HOST LISTS AND KEYS FOR EACH PLANT GENUS

(in alphabetical order)

Pic-Pin

PICEA

Picnomon

Picramnia

Picridium

Picris

Picrothamnus

Pictetia

Pieris

Pilea

Pilgerodendron

Piliostigma

Pilosella

Pilostemon

Pimpinella

Pinaropappus

PINUS

Picea Spruces Pinaceae

Many of the 38 species of spruce-feeding Cinara have only been found on one or two hosts, but the more widely-distributed and/or commoner species show little evidence of specificity to particular species of Picea, so a single, rather long, key is required, of which couplets 36 onwards deal with this genus; only the apterous viviparae are keyed. Many of the North American Cinara species are inadequately known, and their separation often relies heavily on the original descriptions. C. nepticula Hottes and C. yukona Hottes are only known from the alate morph so cannot be included in the key. Several other separations, especially those involving species not seen by the authors (marked *), are probably unreliable because they are based on too few specimens.

Picea is the primary host for Adelgidae. The taxonomy of adelgids is difficult because of their complex polymorphism (see p.). Identification of adelgids on spruce requires examination of immatures of the fundatrix generation (usually found overwintering in or near the buds) and/or the alate migrant (gallicola) that emerges from the gall the following summer. Even then, species limits are often uncertain (most notably in the laricis group). However, there is some degree of host specificity in Adelgidae, so it should be possible to narrow down the possibilities considerably by using the key in conjunction with the host plant list below and the descriptions of galls, etc., in the text.
The parthenogenetic generations of species in a number of genera of Pemphiginae in the tribe Prociphilini, Pachypappa, Pachypappella, Prociphilus, live in white wax on the roots of Picea spp. as their secondary hosts. The couplets (29-35) separating apterae of Pachypappa and Pachypappella on spruce roots are based on the work of Danielsson (1990). The root-feeding morphs of Prociphilus (subgenus Stagona) cannot at present be satisfactorily keyed to species.

