguis calligoni, harmalae
C. setosum	Brachyunguis calligoni, harmalae
C. undulatum	Brachyunguis calligoni

Key to apterae on Calligonum:-

1	ANT PT/BASE less than 1. SIPH about as long as their basal widths, 0.2-0.6 × cauda	…..2
–	ANT PT/BASE more than 1. SIPH much longer than their basal widths, and longer than cauda	…..3
2	SIPH very small, c. 0.03 mm long and 0.03 mm wide at base, and only c. 0.20-0.25 × cauda	…..Brachyunguis calligoni
–	SIPH 0.06-0.08 mm long and 0.06-0.08 mm wide at base, 0.4-0.7 × cauda	…..Brachyunguis harmalae
3	Dorsum with a dark shield (often fragmented in hot climates). Cauda and SIPH both black	…..Aphis craccivora
–	Dorsum without dark markings. Cauda paler than SIPH	…..Aphis sp. (Israel, BMNH collection)

Callionia see Potentilla

Rosaceae

*Calliopsis* see Coreopsis	Asteraceae
*Calliopsis tinctoria* = Coreopsis tinctoria

*Callisia*	Commelinaceae
*Callisia fragrans*	[Rhopalosiphum maidis]; Uroleucon ambrosiae
*C. monandra*	Utamphorophora commelinensis

See key to apterae on Commelina.

*Callistemon*	Myrtaceae
*Callistemon brachyandrus*	Myzus persicae
C. citrinus	Aphis aurantii, gossypii; Sitobion halli
C. lanceolatus	Aphis aurantii, gossypii
C. linearis	Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii; [Aulacorthum rhamni];
	[Greenidea anonae]
C. pachyphyllus	Aphis gossypii; Aulacorthum solani; Myzus persicae
C. pallidus	Aulacorthum solani
C. phoeniceus	Aphis gossypii
C. pinifolius	Myzus persicae
C. salignus	Myzus persicae
C. speciosus	Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii
*Callistemon* sp.	[Greenidea psidii]

Key to apterae on Callistemon:-

–	SIPH dark at least distally, with polygonal reticulation on subapical 0.1-0.2 of length. ANT dark at least distally, with hairs on ANT III less than 0.25 × BD III, and ANT PT/BASE 5.0-6.8	.….Sitobion halli
–	Without this combination of characters	..…go to key to polyphagous aphids

*Callistephus*	China Aster Asteraceae
*Callistephus chinensis*	Aphis fabae, gossypii, nasturtii, spiraecola;
	Aulacorthum solani; Brachycaudus helichrysi;
	[Capitophorus hippophaes]; Macrosiphum euphorbiae;
	Myzus ornatus, persicae; Pemphigus bursarius;
	Protaphis middletonii; [Uroleucon nigrotuberculatum]
C. hortensis = C. chinensis
Callistephus sp.	Neomyzus circumflexus

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

*Callitriche* Water Starwort	Plantaginacea
*Callitriche hermaphroditica*	Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae
(incl. autumnalis)
*C. palustris*	Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae
*C. stagnalis*	Myzodium knowltoni; Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae
C. verna = C. palustris

Couplet for separating these two species:-

–	Head coarsely nodulose. SIPH tapering from base to a well-developed flange	…..Myzodium knowltoni
–	Head smooth. SIPH somewhat swollen on distal half, narrower basad and distad of swelling	….. Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae

*Callitris*	Cupressaceae
*Callitris* spp.	[Aphis gossypii];
	Cinara (Cupressobium) cupressi, juniperi, tujafilina;
	[Elatobium abietinum]; Illinoia morrisoni

(Use key to aphids on Juniperus)

*Calluna*	Ericaceae
*Calluna vulgaris*	Aphis callunae; [Brachycaudus cardui];
	Ericaphis ericae, latifrons; [Rhopalosiphum maidis]

Key to apterae on Calluna:-

1	SIPH and cauda dark, with SIPH 0.6-0.8 × cauda. Dorsal cuticle with a strong pattern of reticulation	…..Aphis callunae
–	SIPH and cauda pale, with SIPH 1.4-2.0 × cauda. Dorsal cuticle wrinkled or almost smooth, without reticulation	…..2
2.	R IV+V 1.3-1.7 × HT II. First tarsal segments with 5-5-5 hairs	…..Ericaphis ericae
–	R IV+V 0.8-1.2 × HT II. First tarsal segments with 3-3-3 hairs	…..Ericaphis latifrons

	*Calocedrus*	Cupressaceae
*Calocedrus decurrens*	Cinara tujafilina; Illinoia morrisoni

(Use key to aphids on Cupressus)

*Calodendron*	Rutaceae
*Calodendron capense*	Cape Chestnut
	Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii, citricidus

(Use key to polyphagous aphids)

Calonyction see Ipomoea

Convolvulaceae

*Calophaca*	Fabaceae
*Calophaca howenii* = C. soongorica
C. *soongorica*	Aphis craccivora
C. *wolgarica*	Aphis craccivora

*Calophyllum*	Calophyllaceae
*Calophyllum antillanum*	Aphis aurantii, craccivora, spiraecola
*C. brasiliense* var. antillanum = C. antillanum
*C. inophyllum*	Aphis aurantii, gossypii, spiraecola

(Use key to polyphagous aphids)

*Calopogonium*	Fabaceae
*Calopogonium caeruleum*	Aphis gossypii

*Calothamnus*	Myrtaceae
*Calothamnus chrysanthereus*	Myzus persicae
C. quadrifidus	Myzus persicae
C. validus	Myzus persicae

*Calotropis*	Asclepiadaceae
*Calotropis gigantea*	Aphis asclepiadis, gossypii, nerii;
	Brachyunguis calotropicus
*C. procera*	Aphis craccivora, gossypii, nerii;
	Brachyunguis calotropicus, harmalae, [ushari];
	Myzus persicae

Key to aphids on Calotropis:-

1	Antennal tubercles well-developed, convergent in dorsal view (fig. 42I). SIPH tubular, slightly swollen on distal half	…..Myzus persicae
–	Antennal tubercles weakly developed. SIPH tapering or conical	…..2
2	ANT PT/BASE a little less than 1. SIPH pale, truncated cones, much shorter than cauda	…..3
–	ANT PT/BASE much more than 1. SIPH dark, longer than cauda	….. go to key to aphids on Apocynum, starting at couplet 9
3	SIPH 0.04-0.06 mm long, 0.33-0.40 × cauda	….. Brachyunguis calotropicus
–	SIPH 0.06-0.08 mm long, about 0.5-0.6 × cauda	…..Brachyunguis harmalae

*Caltha*	Ranunculaceae
*Caltha palustris*	Aphis nasturtii, rukavishnikovi, triglochinis;
	Aulaorthum solani;
	[Brachycaudus cardui]; Macrosiphum euphorbiae;
	Myzus ascalonicus, persicae; Rhopalosiphoninus calthae;
	Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae; Thecabius affinis
C. polypetala = C. palustris
C. silvestris = C. palustris
*Caltha* sp.	Brachycaudus helichrysi

Key to aphids on Caltha:-

1	ANT PT/BASE less than 0.5. Eyes of only 3-facets. SIPH absent. Dorsal wax gland plates (Fig.45a) present on all segments, with 6 on each of meso- and metanotum and ABD TERG 1-7	…..Thecabius affinis
–	ANT PT/BASE more than 1.0. Eyes multifaceted. SIPH tubular. No discrete wax glands	…..2

2	SIPH strongly swollen, black, 3.5-4.6 × cauda. Dorsum with an almost complete black sclerotic shield	..… Rhopalosiphoninus calthae
–	SIPH not strongly swollen, pale or dark, less than 3 × cauda. Dorsum without a sclerotic shield	…..3
3	SIPH weakly swollen and dark, as is cauda. Dorsal cuticle with a pattern of spicules arranged in polygons	…..Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae
–	SIPH tapering, cylindrical or swollen, but if swollen then SIPH and cauda both pale …..43
4	BL 3.5-4.0 mm, ANT tubercles weakly developed, ABD TERG 1-5 and 7 with well-developed, dome-shaped marginal tubercles (MTu). SIPH and cauda dark, Cauda with 14-15 hairs	…..Aphis rukavishnikovi*
–	Without that combination of characters	…..5
5	ANT PT/BASE 1.1-1.8. SIPH 0.7-1.3 × cauda. (Al. with secondary rhinaria distributed ANT III 25-60, IV 9-25, IV 7-17)	…..Aphis triglochinis
–	Without that combination of characters	…..go to key to polyphagous aphids

*Calycanthus*	Calycanthaceae
*Calycanthus. fertilis* = C. floridus var. glaucus
C. floridus (incl. var. glaucus)	Aphis fabae, spiraecola
C. fragrans = Chimonanthus praecox
*C. occidentalis*	Aphis fabae; Myzus persicae

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

*Calycera*	Calyceraceae
*Calycera spinulosa*	Aphis calycerarum

*Calycophyllum*	Rubiaceae
*Calycophyllum candidissimum*	Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii

Calycotome see Calicotome

Fabaceae

*Calylophus*	Onagraceae
*Calylophus serrulata*	Aphis oenotherae

Calyptranthe see Hydrangea

Hydrangeaceae

*Calyptranthes*	Myrtaceae
*Calyptranthes chytraculia*	Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii

*Calystegia*	Convolvulaceae
*Calystegia japonica*	Aphis nerii; Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus persicae
	Pseudomegoura magnoliae;
C. sepium	Aphis fabae, gossypii, nerii; Aulacorthum solani;
	Myzus persicae
C. soldanella	Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus persicae

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

*Calytrix* (including Llotskaya)	Myrtaceae
*Calytrix ericoides* = C. tetragona
*C. tetragona*	Aphis gossypii

*Camassia* (including Quamasia)	Asparagaceae
*Camassia hyacinthina* = C. scilloides
C. scilloides	Macrosiphum valerianae
Camassia sp.	Aphis asclepiadis

Key to apterae on Camassia:-

–	ANT tubercles weakly developed or undeveloped. SIPH without polygonal reticulation	…..Aphis asclepiadis
–	ANT tubercles well developed, with inner faces divergent. SIPH with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation	…..Macrosiphum valerianae

*Camelina*	Brassicaceae
*Camelina alyssum*	Aphis fabae, nasturtii
C. microcarpa	Aphis fabae; Lipaphis erysimi; Myzus persicae
C. sativa	Aphis fabae; Brevicoryne brassicae
*Camelina* sp.	Brachycaudus helichrysi

Use key to apterae on Brassica.

*Camellia*	Theaceae
*Camellia caudata*	Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii
*C. chinensis* = C. sinensis
*C. japonica*	Aphis aurantii, citricidus, gossypii, odinae;
	Ceratocallis camellis;
	[Myzus inuzakurae Shinji (nomen dubium)];
	Sinomegoura citricola
C. kissi	Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii
C. oleifera	Aphis (Toxoptera) chaetosiphon
C. sasanqua	Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii
C. sinensis	Aphis aurantii, citricidus, gossypii, odinae;
	Sinomegoura citricola
C. thea = C. sinensis
C. ×williamsi	Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii
Camellia spp.	[Aphis camellicola del Guercio (nomen dubium)];
	Greenidea [bucktonis], camelliae;
	Macrosiphum euphorbiae

Key to apterae on Camellia:-

1	Head with a pair of frontal horns between the antennal bases. SIPH pore-like	…..Ceratocallis camellis
–	Head without frontal horns. SIPH tubular	…..2
2	SIPH 0.25-0.32 × BL and clothed in numerous long hairs	…..Greenidea camelliae
–	SIPH without hairs or much shorter and with less than 10 hairs	…..3
3	SIPH 0.5-0.7 × cauda, and bearing 6-8 long pointed hairs. R IV+V 1.7-1.9 × HT II. Stridulatory apparatus present	…..Aphis (Toxoptera) chaetosiphon
–	SIPH 0.4-2.5 × cauda, without hairs. R IV+V less than 1.7 × HT II. Stridulatory apparatus present or absent	…..go to key to polyphagous aphids

*Campanula*	Harebells, Bluebells Campanulaceae
Campanula alliariifolia	Uroleucon campanulae
C. altaica = C. stevenii ssp. altaica
C. benthamii = C. dimorphantha
C. carpatica	Dysaphis brevirostris; Myzus ascalonicus;
	Uroleucon campanulae
C. cashmeriana	Uroleucon kashmiricum
C. cephalotes = C. glomerata
C. cervicaria	Uroleucon rapunculoidis
C. cochleariifolia	Aulacorthum solani;
	Uroleucon campanulae, campanulae ssp. longius
C. colorata = C. pallida
C. dimorphantha	Jacksonia campanulata
C. divergens = C. sibirica ssp. divergens
C. erinus	Uroleucon campanulae
C. expansa	[Uroleucon adenophorae]
C. glomerata	[Acyrthosiphon ilka]; Campanulaphis radicivora;
	Myzus persicae; [Pemphigus bursarius];
	Uroleucon campanulae, neocampanulae, nigrocampanulae,
	rapunculoidis
C. grossekii	Aphis fabae
C. incanescens	Uroleucon kashmiricum
C. latifolia	Aphis fabae, solanella;
	Uroleucon campanulae, nigrocampanulae;
	[Hyperomyzus rhinanthi]
*C. lyrata*	[Aphis sp. (Turkey, Toros et al. 2002: 31)]
*C. macrorhiza*	Uroleucon campanulae
C. medium	Aphis fabae, solanella; Aulacorthum solani;
	Macrosiphum euphorbiae;
	Myzus persicae; Uroleucon kikioense, nigrocampanulae
C. pallida	Jacksonia campanula; Uroleucon kashmiricum
C. patula	Dysaphis sorbi; Uroleucon campanulae, rapunculoidis
C. peregrina	Uroleucon sp. (Lebanon, BMNH collection)
C. persicifolia	Aphis fabae; Dysaphis sorbi; Myzus ascalonicus, ornatus;
	Neomyzus circumflexus;
	Uroleucon campanulae, nigrocampanulae
C. portenschlagiana	Myzus ascalonicus
C. punctata	Uroleucon neocampanulae
C. pusilla = C. cochleariifolia
C. pyramidalis	Myzus ascalonicus;
	Uroleucon minosmartelli, nigrocampanulae
C. rapunculoides	Aphis fabae; Aulacorthum solani;
	Myzus ascalonicus, persicae
	Uroleucon campanulae, nigrocampanulae, rapunculoidis
C. rapunculus	Uroleucon campanulae, nigrocampanulae, rapunculoidis
C. rhomboidalis	Uroleucon nigrocampanulae, rapunculoidis
C. rotundifolia	Aphis psammophila, [campanula-riparia Rafinesque];
	Dysaphis brevirostris, sorbi; Myzus ascalonicus;
	Rhopalosiphoninus staphyleae;
	Uroleucon campanulae, campanulae ssp. longius
C. sartorii	Rhopalosiphoninus staphyleae
C. scheuchzeri	Dysaphis sorbi; Uroleucon campanulae
C. serrata	Aphis fabae
C. sibirica (incl. ssp. divergens)	Campanulaphis radicivora;
	Uroleucon campanulae, minosmartelli, nigrocampanulae,
	rapunculoidis
C. stevenii ssp. altaica	Uroleucon nigrocampanulae
C. trachelium	Aphis fabae, Aphis sp. (Germany, BMNH collection);
	Uroleucon campanulae, nigrocampanulae, rapunculoidis
C. versicolor	Uroleucon minosmartelli
C. vidalii = Azorina vidalii
C. volgensis (?)	Uroleucon rapunculoidis
Campanula spp.	[Aphis grossulariae]; Myzus ornatus; Protaphis bimacula; Uroleucon ariegense, [cichorii], gredinae, [solidaginis]

Key to aphids on Campanula:-

1	SIPH dark with a distal zone of polygonal reticulation extending for at least 0.2 of length	…..2
–	SIPH pale or dark, but if dark then without polygonal reticulation	…..12
2	Cauda pale or dusky	…..3
–	Cauda dark like SIPH	…..5
3	R IV+V shorter than (about 0.7 ×) HT II, and bearing only 2 accessory hairs	…..Uroleucon kikioense

–	R IV+V 1.1-1.3 × HT II, with 5-8 accessory hairs	…..4
4	First tarsal segments with 5 hairs. Tibiae wholly dark. ANT III with 50-66 rhinaria. Antesiphuncular sclerites present	…..Uroleucon gredinae*
–	First tarsal segments with 3 (-4) hairs. Tibiae pale on basal 0.7. ANT III with 10-30 rhinaria. Antesiphuncular sclerites absent	…..Uroleucon kashmiricum
5	SIPH 0.85-1.25 × cauda. R IV+V 0.8-1.05 × HT II	…..Uroleucon campanulae
–	SIPH 1.5-2.6 × cauda. R IV+V 1.0-2.0 × HT II	…..6
6	ANT III 2.8-4.4 × R IV+V	…..7
–	ANT III 4.4-6.6 × R IV+V	…..9
7	Body spindle-shaped. R IV+V 1.7-2.0 × HT II. SIPH 5.4-6.4 × HT II	…..Uroleucon sp. on C. peregrina, Lebanon (BMNH collection)
–	Body oval. R IV+V 1.0-1.45 × HT II. SIPH 2.9-4.2 × HT II	…..8
8	ANT III with 2-18 rhinaria on basal half , and none on IV	…..Uroleucon minosmartelli
–	ANT III with 28-45 rhinaria distributed over its entire length, and 0-6 on IV	…..Campanulaphis radicivora
9	Longest hairs on outer side of hind tibia 1.5-2.0 × diameter of tibia at midlength. Longest hairs on ANT III 1.2-1.5 × BD III	…..Uroleucon neocampanulae
–	Longest hairs on outer side of hind tibia 0.9-1.2 × its diameter at midlength. Longest hairs on ANT III 0.8-1.3 × BD III	…..10
10	Cauda with 11-14 hairs. Longest hairs on ABD TERG 3-5 are at least 2× BD III. ANT PT/BASE 5.3-6.2. ANT III 5.7-7.1 × ANT VI BASE	…..Uroleucon ariegense*
–	Cauda with 14-21 hairs, but if with 14-15 then longest hairs on ABD TERG 3-5 are less than 2× BD III. ANT PT/BASE 6.2-8.3 (if less than 6.4 then cauda has 16-21 hairs). ANT III 7-8 × ANT VI BASE	…..11
11	ANT III with 19-58 rhinaria at a density of 20-58 per mm, extending over 0.42-0.94 of segment. (Al. with 43-78 rhinaria on ANT III and none on IV)	…..Uroleucon rapunculoidis
–	ANT III with 52-122 rhinaria at a density of 45-84 per mm, extending over 0.77-0.97 of segment. (Al. with 97-137 rhinaria on ANT III, and usually without but sometimes with 1-7 on IV)	…..Uroleucon nigrocampanulae
12	SIPH narrow at middle and flared distally, without an apical flange	…..Jacksonia campanulata*
–	SIPH tapering or cylindrical or swollen on distal half, with a distinct apical flange	…..13
13	Marginal tubercles (MTu) always present on ABD TERG 1 and 7	…..14
–	No MTu on ABD TERG 1 and 7	….17
14	ANT PT/BASE about 0.7. SIPH short, dark, conical, about 0.8 × the short triangular cauda. Dorsal abdomen with a pair of large dark spots anterior to SIPH	…..Aphis bimacula
–	ANT PT/BASE 1.8-3.8. SIPH 0.6-2.4 × cauda. Dorsal abdomen with or without scattered dark markings, without a pair of large dark spots anterior to SIPH	…..15
15	SIPH black, 0.6-0.8 × black cauda which bears 7-9 hairs	…..Aphis sp(p). (Azores, Germany, BMNH collection)
–	SIPH pale or dark, 0.8-2.4 × cauda which bears 6-25 hairs	…..16
16	Cauda pale or dusky. SIPH dark or pale with dark apices. Dorsal abdomen without any dark markings. Very short-haired; e.g. hairs on ANT III 0.2-0.6 × BD III. ABD TERG 8 with 2 short hairs. Cauda with 6-10 hairs	…..Aphis psammophila
–	Cauda and SIPH dark. Dorsal abdomen with dark markings at least on ABD TERG 7 and 8. ABD TERG 8 with 2-7 long hairs. Cauda with 11-25 hairs	…..Aphis fabae group
17	Cauda tongue-shaped, at least 1.5 × its basal width, with 4-12 hairs. SIPH swollen, cylindrical or tapering on distal half. ANT tubercles well developed	……go to key to polyphagous aphids
–	Cauda triangular or helmet-shaped, about as long as its basal width, with 4-6 hairs. SIPH usually slightly swollen on distal half. ANT tubercles low	…..18
18	R IV+V 1.23-1.38 × HT II. Longest hairs on ABD TERG 8 15-22 μm. (Al. with 45-76 rhinaria on ANT III)	…..Dysaphis sorbi
–	R IV+V 1.04-1.19 × HT II. Longest hairs on ABD TERG 8 10-15 μm. (Al. with 30-40 rhinaria on ANT III)	…..Dysaphis brevirostris

*Campanumoea*	Campanulaceae
Campanumoea javanica = Codonopsis javanica

*Camphorosma*	Amaranthaceae
*Camphorosma annua*	Chaitaphis camphorosmae
C. lessingii	[Aphis craccivora]; Chaitaphis camphorosmae;
	Xerobion camphorosmae
C. monspeliaca	[Aphis craccivora]; Chaitaphis camphorosmae;
	Xerobion camphorosmae

Couplet to separate these two species:-

(Note: Both species have long dorsal hairs and ANT PT/BASE less than 1.5.)