Host plant list:-

Picea abies (= P. excelsa)Norway Spruce
Adelges abietis, lapponicus, lariciatus, laricis, nordmannianae, pectinatae, tardoides, tardus, viridis; Cinara braggii, [confinis], costata, ezoana, fornacula, [maculipes], [nuda], piceae, piceicola, pilicornis, [pinea], pruinosa; Elatobium abietinum; [Gootiella tremulae]; [Neomyzus circumflexus]; Pachypappa populi, tremulae, vesicalis; Pachypappella lactea; Pineus cembrae, konowashiyai, orientalis, pineoides, [pini]; Prociphilus fraxini, Prociphilus (Stagona) [pini], xylostei;Tsugaphis sorini ssp. piceicola
P. ajanensis = P. jezoensis
P. alcoquianaAdelges [kitamiensis], laricis
P. asperataChinese Spruce
Adelges roseigallis; Cinara alba, costata, piceae, piceicola, pilicornis
P. bicolor = P. alcoquiana
P. brachytyla[Adelges glandulae, tsugae]
P. brewerianaCinara pilicornis
P. crassifoliaAdelges roseigallis
P. engelmannii (incl. var. mexicana)Engelmann Spruce
Adelges abietis, cooleyi, viridis; Cinara braggii, coloradensis, [curvipes], engelmanniensis, fornacula, glehna, hottesi, nimbata, obscura, pilicornis, pruinosa, saskensis, vandykei; Elatobium abietinum; Mindarus obliquus; Pachypappa rosettei, sacculi; Pineus boycei, engelmanni, pinifoliae; Prociphilus (Stagona) xylostei
P. excelsa (Lam.) Link = P. abies
P. × fennicaAdelges lapponicus; Cinara costata, pilicornis, pruinosa;
Pineus cembrae
P. glaucaWhite Spruce
Adelges abietis, cooleyi, lapponicus, lariciatus, laricis, nordmannianae, pectinatae ssp. ishiharai, tardus, viridis; Cinara acadiana, atripes, ?bonica, ?bonita, braggii, coloradensis, [confinis], costata, curvipes, fornacula, hottesi, jucunda, nigripes, obscura, pallidipes, piceae, piceicola, pilicornis, pruinosa; saskensis, soplada, thatcheri, vandykei, [yukona]; Elatobium abietinum; Essigella alyeska; Mindarus obliquus; Pachypappa rosettei, vesicalis; Pineus pinifoliae; Prociphilus (Stagona) xylostei; Tsugaphis sorini ssp. piceicola
P. glehniiSakhalin Spruce
Adelges pectinatae ssp. ishiharai; Cinara costata, ezoana, glehna, nopporoensis, piceae, pilicornis, pruinosa ssp. ezoana; Elatobium abietinum, piceanum; Pineus cembrae; Prociphilus (Stagona) konoi
P. × hurstiiElatobium abietinum
P. jezoensis (= P. ajanensis)Yeddo Spruce
Adelges abietis, japonicus, karafutonis, lapponicus, pectinatae, pectinatae ssp. ishiharai; Cinara costata, horii, ?piceae, pruinosa, pruinosa ssp. ezoana, [Cinara “sp. D” of Eastop et al. 1998]; Elatobium piceanum; Pineus orientalis; Tsugaphis sorini ssp. piceicola
P. jezoensis var. hondoensisAdelges isedakii, torii, [tsugae]; Cinara costata, piceae; [Stomaphis japonica]
P. koraiensisAdelges laricis, pectinatae, [roseigallis], viridis; Cinara piceae, pilicornis, pruinosa; Pineus cembrae; Tsugaphis sorini ssp. piceicola
P. koyamaiAdelges abietis, [kitamiensis], viridis; Cinara costata, pilicornis
P. likiangensis (incl. var. balfouriana)[Adelges glandulae, tsugae]; Cinara pilicornis; Pineus [armandicola], sichunanus
P. marianaBlack Spruce
Adelges abietis, cooleyi, lapponicus, lariciatus, laricis, viridis; Cinara abietis, braggii, costata, fornacula, hottesi, mariana, nigripes, nimbata, pruinosa, rara; Elatobium abietinum; Mindarus obliquus; Pachypappa rosettei, sacculi; Pineus floccus, pinifoliae, strobi
P. maximowiczii [Adelges kitamiensis]
P. mexicana see P. engelmannii
P. morinda = P. smithiana
P. morrisonicola [Adelges tsugae]; [Prociphilus formosanus]
P.nigra = P. mariana
P. obovataSiberian Spruce
Adelges abietis, lapponicus, laricis, pectinatae, tardus, viridis; Cinara costata, obovatae, piceae, piceicola, pilicornis, pruinosa; Elatobium abietinum; Pineus cembrae, pineoides, [pini]; Prociphilus [oriens], xylostei
P. omorikaAdelges abietis, nordmannianae, prelli, viridis; Cinara costata, piceae, pilicornis; Elatobium abietinum; Mindarus obliquus; Pineus orientalis, pineoides
P. orientalisAdelges abietis, laricis, merkeri, nordmannianae, [piceae], prelli, viridis; Cinara costata, piceae, pilicornis, pruinosa; Elatobium abietinum; Pachypappa tremulae; Pineus cembrae, orientalis, [pini]
P. parryana = P. pungens
P. polita = P. torano
P. pungens (incl. vars argentea, kosteriana)Colorado Spruce
Adelges abietis, cooleyi, lapponicus, lariciatus, laricis, tardus, viridis; Cinara braggii, coloradensis, costata, curvipes, fornacula, glehna, jucunda, piceae, piceicola, pilicornis, pruinosa, [wanepae]; Elatobium abietinum; Pachypappa ?sacculi, tremulae; Pineus orientalis, pinifoliae, similis; Protohormaphis piceae; Tsugaphis sorini ssp. piceicola
P. purpurea[Adelges glandulae]; Pineus sichunanus
P. retroflexaAdelges laricis ssp pontaninilaricis
P. rubensRed Spruce
Adelges abietis, laricis; Cinara braggii, [confinis], engelmanniensis, fornacula, nepticula, pilicornis, pinicola; Elatobium abietinum; [Essigella pini]; Pineus floccus, pineoides, pinifoliae; Prociphilus (Stagona) piceaerubensis
P. rubra = P. rubens
P. schrenkiana (incl. ssp. tianschanica)Adelges abietis, lapponicus, viridis; Cinara costata, piceae, piceicola, pilicornis, pruinosa; Elatobium abietinum; Pineus pineoides; [Prociphilus umarovi]; Tsugaphis sorini ssp. piceicola
P. sitchensisSitka Spruce
Adelges abietis, cooleyi, japonicus, lapponicus, laricis, pectinatae, pectinatae ssp. ishiharai, tardus, viridis; Aphis fabae; [Aulacorthum solani]; Cinara braggii, coloradensis. costata, fornacula, glacialis, nigripes, piceae, piceicola, pilicornis, pinicola, pruinosa, sitchensis, vandykei; Elatobium abietinum; Mindarus obliquus; Neomyzus circumflexus; Pachypappa rosettei, sacculi, vesicalis; Pachypappella lactea; Pineus pinifoliae, similis; Prociphilus (Stagona) xylostei
P. smithianaHimalayan Spruce
Adelges abietis, knucheli, viridis; Cinara atroalbipes, comata, [tenuipes], [Cinara sp. (Chowdhuri et al. 1969: 85)]; Elatobium abietinum
P. tianschanica see schrenkiana
P. toranoTigertail Spruce
Adelges [kitamiensis], [tsugae], viridis; Pineus orientalis
P. wilsoniiAdelges abietis/viridis
Picea sp.Cinara alaskana, caudella, [pruiniviridis]; Mindarus keteleerifoliae; [Macrosiphoniella piceaphis (as Piceaphis piceaphis)]

Key to spruce-feeding aphids:-

[Adelges kitamiensis, A. glandulae and A. tsugae could not be included because the appropriate morphs for use in this key (immature and adult fundatrices, and immature gallicolae) have not yet been described.]