–	Cauda finger-like, more than 1.5 × its basal width, with 5-7 hairs. SIPH tubular, cylindrical or slightly swollen, narrowing just before flange. R IV+V similar in length to HT II. Dorsal abdominal hairs thick, rod-shaped, with flattened or furcate apices	…..Chaitaphis camphorosmae
–	Cauda bluntly conical to helmet-shaped, shorter than its basal width, with 13-18 hairs. SIPH are dark broad-based cones. R IV+V about 2 × HT II. Dorsal abdominal hairs pointed	…..Xerobion camphorosmae

*Campsis*	Bignoniaceae
Campsis chinensis = C. grandiflora
C. grandiflora	Pseudomegoura magnoliae
C. radicans	Aphis aurantii, craccivora, fabae, gossypii, nerii, [punicae], spiraecola, thecomae, [Aphis sp. (Davletshina 1964)];
	Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus persicae
C. × tagliabuana	Aulacorthum solani; Macrosiphum euphorbiae;
	Myzus ornatus

Key to apterae on Campsis:-

–	SIPH and cauda both black, with SIPH 1.8-2.2 × cauda, which bears only 4 hairs	…..Aphis thecomae*
–	Without that combination of characters; if SIPH and cauda are both black then cauda is relatively shorter or bears more hairs	…..go to key to polyphagous aphids, but note the possibility that specimens similar to Aphis gossypii but with SIPH less than 1.5 × cauda may be A. punicae.

*Campyloneurum*	Polypodiaceae
*Campyloneurum phyllitidis*	Idiopterus nephrelepidis

(or try key to fern-feeding aphids under Polypodium)

*Canadanthus*	Asteraceae
*Canadanthus modestus*	Uroleucon sp. nr bradburyi

*Cananga*	Annonaceae
*Cananga odorata*	Aphis aurantii, craccivora
*Cananga* sp.	[Schoutedenia ralumensis]

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

*Canarium*	Burseraceae
*Canarium album*	Aphis odinae; Sinomegoura citricola
*Canarium* sp.	[Acyrthosiphon elaeocarpi]

(Use key to polyphagous aphids)

*Canavalia*	Fabaceae
*Canavalia cubensis* = C. nitida
C. ensiformis	Aphis craccivora, gossypii
C. gladiata	Aphis craccivora, gossypii
C. maritima = C. rosea
C. nitida	Aphis craccivora
C. rosea	Aphis craccivora

Use key to polyphagous aphids, starting at couplet 24.

*Cancrinia*	Asteraceae
*Cancrinia discoidea*	Macrosiphoniella sp. (Kadyrbekov 2005b)

*Canna*	Cannaceae
*Canna coccinea*	Neomyzus circumflexus; Rhopalosiphum padi
C. indica	Aphis fabae; Aulacorthum solani; [Hyalopterus pruni];
	Macrosiphum euphorbiae;
	Myzus ascalonicus, ornatus, persicae;
	Neomyzus circumflexus; Rhopalosiphoninus latysiphon;
	Rhopalosiphum [nymphaeae], padi; [Sitobion sp.]
C. orientalis = C. indica
Canna spp.	Aphis gossypii, spiraecola; Brachycaudus helichrysi;
	[Pentalonia kalimpongensis]; Sitobion miscanthi, neusi

Key to apterae on Canna:-

1	SIPH dark, tapering/cylindrical, with a distal zone of polygonal reticulation	…..2
–	SIPH if dark then without a distal zone of polygonal reticulation, or markedly swollen	…..go to key to polyphagous aphids
2	Dorsal abdomen with a dark irregular central sclerite. ANT dark beyond base of III, with PT/BASE more than 6.5	…..Sitobion neusi
–	Dorsal abdomen membranous. ANT mainly pale, with ANT PT/BASE less than 6.5	…..Sitobion miscanthi

*Cannabis*	Cannabaceae
*Cannabis gigantea* = C. sativa
C. indica = C. sativa
C. ruderalis = C. sativa
C. sativa	Aphis fabae, gossypii, [sativae Williams (see Davis
	1911, 271)], [Aphis sp. (Davletshina 1964, 124)]; Aulacorthum solani; Myzus persicae; Phorodon cannabis;
	Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominale

Key to apterae on Cannabis:-

–	ANT tubercles bearing finger-like processes. Dorsal hairs with capitate apices	…..Phorodon cannabis
–	ANT tubercles without finger-like processes. Dorsal hairs not capitate	……go to key to polyphagous aphids

*Capillipedium*	Poaceae
*Capillipedium assimile*	Pseudoregma panicola
*C.parviflorum*	Asiphonella cynodonti; Chaetogeoica graminiphaga;
	Sitobion miscanthi; Tetraneura multisetosa, akinire
Capillipedium spp.	Chaetogeoica polychaeta;
	Tetraneura basui, javensis, radicola / yezoensis group

Use key to apterae of grass-feeding aphids under Digitaria.

*Capnoides*	Papaveraceae
*Capnoides brandegeei* = Corydalis caseana ssp. brandegeei
*Capnoides* sp.	Macrosiphum sp. (Colorado, USA; BMNH collection, leg.
(or Corydalis sp.?)	F.C.Hottes & D. Hille Ris Lambers)

*Capparis*	Capparaceae
Capparis flexuosa	Aphis craccivora
C. leucophylla	Aphis gossypii
C. spinosa	Anuraphis capparidis; Aphis craccivora, fabae, gossypii;
	[Brachyunguis zygophylli]; Brevicoryne brassicae

Key to apterae on Capparis:-

1	Cauda short, rounded or broadly triangular, not longer than its basal width in dorsal view	…..2
–	Cauda distinctly longer than its basal width in dorsal view	.….go to key to polyphagous aphids
2	Cauda broadly triangular. Dorsal abdomen with dark segmental markings. ABD TERG 1 and 7 without marginal tubercles (MTu)	…..Brevicoryne brassicae
–	Cauda rounded. Dorsal abdomen without dark markings. ABD TERG 1 and 7 with Mtu	….. Anuraphis capparidis* (possibly an immature Aphis?)

*Capraria*	Scrophulariaceae
*Capraria biflora*	Aphis gossypii

Capriola see Cynodon

Poaceae

*Capsella*	Brassicaceae
*Capsella bursa-pastoris*	Abstrusomyzus phloxae; Acyrthosiphon auctum, pisum;
	Aphis aurantii, [craccae], craccivora, fabae, frangulae,
	gossypii, [loti ssp. gollmicki], nasturtii, [plantaginis],
	[rhamnicola], sambuci, [scabiosae], solanella, spiraecola,
	[symphyti];
	Aulacorthum solani, [speyeri];
	Brachycaudus cardui, helichrysi, lateralis;
	Brachyunguis harmalae; Brevicoryne brassicae;
	Dysaphis capsellae, rara,
	[Dysaphis sp. (Shaposhnikov, 1987b)];
	[Ericaphis fimbriata, wakibae]; Forda formicaria;
	Geoica utricularia;
	Lipaphis [alliariae], erysimi, pseudobrassicae;
	Macrosiphum euphorbiae, [pyrifoliae, stellariae, tenuicauda];
	Myzus antirrhinii, ascalonicus, cerasi, [certus], ornatus,
	persicae;
	[Nasonovia ribisnigri]; Nearctaphis bakeri;
	Neomyzus circumflexus; Pemphigus sp.;
	Prociphilus erigeronensis; Protaphis middletonii;
	Rhopalosiphoninus latysiphon, staphyleae;
	Rhopalosiphum [maidis], padi, [nymphaeae];
	Sitobion akebiae, avenae; Smynthurodes betae
C. grandiflora	Brevicoryne brassicae
C. rubella	Aphis solanella; Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus persicae

Key to aphids on Capsella:-

(C. bursa-pastoris (“Shepherd’s Purse”) is a popular “reserve host” throughout a large part of the world for numerous species of aphids, including many which are otherwise specific to other plant genera or families. It seems to be a plant that aphids – particularly grass and legume feeders – can utilise, and even form flourishing colonies on, usually at times of year when their normal hosts are scarce or unavailable. The key below attempts to discriminate the species most likely to be found on Capsella, but neither the list above or the key can be regarded as at all comprehensive.)

1	ANT PT/BASE less than 1. SIPH absent or, if present, then only about 0.5 × cauda	…..2
–	ANT PT/BASE more than 1. SIPH present and more than 0.5 × cauda	…..7
2	ANT PT/BASE more than 0.5. Eyes multifacetted. SIPH present, about 0.5 × the finger-like cauda	…..Brachyunguis harmalae
–	ANT PT/BASE less than 0.5. Eyes with 3 facets. SIPH absent (on roots). Cauda rounded, not developed	…..3
3	ANT with primary rhinaria having fimbriate rims	…..4
–	ANT with primary rhinaria having naked rims	…..6
4	Anal plate displaced dorsally. Hairs on dorsal body and appendages often spatulate. Wax gland plates absent	…..Geoica utricularia
–	Anal plate not displaced dorsally. Hairs on body and appendages pointed. Wax gland plates present, at least on posterior abdominal segments	…..5
5	Cauda and anal plate extended posteriorly, dark, and bearing numerous long hairs. R IV with 6-10 accessory hairs	…..Prociphilus erigeronensis
–	Cauda and anal plate not extended posteriorly, with few short hairs. R IV without accessory hairs	…..Pemphigus sp.
6	Primary rhinaria with thick, sclerotic rims. ANT III 0.8-1.7 × the elongate ANT II. R IV+V 1.0-1.8 × ANT II	…..Smynthurodes betae
–	Primary rhinaria with thin rims. ANT III 3.3-4.6 × ANT II. R IV+V 2.1-2.9 × ANT II	…..Forda formicaria
7	ANT tubercles absent or, if developed then small, and with median tubercle on front of head also developed; front of head therefore either convex, straight or sinuate in dorsal view. SIPH without polygonal reticulation	…..8
–	ANT tubercles moderately to well developed, with inner faces convergent, parallel or divergent in dorsal view; if rather low and divergent then SIPH have distal polygonal reticulation	…..19
8	SIPH almost cylindrical on basal half and slightly swollen on distal part, narrowing just before flange	…..9
–	SIPH tapering gradually from base to flange, with no trace of swelling on distal part …..12
9	Cauda broadly triangular, about as long as its basal width in dorsal view. ANT III 2.5-3.7 × SIPH. Dorsal abdomen with dark segmental markings	…..Brevicoryne brassicae
–	Cauda tongue-or finger-shaped, longer than its basal width. ANT III 1.2-1.7 × SIPH. Dorsal abdomen without dark markings (except on ABD TERG 7-8)	…..10
10	ANT PT/BASE 3.0-4.0. SIPH smooth on narrowest part just proximal to flange. ABD TERG 1 and 7 always with small marginal tubercles (MTu)	…..Rhopalosiphum padi
–	ANT PT/BASE 1.8-2.7. SIPH with transverse striae on narrowest part just proximal to flange. ABD TERG 1 and 7 without Mtu	…..11
11	ANT III + PT together 1.95-2.5 × SIPH (90% of specimens less than 2.4×)	…..Lipaphis erysimi
–	ANT III + PT together 2.1-3.2 × SIPH (90% of specimens more than 2.4×)	…..Lipaphis pseudobrassicae
12	ABD TERG 1 and 7 always with MTu. Spinal tubercles (STu) absent. Cauda tongue-shaped or bluntly conical, not constricted at base	…..13
–	ABD TERG 1 and 7 either without MTu, or if MTu are present then they are always in association with STu on ABD TERG 7 and/or 8. Cauda helmet-shaped or bluntly conical, somewhat constricted at base	…..14
13	ABD TERG 2-4(-5) regularly with well-developed marginal tubercles (MTu), of basal diameter about equal to distal diameter of SIPH	…..Aphis sambuci
–	ABD TERG 2-4 without or only sporadically with small MTu (Go to key to polyphagous aphids, starting at couplet 24, but note that specimens running to gossypii may be one of a number of species/subspecies of the gossypii and frangulae groups that are recorded from Capsella (see systematic accounts under these two names), and specimens running to craccivora may be loti ssp. gollmicki.)	…..polyphagous Aphis spp.
14	Abdomen with an extensive dark dorsal shield	…..15
–	Abdomen without extensive dark markings anterior to SIPH	…..16
15	Longest hairs on hind femur 10-25 mm	…..Brachycaudus lateralis
–	Longest hairs on hind femur more than 25 mm long	…..Brachycaudus cardui
16	SIPH dark, with normal imbrication, and more than 1.5 × cauda. MTu are always present, at least on ABD TERG 1-4	…..17
–	SIPH pale, smooth or spiculose, less than 1.5 × cauda. MTu rarely present	…..18
17	Longest hairs on ANT III 29-42 μm, 1.3-1.8 × BD III, and hairs on ABD TERG 8 are 58-82 μm. R IV+V 1.12-1.24 × HT II	…..Dysaphis capsellae*
–	Longest hairs on ANT III 9-13 μm, 0.4-0.6 × BD III, and hairs on ABD TERG 8 are 29-39 μm. R IV+V 1.21-1.31 (-1.58) × HT II	…..Dysaphis rara (?)*
18	SIPH smooth. Spiracular apertures large and rounded	…..Brachycaudus helichrysi
–	SIPH ornamented with rows of minute spicules. Spiracular apertures reniform	…..Nearctaphis bakeri
19	SIPH pale, without polygonal reticulation , tapering/cylindrical, and only 0.12-0.20 × BL and 0.85-1.33 × cauda	…..Acyrthosiphon auctum
–	SIPH if pale, tapering/cylindrical and without polygonal reticulation, then more than 0.20 × BL and/or more than 1.25 × cauda	…..20
20	BL 2.5-5.5 mm. SIPH pale, without any subapical reticulation, very long and attenuate distally (thinner than middle part of hind tibia), but less than 2 × cauda	…..Acyrthosiphon pisum
–	If BL is more than 2.5 mm, and SIPH are pale and less than 2 × cauda, then SIPH have subapical polygonal reticulation	…..21
21	SIPH black, 1.1-1.9 × cauda, with polygonal reticulation on distal 0.15-0.40 of length. R IV+V very short and blunt, 0.6-0.8 × HT II	…..22
–	Without this combination of characters	…..23
22	SIPH 1.4-1.9 × cauda	…..Sitobion akebiae/miscanthi
–	SIPH 1.1-1.4 × cauda	…..Sitobion avenae
23	SIPH black, tapering, coarsely imbricated. Dorsal cuticle extensively sclerotised, often wholly dark, and wrinkled with a jigsaw puzzle-like pattern. Large, dark, densely spiculose postsiphuncular sclerites are present	…..Myzus cerasi
–	Without this combination of characters	.….go to key to polyphagous aphids

*Capsicum*	Solanaceae
Capsicum annuum	[Acyrthosiphon gossypii, pisum];
(incl. baccatum, frutescens)	Aphis craccivora, fabae, gossypii, nasturtii, spiraecola;
	Aulacorthum solani, [Brevicoryne brassicae];
	[Hayhurstia atriplicis]; Macrosiphum euphorbiae;
	Myzus ascalonicus, ornatus, persicae;
	Neomyzus circumflexus; Protaphis middletonii;
	Rhopalosiphoninus latysiphon;
	Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominale; [Sipha flava];
	[Tinocalloides montanus]
C. dulce = C. annuum
*C. indicum* = C. annuum

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

*Caragana*	Fabaceae
*Caragana arborescens*	Acyrthosiphon caraganae, caraganae ssp. occidentale,
	caraganae spp. sachalinense, pisum;
	Aphis craccivora, cytisorum;
	Therioaphis aizenbergi, kundurensis, tenera
C. aurantiaca	Aphis craccivora
C. balchaschensis	Acyrthosiphon caraganae; Aphis craccivora
C. boisii	Therioaphis tenera
C. camilli-schneideri	Acyrthosiphon caraganae; Aphis craccivora
C. caragana	Therioaphis tenera
C. chamlagu = C. sinica
C. chaniaga	Acyrthosiphon caraganae; Aphis craccivora
C. changduensis	Aphis craccivora
C. decorticans	Aphis craccivora; Therioaphis tenera
C. frutex	Acyrthosiphon caraganae; Aphis craccivora; Myzus persicae;
	Therioaphis beijingensis, tenera, tenera ssp. frutex
C. fruticosa	Therioaphis kundurensis, tenera
C. grandiflora	Aphis craccivora
C. jubata	Therioaphis tenera
C. kirghisorum	Aphis craccivora
C. microphylla	Acyrthosiphon caraganae; Aphis fabae; Myzus persicae
C. mollis = C. frutex
C. pleiophylla	Therioaphis tenera
C. pumila	Acyrthosiphon caraganae; Therioaphis tenera
C. pygmaea	Acyrthosiphon caraganae; Aphis craccivora
C. sinica	Acyrthosiphon caraganae; Aphis craccivora;
	Therioaphis tenera
C. spinosa	Acyrthosiphon caraganae; Aphis craccivora
C. turkestanica	Acyrthosiphon caraganae; Aphis craccivora
Caragana sp.	Acyrthosiphon kondoi; [Betulaphis brevipilosa];
	[Titanosiphon dracunculi]

Key to aphids on Caragana:-

1	Cauda knobbed, anal plate bilobed. SIPH as short, truncate cones. ANT PT/BASE less than 1.7 (applies to both apterae and alatae)	…..2
–	Cauda tongue- or finger-shaped, anal plate entire. SIPH tubular. ANT PT/BASE more than 2.0 (applies to both apterae and alatae)	…..6
2	ABD TERG 1-5 each with 5 or 6 long, capitate spinopleural hairs arising from pigmented sclerites (applies to both apterae and alatae)	…..Therioaphis aizenbergi
–	ABD TERG 1-5 each with only two slightly capitate spinal hairs, with basal sclerites pale or dark (applies to both apterae and alatae)	…..3
3	SIPH dark. Spinal hairs arising from dark sclerites, with those on ABD TERG 3 displaced laterally (all viviparae are alate)	…..Therioaphis beijingensis*
–	SIPH pale. Spinal hairs arising from pale/dusky sclerites or tuberculate bases, those on ABD TERG 3 not laterally displaced	…..4
4	Apt. vivip. present. Both apt. and al. with spinal hairs arising from tuberculate bases (less well developed in al., which have 12-20 sec. rhin. on ANT III)	…..Therioaphis kundurensis*
–	All vivip. are al., with spinal hairs on flat or weakly convex sclerites, which may be fused medially on some tergites. ANT III with 7-15 sec. rhin.`	…..5
5	(Al.) Dorsal body hairs 11-25 μm long, and flabellate. Forewing veins heavily bordered with fuscous	…..Therioaphis tenera ssp. frutex
–	(Al.) Dorsal body hairs 19-41 μm long, with blunt or capitate apices. Forewing veins weakly bordered	…..Therioaphis tenera s. str.
6	SIPH gradually tapering or cylindrical on distal half, 4.75-8.5 × R IV+V, without any subapical polygonal reticulation	…..7
–	SIPH less than 4.5 × R IV+V, or if more then with subapical polygonal reticulation	…..9
7	ANT I longer than wide and bearing 9-23 hairs. SIPH attenuate distally, thinner than hind tibia at midlength. ANT VI BASE 1.6-2.9 × R IV+V	…..Acyrthosiphon pisum
–	ANT I not longer than wide, bearing 7-10 hairs. SIPH not so attenuate distally, as thick as or thicker than (0.95-1.7 ×) diameter of hind tibia at midlength. ANT VI BASE 1.1-1.7 × R IV+V	…..8
8	SIPH 1.75-2.05 × cauda. Diameter of SIPH at midlength 0.95-1.45 × diameter of hind tibia at midlength	…..Acyrthosiphon kondoi
–	SIPH 1.45-1.9 × cauda (only more than 1.8 × in large specimens with SIPH at least 0.9 mm). Diameter of SIPH at midlength 1.25-1.7 × diameter of hind tibia at midlength	…..Acyrthosiphon caraganae
9	Dorsum with an extensive black shield	…..10
–	Dorsum without an extensive black shield	…..go to key to polyphagous aphids
10	R IV+V 0.88-1.16 × HT II (mostly 0.9-1.05 X). Anterior half of genital plate with 2 (-3) hairs	…..Aphis craccivora
	– R IV+V 0.97-1.3 × HT II (mostly 1.06-1.2 X). Anterior half of genital plate with 2-8 hairs (mode 4, mean 5.2)	…..Aphis cytisorum

Caraxylon see Iresine

Amaranthaceae

*Cardamine*	Brassicaceae
*Cardamine africana*	Aulacorthum solani; Lipaphis erysimi; Myzus ornatus
C. amara	Aphis fabae, nasturtii, triglochinis;
	Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus cerasi; [Sitobion avenae]
C. chenopodifolia	Brevicoryne brassicae
C. flexuosa.	Aphis fabae, nasturtii, triglochinis; Brevicoryne brassicae;
	Lipaphis erysimi, pseudobrassicae;
	Myzotoxoptera wimshurstae; Myzus ascalonicus, cerasi;
	Smynthurodes betae
C. flexuosa ssp. fallax = C. parviflora
C. heterophylla (?)	Aulacorthum solani; Myzus cerasi, ornatus, persicae
C. hirsuta	Aulacorthum solani; Brevicoryne brassicae;
	Jacksonia papillata; Lipaphis erysimi;
	Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzotoxoptera wimshurstae;
	Myzus ascalonicus, ornatus, persicae;
	Neomyzus circumflexus; Pseudomegoura magnoliae;
	Rhopalosiphoninus latysiphon, staphyleae;
	[Utamphorophora humboldti]
C. impatiens	Aphis [cardamine Shinji, 1922 – nomen nudum], gossypii,
	nasturtii, triglochinis;
	Brevicoryne brassicae; [Lipaphis fritzmuelleri];
	Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzotoxoptera wimshurstae;
	Myzus ascalonicus, persicae
C. lyrata	Aphis mizutakarashi; [Cavariella salicicola]
*C. oligosperma*	Myzus ascalonicus
C. parviflora	Myzus persicae
C. pratensis	Aphis triglochinis; Brevicoryne brassicae;
	Myzotoxoptera wimshurstae; Pemphigus populitransversus
C. raphanifolia	Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus ascalonicus, ornatus
C. sylvatica = C. flexuosa
Cardamine spp.	Aphis craccivora

Key to apterae on Cardamine:-

1	ANT PT/BASE less than 0.5. Eyes 3-faceted. SIPH absent	…..2
–	ANT PT/BASE more than 0.5. Eyes multifaceted. SIPH present, tubular	…..3
2	Dorsal body and antennae clothed in numerous fine hairs. ANT II much longer than ANT I. Primary rhinaria with thick sclerotised rims. Wax glands not evident	.….Smynthurodes betae
–	Body and antennae sparsely hairy. ANT I and II of similar length. Primary rhinaria with ciliate rims. Abdomen with wax glands on ABD TERG 3-7 (usually 4 glands on each of ABD TERG 3-6 and 2 on ABD TERG 7)	…..Pemphigus populitransversus
3	ANT tubercles absent or weakly developed, with middle part of front of head also developed so that front of head is either convex, straight or sinuate in dorsal view	…..4
–	ANT tubercles moderately to well developed, with inner faces convergent, parallel or divergent, and median tubercle on front of head undeveloped or only weakly developed, so that there is a frontal sinus	…..12
4	ABD TERG 1 and 7 without marginal tubercles (MTu). SIPH almost cylindrical on basal half and slightly swollen on distal part, narrowing just before flange	…..5
–	ABD TERG 1 and 7 with MTu. SIPH tapering gradually from base to flange, with no trace of swelling on distal part	…..7
5	Cauda broadly conical, about as long as its basal width in dorsal view. ANT III 2.5-3.7 × SIPH. Dorsal abdomen with dark segmental markings	…..Brevicoryne brassicae
–	Cauda tongue-shaped, longer than its basal width. ANT III 1.2-1.7 × SIPH. Dorsal abdomen without dark markings on segments anterior to SIPH	…..6
6	ANT III + PT together 1.95-2.5 × SIPH (90% of specimens less than 2.4×)	…..Lipaphis erysimi
–	ANT III + PT together 2.1-3.2 × SIPH (90% of specimens more than 2.4×)	…..Lipaphis pseudobrassicae
7	Dorsum with an extensive black shield	…..Aphis craccivora
–	Dorsum without extensive pigmentation	…..8
8	ANT PT/BASE 1.1-1.75. Cauda with 5-11 hairs. (Al. with 25-60 rhinaria on ANT III, 9-25 on IV and 7-17 on V)	…..Aphis triglochinis
–	ANT PT/BASE 1.8-3.0. Cauda with 4-24 hairs. (Al. with 5-33 rhinaria on ANT III, 0-10 on IV and 0-2 on V)	…..9
9	SIPH mainly pale or dusky, only dark towards apices	…..Aphis nasturtii
–	SIPH entirely dark	…..10
10	Cauda paler than SIPH and bearing 4-8 hairs	…..Aphis gossypii
–	SIPH and cauda both dark, cauda bearing 8-24 hairs	…..11
11	Dorsal abdomen without dark markings. Cauda with 8-14 hairs. (Al. with 2-6 rhinaria on ANT IV)	…..Aphis mizutakarashi*
–	Dorsal abdomen with dark cross-bands on ABD TERG 7 and 8, and usually with small dark spots anterior to SIPH. Cauda with 11-24 hairs. (Al. usually without rhinaria on ANT IV)	…..Aphis fabae
12	SIPH 3.6-5.0 × cauda, which is helmet-shaped, shorter than its basal width. Head spinulose, and ANT III with 1-4 rhinaria on basal half	…..Myzotoxoptera wimshurstae
–	SIPH less than 3 × cauda and other characters not in that combination	…..13
13	SIPH dark, cylindrical, coarsely imbricated, 2.3-2.9 × cauda. Dorsal cuticle sclerotic, strongly wrinkled, with large dark marginal sclerites	…..Myzus cerasi
–	Without that combination of characters	…..go to key to polyphagous aphids

*Cardaminopsis*	Brassicaceae
*Cardaminopsis arenosa* = Arabidopsis arenosa
C. halleri = Arabidopsis halleri
*C. hispida* = Arabidopsis lyrata ssp. petraea

*Cardaria*	Brassicaceae
*Cardaria draba* = Lepidium draba
C. repens = Lepidium draba ssp. chalepense

*Cardiocrinum*	Liliaceae
*Cardiocrinum giganteum*	Rhopalosiphoninus staphyleae

*Cardiospermum*	Sapindaceae
Cardiospermum halicacabum	Aphis gossypii; [Greenidea cayratiae]

*Carduus*	Asteraceae
Carduus acanthoides	Aphis acanthoidis, fabae, solanella, [symphyti];
(= crispus auct. nec. L.)	Brachycaudus cardui; Capitophorus carduinus;
	Macropodaphis tubituberculata; [Protaphis sp.];
	Uroleucon aeneum, cichorii, macrosiphon
C. albidus = C. arabicus
C. americanus	Aphis fabae; Brachycaudus cardui
C. arabicus	Aphis [euonymi], fabae, solanella; Brachycaudus cardui; Protaphis anuraphoides; Protrama radicis;
	Uroleucon [jaceae], [picridis (misident. cichorii?)]
C. argentatus	Aphis fabae, gossypii
C. armatus (?)	Uroleucon aeneum
C. arvensis = Cirsium arvense
C. assoi = C. nigrescens ssp. vivariensis
C. australis = C. pycnocephalus ssp. marmoratus
C. bourgaeanus = C. bourgaei
C. bourgaei	Aphis fabae; Brachycaudus cardui; Uroleucon aeneum
C. candicans	Aphis fabae
C. carduelis	Aphis fabae
C. carlinifolius = C. defloratus ssp. carlinifolius
C. carlinoides ssp. hispanicus	Aphis fabae
C. carpetanus	Aphis fabae; Brachycaudus cardui; Uroleucon aeneum
C. clavulatus	Aphis fabae; Brachycaudus cardui
C. colchicus	Brachycaudus cardui
C. collinus	[Protaphis sp.]
C. corymbosus	Aphis solanella
C. crispus L.	Aphis acanthoidis, fabae, gossypii;
(C. crispus auct. nec. L.	Brachycaudus cardui, helichrysi;
= C. acanthoides)	Capitophorus carduinus, elaeagni; Chitinosiphum cardui;
	Macropodaphis tubituberculata; Myzus persicae;
	[Protaphis sp.]; Uroleucon aeneum, [jaceae ssp. henrichi]
*C. defloratus* (incl. ssp.	Aphis fabae, fabae ssp. cirsiiacanthoidis, solanella,
carlinifolius, glaucus, medius)	wartenbergi;
	Aulacorthum solani; Brachycaudus cardui;
	Uroleucon aeneum, macrosiphon
C. edelbergii	Capitophorus elaeagni;
	[Uroleucon jaii (Bhagat 1981b; nomen nudum)]
C. flodmanii = Cirsium flodmanii
C. glaucus =	C. defloratus ssp. glaucus
C. hamulosus	Aphis carduicola, fabae, solanella, wartenbergi;
	Brachycaudus cardui; Myzus persicae
C. incanus = C. crispus
C. kerneri	Brachycaudus cardui
C. lanceolatus = Cirsium vulgare
C. leiophyllus = C. nutans
*C. leptacanthus*	Capitophorus elaeagni; Myzus ornatus;
	Uroleucon compositae
C. litigiosus	Aphis fabae; [Protaphis terricola]; Uroleucon aeneum
C. marianus = Silybum marianum
C. marmoratus = C. pycnocephalus ssp. marmoratus
C. medius = C. defloratus ssp. medius
C. myriacanthus	Capitophorus carduinus
C. nigrescens	Aphis fabae; Brachycaudus helichrysi; Uroleucon aeneum
(incl. ssp. vivariensis)
C. niveus = Alfredia nivea
C. nutans (incl. ssp. platylepis)	Aphis acanthoidis, fabae, gossypii, [symphyti], [verbasci],
	wartenbergi;
	Brachycaudus cardui, cardui ssp. turanica, helichrysi ;
	Capitophorus carduinus, elaeagni;
	Macrosiphoniella tuberculata, Myzus persicae;
	Protaphis anuraphoides, carthami, [cousiniae], [terricola];
	Uroleucon aeneum, cichorii
C. nyassanus	Aphis fabae, spiraecola; Capitophorus elaeagni;
	Uroleucon compositae
C. ochrocentrus = Cirsium ochrocentrum
C. onopordioides	Aphis solanella; Dysaphis atina
C. palustris = Cirsium palustre
C. personata	Aphis fabae; Brachycaudus cardui;
	Capitophorus carduinus, elaeagni;
	Uroleucon aeneum, macrosiphon
C. pratensis = Cirsium dissectum
C. pycnocephalus	Aphis fabae;
( incl. ssp. marmoratus)	Brachycaudus cardui, helichrysi, lateralis;
	Capitophorus carduinus, elaeagni;
	Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus ascalonicus;
	Protaphis pseudocardui; [Trama caudata];
	Uroleucon aeneum, [sonchi (misidentified cichorii)?]
C. schischkinii = C. nutans
C. seminudus	Brachycaudus cardui; Uroleucon jaceae group (aeneum?)
C. tenuiflorus	Aphis fabae; Brachycaudus cardui, lateralis;
	Capitophorus elaeagni, [horni]; Uroleucon aeneum
C. thoermeri	Aphis acanthoidis, fabae, [frangulae]; Brachycaudus cardui;
	Uroleucon aeneum
C. tmoleus	Brachycaudus cardui; Uroleucon aeneum
C. tridentinus	Uroleucon aeneum
C. uncinatus	Aphis carduicola; Brachycaudus cardui;
	[Dysaphis sp. nr. cirsii]; [Protaphis sp.];
	Protrama flavescens; Smynthurodes betae
Carduus spp.	[Anoecia corni];
	Aphis asclepiadis, [castanea Koch, 1857];
	[Bipersona torticauda]; [Brachycaudus persicae];
	[Hyperomyzus carduellinus];
	Macrosiphoniella riedeli;
	Pemphigus bursarius; Trama baroni, troglodytes;
	Uroleucon [erigeronensis], mongolicum ssp. cardui

Key to apterae on Carduus:-

1	ANT PT/BASE less than 0.7. SIPH as pores placed on flat cones, or absent	…..2
–	ANT PT/BASE more than 0.7. SIPH conical or tubular	…..5
2	Body and appendages sparsely hairy. Hind tarsus normal, less than 0.25 × hind tibia. Dorsal abdomen with wax gland plates on posterior segments	…..Pemphigus bursarius
–	Body and appendages densely hairy.Hind tarsus elongate, more than 0.5 × hind tibia. No wax gland plates	…..3
3	SIPH completely absent. Head and appendages pale/dusky. ANT PT/BASE 0.16-0.24	…..Trama troglodytes
–	SIPH present as pores placed on flat, usually pigmented, cones. Head and appendages dark. ANT PT/BASE 0.33-0.69	…..4
4	Hind tarsus 0.65-0.70 × hind tibia, and bearing two distinct types of hair, one type much longer and straighter than the other, exceeding 2 × width of tarsus at midlength	…..Trama baroni
–	Hind tarsus 0.72-0.87 × hind tibia, with only one type of hair (curved, and less than 1.5 × width of tarsus)	…..Protrama radicis
5	Dorsal hairs arising from prominent tubercles, some of which are taller than their basal widths. SIPH as short, truncate cones. Cauda knobbed	…..Macropodaphis tubituberculata*
–	Dorsal hairs with or without tuberculate bases, but these are not as tall as their basal widths. SIPH tubular. Cauda not distinctly knobbed	…..6
6	Long, capitate dorsal hairs present, at least on head and posterior abdomen, the longest of them 1.5-3.0 × diameter at midlength of the pale slender SIPH, which are 2.4-3.5 × cauda and do not have distal reticulation. ANT III without rhinaria	…..7
–	Dorsal hairs not distinctly capitate, less than 1.5 × midlength diameter of the pale or dark SIPH, which are usually less than 2.4 × cauda. ANT III with or without rhinaria	…..8
7	Cauda 1.1-1.5 × R IV+V, and bearing 5-8 hairs. ANT PT 3.1-4.4 × R IV+V, and ANT PT/BASE 4.6-6.3. SIPH without dark apices	…..Capitophorus carduinus
–	Cauda 1.4-2.3 × R IV+V, and bearing 7-13 hairs. ANT PT 4.5-6.3 × R IV+V, and ANT PT/BASE 6.0-9.2. SIPH with dark apices	…..Capitophorus elaeagni
8	SIPH dark, wholly or in distal part, with polygonal reticulation on more than distal 0.2 of length	…..9
–	SIPH pale or dark, but if dark then without any polygonal reticulation, and if pale then any reticulation extends maximally up to distal 0.2 of length	…..15
9	Dorsal abdominal hairs all arising from pale tubercles	…..10
–	Dorsal abdominal hairs all or mostly arising from dark scleroites	…..11
10	R IV+V narrow-based and acute, 1.2-1.4 × HT I. SIPH distally dark and basally pale. Cauda pale. Tibiae mainly pale. ANT III pale except at apex, with 13-25 rhinaria extending up to 0.7 of length	…..Macrosiphoniella tuberculata
–	R IV+V 0.9-1.0 × HT II. SIPH and cauda uniformly dark. Tibiae mainly dark. ANT III dark except at base, with 34-51 rhinaria extending over almost the entire length	…..Macrosiphoniella riedeli
11	Cauda pale. Antesiphuncular sclerites present or absent	…..12
–	Cauda dark. Antesiphuncular sclerites absent	…..13
12	Crescent-shaped antesiphuncular sclerites present	…..Uroleucon cichorii
–	Antesiphuncular sclerites absent	…..Uroleucon mongolicum ssp. cardui
13	ANT III with 48-86 rhinaria extending over 0.85-0.92 of length of segment. Cauda with 10-22 hairs. ABD TERG 2-4 without marginal tubercles (MTu)	…..Uroleucon compositae
–	ANT III with 20-45 rhinaria on basal 0.35-0.52 of length. Cauda with 23-30 hairs. ABD TERG 2-4 with or without MTu	…..14
14	R IV+V about equal in length to, or slightly shorter than, HT II, which is usually more than 0.21 mm long. ABD TERG 2-4 without MTu, or sporadically with small MTu no larger than hair bases	…..Uroleucon macrosiphon
–	R IV+V 1.2-1.4 × HT II, which is usually less than 0.21 mm long. ABD TERG 2-4 regularly with MTu (90% with a total of 5 or more), often larger than hair bases	…..Uroleucon aeneum
15	Cauda helmet-shaped, with at least a slight basal constriction, a little shorter than its basal width, and bearing 4-8 hairs	…..16
–	Cauda (if developed) tongue- or finger-shaped, or bluntly conical, without any basal constriction, usually longer than its basal width, if shorter then bearing more than 10 hairs	…..19
16	Head and ABD TERG 8 with spinal tubercles (STu). Spiracular apertures small, reniform (partly covered by opercula)	…..Dysaphis atina
–	Head and ABD TERG 8 without STu. Spiracular apertures large and rounded	…..17
17	Abdomen without extensive dark markings. SIPH pale, smooth, 0.9-1.5 × cauda. Mesosternum without mammariform processes	…..Brachycaudus helichrysi
–	Abdomen with an extensive dark dorsal shield. SIPH dark, imbricated, 2.1-3.4 × cauda. Mesosternum with a pair of dark mammariform processes	…..18
18	Longest hairs on hind femur 10-25 mm	…..Brachycaudus lateralis
–	Longest hairs on hind femur more than 25 mm long	…..Brachycaudus cardui
19	Marginal tubercles (MTu) always present on ABD TERG 1 and 7. ANT tubercles undeveloped or weakly developed, head not spiculose or spinulose	…..20
–	No MTu on ABD TERG 1 and 7. ANT tubercles well developed, or if weakly developed then head spinulose	…..29
20	R IV+V longer than ANT PT. ANT PT/BASE 0.8-1.4. SIPH 0.65-1.2 × cauda which is helmet-shaped or bluntly conical, 0.7-1.2 × its basal width	…..21
–	R IV+V shorter than ANT PT. ANT PT/BASE more than 1.4. SIPH 0.8-2.2 × cauda which is tongue- or finger-like and usually more than 1.2 × its basal width	…..23
21	SIPH 0.50-0.68 × R IV+V, and 0.65-0.86 × cauda. Longest hairs on ABD TERG 3 are 1.2-1.8 × ANT BD III	…..Protaphis carthami
–	SIPH 0.7-0.9 × R IV+V and 0.88-1.2 × cauda. Longest hairs on ABD TERG 3 are 0.7-1.3 × ANT BD III	…..22
22	ANT III usually without sec. rhinaria (rarely with 1-3). R IV+V 1.28-1.36 × HT II. Longest hairs on ABD TERG 3 are 0.7-1.1 × ANT BD III	…..Protaphis pseudocardui
–	ANT III usually with (1-10) sec. rhinaria. R IV+V 1.45-1.65 × HT II. Longest hairs on ABD TERG 3 are 1.2-1.3 × ANT BD III	…..Protaphis anuraphoides
23	ANT PT/BASE 1.4-1.9. Dorsal body hairs and those on antennae all very short; hairs on ANT III up to 0.6 × BD III, and those on ABD TERG 8 shorter than BD III	…..24
–	ANT PT/BASE 1.7-3.5; if less than 1.9 then hairs longer; those on ANT III 0.6-3.4 × BD III, those on ABD TERG 8 are 1-5 × BD III	…..26
24	MTu occur only rarely on ABD TERG 2-4. R IV+V 1.30-1.56 × HT II …..Aphis carduicola
–	MTu almost always present on some or all of ABD TERG 2-4. R IV+V 1.03-1.38 × HT II	…..25
25	SIPH 1.6-2.2 × cauda	…..Aphis acanthoidis
–	SIPH 1.3-1.5 × cauda	…..Aphis wartenbergi
26	Cauda pale, dusky or dark, bearing 4-7(-8) hairs. Longest hind femoral hairs only 0.4-0.7 × diameter of trochantro-femoral suture	…..Aphis gossypii
–	Cauda always dark like SIPH, and bearing 7-24 hairs. Longest hind femoral hairs usually more than 0.7 × diameter of trochantro-femoral suture	…..27
27	ANT I dark, but ANT II pale or dusky, not much darker than basal half of ANT III. Dorsal abdomen usually without any dark markings anterior to SIPH (except for dark intersegmental muscle sclerites). HT I with a sense peg between the pair of fine hairs. Cauda bearing 7-12 hairs	…..Aphis asclepiadis
–	ANT I and II are both dark, contrasting with ANT III. Dorsal abdomen usually with some dark markings anterior to SIPH (in addition to dark intersegmental muscle sclerites). HT I without a sense peg, with only the 2 fine hairs. Cauda bearing 11-27 hairs	…..28
28	Longest hair on ANT III 35-50 μm, longest hair on hind femur 60-85 μm. R IV+V 0.85-1.05 × HT II. SIPH 0.9-1.6 × cauda and 0.10-0.17 × BL. ANT PT/BASE 2.4-3.4	…..Aphis fabae
–	Longest hair on ANT III 15-25 μm, longest hair on hind femur 45-70 μm. R IV+V 1.05-1.30 × HT II. SIPH 1.3-1.8 × cauda and 0.14-0.20 × BL. ANT PT/BASE 2.9-3.4	…..Aphis solanella
29	Head spinulose with low divergent ANT tubercles. Tergum extensively sclerotised. ANT mainly dark with 1-6 rhinaria on basal part of III. SIPH dark, c.2.5 × the short dark tongue-shaped cauda	…..Chitinosiphum cardui*
–	If head is spinulose or spiculose then ANT tubercles are well developed with inner faces steep-sided, almost parallel or apically convergent. Other characters not in that combination	…..go to key to polyphagous aphids