1 Abdomen of adults with a chitinous ovipositor (parthenogenetic females oviparous). Apterae very small (less than 1.2 mm) with greatly reduced antennae of at most 3 segments. Alatae with short 5-segmented antennae without secondary rhinaria but with a single large rhinarium on each of ANT III, IV and V (Adelgidae)……2
No chitinous ovipositor (parthenogenetic females viviparous). Antennae of apterae with at least 4 segments. Alatae (where known) with 5- or 6-segmented antennae with secondary rhinaria at least on ANT III …..19
2 Abdomen (all morphs) with only 4 evident pairs of spiracles, on ABD TERG 2-5 (Pineus) …..3
Abdomen (all morphs) with 5 evident pairs of spiracles, on ABD TERG 2-6 (Adelges) …..9
3 Adult aptera very small (BL about 0.8 mm or less), dorsoventrally flattened, free-living all year around on lignified tissue (in cracks of bark, under scales, etc.). Head and prothorax fused into a well-sclerotised shield, with conspicuous wax gland facets (fig. 64A). (Alate morphs unknown) …..Pineus pineoides (or konowashiyai)
Adult aptera with BL usually over 1 mm, found in or near galls on shoots (usually fundatrices). Head and prothorax only lightly sclerotised, fused or separate …..4
4 Head of alata emerging from gall (gallicola) without wax pore plates …..Pineus pinifoliae
Head of alate gallicola with wax pore plates …..5
5 (Alate gallicola) dorsal abdominal wax glands comprising separate small groups, each with a few facets, distributed in irregular tranverse rows between narrow crescent-shaped marginal wax pore plates (fig. 64B) …..Pineus boycei*
(Alate gallicola) dorsal abdominal wax glands where present grouped in spinal, or spinal and pleural, plates forming longitudinal (but often incomplete) rows between the marginal plates, which are oval or broadly crescent-shaped (e.g., fig. 64C) …..6
6 (Alate gallicola) primary rhinarium on ANT V clearly extending more than half-way around segment…..7
(Alate gallicola) primary rhinarium on ANT V not extending more than half way around segment…..8
7 (Alate gallicola) primary rhinarium on ANT V very large and elongate, occupying more than 0.6 of total length of ANT V (fig.64D) …..Pineus floccus*
(Alate gallicola) primary rhinarium on ANT V not elongate, not usually occupying more than 0.5 of total length of ANT V (fig. 64E) …..Pineus orientalis
8 Abdomen of overwintering immature “fundatrix” (pseudofundatrix), and of adult aptera from gall (pseudofundatrix or apterous gallicola) almost devoid of spinopleural wax glands posterior to ABD TERG 1, and with only small marginal glands …..Pineus similis
Abdomen of overwintering immature fundatrix with spinal and pleural wax glands on all tergites, and adult fundatrix with spinopleural glands on ABD TERG 1-3, 1-4 or 1-5, and well-developed marginal glands on ABD TERG 1-7…..Pineus cembrae (or sichuanus)
9 Wax glands of overwintering immature fundatrix with simple, thin-walled facets secreting solid wax filaments. (Galls like miniature pineapples without needles, hair or waxy bloom)…..10
Wax glands of overwintering immature fundatrix (or pseudofundatrix) with double-walled ring-like facets secreting hollow tubes of wax (e.g., figs 64L-N). (Galls usually with groups of needles arising from them, and/or with hairs and/or a waxy bloom) …..14
10 Immature fundatrix with pleural as well as spinal and marginal sclerites of thorax and abdomen bearing wax glands (i.e. 6 longitudinal rows of wax pore plates). Alate gallicola with wax glands on head and prothorax having many distinct facets with clear lumina …..11
Immature fundatrix without wax glands on pleural sclerites of thorax and abdomen; i.e. only spinal and marginal wax pore plates on each segment (the spinal wax pore plates being on the inner margins of the sclerites). Alate gallicola with wax glands on head and prothorax of granular appearance, without facets or with a few indistinct facets…..12
11 Immature fundatrix with apical hair on antenna much less than half length of ANT III; wax gland facets situated around margins of spinal and pleural sclerites of meso- and metathorax and ABD TERG 1-5 leaving reticulate central areas. Alate gallicola with rhinaria on ANT III, IV and V occupying more than half the length of their respective segments…..Adelges pectinatae
Immature fundatrix with apical hair on antenna about half of length of ANT III; wax gland facets situated centrally in groups on spinal and pleural sclerites of meso- and metathorax and ABD TERG 1-5. Alate gallicola with rhinaria on ANT III, IV and V occupying less than half the length of their respective segments…..Adelges knucheli
12 Immature fundatrix with wax pore plates on inner margins of meso- and metathoracic spinal sclerites containing numerous small, mostly rounded, pits, arranged in 2-4 areas of rather rounded shape (fig. 64I). Total number of pits in the most central areas only (fig. 64H , labelled) of the spinal wax pore plates of the meso- and metathorax plus ABD TERG 1-3 (i.e. a total of 10 central areas) is 64-94…..Adelges nordmannianae