*Carex* Sedges	Cyperaceae
(Due to differing applications of older names it is not always clear as to which sedge species a published host record applies.)
*Carex acuta* (incl. gracilis)	Allaphis cyperi, producta, verrucosa;
	Atheroides serrulatus; Caricosipha paniculatae;
	Ceruraphis eriophori; Metopolophium dirhodum;
	Rhopalosiphum padi; Schizaphis pilipes;
	Sipha glyceriae; Sitobion avenae;
	Subsaltusaphis lambersi, ornata, pallida, picta;
	[Thripsaphis caricis]; Vesiculaphis theobaldi
**C. acutiformis (incl. paludosa)**	Allaphis cyperi, producta; Atheroides serrulatus;
	Colopha compressa; [Laingia psammae];
	Rhopalosiphum padi; Schizaphis scirpi;
	Subsaltusaphis aquatilis, ornata, pallida, picta
*C. adelostoma*	Rhopalosiphum padi
*C. akanensis* = C. sordida
*C. amplifolia*	Allaphis californica, stromi
C. ampullacea = C. rostrata
C. appropinquata	Schizaphis scirpi; Allaphis ossiannilssoni
(incl. paradoxa auct.)
C. aquatilis (incl. vars minor,	Allaphis cyperi, verrucosa; Schizaphis mali;
substricta)	Sitobion avenae; Subsaltusaphis aquatilis, virginica
C. aquatilis var. dives	Allaphis cyperi; Ceruraphis eriophori
C. arenaria	Anoecia pskovica; Iziphya bufo;
	[Juncobia leegei, in error (Börner 1952, 65)];
	Sminthuraphis ulrichi
C. atrata	Allaphis producta; Caricosipha paniculatae;
	Subsaltusaphis picta
C. baccans	Carolinaia scirpi
C. bigelowii	Iziphya vittata
C. bigelowii ssp. rigida	Allaphis cyperi
C. brevicollis	Caricosipha paniculatae
C. breviculmis (incl. royleana)	[Aphis gossypii]; Paracolopha takahashii
C. brevior	Iziphya vittata
C. brizoides	Caricosipha paniculatae; Iziphya bufo, memorialis;
	Rhopalosiphum padi; Sitobion fragariae;
	Vesiculaphis theobaldi
C. bromoides	Iziphya flabella
C. brunnea	Colopha graminis
C. brunnescens	Rhopalosiphum padi
C. buxbaumii	Schizaphis caricis
C. caespitosa see cespitosa
*C. canescens* L.	Sipha glyceriae
C. canescens auct. non L. see C. curta
C. capitata	Byrsocryptoides zelkovae; [Carolinaia schlingeri];
	Sitobion fragariae; Zelkovaphis caucasica
C. caryophyllea	Iziphya bufo, maculata, memorialis; Nevskya fungifera
C. cespitosa	Allaphis producta, verrucosa; Ceruraphis eriophori;
	Rhopalosiphum padi; [Schizaphis sp. (Holman 1991c)];
	Subsaltusaphis picta, taoi;
	Thripsaphis ballii ssp. caespitosae, ballii ssp. longisetis
C. cinerea	Sipha glyceriae
C. colchica	Caricosipha paniculatae; Iziphya bufo;
	Sminthuraphis ulrichi
C. comosa	Allaphis californica
C. concinnoides	Rhopalosiphum padi
C. contigua = C. spicata
C. crawfordii	Iziphya vittata; Vesiculaphis theobaldi
C. crinita	Allaphis cyperi
C. cryptocarpa = C. lyngbeyi
C. cuprina	Caricosipha paniculatae; Vesiculaphis theobaldi
C. curta	Allaphis producta; Iziphya bufo, ingegardae;
	Metopolophium dirhodum; Rhopalosiphum padi;
	Schizaphis caricis, glyceriae; Sitobion avenae;
	Subsaltusaphis flava, picta
C. curvula	Aploneura werthi; [Pemphigus sp.]
C. dahurica	Sitobion fragariae
C. densa	Abstrusomyzus phloxae
C. diandra	Ceruraphis eriophori; [Metopolophium sp.];
	Schizaphis caricis; Vesiculaphis theobaldi
C. digitata	[Anoecia corni]; Ceruraphis eriophori
C. dioica	Baizongia pistaciae
C. dispalata	Subsaltusaphis taoi
C. distans	Allaphis cyperi; Atheroides brevicornis;
	Caricosipha paniculatae; Iziphya bufo;
	Sipha elegans, maydis; Subsaltusaphis picta;
	Thripsaphis striata
C. disticha	Atheroides serrulatus; Caricosipha paniculatae
C. diversicolor var. cuspidata = C. flacca ssp. erythrostachys
C. divisa	Saltusaphis scirpus
C. divulsa	[Anoecia furcata]; Atheroides serrulatus;
	Caricosipha paniculatae; Ceruraphis eriophori;
	[Rhopalomyzus poae];
	Schizaphis pyri, [Schizaphis sp. (Holman 1991c)];
	Sitobion fragariae; Vesiculaphis theobaldi
C. douglasii	Iziphya flabella, vittata
C. duriuscula	[Macropodaphis alexandri, paradoxa]
C. echinata (incl. stellulata)	Allaphis verrucosa; Iziphya bufo, ingegardae, memorialis;
	Rhopalosiphum padi; Schizaphis scirpi; Sitobion avenae;
	Subsaltusaphis pallida, rossneri; Vesiculaphis theobaldi
C. elata (incl ssp. omskiana)	Allaphis ossiannilssoni, producta; Sitobion avenae;
	Subsaltusaphis flava, rossneri; Thripsaphis brevicornis
C. elongata	Caricosipha paniculatae; Rhopalosiphum padi;
	Schizaphis caricis; Sitobion avenae; Vesiculaphis theobaldi
C. ferruginea	Forda formicaria
C. filicina	Acutosiphon obliquoris; [Pseudaphis abyssinica]
C. filicosa (= C. filicina?)	Acutosiphon obliquoris; Vesiculaphis sikkimensis
C. filiformis	Allaphis producta; Peltaphis hottesi;
	Subsaltusaphis flava, ornata, pallida, picta;
	Vesiculaphis theobaldi
C. flacca (incl. ssp.	Allaphis producta, verrucosa; Anoecia pskovica;
erythrostachys)	Ceruraphis eriophori; Nevskya fungifera;
	Sitobion fragariae; Subsaltusaphis ornata, paniceae
C. flava	Allaphis producta; Caricosipha paniculatae;
	Ceruraphis eriophori; [Diuraphis calamagrostis];
	Rhopalosiphum padi; Sipha glyceriae;
	Sitobion avenae, fragariae; Subsaltusaphis flava
C. frankii	Subsaltusaphis virginica
C. fusca =	C. nigra
C. gaudichaudiana	Allaphis foxtonensis
C. geyeri	Ceruraphis eriophori
C. glareosa	Allaphis verrucosa; Ceruraphis eriphori
C. glauca = C.flacca
C. globosa	Iziphya flabella
C. globularis	Rhopalosiphum padi; Sitobion avenae
C. goodenowii = C.nigra
C. gracilis = C.acuta
C. grisea	Rhopalosiphum padi; Sitobion fragariae
C. gynandra	Allaphis cyperi, verrucosa; Sipha glyceriae
C. hallerana	Nevskya meridionalis
C. haydenii	Allaphis daviaulti
C. hindsii = C. lenticularis var. limnophila
C. hirta	Allaphis producta, verrucosa; Anoecia pskovica;
	Atheroides serrulatus; Anoecia pskovica;
	Caricosipha paniculatae; Colopha compressa;
	Rhopalosiphum padi; [Roepkea marchali];
	Saltusaphis scirpus; Schizaphis caricis;
	Subsaltusaphis flava, intermedia
C. hordeistichos	Ceruraphis eriophori; Rhopalosiphum padi;
	Sitobion avenae
C. hostiana	Subsaltusaphis paniceae
C. humilis	Ceruraphis eriophori; Iziphya bufo
C. hyalinolepis	Thripsaphis ballii
*C. hystriana* (?hystericina)	Iziphya vittata
C. inflata = C. rostrata
C. juncella	Allaphis cyperi, producta, verrucosa;
	Iziphya bufo; Schizaphis variegata
C. lachenalii (= C.leporina L.)	Rhopalosiphum padi
C. laevigata	Ceruraphis eriophori; Rhopalosiphum padi
C. laevirostris = C. rhynchophysa
*C. lamprochlamys*	[Cerataphis jamuritsu]
C. lamprophysa = C. vulpina
C. lasiocarpa	Allaphis ossiannilssoni, producta, verrucosa;
(incl. filiformis Good)	Saltusaphis scirpus; Schizaphis pilipes, scirpi;
	Subsaltusaphis flava, pallida, picta;
	Thripsaphis ballii ssp. caespitosae, brevicornis, [caricis]
C. laxiflora	Ceruraphis eriophori; Schizaphis nigra
C. leiorhyncha	Schizaphis pyri
C. lenta	Colopha kansugei
C. lenticularis var. limnophila	Ceruraphis eriophori
C. lepidocarpa	Iziphya americana
C. lepidocarpa × hostiana	Myzus ascalonicus
C. leporina L. = C. lachenalli
*C. leporina* auct. non L. = C. ovalis
C. leptopoda	Allaphis verrucosa
C. ligerica = C. colchica
C. limosa	Allaphis producta; [Carolinaia schlingeri];
	Ceruraphis eriophori; Rhopalosiphum padi;
	Schizaphis caricis; Sitobion avenae
C. liparocarpos	Iziphya spenceri
C. lurida	Rhopalosiphum padi; Schizaphis graminum
C. lyngbyei	Subsaltusaphis picta
C. maackii	Sitobion akebiae
C. macloviana ssp. subfusca	Iziphya vittata
C. mannii	[Takecallis arundinariae]
C. maritima	Schizaphis gracilis
C. maximowiczii	Vesiculaphis caricis
C. melanostachya	Thripsaphis ballii ssp. caespitosae
C. mertensii	Gharesia polunini
C. meyeriana	Nevskya fungifera; Thripsaphis caricis
C. montana	Iziphya memorialis(?)
C. morrowii	Colopha kansugei
C. muehlenbergii	Iziphya flabella
C. muricata (incl. lamprocarpa)	Caricosipha paniculatae; Ceruraphis eriophori;
	Iziphya bufo; Rhopalosiphum padi;
	[Schizaphis sp. (Holman, 1991c)]; Vesiculaphis theobaldi
C. nebraskensis	Allaphis producta, utahensis, verrucosa;
	Schizaphis viridirubra; Thripsaphis ballii
C. nemorosa Rebent. = C. vulpina
C. nigra (incl. goodenowii)	Allaphis cyperi, ossiannilssoni, producta, verrucosa;
	Atheroides serrulatus; Ceruraphis eriophori;
	Iziphya bufo; Rhopalosiphum padi;
	Saltusaphis scirpus; Schizaphis pilipes;
	Sitobion avenae, fragariae;
	Subsaltusaphis flava, intermedia, ornata, paniceae, picta,
	rossneri;
	Thripsaphis ballii ssp. caespitosae, [caricis]
C. nutans Host = C. melanostachya
*C. oahuensis* var. robusta = C. wahuensis
C. otrubae = C. cuprina
C. ovalis Good.	Allaphis producta, verrucosa; Atheroides serrulatus;
(= C. leporina auct. non L.)	Caricosipha paniculatae; Ceruraphis eriophori;
	Colopha compressa; Iziphya bufo, ingegardae, memorialis;
	Metopolophium festucae; Rhopalosiphum padi;
	Sitobion avenae, fragariae; Sminthuraphis ulrichi;
	[Thripsaphis caricis]; Vesiculaphis theobaldi
C. pachystylis	Aploneura lentisci; Caricosipha paniculatae
*C. pairae*	Rhopalosiphum padi
C. paleacea	Subsaltusaphis picta
C. pallescens (incl. var. neogaea)	Ceruraphis eriophori, [viburnicola (in cult.)];
	Forda formicaria; Sitobion fragariae
C. paludosa	= C.acutiformis
C. panicea	Allaphis producta, verrucosa; Anoecia pskovica, [zirnitsi];
	[Roepkea marchali]; Saltusaphis scirpus; Sipha glyceriae;
	Subsaltusaphis paniceae, picta, rossneri;
	Vesiculaphis theobaldi
C. paniculata	Allaphis producta; Caricosipha paniculatae;
(incl. ssp. lusitanica)	[Cavariella aegopodii]; Ceruraphis eriophori;
	Schizaphis caricis; Vesiculaphis theobaldi
C. papuana = C. lamprochlamys
C. paradoxa = C. appropinquata
C. pendula	Sitobion fragariae
C. pensylvanica	Iziphya albipes, flabella;
	Thripsaphis balli ssp. caespitosae
C. pilosa	Vesiculaphis theobaldi
C. pilulifera	Iziphya bufo, flabella; Vesiculaphis theobaldi
C. plantaginea	[Rhopalosiphum cerasifoliae]
C. praecox	Iziphya bufo, memorialis; Nevskya meridionalis;
	Sipha praecocis; Sminthuraphis ulrichi
C. prasina	Sitobion avenae
C. projecta	Subsaltusaphis virginica
C. pruinosa ssp. maximowiczii	Vesiculaphis caricis
C. pseudocyperus	Allaphis cyperi, producta; Schizaphis caricis, scirpi;
	Sipha glyceriae; Sitobion avenae; Subsaltusaphis picta
C. pseudofoetida	Rhopalosiphum padi
C. recta	Atheroides serrulatus; Thripsaphis ballii
C. reinii (?)	Subsaltusaphis lambersi ssp. kamijiensis
C. remota	Caricosipha paniculatae; Ceruraphis eriophori;
	Sipha glyceriae; Sitobion avenae;
	Subsaltusaphis rossneri; Vesiculaphis theobaldi
C. rhynchophysa	Allaphis cyperi, ossiannilssoni, producta; Carolinaia floris;
	Rhopalosiphum padi; Schizaphis longisetosa;
	Sitobion avenae; Subsaltusaphis primoriensis
C. rigida = C. bigelowii ssp. rigida
C. riparia	Allaphis cyperi; Byrsocryptoides zelkovae (?);
	Caricosipha paniculatae; Ceruraphis erophori;
	Colopha compressa; [Roepkea marchali];
	Saltusaphis scirpus; Schizaphis scirpi;
	Subsaltusaphis aquatilis, lambersi, ornata, picta
C. rosea	Rhopalosiphum padi; Sitobion avenae;
	Subsaltusaphis ornatus
C. rossii	Iziphya flabella
*C. rostrata (incl. ampullacea)*	Allaphis cyperi, producta, verrucosa;
	Ceruraphis eriophori; [Diuraphis calamagrostis];
	Forda formicaria; [Geoica utricularia]; Iziphya bufo;
	Rhopalosiphum padi; Schizaphis caricis; Sipha glyceriae;
	Sitobion avenae; Subsaltusaphis flava, picta, rossneri;
	Thripsaphis ballii, caricis
C. rubra = C. cespitosa
C. salina	Thripsaphis producta (as caricis)
*C. saxatilis*	Rhopalosiphum padi
C. schottii	Allaphis verrucosa
C. scoparia	Iziphya vittata; Rhopalosiphum padi
C. secta	Metopolophium dirhodum
C. sempervirens	Caricosipha paniculatae
C. senta	Allaphis verrucosa ssp. subverrucosa
*C. setifolia*	Rhopalosiphum padi
C. siderosticta	Vesiculaphis rotunda
C. sitchensis = C. aquatilis var. dives
C. sordida	Allaphis ossiannilssoni; Schizaphiscaricis
C. spicata (incl. contigua)	Caricosipha paniculatae
C. stellulata = C.echinata
*C. stenophylla*	Iziphya spenceri
C. stipata	Iziphya vittata; Subsaltusaphis virginica
C. straminea	Caricosipha paniculatae
*C. stricta (incl. strictior)*	Allaphis stromi; Metopolophium festucae;
	Strenaphis elongata
C. subfusca = C. macloviana ssp. subfusca
C. substricta	= C. aquatilis var. substricta
*C. supina*	Sitobion fragariae
C. sylvatica	Rhopalosiphum padi; Sitobion avenae, fragariae;
	Subsaltusaphis ornata; Vesiculaphis theobaldi
C. ternaria	Allaphis foxtonensis, [producta]
*C. tomentosa* = C. filiformis
*C. tribuloides*	Ceruraphis eriophori; Iziphya americana;
	Rhopalosiphum padi
C. trichocarpa	Allaphis daviaulti; Ceruraphis eriophori
C. trifida	Ceruraphis eriophori
C. trisperma	Iziphya vittata
C. verna =	C. caryophyllea
C. vesicaria	Allaphis cyperi, producta; Atheroides serrulatus;
	Ceruraphis eriophori; Rhopalosiphum padi;
	Schizaphis caricis, scirpi, wahlgreni;
	Sitobion avenae, fragariae;
	Subsaltusaphis gracilis, intermedia, picta, rossneri;
	Thripsaphis caricis, szelegiewiczi
C. viridula ssp. brachyrhyncha see C. lepidocarpa
C. vulpina	Allaphis producta, verrucosa; Caricosipha paniculatae;
	Ceruraphis eriophori; Rhopalosiphum padi;
	Schizaphis caricis; Sitobion avenae;
	Subsaltusaphis ornata, picta;
	Thripsaphis, [caricis], szelegiewiczi ssp. carpaticae;
	Vesiculaphis theobaldi
C. vulpinoidea	Iziphya vittata; Schizaphis nigra
C. wahuensis	Thripsaphis ballii ssp. caespitosae
Carex spp.	Allaphis hybrida, pacifica, scabra,
	verrucosa ssp. nodulosa;
	Anoecia caricis; Aphis fabae, [typhae];
	Asiphonaphis japonica; Carolinaia caricis, tissoti;
	Geoica lucifuga;
	Iziphya [eurymelaina], mackaueri, mordvilkoi, variabilis;
	Pemphigus sp.; Prociphilus corrugatans;
	Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae, oxyacanthae, parvae,
	rufiabdominale;
	Saltusaphis [kienshuensis], scirpus;
	Schizaphis brachytarsus, graminum, pashtshenkoae,
	piricola, scirpicola;
	Sipha flava, maydis; [Sitobion beiquei, caricis];
	Subsaltusaphis canadensis, taoi;
	Thripsaphis ballii ssp. pennsylvanica, polytricha,
	[sensoriata], unciniae
	[Utamphorophora humboldti];
	Vesiculaphis angusticeps, caerulea, cephalata,
	nubilimaculata
“Sedge”	[Mamontova vera]; Neosaltusaphis bodenheimeri;
	[Smynthurodes betae]; Tetraneura africana

Keys to apterae on Carex:-

About 110 aphid species live on Carex. In particular, one whole tribe (Saltusaphidini) is almost exclusively confined to this plant genus. A single key would be rather cumbersome, so we have split it into two, A and B.

–	SIPH tubular; tapering, cylindrical or swollen, clearly longer than their basal widths	…..KEY A
–	SIPH in form of short truncate cones not clearly longer than their basal widths, or present merely as pores, or completely absent	…..KEY B

Carex aphids –

KEY A

1	SIPH tapering to a point, with aperture placed laterally (Fig.18a). ANT 5-segmented, with PT/BASE less than 1	…..Acutosiphon obliquoris
–	SIPH cylindrical or swollen, with terminal aperture. ANT 5- or 6-segmented, with PT/BASE more or less than 1	…..2
2	Head flattened and produced anteriorly, and sometimes also laterally, over antennal bases, to form either a projecting ledge (e.g. Fig.18b), or three large laterofrontal processes (the middle one displaced somewhat ventrally; Fig.18c)). SIPH very scabrous ventrally, swollen over most of length and narrowing just before flange, and curved inward at base and outward at apex into a shallow “S” curve	…..3
–	Head not flattened nor extended forward over antennal bases (although ANT tubercles may be present). SIPH scabrous, imbricated or smooth, and tapering, cylindrical or swollen	…..9
3	Front of head produced into a ledge, with median tubercle as a low swelling beneath it. Frontal hairs short and inconspicuous. Body oval	…..4
–	Front of head produced into three large separate processes, each bearing spine-like hairs. Body elongate oval	…..6
4	SIPH stout and very strongly constricted at apex (Fig.18d); width in middle 60-95 mm, 0.22-0.26 × length and 3.4-5.4 × width of subapical constriction	…..Vesiculaphis caricis
–	SIPH less stout, and less strongly constricted at apex; width in middle 45-60 mm, 0.15-0.22 × length and 2.0-2.9 × width at subapical constriction	…..5
5	Dorsum pale. ANT PT/BASE 1.5-2.2. Anterior part of frontal ledge without spinules ventrally	…..Vesiculaphis caerulea
–	Dorsum dark. ANT PT/BASE 1.25-1.5. Anterior part of frontal ledge with spinules ventrally	…..Vesiculaphis rotunda

6	Ventral side of head without rows of spinules. R IV+V 0.81-1.03 × HT II	…..Vesiculaphis cephalata
–	Ventral side of head with rows of spinules. R IV+V 1.09-1.42 × HT II	…..7
7	Median frontal process low, at most projecting only half as far as the laterofrontal processes. Abdomen with intersegmental areolations blurred with brown pigment and not clearly demarcated	…..Vesiculaphis nubilimaculata*
–	Median frontal process developed to a similar extent to laterofrontal processes. Abdomen with intersegmental areolations clearly demarcated	..…8
8	Head narrow; width between (not including) eyes does not exceed maximum length (including frontal processes). R IV+V 1.24-1.42 × HT II. ANT PT/BASE 1.05-1.34	…..Vesiculaphis angusticeps
–	Head broader, wider then its maximum length. R IV+V 1.09-1.21 × HT II. ANT PT/BASE 1.37-1.8	…..Vesiculaphis theobaldi
9	Head with inner sides of ANT tubercles developed as rounded, scabrous or spiculose processes	…..10
–	Head with ANT tubercles absent, or weakly developed, or smooth and divergent	…..14
10	ANT III with 1-3 rhinaria in a swelling near base. SIPH dusky or dark	…..11
–	ANT III without any rhinaria. SIPH pale	…..13
11	ANT PT/BASE 1.5-2.0. Hairs on ANT III minute, maximally less than 0.2 × BD III. R IV+V with 2 accessory hairs	….. Carolinaia floris
–	ANT PT/BASE 2.4-c.3.2. Hairs on ANT III maximally 0.4-0.6 × BD III. R IV+V with 4-5 accessory hairs	…..12
12	ANT PT/BASE 2.4-2.6. R IV+V 1.0-1.15 × HT II	…..”Vesiculaphis” sikkimensis*
–	ANT PT/BASE c. 3.2. R IV+V 1.2-1.3 × HT II	…..Carolinaia scirpi
13	SIPH clavate, thinnest on basal half. Processes on inner faces of antennal tubercles not converging apically	…..Myzus ascalonicus
–	SIPH not thinnest on basal half; cylindrical on distal half with just slight swelling near apex. Processes on inner faces of antennal tubercles converging apically	…..Abstrusomyzus phloxae