Immature fundatrix with wax pore plates on inner margins of meso- and metathoracic spinal sclerites divided into 3-4 often rather angular areas, containing relatively large pits of irregular shape (figs 64J, K) Total number of pits in the most central areas only of the spinal wax pore plates of meso- and metathorax plus ABD TERG 1-3 (10 central areas) is 15-56 …..13
13Immature fundatrix with total number of pits in 10 central areas (as defined in couplet 12) usually more than 40 (range 34-56, mean about 45) (fig. 64J) …..Adelges merkeri
Immature fundatrix with total number of pits in 10 central areas usually less than 40 (range 15-47, mean about 26) (fig. 64K) …..Adelges prelli
14 Overwintering immature fundatrix or pseudofundatrix (where known) with dorsal sclerites bearing single rather large ring-like wax pores, ringed by several small less distinct glands of irregular shape (fig. 64L). Alate gallicola often but not always having ANT IV and V with broad, indistinct basal articulation, 2 or more times wider than basal articular diameter of ANT III (e.g., fig. 64F)…..Adelges laricis group
(isedakii, japonicus, lapponicus, lariciatus, laricis, pontaninilaricis)
Overwintering immature fundatrix (or pseudofundatrix) with dorsal sclerites bearing groups of similar-sized ring-like wax pores. Alate gallicola with basal articulation of ANT IV and V distinct and not much broader than that of ANT III (fig. 64G) …..15
15 Immature fundatrix (or pseudofundatrix) with dorsal sclerites bearing groups of 8-30 ring-like wax pores. Wax glands on head and prothorax of alate gallicola with large distinct facets….. Adelges cooleyi
Immature fundatrix with dorsal sclerites bearing groups of 2-7 double-walled wax pores (e.g., fig. 64M). Wax glands on head and prothorax of alate gallicola absent or indistinct, without any clear facets…..16
16 Alate gallicola with oblique vein of hind wing very short, almost straight, at right angles to longitudinal vein, and weakly pigmented; rhinarium on ANT V occupying less than 0.5 of total length of segment…..17
Alate gallicola with oblique vein of hind wing either curved or bent distally, with or without pigment; rhinarium on ANT V occupying about 0.5 of total length of segment …..18
17Overwintering 1st instar fundatrix (“pseudo-fundatrix”) elongate, BL about 2.5 × greatest body width, with pleurospinal sclerites of prothorax clearly longer than broad (fig. 64M). Nymph of alate gallicola (in gall) with 0-10 wax pores on each marginal sclerite of mesothorax…..Adelges abietis
Overwintering first instar fundatrix with BL about 1.7 × greatest body width, and with pleurospinal sclerites of prothorax almost square (fig. 64N). Nymph of alate gallicola with 15-30 wax pores on each mesothoracic marginal sclerite…..Adelges viridis group (including A. roseigallis? – see text)
18 Alate gallicola with oblique vein of hind wing arising at right angles from longitudinal vein and curved outward distally (not heavily pigmented?). BL about 1.5 mm …..Adelges karafutonis*
Alate gallicola with oblique vein of hind wing heavily pigmented, arising at an obtuse angle from longitudinal vein and mainly straight, with an angular bend outward distally. BL 1.8-2.4 mm…..Adelges torii
19 ANT PT/BASE more than 1. SIPH tubular, cauda tongue or finger-like …..20
ANT PT/BASE less than 1. SIPH on broad pigmented cones, or pore-like, or absent. Cauda short; rounded, triangular or knobbed…..23
20 SIPH and cauda black. Hairs on legs long and fine, and those on antennae more than 0.5× basal diameter of ANT III…..Aphis fabae
SIPH and cauda pale or dusky. Hairs on legs and antennae short; those on antennae much less than 0.5× basal diameter of ANT III…..21
21 Aptera with a dark horseshoe-shaped dorsal abdominal patch, and alata with a solid dark dorsal abdominal patch…..Neomyzus circumflexus
Aptera and alata both without dark dorsal abdominal markings…..22
22 ANT PT/BASE no more than 1.6. Hairs on front of head shorter than basal diameter of ANT III…..Elatobium abietinum
ANT PT/BASE 1.7-2.5. Hairs on front of head longer than basal diameter of ANT III …..Elatobium piceanum
23 SIPH either absent or present as pores, sometimes elevated, but never with broad pigmented conical bases. R V not clearly distinct from R IV, or not elongate…..24
SIPH as large pores, usually placed on broad pigmented hairy cones (Cinara spp.). R V distinct from R IV and elongate, 2 or more times its basal width…..37
24 Dorsum entirely sclerotised, with head and prothorax fused. Antenna 4- or 5-segmented. Cauda knobbed…..25
Dorsum mainly membranous, head and prothorax separate or, if fused, then antennae are 6-segmented. Cauda rounded, triangular or not evident…..26