14	ANT 5-segmented, bearing long hairs up to 4-5 × BD III. ANT PT/BASE 4.5-5.9, with PT usually curved	…..Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominale
–	ANT 5- or 6-segmented, but if 5-segmented then hairs are much shorter and/or ANT PT/BASE is less than 3.6	…..15
15	ANT less than 0.5 × BL	…..16
–	ANT more than 0.5 × BL	…..18
16	SIPH pale/dusky, not darker than body, very rugose, cylindrical on basal half, swollen distally and narrowing just before flange (Fig.18e). Dorsum sclerotic, strongly wrinkled. ANT usually 5-segmented, with ANT PT/BASE 1.0-1.5	…..Carolinaia caricis (or tissoti)
–	SIPH black, or at least darker than body, moderately to heavily imbricated, tapering or with slight swelling. ANT usually 6-segmented, with ANT PT/BASE 1.7-3.6	…..17
17	Dorsum with extensive dark sclerotisation. Dorsal hairs long; those on ANT III about 2 × BD III. ANT III with 2-10 rhinaria near base. ANT PT/BASE 2.7-3.6	…..Ceruraphis eriophori
–	Dorsum pale, not sclerotic. Hairs on ANT III less than 2 × BD III. ANT PT/BASE 1.7-2.8	…..Rhopalosiphum maidis
18	SIPH dark with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation	…..19
–	SIPH pale or dark, without polygonal reticulation	…..21
19	SIPH 1.75-2.25 × cauda, which has a rounded apex	…..Sitobion fragariae
–	SIPH 1.1-1.9 × cauda, which has a pointed apex	…..20
20	SIPH 1.4-1.9 × cauda. R IV+V 0.77-0.97 × HT II	…..Sitobion akebiae/miscanthi
–	SIPH 1.1-1.4 (-1.5) × cauda. R IV+V 0.65-0.82 × HT II	…..Sitobion avenae
21	ANT III with 1-4 small rhinaria near base (rarely one side has none). ANT tubercles well developed, extending forward much further than middle of head in dorsal view. SIPH pale	…..22
–	ANT III without rhinaria. ANT tubercles small or only moderately developed, not extending forward much further than middle of head in dorsal view. SIPH dark or pale with dark apices	…..23
22	ANT with each segment pale at base and dusky/dark at apex (base of VI paler than apex of V). R IV+V 0.55-0.71 × HT II. (Al. without dorsal abdominal pigmentation)	…..Metopolophium dirhodum
–	ANT progressively darker from base to apex. R IV+V 0.71-0.90 × HT II. (Al. with dark dorsal abdominal bars)	…..Metopolophium festucae
23	ABD TERG 8 with 5-18 hairs. Hind tibia with numerous long, fine hairs, exceeding 2 × its diameter at midlength, along whole length (Fig.18f). Longest hairs on ANT III usually longer than BD III. Papilliform marginal tubercles usually present on all of ABD TERG 1-7	…..24
–	ABD TERG 8 with 2-4 hairs. Hind tibia with shorter hairs, or if with hairs about 2 × its middle diameter then these do not extend to basal part. Longest hairs on ANT III rarely exceeding BD III. Marginal tubercles present or absent from ABD TERG 2-6	…..30
24	Most dorsal hairs with rather blunt apices; those on ABD TERG 3 maximally about 50 mm long, up to 2.5 × ANT BD III. Longest hairs on ANT III are about 1.5 × BD III	…..Schizaphis (Paraschizaphis) sp. (nigra auctt. nec Baker – see under nigra)
–	Most dorsal hairs with fine-pointed apices; longest hairs on ABD TERG 3 are 29-130 mm long, 2-4 × BD III. Longest hairs on ANT III more than 1.5 × BD III	…..25
25	SIPH with 4-10 hairs. ANT III with 19-31 hairs, 94-112 μm long	…..26
–	SIPH without hairs. ANT III with 4-16 hairs, 18-108 μm long	…..27
26	SIPH 1.43-1.61 × cauda. R IV+V 1.13-1.17 × HT II, and bearing 2 accessory hairs. ABD TERG 8 with 16-18 hairs	…..Schizaphis pashtshenkoae
–	SIPH 2.29-2.40 × cauda. R IV+V 1.2-1.3 × HT II and bearing 2-6 accessory hairs. ABD TERG 8 with 7-11 hairs	…..Schizaphis longisetosa
27	ANT III with 15-16 hairs. SIPH 2.57-2.83 × cauda	…..Schizaphis brachytarsus
–	ANT III with 6-13 hairs. SIPH 1.50-2.78 × cauda	…..28
28	Subgenital plate usually with 2-6 hairs on anterior half (rarely up to 10). Dorsal body and ANT hairs variable in length; often some of those on both ANT III and ABD TERG 3 have blunt apices and are less than 50 μm long (range 28-87 μm and 29-100 μm respectively). R IV+V 1.02-1.25 (-1.38) × HT II. (Al. with (0-)2-5 rhinaria on ANT V)	…..Schizaphis caricis
–	Subgenital plate with (3-)5-14 hairs on anterior half. Dorsal body hairs all more than 65 μm long with pointed apices; hairs on ANT III and ABD TERG 3 are in range (30-) 50-108 μm and 81-132 μm respectively. R IV+V either 0.89-1.14 or 1.25-1.43 × HT II. Al with 0-1 rhinaria on ANT V	…..29
29	R IV+V 0.89-1.14 × HT II. Hairs on ANT III 53-108 μm long	…..Schizaphis scirpi
–	R IV+V 1.25-1.43 × HT II. hairs on ANT III (30-) 50-83 μm long …..Schizaphis scirpicola
30	SIPH black, calf-shaped, contrasting with long pale cauda	…..Hysteroneura setariae
–	SIPH pale with dark apices or dark, but if dark then cauda is similarly pigmented	…..31
31	ANT PT/BASE less than 2.3 and SIPH shorter than cauda (apt. unknown; estimated from al., which has ANT PT/BASE 1.7-2.0, and SIPH about 0.75 × cauda)	…..Schizaphis gracilis
–	ANT PT/BASE more than 2.3 and SIPH 1.0-3.0 × cauda	…..32
32	SIPH 0.07-0.11 × BL (-0.13 × in very small specimens with BL c.1.3 mm), and 1.0-1.4 × cauda (ANT often 5-segmented)	…..33
–	SIPH 0.12-0.25 × BL, and 1.25-3.0 × cauda (ANT rarely 5-segmented)	…..34
33	ANT PT/BASE 3.2-3.6	…..Rhopalosiphum parvae
–	ANT PT/BASE 4.0-5.7	…..Rhopalosiphum oxyacanthae
34	SIPH pale (often with dark apices), 1.25-1.5 × cauda. R IV+V 0.7-0.8 × HT II	…..Schizaphis graminum
–	SIPH pale or dark, 1.6-3.0 × cauda. R IV+V 0.8-1.5 × HT II	…..35
35	ABD TERG 1 and 7 without marginal tubercles (sometimes a very small tubercle on one side of ABD TERG 7 only). R IV+V 0.8-0.9 × HT II. ANT PT/BASE 3.1-3.4	…..Schizaphis variegata
–	ABD TERG 1 and 7 always with marginal tubercles (although these are sometimes not much larger than hair bases). R IV+V 0.9-1.5 × HT II. ANT PT/BASE 2.3-6.75	…..36
36	ABD TERG 6 with well-developed marginal tubercles, similar to those on 7, wider at base than the spiracular apertures	…..Schizaphis nigra
–	ABD TERG 6 either without tubercles, or with small tubercles that are not larger than spiracular apertures	…..37
37	Dorsal cuticle ornamented with spicules or nodules arranged in polygons, each polygon enclosing 1-4 similar spicules. SIPH dusky/dark, almost cylindrical for most of length or with swelling on distal half, and with a marked subapical constriction and large flange. Hairs on ABD TERG 7 and 8 short like those on more anterior tergites	…..38
–	Dorsal cuticle smooth or with reticulation but without spicules/nodules arranged in polygons. SIPH black, tapering from base to flange with no marked subapical constriction. Hairs on ABD TERG 7 and 8 much longer than hairs on more anterior tergites	…..39
38	SIPH distinctly clavate. R IV+V more than 0.14 mm long, 0.8-1.0 × HT II	…..Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae
–	SIPH not clavate. R IV+V less than 0.14 mm long, 1.0-1.1 × HT II	…..Rhopalosiphum padi
39	Longest marginal hairs on ABD TERG 1-3 shorter than ANT BD III	…..40
–	Longest marginal hairs on ABD TERG 1-3 longer than BD III	…..41
40	SIPH 1.6-2.4 × cauda. Longest hairs on hind femur as long as or longer than trochantro-femoral suture. (Al. with sec. rhin. III 15-22, IV 7-11, V 0-4)	…..Schizaphis piricola (part)
–	SIPH 2.2-3.3 × cauda. Longest hairs on hind femur shorter than trochantro-femoral suture. (Al. with sec. rhin. III 6-12, IV 2-6, V 0-2)	…..Schizaphis rotundiventris
41	Dorsal abdomen with a very marked reticulate microsculpture (Fig.18g). Spinal hairs on ABD TERG 1-3 with fine-pointed apices, and mostly about 1-2 × longer than ANT BD III. R IV+V 0.9-1.05 × HT II	…..Schizaphis pilipes
–	Dorsal abdomen with weakly defined microsculpture (Fig.18h). Spinal hairs on ABD TERG 1-3 tend to be blunt and not longer than ANT BD III. R IV+V 1.07-1.6 × HT II	…..42
42	Cauda pale/dusky. ANT I, II and base of III pale	…..43
–	Cauda dark like SIPH. ANT I and II dark like most of ANT flagellum, only base of ANT III sometimes paler	…..44
43	ANT PT/BASE 4.3-4.5. Spinal hairs on ABD TERG 1-3 (Fig.18h) much shorter than marginal hairs	…..Schizaphis wahlgreni
–	ANT PT/BASE 4.75-6.0. Spinal hairs on ABD TERG 1-3 not clearly shorter than marginal hairs	…..Schizaphis piricola (part)
44	Marginal tubercles regularly present on ABD TERG 6, and often also on 2-5 (as well as 1 and 7)	…..Schizaphis pyri
–	Marginal tubercles not usually present on ABD TERG 6, and only sporadically on ABD TERG 2-5	…..Schizaphis mali*
*Carex* aphids – KEY B	(couplets 49 and 50 are after Quednau 2010)
1	Eyes multifacetted	…..2
–	Eyes with only three facets	…..62
2	SIPH completely absent. Cauda finger-shaped. ABD TERG 1-7 with marginal tubercles (MTu)	…..Asiphonaphis japonica
–	SIPH present as slightly-raised pores or as shallow cones. Cauda undeveloped, broadly rounded or knobbed. MTu present or absent	…..3
3	Distal part of cauda developed into a knob	…..4
–	Cauda either undeveloped or broadly rounded (semicircular)	…..59
4	Dorsal hairs mostly short with pointed apices or fan- or mushroom-shaped, or if long then rod-shaped or with expanded apices. Eyes protruding. and without an ocular tubercle (triommatidium). Anal plate bilobed, with a deep cleft between the two lobes	…..5
–	Dorsal hairs mostly or partly long, and spine-like. Eyes sessile or stalked, with an ocular tubercle. Anal plate either entire or with a shallow cleft (emarginate)	…..57
5	Fore and mid tibiae thickened at base, forming a smooth sclerotic “patella” (clearly different from base of hind tibia; Fig.18i). SIPH stump-shaped, conical or raised pores	…..6
–	Fore and mid tibiae constricted at base like hind tibiae. SIPH as slightly raised pores	…..22
6	All dorsal hairs pointed, each arising from a round wax gland, and surrounded by numerous other round wax glands (Fig.18j). Body broadly oval. ANT PT/BASE 0.6-0.75. SIPH as smooth, raised pores	…..Sminthuraphis ulrichi
–	Dorsal hairs mostly fan-shaped, mushroom-shaped, or rod-shaped with expanded apices, not arising from nor surrounded by wax glands. Body narrower; pear-shaped or elongate oval. ANT PT 0.7-2.1. SIPH stump-shaped or conical, sclerotic and densely spiculose	…..7
7	Body very elongate, more than 3 times longer than its greatest width. Front of head extended anteriorly between ANT bases to level of base of ANT II, as a rounded, dome-like protruberance (Fig.19a). Dorsum pale (except for intersegmental muscle sclerites)	…..Strenaphis elongata
–	Body less than 3 times its greatest width. Front of head angular (e.g. fig. 19b) or convex, but not extended so far forward. Dorsum usually dark or with dark markings	…..8
8	Posterior margin of ABD TERG 8 bilobed or with paired hair-bearing processes	…..9
–	Posterior margin of ABD TERG 8 entire	…..11
9	Head mostly pale, with angular median frontal projection (Fig. 19b). Dorsum with variable, rather diffuse dark markings tending to form longitudinal bands. ABD TERG 8 with a pair of large quadrate processes each bearing two long rod-shaped slightly capitate hairs arising from tuberculate bases (Fig. 18k)	…..Saltusaphis scirpus group
–	Head dark, with rounded median frontal projection. Dorsum with extensive dark sclerotisation including two pairs of large dark patches and dark ABD TERG 8, which has variably dveeloped paired processes	…..10
10	Dorsal cuticle ornamented with numerous small blunt spicules, tending to form rows. Processes on ABD TERG 8 conical, shorter than their basal widths and with inner sides broadly divergent	…..Nevskya fungifera
–	Dorsal cuticle ornamented with nodules, not arranged in rows. Processes on ABD TERG 8 rounded, as long as their basal widths and with inner sides parallel or narrowly divergent	……Nevskya meridionalis
11	ABD TERG 8 bearing about 50 very short fan-shaped hairs, mostly along the posterior margin. Dorsum mainly dark	…..Subiziphya clauseni*
–	ABD TERG 8 with much fewer, longer, rod-shaped or fan-shaped hairs, often arising from tuberculate bases. Dorsum often with a distinctive pattern of dark markings	…..12
12	Dorsal abdominal hairs all rather long and rod-shaped or tapering, with expanded apices	…..13
–	Many or most of dorsal abdominal hairs short and fan-shaped, although longer rod- or strap- shaped hairs may also occur, especially marginally and/or on posterior tergites	…..15
13	Femora pale except at apices. Dorsal abdomen mainly pale except for intersegmental muscle sclerites and dark spots at hair bases	…..Iziphya mackaueri
–	Femora dark. Dorsal abdomen with extensive dusky/dark markings	…..14
14	Dorsal abdomen with an irregular dark band forming an arc across ABD TERG 5 between SIPH, fused at least partially across midline (Fig.19c). Coxae dusky/dark	…..Iziphya ingegardiae
–	Dorsal abdomen with a pair of large dusky/dark patches anterior to SIPH, not fused across midline (Fig.19d). Coxae pale/dusky	…..Iziphya americana
15	ANT PT/BASE 0.9-1.1 (note that transition point between PT and BASE is defined by the distal end of the primary (largest) rhinarium, so measure from this, ignoring the accessory rhinarium that is situated distal to this, at start of narrower part of PT). Head with a pale medial zone	…..Iziphya variabilis
–	ANT PT/BASE 1.2-2.3 (less in early spring generations). Head either wholly dark or with pale medial zone	…..16
16	Tarsi completely unpigmented, like distal parts of hind tibiae. (ABD TERG 7 almost completely dark, like 8 and most of 6)	…..Iziphya albipes
–	Tarsi with at least distal part fuscous, darker than distal parts of hind tibiae	…..17
17	Dorsal abdomen with pigmentation anterior to SIPH very variable; either mainly comprising dark spots around hair bases, or with more extensive paired dark patches on ABD TERG 3-5 or 4-5, but these are not fused, or only tenuously fused, across midline, leaving a clear spinal stripe	…..18
–	Dorsal abdomen usually with extensive areas of dark pigmentation anterior to SIPH, variable but most often consisting of a continuous arc of pigment between SIPH, fused at least partially across midline on border between ABD TERG 4 and 5 (and sometimes also between 3 and 4), and never leaving a clear spinal stripe	…..19
18	ANT III dark on distal 0.3-0.6 of length, contrasting with basal part of segment and as dark as or darker than fore femora. Dorsal abdomen anterior to SIPH usually mainly pale, with pigmentation concentrated around hair bases; sometimes there is more extensive pigmentation, but this is ill-defined, and has numerous lacunae. Posterior marginal hairs on ABD TERG 7 usually long and rod-shaped, but sometimes fan-shaped	…..Iziphya vittata
–	ANT III dusky on distal 0.1-0.3 of length, which part is paler than fore femora. Dorsal abdominal pigmentation variable but if well-developed then usually in the form of clearly defined paired rather solid dark patches extending forward and mesad from the very dark SIPH bases (always leaving a clear spinal stripe). Posterior marginal hairs on ABD TERG 7 almost always fan-shaped	…..Iziphya flabella
19	Head with a broad pale median zone extending to front	…..20
–	Head dark, at least anteriorly	…..21
20	ANT 0.9-1.1 × BL. Marginal hairs on ABD TERG 3-8, and spinal hairs on ABD TERG 5-8, mostly rod-shaped (that is, at least with basal half cylindrical), with expanded apices. Modified basal dorsal hairs on tibiae also usually rod-shaped	…..Iziphya mordvilkoi
–	ANT 0.7-0.8 × BL. Dorsal abdominal hairs all fan-shaped (that is, expanded from base). Modified basal dorsal hairs on tibiae also fan-shaped	…..Iziphya spenceri
21	Marginal hairs on ABD TERG 3-5 mostly rod-shaped	…..Iziphya memorialis
–	Marginal hairs on ABD TERG 3-5 mostly fan-shaped	…..Iziphya bufo
22	Empodial hairs with fine-pointed apices (Fig.19e). Dorsal hairs always pointed. ABD TERG 8 with hairs usually restricted to posterior margin. (Hind wing of al. with two oblique veins)	…..23
–	Empodial hairs spatulate (Fig.19f). Dorsal hairs of various shapes; pointed, spatulate or mushroom-shaped. ABD TERG 8 usually with some hairs on central part (unless deeply incised; Fig. 20a). (Hind wing of al. usually with only one oblique vein)	…..35
23	Front of head with a very large trapezoid medial process, projecting forward to level of ANT II apices (Fig.19g). ANT short, spiculose (including ANT II)	…..Allaphis daviaulti
–	Front of head often projecting forward but not beyond base of ANT II. ANT spiculose or imbricate on ANT III-VI, smooth on ANT II	…..24
24	ABD TERG 8 with its posterior margin bluntly triangular, and with a pair of hairs close together, one on each side of the apex (Fig.19h). ANT III with 1-5 rhinaria on distal half	…..25
–	ABD TERG 8 with posterior margin rounded, straight or emarginate (Figs 19i-n), with the two most medial hairs well separated. ANT III either without rhinaria or with 1-5 rhinaria in the middle of the segment or distally	…..26
25	ANT less than 0.55 × BL	…..Allaphis producta
–	ANT more than 0.55 × BL	…..Allaphis foxtonensis
26	Dorsal cuticle with numerous small stippled wax pores, especially on margins of posterior tergites and often around bases of spinal, pleural and marginal hairs. ANT III 0.35-1.25 × head width across (and including) eyes. ANT PT/BASE 0.7-1.1	…..27
–	Wax pores not apparent (except sometimes a few on posterior margin of ABD TERG 8). ANT III 0.9-1.2 × head width across eyes. ANT PT/BASE 0.94-1.4	…..34
27	Distance between the two most medial hairs on posterior margin of ABD TERG 8 about the same as (0.9-1.25 ×) their distance from their nearest neighbours on each side (Fig.19i). Posterior margin of ABD TERG 8 very evenly rounded (semi-circular). ANT III without rhinaria	…..28
–	Distance between the two most medial hairs on posterior margin of ABD TERG 8 more than 1.3 × their distance from their nearest neighbours on each side (Figs 19j-l). ABD TERG 8 not evenly rounded; often with an obtuse corner between sides and broadly rounded apex, or with a straight or concave section between the most medial hairs on the posterior margin. ANT III without or with 1-5 rhinaria	…..30
28	ANT III 8-10 × its maximum width, and 0.6-0.7 × head width across (and including) eyes	…..Allaphis hybrida
–	ANT III 3.5-7.5 × its maximum width, and 0.3-0.5 × head width across eyes	…..29
29	ABD TERG 8 with 6-15 thin hairs on central part, in addition to the row of marginal hairs. ANT III c.5 × its maximum width, and 0.3-0.4 × head width across eyes. Dorsum sclerites often fused across ABD TERG 3-6	…..Allaphis ossiannilssoni
–	Central part of ABD TERG 8 without any hairs. ANT III c.7 × its maximum width, and c.0.5 × head width across eyes. Dorsum sclerites all separated between segments, paired or forming cross-bands	…..Allaphis pacifica*
30	Posterior margin of ABD TERG 8 with its two most medial hairs very widely separated, 2.5-3.25 × further apart than the distance from their nearest neighbours on each side. Wax pores on ABD TERG 8 confined to marginal areas (Fig.19j)	…..Allaphis californica
–	Posterior margin of ABD TERG 8 with the distance between the two most medial hairs less than 2.5 × the distance from their nearest neighbours on each side. Wax pores in a band extending across posterior part of ABD TERG 8 (Figs 19k, l)	…..31
31	Dorsal surface mainly rather pale, devoid of wax pores except for ABD TERG 8 and small fields with 1-6 pores around hair bases; with well-developed spiculose/nodulose ornamentation. Posterior hairs on ABD TERG 8 on or near posterior margin (Fig.19k)	…..32
–	Dorsal surface usually dark with numerous wax pores on all ABD TERG, and often also on tibiae and distal segments of ANT; with or without spicules or nodules. Hairs on ABD TERG 8 placed inward from posterior margin (Fig.19l)	…..33
32	ANT 0.46-0.52 × BL. ANT III without secondary rhinaria	….. Allaphis utahensis
–	ANT 0.61-0.72 × BL. ANT III with 2-9 secondary rhinaria	….. Allaphis stromi*
33	Dorsal cuticle rather smooth. ANT 1.4-2.0 × maximum width of body (except in specimens excessively flattened during mounting). ANT III 0.95-1.25 × head width across eyes	…..Allaphis cyperi
–	Dorsal cuticle with spiculose/nodulose ornamentation. ANT 1.0-1.3 × maximum width of body. ANT III 0.6-0.85 × head width across eyes	…..Allaphis cyperi ssp. amurensis
34	ABD TERG 8 with 10-16 thin, curved hairs 15-30 mm long, and with posterior margin not indented in middle (Fig.19m). Dorsal ornamemtation of ABD TERG 2-4 mostly consisting of rows of spinules	…..Allaphis scabra
–	ABD TERG 8 with 6-10 (usually 8) stout hairs, the middle ones 50-85 mm long, and with posterior margin somewhat indented in middle (Fig.19n). Dorsal ornamentation of ABD TERG 2-4 mostly consisting of rather densely packed nodules	…..Allaphis verrucosa
35	ANT 5-segmented, and less than 0.25 × BL	…..Thripsaphis brevicornis
–	ANT 6-segmented, more than 0.33 × BL	…..36
36	ANT mainly dark, with a pattern of pale reticulate imbrication that is mostly devoid of spicules (except sometimes a few minute ones on the imbrication of ANT V-VI). ANT PT/BASE 0.44-0.71	…..37
–	ANT pale or dark, with spiculose imbrication (especially marked on distal segments). ANT PT/BASE 0.38-1.47	…..40
37	Dorsum with numerous stippled wax pores, on broad dark bands across all tergites. Dorsal hairs small and thin. ANT III 0.8-1.0 × head width across eyes	…..Thripsaphis caricis
–	Dorsum without any evident wax pores anterior to SIPH, although a few may sometimes be visible on ABD TERG 7-8. Dorsal hairs spine-like. ANT III 0.5-0.65 × head width across eyes	…..38
38	BL about 2.5 × maximum body width. Metanotum and ABD TERG 1-5 with paired pleural dusky-dark patches, leaving an almost unpigmented spinal stripe (in cleared preparations)	…..Thripsaphis unciniae
–	BL often more than 2.6 × maximum body width. Metanotum and ABD TERG 1-5 with dark cross bars, often fragmented in the spinal region but not leaving a clear spinal stripe	…..39
39	BL about 2.5 × maximum body width. ANT III with longest hairs c.2 × basal diameter of segment. Vertex of head with about 60 similarly long hairs	…..Thripsaphis polytricha
–	BL usually more than 2.6 × maximum body width. Longest hairs on ANT III 0.50-0.75 × basal diameter of segment. Vertex of head with 30-40 hairs	…..Thripsaphis ballii group

40	ANT PT/BASE 0.38-0.68	…..41
–	ANT PT/BASE 0.70-1.47	…..42
41	ANT VI similar in length to ANT III, with ANT PT/BASE about 0.38	…..Thripsaphis striata*
–	ANT VI distinctly shorter than ANT III, with ANT PT/BASE 0.55-0.68	…..Thripsaphis szelegiewiczi
42	All dorsal body hairs long (30-120 mm), with pointed or furcate apices	…..Peltaphis hottesi

–	Dorsal body hairs 4-20 mm long (except on head and posterior abdomen); spine-like, lanceolate, furcate, dentate or mushroom-shaped	…..43
43	Lateral margin of ABD TERG 7 (and also ABD TERG 8) with large, backwardly-projecting hair-bearing processes (Fig.20a). Dorsal cuticle pale, strongly wrinkled or alveolate	…..Neosaltusaphis bodenheimeri
–	ABD TERG 7 without large backwardly-projecting hair-bearing processes. Dorsal cuticle ornamented with numerous small spicules or nodules	…..44
44	ANT VI with accessory rhinaria placed proximal and distal to, and at some distance from, primary rhinarium. ANT PT/BASE 1.3-1.47 (measure from distal end of primary rhinarium). Head with some (mushroom-shaped) hairs on lateral margins between eye and ANT socket	…..45

–	ANT VI with accessory rhinaria close to primary rhinarium. ANT PT/BASE 0.7-1.1. Head without any hairs on lateral margins between eye and ANT socket	…..46
45	R IV+V with 2 pairs of accessory hairs (based on al.; apt. unknown)	…..Subsaltusaphis primoriensis
–	R IV+V with one pair of accessory hairs (as usual for genus)	…..Subsaltusaphis taoi
46	ABD TERG 1-5 with some short, spine-like hairs (and sometimes with longer marginal ones) in addition to the very short “mushroom-shaped” hairs (which are stellate in dorsal view)	…..47
–	ABD TERG 1-5 with exclusively mushroom-shaped/stellate hairs (or occasionally with a few very short spine-like hairs, but not more than 1-2 per segment)	…..48
47	ABD TERG 2-5 or 3-5 each with a long marginal hair on each side, much longer than spine-like hairs in the spinal region. All hairs in pleural regions of ABD TERG 2-6 are mushroom-shaped	…..Subsaltusaphis aquatilis
–	ABD TERG 2-6 with short spine-like marginal hairs; a few such hairs are in pleural regions of these segments as well as in spinal region	….. Subsaltusaphis intermedia
48	ANT (0.69-)0.72-1.00 × BL	…..49
–	ANT less than 0.72 × BL	…..51
49	Dorsal ornamentation consisting of very small, subacute nodules, smaller than hair bases and arranged in irregular curved rows, or sometimes forming a reticulate pattern	….. Subsaltusaphis canadensis*
–	Dorsal ornamentation consisting of blunt or rounded, rather flat nodules 4-8 μm in diameter, usually larger than hair bases, not in curved rows nor forming a reticulate pattern	…..50
50	Vertex with 60-80 mushroom-shaped hairs. ABD TERG 1 with 90-140 mushroom-shaped hairs. ABD TERG 8 with up to 13 (rarely as few as 8) long marginal hairs	…..Subsaltusaphis lambersi

–	Vertex with 40-60 mushroom-shaped hairs. ABD TERG 1 with 50-70 mushroom-shaped hairs. ABD TERG 8 usually with 7-8 (rarely 9-11) long marginal hairs	…..Subsatusaphis lambersi ssp. kamijiensis*
51	Dorsal ornamentation consisting of rather large flat transversely oval nodules, much larger than the hair bases (Fig.20b). Posterior margin of ABD TERG 8 deeply incised, to a greater degree than anal plate	…..Subsaltusaphis pallida
–	Dorsal ornamentation consisting of small nodules, or blunt or pointed spinules/spicules, not much larger than hair bases (Figs 20c-e). Posterior margin of ABD TERG 8 not usually so deeply incised	…..52
52	ABD TERG 8 with 16-20 long stout marginal hairs. Dorsum without dark or dusky longitudinal markings; very densely clothed in mushroom-shaped/stellate hairs. Spino-pleural regions of ABD TERG 1-3 ornamented with numerous evenly distributed small pale nodules, not arranged in rows (Fig.20c)	…..Subsaltusaphis flava
–	ABD TERG 8 with 6-16 long stout marginal hairs. Dorsum usually with at least traces of differential pigmentation in form of longitudinal stripes, or paired dusky patches on each tergite. Spino-pleural ornamentation of ABD TERG 1-3 consisting of very small pale or dark nodules or spicules, arranged in irregular rows (Fig.20d, e)	…..53
53	Dorsal cuticle including submarginal regions of tergites rather evenly and densely ornamented with fairly coarse blunt nodules. Mushroom-shaped hairs relatively sparse (less than 50 on each of ABD TERG 1-3 in spino-pleural regions between muscle plates), and with “caps” mostly very incomplete and asymmetrical, forming less than 180° of complete circle, with only a few rather jagged points of different sizes (Fig.20d)	…..Subsaltusaphis rossneri
–	Dorsal cuticle ornamented with nodules that become finer and often more spicule-like and less dense towards marginal, and sometimes also spinal, regions of each tergite. Mushroom-shaped hairs very numerous (more than 50 on each of ABD TERG 1-3 in spino-pleural regions between muscle plates), and with fairly symmetrical “caps” completing more than 180° of a circle, and more evenly stellate in dorsal view (Fig.20e)	…..54
54	Dorsum usually with well-marked and clearly-defined pleural longitudinal dark stripes that run almost the full length of the body (with small breaks between segments); these stripes are almost as dark as the intersegmental muscle plates, and are either side of a very pale spinal region that has no trace of a darker spinal stripe. (Wholly dark forms also sometimes occur)	…..Subsaltusaphis ornata

–	Dorsum either almost unpigmented (except for muscle plates), or with ill-defined dark pleural longitudinal stripes or rows of paired patches that are paler than intersegmental muscle plates. When pleural bands are well-developed then there is also between them at least a trace of a dark spinal stripe. (Wholly dark forms are not known to occur)	…..55
55	ANT III 1.2-1.5 × ANT VI (BASE + PT together). BL 2.4-3.0 mm	…..Subsaltusaphis picta
–	ANT III 0.90-1.32, but rarely more than 1.2, and then only when BL is less than 2.4 mm	…..56
56	BL 1.3-2.3 mm. Basal half of ANT IV as pale as ANT I and II	…..Subsaltusaphis paniceae
–	BL 1.9-2.9 mm. Basal half of ANT IV darker than ANT I and II	…..Subsaltusaphis virginica
57	Eyes stalked. Dorsum mainly or wholly dark, with many long black spiny hairs (300 mm or longer), especially marginally and on front of head	…..Caricosipha paniculatae
–	Eyes sessile. Dorsal cuticle pale or dusky, with thick pale spiny hairs, all less than 200 mm long	…..58
58	Dorsal cuticle uniformly sclerotic, and adorned with small denticles or spinules between the hairs; intersegmental muscle sclerites not evident	…..Sipha glyceriae
–	Dorsal cuticle not markedly sclerotic nor adorned with denticles; often showing dark intersegmental muscle sclerites	…..Sipha flava
59	Body elongate, almost parallel-sided. ANT 4- or 5-segmented. Dorsal hairs short, spatulate or rod-shaped, often with ragged apices. SIPH as small pores	…..60
–	Body oval. ANT 5- or 6-segmented. Dorsal hairs thick and spine-like, or long with expanded apices. SIPH as pores raised on shallow cones	…..61
60	ANT always 5-segmented, 0.20-0.25 × BL. ANT PT/BASE 0.8-1.2. ABD TERG 1-5 each usually with just 2 pairs of spinal hairs and one pair of pleural hairs	…..Atheroides serrulatus
–	ANT 4- or 5-segmented, 0.14-017 × BL. ANT PT/BASE about 0.5. ABD TERG 1-5 each with numerous hairs arranged in 2-3 very irregular rows	…..Atheroides brevicornis
61	ANT 5-segmented. Dorsal hairs spine-like. ANT with sparse, rather short hairs. ANT PT/BASE about 1.6. SIPH cones without surrounding hairs	…..Sipha praecocis*
–	ANT 6-segmented. Dorsal and antennal hairs numerous, long with expanded apices. ANT PT/BASE about 0.4. SIPH cones surrounded by hairs	…..Anoecia caricis*
62	Abdomen with discrete, faceted wax glands. R IV+V 0.04-0.23 mm (if more than 0.17 mm then tarsal segments fused)	…..63
–	Abdomen without discrete wax glands. R IV+V 0.20-0.36 mm. Tarsal segments clearly articulated	…..73
63	Tarsi 1-segmented (sometimes showing a clear line of fusion of two segments, but with the articulation clearly non-functional). Wax glands consisting either of groups of large cells surrounded by smaller ones, or rings of cells around clear central areas, which may be small and rounded, or elongate	…..64
–	Tarsi 2-segmented. Abdominal wax glands each consisting of a group of similar-sized cells, and without any clear central area	…..69
64	Abdominal wax glands each consisting of a group of large cells surrounded by smaller ones. SIPH present as pores on small dark cones. R IV+V 0.17-0.23 mm	…..Tetraneura africana
–	Abdominal wax glands each consisting of a ring of cells around a clear, round or elongate central area. SIPH either absent or present as pores not placed on dark cones. R IV+V 0.04-0.16 mm	…..65
65	Abdominal wax glands always with rather small, rounded, darkly bordered central areas (sometimes subdivided into two)	…..66
–	At least the larger (marginal) wax glands have narrow elongate central areas	…..67
66	Marginal wax glands comprising 10-20 cells (largest glands on posterior segments; Fig.20f). (Al. with sec. rhin. distributed III 10-12, IV 2-3, V 2-3, BASE VI 0)	…..Zelkovaphis caucasica
–	Marginal wax glands comprising 4-12 cells (largest glands on posterior segments; Fig.20g)). (Al. with sec. rhin. distributed III 9-20, IV 2-5, V 2-5, BASE VI 0-3)	…..Colopha kansugei
67	All dorsal abdominal wax glands oval to elongate oval with slit-like central areas (Fig. 20h). SIPH always present as slightly raised pores with dark, semicircular partial rims. R IV+V about 0.145 mm	…..Paracolopha takahashii
–	Only larger (marginal) wax glands have narrow elongate central areas (Fig.20i). SIPH absent, or present as very small pores. R IV+V 0.06-0.10 mm	…..68
68	R IV+V 1.0-1.35 × HT (I+II)	…..Colopha graminis
–	R IV+V 1.8-2.8 × HT (I+II)	…..Colopha compressa
69	Primary rhinaria without any distinct fringe of hairs	…..70
–	Primary rhinaria fimbriate (fringed with short hairs)	…..71
70	R IV+V 0.67-0.83 × HT II	…..Gharesia polunini
–	R IV+V 1.55-1.65 × HT II	…..?Byrsocryptoides zelkovae
71	Body almost globular. Anal plate enlarged and extended or displaced dorsally, surrounded on three sides by the U-shaped ABD TERG 8 to form a trophobiotic organ (to retain honeydew for collection by ants)	…..Baizongia pistaciae
–	Body ovoid or spindle-shaped. Anal plate and anus in normal posterio-ventral position	…..72
72	Body broadly spindle-shaped, with extremely short ANT and legs (ANT and tibiae both less than 0.2 × BL)	…..Aploneura lentisci (or werthi)
–	Body broadly ovoid. ANT and tibiae both more than 0.2 × BL	…..Pemphigus sp.
73	SIPH present as shallow cones surrounded by hairs. ANT 6-segmented. Large flat transparent marginal tubercles present on prothorax and ABD TERG 1-7. Body and appendages with numerous long fine hairs (75-150 mm long)	…..Anoecia pskovica
–	SIPH absent. ANT 5- or 6-segmented. No marginal tubercles. Body and appendages with sparser and shorter hairs (12-90 mm long)	…..74
74	BL 2.9-3.8 mm. ANT 5- or 6-segmented; primary rhinarium on last segment not enlarged, less than half width of segment. Cauda broadly conical. Hairs very short (c.12 mm long)	…..Prociphilus corrugatans
–	BL 1.9-3.3 mm. ANT 5-segmented. Primary rhinarium on ANT V enlarged, almost occupying whole width of segment. Cauda semicircular. Hairs long and fine (50-90 mm long)	…..Forda formicaria

*Carica*	Caricaceae
*Carica papaya*	Aphis fabae, craccivora, gossypii, spiraecola;
	Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus ornatus, persicae
C. pubescens = Vasconcellea pubescens

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

*Carissa*	Apocynaceae
*Carissa carandas*	Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii
C. edulis = C. spinarum
C. grandiflora = C. macrocarpa
C. macrocarpa	Aphis aurantii, gossypii, spiraecola; Myzus persicae
C. spinarum	Aphis aurantii, gossypii; Myzodium lutescens;
	[Sitobion sp.]
Carissa sp.	Aphis craccivora

Key to apterae on Carissa:-

–	Head and SIPH densely ornamented with small round nodules. Cauda helmet-shaped, with a transparent apical papilla	…..Myzodium lutescens
–	Head and SIPH not so ornamented, and cauda without an apical papilla	…..go to key to polyphagous aphids

*Carlina*	Asteraceae
*Carlina acanthifolia*	Uroleucon carlinae
*C. acaulis*	Aphis vandergooti; Protaphis carlinae; Uroleucon carlinae
C. acaulis ssp. caulescens	Protaphis carlinae; Uroleucon carlinae, helenae
C. acaulis ssp. simplex = C. acaulis ssp. caulescens
C. biebersteini	Brachycaudus cardui; Uroleucon carlinae
C. caulescens = C. acaulis ssp. caulescens
C. corymbosa	Aphis craccivora, fabae ssp. cirsiiacanthoides, solanella;
	Uroleucon carlinae, helenae, jaceae; Protaphis terricola
C. graeca	Brachycaudus helichrysi; Uroleucon jaceae
C. hispanica	Protaphis terricola; Uroleucon jaceae
C. lanata	Aulacorthum solani; Brachycaudus helichrysi;
	Uroleucon carlinae, helenae, jaceae
C. longifolia = C. biebersteini
C. nebrodensis	Uroleucon helenae
C. onopordifolia (?)	Protaphis carlinae; Uroleucon carlinae
C. vulgaris	Brachycaudus cardui; Protaphis carlinae, terricola;
	Uroleucon carlinae, helenae, jaceae, macrosiphon
Carlina sp.	[Protaphis ignatii]; [Uroleucon sonchi]

Key to apterae on Carlina:-

1	SIPH with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation. ANT III with more than 20 small rhinaria. SIPH and cauda both dark; head smooth, dark, ANT tubercles well-developed with inner faces divergent	…..2
–	Without that combination of characters	…..5
2	R IV+V a little shorter than the long, thin HT II. Large aphid, BL c.3.9-4.0 mm, with very long SIPH and cauda; SIPH longer than ANT III	…..Uroleucon macrosiphon
–	R IV+V 1.3-1.7 × HT II. BL 1.7-3.0 mm. SIPH shorter than ANT III	…..3
3	SIPH 1.4-1.6 × cauda which bears 15-28 hairs. ANT III with 16-54 rhinaria extending over basal 0.40-0.75 (mostly 0.45-0.60) of segment. ABD TERG 2-4 often with small marginal tubercles (MTu) about the size of hair bases. Hind tibiae more-or-less uniformly dark	…..Uroleucon jaceae group
–	SIPH 1.75-3.1 × cauda which bears 7-20 hairs. ANT III with 22-55 rhinaria extending over 0.63-0.98 (mostly 0.70-0.96) of segment. MTu absent. Tibiae dark basally and on the apical half, with a pale area in between	…..4
4	SIPH 1.75-2.3 × cauda which bears 7-12 hairs. R IV+V 1.7-1.8 × ANT BASE VI	…..Uroleucon helenae
–	SIPH 2.4-3.1 × cauda, which bears 16-20 hairs. R IV+V 1.2-1.5 × ANT BASE VI	…..Uroleucon carlinae
5	ANT PT/BASE 0.80-1.36. ANT III with 0-10 rhinaria, and ANT IV with 0-4 (but often both have 0). SIPH and cauda very short, the cauda pale and bluntly triangular, shorter than its basal width, with 10 or more hairs	…..6
–	Without that combination of characters	…..7
6	ANT PT/BASE 1.04-1.36. ANT III and IV usually without rhinaria, and bearing very short hairs less than 0.3 × BD III	…..Protaphis carlinae
–	ANT PT/BASE 0.80-0.95. ANT III and IV usually with rhinaria, and with longest hairs 0.4-0.7 × BD III	…..Protaphis terricola
7	Cauda short and rounded or helmet-shaped, a little shorter than its basal width. Spiracular apertures large and rounded	…..8
–	Cauda tongue- or finger-shaped, longer than its basal width. Spiracular apertures are reniform	…..9
8	Abdomen without extensive dark markings. SIPH pale, smooth, 0.9-1.5 × cauda. Mesosternum without mammariform processes	…..Brachycaudus helichrysi
–	Abdomen with an extensive dark dorsal shield. SIPH dark, imbricated, 2.1-3.4 × cauda. Mesosternum with a pair of dark mammariform processes	…..Brachycaudus cardui
9	ABD TERG 1-4 and 7 regularly with well-developed marginal tubercles (MTu) (Fig.5j). ANT PT/BASE 3.8-5.1	…..Aphis vandergooti
–	ABD TERG 2-4 only irregularly with small MTu, and if ABD TERG 1 and 7 have MTu then ANT PT/BASE is 1.5-3.4	…..go to key to polyphagous aphids

*Carludovica*	Cyclanthaceae
*Carludovica* sp.	Cerataphis brasiliensis

*Carmichaelia*	Fabaceae
*Carmichaelia appressa*	Megoura stufkensi
*C. australis*	Megoura stufkensi
C. subulata	Aphis healyi

Key to separate these two species:-

(Note: both have alatae with only 0-2 rhinaria on ANT III.)

–	SIPH black, tapering towards apex. Cauda black. ANT tubercles smooth and similarly developed to median frontal prominence	…..Aphis healyi
–	SIPH pale, swollen on distal half. Cauda pale. ANT tubercles scabrous and well-developed, median frontal tubercle undeveloped	….. Megoura stufkensi

*Carmona* see Ehretia	Boraginaceae
*C. retusa* = Ehretia microphylla

Caroxylon see Salsola

Amaranthaceae

*Carpesium*	Asteraceae
*Carpesium abrotanoides*	Aleurodaphis asteris, blumeae; [Uroleucon amamianum]
C. cernuum	Acyrthosiphon malvae; Aleurodaphis blumeae
C. triste	Aulacorthum solani

Key to apterae on Carpesium:-

1	Body flattened and dorsum sclerotic, with fused head and pronotum, fused ABD TERG 1-7, and a crenulate rim due to a continuous marginal row of wax glands. Cauda knobbed, anal plate bilobed	…..2
–	Body not flattened, segments not fused, no crenulate margin of wax glands. Cauda not knobbed, anal plate entire (but note that specimens running to couplet 20 might be Uroleucon amamianum)	…..go to key to polyphagous aphids
2	R IV+V elongate, 0.137-0.194 mm long, more than 3 × its basal width. First tarsal segments with 3 hairs	…..Aleurodaphis blumeae
–	R IV+V 0.074-0.104 mm long, less than 3 × its basal width. First tarsal segments with 2 hairs	…..Aleurodaphis asteris

*Carpinus* Hornbeams	Betulaceae
*Carpinus betulus*	[Brachycaudus helichrysi]; Myzocallis carpini, [coryli]
*C. caroliniana*	Macrosiphum (Neocorylobium) carpinicolens
*C. caucasica*	Myzocallis carpini
*C. cordata*	Mesocallis pteleae, sawashibae; Myzocallis carpini, coryli;
	[Tinocallis zelkowae]
*C. coreana*	Mesocallis sawashibae
*C. erosa*	Mesocallis sawashibae
*C. faginea*	Greenidea (Trichosiphum) carpini; [Mesocallis alnicola]
*C. japonica*	Mesocallis sawashibae; Neochromaphis carpinicola;
	Pterocallis [affinis], montana
*C. laxiflora*	Greenidea (Trichosiphum) carpini;
	Macrosiphum (Neocorylobium) corylicola;
	Mesocallis carpinicola;
	Neochromaphis carpinicola, ?coryli
*C. orientalis*	Myzocallis carpini, coryli
*C. tschonoskii*	Greenidea (Trichosiphum) carpini;
	Neochromaphis carpinicola; Stomaphis carpini
*C. viminea*	Greenidea (Trichosiphum) carpini
*Carpinus* sp.	[Kaltenbachiella carpinicola]

Key to aphids on Carpinus:-

1	SIPH long and tubular	…..2
–	SIPH short, conical or ring-like	…..4
2	SIPH with numerous long fine hairs. Cauda broad, rounded, with an apical papilla	…..Greenidea carpini

–	SIPH without hairs, but with an apical zone of polygonal reticulation. Cauda long and finger-like	…..3
3	ANT III mainly smooth, with longest hairs more than 0.5 × basal diameter of segment. R IV+V 1.3-1.9 × HT II	…..Macrosiphum (Neocorylobium) corylicola
–	ANT III imbricated throughout, with longest hairs less than 0.5 × basal diameter of segment. R IV+V 1.1-1.3 × HT II	…..Macrosiphum (Neocorylobium) carpinicolens
4	Rostrum longer than body. SIPH placed on large, pigmented hairy cones	…..Stomaphis carpini
–	Rostrum much shorter than body. SIPH small, conical or truncate	…..5
5	Wings with extensive pigmentation between veins	…..6
–	Wings without pigmentation	…..7
6	ANT III with 7-12 rhinaria in a single row, and with longest hairs less than 2 × diameter of segment at base. R IV+V 1.0-1.2 × HT II, with 4-6 accessory hairs	…..Neochromaphis carpinicola
–	ANT III with 11-16 rhinaria not in a single row, and with longest hairs more than 2 × basal diameter of segment. R IV+V 1.25-1.6 × HT II , with 9-10 accessory hairs	…..Neochromaphis coryli
7	ANT PT/BASE 0.2-0.45	……Pterocallis montana
–	ANT PT/BASE 0.5 or more	…..8
8	ANT PT/BASE at least 2.0	…..9
–	ANT PT/BASE 1.2 or less	…..10
9	R IV+V 1.3-1.5 × HT II (1.15-1.3 in fundatrices)	…..Myzocallis coryli
–	R IV+V 0.9-1.1 × HT II	…..Myzocallis carpini
10	Front of head and ANT III pale. Forewing vein Cu_1bnot dark-bordered. R IV+V 0.8-1.0 × HT II. Viviparae apterous or alate	…..Mesocallis sawashibae
–	Front of head and ANT III dark. Forewing vein Cu_1bdark-bordered. R IV+V 1.2-1.4 × HT II. All viviparae alate	…..11
11	ANT PT 0.06-0.08 mm. R IV+V 0.10-0.11 mm long, with 4-6 accessory hairs. Cauda with 10-15 hairs	…..Mesocallis carpinicola*
–	ANT PT 0.08-0.10 mm. R IV+V 0.11-0.14 mm with 8-9 accessory hairs. Cauda with 7-11 hairs	…..Mesocallis pteleae

*Carpobrotus*	Aizoaceae
*Carpobrotus chilensis*	Aphis fabae; Myzus persicae
*C. edulis*	Aphis fabae, nasturtii; Myzus persicae

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

*Carrichtera*	Brassicaceae
*Carrichtera annua*	Brevicoryne brassicae

*Carthamus*	Asteraceae
*Carthamus caeruleus*	Brachycaudus helichrysi
*C. dentatus*	Brachycaudus helichrysi; Uroleucon aeneum, carthami
C. flavescens	Uroleucon sp. near jaceae (Lebanon, BMNH collection)
C. glaucus	Uroleucon carthami
C. gypsicola	Protaphis carthami
C. lanatus	Acyrthosiphon ilka; Aphis fabae, solanella;
	Brachycaudus helichrysi;
	Protaphis carthami, pseudocardui, [terricola];
	Uroleucon aeneum, [ambrosiae], carthami, compositae,
	jaceae, [sonchi]
C. oxyacanthas	Myzus persicae; Protaphis anuraphoides, carthami;
	Uroleucon carthami
C. plumosus	[Aphis acanthoidis]
C. tenuis	Aphis craccivora; Protaphis carthami;
	Uroleucon carthami, jaceae
C. tinctorius	Acyrthosiphon ilka;
	Aphis craccivora, fabae, gossypii;
	Aulacorthum solani; Brachycaudus helichrysi;
	Capitophorus elaeagni; Macrosiphum euphorbiae;
	Myzus persicae;
	Protaphis anuraphoides, carthami, [echinopis],
	pseudocardui
	Protrama flavescens; [Sitobion akebiae];
	Uroleucon carthami, compositae, gobonis, jaceae
C. turkestanicus	Uroleucon jaceae
Carthamus spp.	[Aphis viridescens Bozhko 1976a];
	Brachycaudus cardui; Trama caudata