25 Body of aptera broadly elliptical, greatly flattened and expanded laterally, divided dorsally into cephalothorax and abdomen of approximately equal size, no other segmentation being visible (fig. 65B).Short legs and 4-segmented antennae hidden under body …..Tsugaphis sorini ssp. piceicola
Body of aptera of more normal aphid form (fig. 65A). Antennae 5-segmented …..Protohormaphis piceae
26 Aptera with compound eyes and elongate, spindle-shaped body, BL more than 2× maximum body width. Wax glands absent …..Essigella alyeska
Aptera with reduced eyes (3-7 facets), BL usually less than 2× maximum body width. Wax glands well-developed, at least on abdomen of aptera…..27
27 Aptera (on needles) with R IV+V about 0.5× ANT BASE VI or less, and with marginal wax pore plates usually present on ABD TERG 1-7 or 2-7; spinal and pleural wax pore plates reduced or absent except on most posterior tergites. Alata with media of forewing usually once-branched…..28
Aptera (on roots) with R IV+V about 1.0× ANT BASE VI or longer, and with marginal wax pore plates reduced or absent, at least on ABD TERG 3-7; large spinal and pleural wax pore plates on ABD TERG 4-7. Alata (sexupara) with media of forewing usually unbranched…..29
28 Alata with 14-22 secondary rhinaria on ANT III. Primary rhinarium on ANT V with a ciliate margin. Aptera with marginal wax pore plates mostly small, only ever well-developed on ABD TERG 6 and 7…..Mindarus keteleerifoliae*
Alata with 7-13 (exceptionally up to 15) secondary rhinaria on ANT III, and primary rhinarium on ANT V without a ciliate margin. Apterae with well-developed marginal wax glands on ABD TERG 1-7…..Mindarus obliquus
29 Posterior part of abdomen (with cauda and anal plate) dark and projecting cauda-like, the projection about as long as wide. Hairs on antennae and legs numerous, long and fine…..Prociphilus fraxini (or bumeliae? – see text)
No cauda-like posterior projection of the abdomen. Hairs on antennae and legs sparse and short…..30
30 R IV+V without a pale subapical zone. Aptera with thick, spine-like hairs on HT I, similar in size to those at apex of tibia. Alate sexupara with secondary rhinaria on ANT V …..Prociphilus (Stagona) spp.
R IV+V with a distinct pale subapical zone. Aptera with hairs on HT I fine or spine-like, if spine-like then often smaller than those at apex of tibia. Alate sexupara without secondary rhinaria on ANT V…..31
31 (Remaining couplets in this part of key refer only to aptera.) Hairs on HT I very small and thin, or if thick basally then with finely-pointed apices…..32
Hairs on HT I thick and sometimes spine-like, with short or blunt apices …..34
32 Segments I and II of all tarsi distinctly separated from each other. Segment I of fore tarsus with 2-3 hairs…..33
Segments I and II of tarsi not distinctly separated. Segment I of fore tarsus with 2 hairs …..34
33Hairs on HT I and apical dorsal hairs on HT II very small, 4-8 µm long, with abrupt apices. Segment I of fore tarsus usually with 2 hairs; if a third middle hair is present it is longer than the lateral hairs…..Pachypappa rosettei*
Hairs on HT I and apical dorsal hairs on HT II longer, 10-15 µm, with finely-pointed apices. Segment I of fore tarsus almost always with 3 hairs, the middle hair shorter and blunter than the lateral hairs (fig. 66A) …..Pachypappa tremulae
34 ANT PT only 0.015-0.02 mm long. Legs short, with length of hind femur less than 4× its maximum width. All tarsi reduced, with segments I and II not distinctly separated (HT II less than 0.1 mm long). Second tarsal segments with dorsal apical hairs short and spine-like (fig. 66B) …..Pachypappell
lactea
ANT PT more than 0.02 mm long. Legs longer, with hind femur more than 4× its maximum width…..35
35 Antenna usually 6-segmented, with PT finger-like, 0.034-0.05 mm long. Hairs on first tarsal segments spine-like and similar in size to those at apices of tibiae. Hind tibia on dorsal side bearing 2-5 spine-like hairs with short, blunt apices…..Pachypappa populi*
Antenna usually 5-segmented, with PT less than 0.035 mm long. Hairs on first tarsal segments distinctly shorter than those at apices of tibiae (e.g., fig. 66C). Hind tibia with some hairs on dorsal side with long, pointed apices…..36
36 Hairs arising from dorsal abdominal wax pore plates are more than 25 µm long. Each wax gland facet with a dark circle inside a pale outer ring ……Pachypappa vesicalis
Hairs arising from abdominal wax pore plates are less than 25 µm long. Wax gland facets without dark centres…..?Pachypappa sacculi*
37 (Unless stated otherwise, the remaining couplets all refer only to apterous viviparae) Hairs on outer side of hind tibia short and rather thick (e.g. fig. 67A), only more than 60μm long in very large aphids…..38
Hairs on outer side of hind tibia more than 60μm long, and and mostly with finely pointed apices …..42
38 Large rotund aphid, BL 3.2-6.7 mm long, but usually more than 4.5 mm. Coxae black. R IV more than 0.30 mm…..Cinara piceae
BL 2.4-4.2 mm. Coxae (where colour known) light brown. R IV less than 0.25 mm …..39