Key to aphids on Carthamus:-

1	Hind tarsus elongate, more than 0.5 × hind tibia. Body and appendages densely clothed in fine hairs. SIPH as pores on small cones	…..2
–	Hind tarsus of normal length. Not densely hairy. SIPH tubular	…..3
2	Apt. alatiform, with dark dorsal cross bands and dark SIPH cones. ANT with secondary rhinaria distributed III 1-24, IV 2-6, V 3-6, VI BASE 2-4	…..Protrama flavescens
–	APT. not usually alatiform, without dark dorsal markings. ANT with secondary rhinaria distributed III 0, IV 0-2, V 1-3, VI BASE 0	…..Trama caudata
3	SIPH dark, wholly or in distal part, with polygonal reticulation usually on more than distal 0.2 of length	…..4
–	SIPH pale or dark; if dark then without any polygonal reticulation, and if pale then reticulation extends maximally over distal 0.2 of length	…..7
4	ANT III 1.8-2.5 × ANT V, with 42-86 rhinaria extending over 0.68-0.95 of length. Middle part of hind tibia pale; the pale section occupying at least 0.7 of total length. SIPH with reticulation over distal 0.25-0.32. ANT PT/BASE 5.2-7.3, mostly 5.5-7.0. ABD TERG 2-4 without marginal tubercles (MTu)	…..Uroleucon compositae (or gobonis?)
–	ANT III 1.4-1.9 × ANT V, with 15-54 rhinaria extending over 0.45-0.68 of length. Middle part of hind tibia dusky to dark, or if rather pale then the pale section is less than 0.6 of total length. SIPH with reticulation over distal 0.16-0.27. ANT PT/BASE 4.3-6.6, mostly 4.5-5.5; if more than 5.5 then ABD TERG 2-4 with MTu	…..5
5	ABD TERG 2-4 with marginal tubercles (MTu) that are mostly larger than adjacent hair bases. Cauda 3.5-4.5 × ANT BASE VI, and bearing 20-34 hairs. R IV+V 1.2-1.6 × ANT BASE VI. ANT PT/BASE 5.0-6.6	…..Uroleucon aeneum
–	ABD TERG 2-4 with or without MTu that if present are mostly smaller than adjacent hair bases. Cauda 2.6-4.0 × ANT BASE VI, and bearing 13-29 hairs. R IV+V 1.0-1.3 × ANT BASE VI. ANT PT/BASE 4.3-5.5	…..6
6	R IV+V 0.95-1.15 × ANT BASE VI. ANT III with 23-45 rhinaria, few of which exceed 10 mm in diameter	…..Uroleucon jaceae group
–	R IV+V 1.05-1.4 × ANT BASE VI. ANT III with 15-34 rhinaria, many of which exceed 10 mm in diameter	…..Uroleucon carthami
7	ANT PT/BASE 0.8-1.2. R IV+V longer than ANT PT. SIPH short, 0.65-1.2 × cauda, which is either helmet-shaped or bluntly triangular	…..8
–	ANT PT/BASE more than 1.5. R IV+V much shorter than ANT PT. SIPH usually longer than cauda, which is helmet-, tongue- or finger-shaped	…..10
8	SIPH 0.50-0.68 × R IV+V, and 0.65-0.86 × cauda. Longest hairs on ABD TERG 3 are 1.2-1.8 × ANT BD III	…..Protaphis carthami
–	SIPH 0.7-0.9 × R IV+V and 0.88-1.2 × cauda. Longest hairs on ABD TERG 3 are 0.7-1.3 × ANT BD III	…..9
9	ANT III usually without sec. rhinaria (rarely with 1-3). R IV+V 1.28-1.36 × HT II. Longest hairs on ABD TERG 3 are 0.7-1.1 × ANT BD III	…..Protaphis pseudocardui
–	ANT III usually with (1-10) sec. rhinaria. R IV+V 1.45-1.65 × HT II. Longest hairs on ABD TERG 3 are 1.2-1.3 × ANT BD III	…..Protaphis anuraphoides
10	Cauda helmet-shaped, with basal constriction, a little shorter than its basal width in dorsal view, and bearing 4-8 hairs. Spiracular apertures large and rounded	…..11
–	Cauda tongue- or finger-shaped, longer than its basal width. Spiracular apertures reniform	…..12
11	Dorsum with an extensive black shield. SIPH dark, imbricated, 1.7-3.4 × cauda. ANT III 0.31-0.47 mm, 2.4-3.4 × HT II. R IV+V 0.17-0.24 mm	…..Brachycaudus cardui
–	Dorsum without dark markings. SIPH pale, smooth-surfaced, 0.8-1.5 × cauda. ANT III 0.07-0.25 mm, 0.9-2.2 × HT II. R IV+V 0.10-0.15 mm	…..Brachycaudus helichrysi
12	ANT tubercles well-developed, with inner faces smooth and divergent. SIPH long and thin, without any subapical polygonal reticulation	…..13
–	Without this combination of characters; if ANT tubercles have smooth, divergent inner faces then SIPH have subapical polygonal reticulation for 0.1-0.2 of length	…..go to key to polyphagous aphids
13	Long capitate dorsal hairs present on head and posterior abdomen. SIPH 1.5-1.8 × ANT III which is without rhinaria	…..Capitophorus elaeagni
–	Dorsal hairs short, inconspicuous. SIPH 0.8-1.3 × ANT III, which bears 1-4 rhinaria near its base	…..Acyrthosiphon ilka

*Carum*	Apiaceae
*Carum appuanum*	Cavariella aegopodii
*C. buriaticum*	Aphis gossypii
*C. carvi*	[Anuraphis catonii];
	Aphis brohmeri, fabae, schilderi, spiraephaga;
	Cavariella aegopodii, pastinacae, theobaldi;
	Hyadaphis coriandri, foeniculi, polonica;
	Myzus ornatus, persicae; Neomyzus circumflexus;
	Pemphigus passeki, [phenax];
	Semiaphis [anthrisci], heraclei
C. copticum = Trachyspermum ammi
C. kelloggii	Aphis cari; Cavariella aegopodii
C. petroselinum	Cavariella aegopodii
C. rigidulum = C. appuanum	Cavariella aegopodii

Key to aphids on Carum:-

1	ANT PT/BASE less than 0.5. SIPH absent	…..Pemphigus passeki
–	ANT PT/BASE more than 0.5, usually more than 1.0. SIPH present	…..2
2	ABD TERG 8 with a backwardly directed process	…..3
–	No supracaudal process	…..5
3	ANT PT/BASE 0.65-1.25. R IV+V without accessory hairs	…..Cavariella aegopodii
–	ANT PT/BASE 2.1-4.0. R IV+V with 2 accessory hairs	…..4
4	SIPH slightly tapering, not clavate, 2.0-2.4 × cauda	…..Cavariella theobaldi
–	SIPH slightly clavate, 2.3-3.0 × cauda	…..Cavariella pastinacae
5	SIPH very small and flangeless, only about 0.5 of length of cauda or less, with aperture slanted towards midline	…..Semiaphis heraclei
–	SIPH at least 0.6 of length of cauda, and with a distinct flange	…..6
6	ANT tubercles well developed, with inner faces scabrous and converging apically	…..7
–	ANT tubercles absent or weakly developed, so that front of head is flat, convex or has a sinuate outline in dorsal view	…..8
7	SIPH tapering, strongly imbricated, usually with a slight “S” curve. Dorsal abdomen with a pattern of dark ornamentation	…..Myzus ornatus
–	SIPH slightly clavate. Dorsal abdomen without dark ornamentation	…..Myzus persicae
8	SIPH tapering gradually from base to flange, 0.7-2.0 × cauda. ABD TERG 1 and 7 with evident marginal tubercles (MTu)	…..9
–	SIPH clavate, or at least swollen to some degree and then narrowing more abruptly before flange; 0.6-1.4 × cauda. ABD TERG 1 and 7 without MTu	…..14
9	SIPH 0.7-1.1 × cauda. Longest hair on ANT III 0.5-0.9 × BD III. R IV+V 0.65-0.9 × HT II	…..Aphis spiraephaga
–	SIPH 0.7-2.0 × cauda, but if less than 1.1 × cauda then longest hairs on ANT III are longer than BD III. R IV+V 0.9-1.5 × HT II.	…..10
10	Cauda bearing 4-7(-8) hairs	…..11
–	Cauda bearing c.10-31 hairs	…..12
11	Cauda usually paler than SIPH. Longest hair on ANT III 0.4-0.8 × BD III. MTu on ABD TERG 1 and 7 small, less than half diameter of SIPH at midlength	…..Aphis gossypii
–	Cauda as dark as SIPH. Longest hair on ANT III 0.2-0.5 × BD III. MTu on ABD TERG 1 and 7 large, more than 0.5 × diameter of SIPH at midlength	…..Aphis schilderi
12	ANT III longer than PT. Cauda with c.10 hairs. (Al. with 15-50 rhinaria on ANT III)	…..Aphis cari*
–	ANT III shorter than PT. Cauda with 11-31 hairs. (Al. with 10-25 rhinaria on ANT III)	…..13
13	Large MTu present on ABD TERG 2-4, and sometimes also on 5 and/or 6, in additon to those on 1 and 7. Cauda with 20-31 hairs	…..Aphis brohmeri
–	Small MTu irregularly present on some of ABD TERG 2-4. Cauda with 11-24 hairs	…..Aphis fabae
14	SIPH 0.13-0.21 × BL and 0.88-1.4 × cauda. Prosternum with a sclerotised, and sometimes pigmented, short transverse patch	…..Hyadaphis foeniculi
–	SIPH 0.09-0.11 × BL and 0.6-0.82 × cauda. Prosternum without a sclerotised patch	…..15
15	SIPH broadest at base	…..Hyadaphis coriandri
–	SIPH broadest on swollen part	…..Hyadaphis polonica

Carya Hickories

Juglandaceae

The aphids of pecan (Carya illinoiensis) were keyed in Blackman & Eastop (2000). The present key is extended to cover other Carya species, but there are certain difficulties. The hickory phylloxerids (Phylloxera spp.), with more than 30 available names, are impossible to key in the present state of knowledge. Pergande (1904) provided a classification and keys based on the galls. Many species of the three North American genera Monellia, Monelliopsis and Protopterocallis are morphologically similar, and often the early spring forms show significant differences from later generations, making correct identification even more problematic. Yet most are recorded from several Carya species, so a single key is necessary with some rather difficult and possibly unreliable discriminants within these genera. For further help with this group consult Quednau (2003).

*Carya amara* = C. cordiformis
*C. aquatica*	Water Hickory
	Melanocallis caryaefoliae; Monellia caryella;
	Monelliopsis pecanis; Phylloxera sp. (see notabilis);
	Protopterocallis pergandei
*C. cathayensis*	Chinese Hickory, Chinese Walnut
	Kurisakia sinocaryae
*C. cordiformis*	Bitternut Hickory
	Melanocallis caryeafoliae; Monellia caryella, hispida;
	Monelliopsis nigropunctata;
	Phylloxera caryaemagna, conica, foveata, globosa,
	minima;
	Protopterocallis fumipenella
*C. glabra* (= C. porcina)	Pignut Hickory
	Longistigma caryae; Melanocallis caryaefoliae;
	Monellia caryella. hispida, microsetosa;
	Monelliopsis bisselli, [caryae], nigropunctata;
	Phylloxera caryaecaulis, caryaefoliae, caryaeren,
	caryaesemen, caryaesepta var. perforans, pilosula;
	Protopterocallis fumipenella
*C. glabra* *var. odorata* = C. ovalis
*C. illinoiensis*	Pecan
	Longistigma caryae; Melanocallis caryaefoliae;
	Monellia caryella, medina;
	Monelliopsis [californica], nigropunctata, pecanis;
	Phylloxera devastatrix, notabilis, perniciosa(?), russellae,
	texana
*C. laciniosa* (= C. sulcata)	Shellbark Hickory
	Melanocallis caryaefoliae; Monellia caryella, microsetosa
*C. olivaeformis*	Melanocallis caryaefoliae; Monellia caryella
*C. ovalis*	Red Hickory
	Melanocallis caryaefoliae; Monellia hispida, microsetosa
*C. ovata*	Shagbark Hickory
	Melanocallis caryaefoliae;
	Monellia caryella, costalis, hispida, medina, microsetosa;
	Monelliopsis nigropunctata;
	Phylloxera caryaefallax, caryaeglobuli, caryaemagna,
	caryaesepta, caryaevenae, conica, depressa,
	subelliptica
*C. pallida*	Sand Hickory
	Melanocallis caryaefoliae; Protopterocallis pergandei
*C. tomentosa*	Mockernut Hickory
	Melanocallis caryaefoliae; Monellia hispida, microsetosa;
	Monelliopsis bisselli, nigropunctata;
	Phylloxera caryaeavellana, caryaescissa, caryaevenae,
	castaneae, deplanata, intermedia, perniciosa, picta, rimosalis, symmetrica; Protopterocallis gigantea, quadrata, fumipenella

Carya sp.	Monelliopsis bisetosa
	Phylloxera depressa, georgiana, spinosa, spinuloides;
	[Prociphilus caryae]

Key to aphids colonising Carya spp:-

1	Antennae of adults 3 or 4-segmented	…..Phylloxera spp.
–	Antennae 5- or 6-segmented	…..2
2	BL more than 4 mm. Alata with pterostigma extending around tip of forewing	…..Longistigma caryae
–	BL less than 3.5 mm. Alata with pterostigma stopping short of forewing tip	…..3
3	Cauda rounded, anal plate entire. SIPH cones bearing numerous long hairs. ANT PT/BASE less than 0.4	…..Kurisakia sinocaryae
–	Cauda knobbed, anal plate deeply bilobed. SIPH cones with at most 1-2 short hairs. ANT PT/BASE greater than 0.4 (all viviparae alate)	…..4
4	SIPH black, truncate, similar in length to ANT I (fig. 33A). Head and thorax, and mid- and hind femora, all very dark, as are the well-developed spinal and marginal abdominal processes	…..Melanocallis caryaefoliae

–	SIPH pale and often inconspicuous, small, tuberculate. Head thorax and all femora mainly pale or dusky, abdominal processes variably developed and/or pigmented	…..5
5	Marginal processes on ABD TERG 1-3 if developed not usually larger than those on more posterior tergites. Head and ANT I and II always without dark pigmentation. Rhinariated part of ANT III only slightly thickened, rarely up to 1.5 ×diameter of basal articulation of segment (fig. 33B). Embryos (seen through adult cuticle) with spinal hairs on ABD TERG 5 and 7 displaced laterally, and spinal hairs on ABD TERG 6 displaced medially (figs 34A, B)	…..6
–	Marginal processes developed on ABD TERG 1-3 but absent or inconspicuous on more posterior tergites. In midsummer ANT I and II, and margins of head and thorax may become dark-pigmented. Rhinaria-bearing part of ANT III conspicuously swollen, usually more than 1.5 × diameter of basal articulation of segment (fig. 33C). Embryos with spinal hairs on ABD TERG 1-6 in two longitudinal rows without any lateral or medial displacement, and only those on ABD TERG 7 displaced laterally (figs 34C-E)	…..14
6	ANT PT/BASE 0.6-1.1. Small, delicate aphids, BL rarely more than 2 mm	…..7
–	ANT PT/BASE 0.3-0.6. More robust aphids, BL usually more than 2 mm	…..11
7	Tibiae dark. Antennae mainly dark, except at bases of segments. Forewings with both Cu_1a and especially Cu_1bbordered with fuscous, much darker than other veins ABD TERG 1-6 without pleural hairs, but with 2 spinal hairs on each spinal process. Hind femur with a black spot dorsally near apex (fig. 33F)	…..Monelliopsis bisetosa
–	Tibiae mainly pale. Antennae with only apical parts of segments and rhinariated section of ANT III dark. Forewings with only Cu_1b lightly bordered with fuscous, Cu_1a as other veins. ABD TERG 1-6 with separate spinal and pleural hairs on separate processes. Hind femur with a black spot on ventral side near apex (fig. 33G)	…..8
8	Subcoxa of hind leg usually with a dark transverse streak. In midsummer alatae ABD TERG 1-5 each with a transverse spinopleural row of 5-12 hairs. ABD TERG 6 with 2 (spring) up to 6 (midsummer) spinopleural hairs. Embryos with dorsal body hairs having fan-shaped, denticulate apices	…..Monelliopsis bisselli
–	Subcoxa of hind leg without a transverse mark. In midsummer alatae ABD TERG 1-5 with up to 6 or even 8 hairs, but ABD TERG 6 almost always with 2 (rarely 3) spinal hairs. Embryos with dorsal body hairs having knobbed apices	…..9
9	Pleural hairs on ABD TERG 1-4 mostly on smaller processes than spinal ones (fig. 33H). ABD TERG 1-5 in spring usually each with 4-6 spinopleural hairs, in midsummer with 5-8 spinopleural hairs (arising from dark bases)	…..Monelliopsis nigropunctata
–	Pleural hairs on ABD TERG 1-4 on processes of similar size to spinal ones (fig. 33I), or none of hairs raised above surface. ABD TERG 1-5 in spring usually each with 2-5 spinopleural hairs; in midsummer with 4-6 spinopleural hairs (often with dark bases)	…..10
10	ABD TERG 1-5 normally each with 4 spinopleural hairs, with exceptionally 5 on one tergite. Spinopleural hairs on ABD TERG 1 and 2 arising from low processes	…..Monelliopsis pleurialis
–	ABD TERG 1-5 normally with 4-5 (rarely 6) spinopleural hairs, those on at least ABD TERG 1 and 2 often being hardly raised above surface	…..Monelliopsis pecanis
11	Pronotum with 2 posterior hair-bearing processes (fig. 33J), and ABD TERG 1-4 each with 4 processes	…..Protopterocallis quadrata
–	Pronotum usually with at least 4 posterior processes (figs 33K, L), and ABD TERG 1-4 each usually with more than 4 processes	…..12
12	Pronotum with 6-7 posterior processes, in groups of 2-4 (fig. 33K)	…..Protopterocallis pergandei
–	Pronotum with 4-5 posterior processes (fig. 33L )	…..13
13	Some of spinal hairs on ABD TERG 1-3 neotenic; as long as or longer than the processes from which they arise, 45-100 µm long, expanded at tips and very stout-based (fig. 33M)	…..Protopterocallis gigantea

–	Spinal hairs on ABD TERG 1-3 all shorter than the processes from which they arise, less than 40 µm long, similar in size to hairs on pronotum	…..Protopterocallis fumipenella
14	ABD TERG 1-6 each with 3-8 fine, often very short hairs, with small round pigmented spots at their bases, which are never raised	…..Monellia microsetosa
–	ABD TERG 1-6 each with only 2 spinal hairs, often on low processes	…..15
15	Spinal hairs on ABD TERG 1-4 all short and fine, less than 40 µm long, less than 1.5 × diameter of most swollen part of ANT III. ABD TERG 1-6 of embryos (seen through adult cuticle) with very short spinal hairs and long overlapping marginal hairs (fig. 34C)	…..Monellia caryella

–	At least some of spinal hairs on ABD TERG 1-4 long, 40-80 µm, 1.5-3.2 × diameter of most swollen part of ANT III. If ABD TERG 1-6 of embryos have very short spinal hairs (Monelliahispida) then the marginal hairs are non-overlapping	…..16
16	Embryos (and 1st instars) with marginal hairs on abdominal segments 1-6 short, not overlap-ping between segments, and spinal hairs minute (fig. 34D)	…..Monellia hispida
–	Embryos (and 1st instars) with marginal and spinal hairs all long, the marginal hairs all overlapping between segments (fig. 34E)	…..Monellia medina

*Caryocar*	Caryocaraceae
*Caryocar brasiliense*	Aphis gossypii

Caryophyllus see Dianthus

Caryophyllaceae

*Caryopteris*	Lamiaceae
*Caryopteris mongholica*	Aphis caryopteridis