39PT less than 0.03 mm…..Cinara jucunda*
PT more than 0.04 mm…..40
40 R IV only about 0.17 mm (in specimen of BL about 2.5 mm) …..Cinara caudelli*
R IV more than 0.2 mm…..41
41 HT II about 0.29 mm (in specimen of BL 3.1 mm). Hairs on SIPH cones rather evenly distributed over entire pigmented area…..Cinara soplada*
HT II 0.33 mm or more. Hairs on SIPH cones concentrated on apical half around pore, with basal part of pigmented area having only sparse hairs …..Cinara coloradensis
42Hairs on outer side of middle section of hind tibia all less than 0.12 mm long (e.g., fig. 67B)….43
All or many of hairs on outer side of middle section of hind tibia of length exceeding 0.12 mm (e.g., fig. 67C)…..55
43Hind tibiae uniformly dark brown to black …..Cinara atripes*
Hind tibiae with at least the basal or middle section paler…..44
44 SIPH cones pale, almost concolorous with dorsal cuticle …..Cinara fornacula
SIPH cones pigmented, much darker than rest of dorsal cuticle…..45
45 ABD TERG 7 and 8 both with dark sclerotic cross-bands (sometimes divided in midline or partially fragmented) …..46
Dark cross-bands absent from ABD TERG 7 and 8 or only present on ABD TERG 8 …..47
46 R IV+V shorter than HT II, with R IV bearing 5-9 accessory hairs …..Cinara piceicola
R IV+V longer than HT II, with R IV bearing 9-13 accessory hairs …..Cinara pruinosa (part)
47 HT II usually more than 0.32 mm long (if necessary measure several specimens) …..48
HT II less than 0.32 mm long…..51
48 R IV 0.21-0.27 mm…..49
R IV 0.27-0.44 mm…..50
49Hind tibia less than 0.4 × BL. R IV about 0.22 mm…..Cinara bonita*
Hind tibia more than 0.7 × BL. R IV 0.21-0.27 mm….. Cinara curvipes
50R IV 0.27-0.32 mm…..Cinata obovatae*
R IV 0.40-0.44 mm…..Cinara saskensis*
51 Hind tibia more than 1.65 mm long…..52
Hind tibia less than 1.65 mm long…..54
52 R IV+V about 0.42 mm…..Cinara acadiana*
R IV+V 0.36 mm or less…..53
53 R IV+V 0.24 mm or less. ANT III with 1-2 secondary rhinaria distally …..Cinara vandykei
R IV+V 0.24-0.36 mm. ANT III without secondary rhinaria …..Cinara hottesi
54 ANT VI (including PT) 0.15-0.18 mm, as long as or a little longer than ANT V …..Cinara sitchensis
ANT VI (including PT) 0.12-0.14 mm, a little shorter than ANT V…..Cinara obscura/pallidipes
55 ABD TERG II-VI each with a pair of large dark patches, forming two longitudinal rows on dorsum…..Cinara engelmanniensis
ABD TERG II-VI without paired dark patches (except around siphunculi) …..56
56 Hind tibiae uniformly dark brown or black…..57
Hind tibiae pale, or at least paler basally or medially than at apex…..58
57 SIPH cones large and dark…..Cinara nigripes
SIPH cones very small and pale…..Cinara horii
58 ANT IV without any rhinaria…..59
ANT IV with at least one rhinarium…..60
59 Fore tibiae black, contrasting with pale mid and hind tibiae. SIPH cones pale. Hairs on antennae long (up to 160 µm), and sparse…..Cinara atroalbipes
Fore tibiae similarly pigmented to mid and hind tibiae. SIPH cones dark. Hairs on antennae about 120 µm long, numerous…..Cinara bonica*
60 HT II longer than maximum diameter of SIPH cones, which are small and often rather pale …..Cinara pilicornis
HT II shorter than maximum diameter of SIPH cones…..61
61 Hind femora either wholly pale or with patchy or banded pigmentation. Tibial hairs dark, often with pigmented bases. Dorsal abdominal hairs often arising from small scleroites. (Alata with media of forewing once-branched)…..62
Hind femora sometimes wholly pale but usually pale basally becoming dark distally. Tibial hairs pale or dusky, usually with unpigmented bases, and dorsal abdominal hairs rarely arising from small scleroites. (Alata with media of forewing twice-branched) …..64
62 R IV+V as long as or longer than HT II. (Alata with forewings marked with fuscous)…..Cinara costata
R IV+V shorter than HT II. (Forewings of alata with or without fuscous) …..63
63Longest hairs on ANT III about one quarter of length of ANT III. (Alata with forewings marked with fuscous) …..Cinara nimbata
Longest hairs on ANT III about one half of length of ANT III. (Alata with hyaline forewings)…..Cinara comata
64 R IV+V 1.1-1.5× longer than HT II…..Cinara pruinosa (part)
R IV+V less than 1.1 times × HT II…..65
65 ANT III 3.4-4.1× longer than the longest hair borne upon it. HT II 0.30-0.48 mm long, 1.1-1.4× R IV+V. Coxae, femora and tibiae all rather pale; tibiae only dark at apices…..Cinara braggii
ANT III 2.4-3.1× the longest hair borne upon it. HT II 0.28-0.32 mm long, 1.0-1.2 × R IV+V. Legs darker, with tibiae dark on about distal third…..66
66 ANT III more than 0.15× BL, bearing hairs up to 160 µm long …..Cinara glacialis*
ANT III 0.08-0.13× BL, with longest hairs 90-130 µm long …..Cinara glehna/mariana*
PicnomonAsteraceae
Picnomon acarna Aphis fabae; Brachycaudus helichrysi;
Macrosiphoniella tuberculata;
Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominale

Key to apterae on Picnomon:-

Dorsal abdominal hairs borne on rounded tubercles. SIPH with polygonal reticulation on distal 0.30-0.43 of length. Cauda very long with a narrow, pointed apex …..Macrosiphoniella tuberculata
Dorsal abdominal hairs not arising from rounded tubercles, and other characters not in that combination….. go to key to polyphagous aphids
Picramnia Picramniaceae
Picramnia pentandra Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii
Picridium see ReichardiaAsteraceae
Picris (incl. Helminthotheca) Asteraceae
Picris divaricataUroleucon formosanum
P. echioidesAcyrthosiphon ilka; Aphis cornuta, craccivora, picridis;
(= Helminthotheca echioides) Brachycaudus helichrysi; Hyperomyzus lactucae, picridis;
Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus ornatus, persicae;
Nasonovia ribisnigri; Protaphis terricola;
Trama caudata, maritima, troglodytes;
Uroleucon picridis, sonchi
P. hieracioides (incl. sspp. longifolia, spinulosa) Aphis fabae, nasturtii, picridicola, picridis;
Aulacorthum palustre; Brachycaudus helichrysi;
Hyperomyzus lactucae, picridis;
Nasonovia [compositellae ssp. nigra], ribisnigri;
Pemphigus bursarius; Protaphis terricola;
Trama caudata, troglodytes;
Uroleucon amamianum, cichorii, [cirsii], formosanum,
[grossum], [jaceae], picridiphagum, picridis, sonchi
P. japonica [Sitobion akebiae]; Uroleucon picridiphagum, picridis
P. kamtshaticaUroleucon fuchuense, kamtshaticum
P. koreanaUroleucon picridis
P. longifolia = P. hieracioides ssp. longifolia
P. nuristanicaUroleucon picridis
P. paucifloraUroleucon sonchi
P. pyrenaicaUroleucon picridis
P. similis = P. nuristanica
P. spiniferaAphis picridis
P. spinulosa = P. hieracioides ssp. spinulosa
P. sprengerianaHyperomyzus picridis; Uroleucon picridis
Picris spp.Aphis gossypii; [Aulacorthum rufum];
[Hyperomyzus nigricornis?]

Key to apterae on Picris:-

1ANT PT/BASE less than 0.5. SIPH absent or small and conical…..2
ANT PT/BASE more than 0.7. SIPH tubular…..5
2Body and appendages sparsely hairy. Wax glands evident on ABD TERG 3-7. Hind tarsi of normal length, not much longer than for- or mid-tarsi …..Pemphigus bursarius
Body and appendages densely clothed in fine hairs. Wax glands not evident. HT II greatly elongated, more than 0.65 of length of hind tibia…..3
3SIPH completely absent. Eyes of 3 facets…..Trama troglodytes
SIPH present as slightly raised small pores. Eyes usually with more than 12 facets …..4
4ANT III 1.80-2.35 × (usually 2.0-2.2 ×) ANT IV, and 0.90-1.35 × (usually 1.0-1.25 ×) ANT V…..Trama caudata
ANT III 2.1-2.8 × (usually 2.4-2.7 ×) ANT IV, and 1.35-1.80 × (usually 1.5-1.7 ×) ANT V …..Trama maritima
5ANT tubercles weakly developed. ABD TERG 1 and 7 with marginal tubercles (MTu). ANT PT/BASE 0.8-4.1…..6
ANT tubercles well developed. ABD TERG 1 and 7 without MTu. ANT PT/BASE 2.8-11.4 …..10
6Cauda bluntly triangular, about as long as its basal width. Distal part of ANT III usually, and ANT IV often, with sec. rhinaria. ANT PT/BASE 0.8-2.1…..7
Cauda tongue-shaped, clearly longer than its basal width. ANT III and IV without rhinaria (except in alatiform specimens). ANT PT/BASE usually more than 2.1 (1.7-4.1) …..8
7ANT PT/BASE 0.8-1.3. SIPH 0.7-0.9 × cauda. Dorsum with scattered dark sclerites …..Protaphis terricola
ANT PT/BASE 1.5-2.1. SIPH 0.9-1.3 × cauda. Dorsum with more extensive dark sclerotisation, especially on ABD TERG 4-6…..Aphis picridicola
8Rostrum not reaching back beyond hind coxae, its length 0.2-0.33 × BL …..go to key to polyphagous aphids, starting at couplet 24
Rostrum reaching back beyond hind coxae; length (from base of protractor apodeme) 0.34-0.57 × BL…..9
9ANT PT/BASE 2.0-2.8. SIPH 1.3-1.9 × cauda. R IV+V 1.1-1.5 × HT II. MTu rarely present on ABD TERG 2-6…..Aphis picridis
ANT PT/BASE 3.1-4.1. SIPH 1.9-2.8 × cauda. R IV+V 1.4-1.8 × HT II. MTu irregularly present on ABD TERG 2-5 and often on ABD TERG 6…..Aphis cornuta
10SIPH smooth and swollen markedly over distal 0.7 of length to a maximum of 1.3-2.0 × their minimum width basad. Head smooth. ANT III with 5-30 rhinaria…..11
SIPH imbricated, tapering/cylindrical, or if somewhat clavate then head spiculose and ANT III without rhinaria…..12
11R IV+V 1.5-1.7 × HT II, with 8-12 accessory hairs …..Hyperomyzus picridis
R IV+V 0.9-1.0 × HT II, with 6-9 accessory hairs …..Hyperomyzus lactucae
12SIPH wholly or mainly dark, with polygonal reticulation comprising numerous small cells on distal 0.16-0.43 of length. ANT mainly dark…..13
SIPH pale or dusky, without polygonal reticulation, or with only a few rows of large polygonal cells on less than 0.2 of length. ANT mainly pale…..20
13ANT III 1.5-2.0 × longer than ANT IV+V together, and with 96-135 strongly protruberant rhinaria…..Uroleucon formosanum
ANT III less than 1.2 × ANT IV+V together, with 9-97 rhinaria…..14
14Dorsal hairs on ABD TERG 1-3 not placed on dark scleroites. R IV+V 0.8-0.95 × HT II …..15
Dorsal hairs on ABD TERG 1-3 all or mostly placed on dusky/dark scleroites. R IV+V 1.0-1.84 × HT II…..16
15Cauda with 14-17 hairs. R IV+V c.0.18 mm long …..Uroleucon picridiphagum
Cauda with 20-30 hairs. R IV+V 0.143-0.175 mm long …..Uroleucon sonchi
16Ante-siphuncular sclerites absent or indistinct…..17
Crescent-shaped antesiphuncular sclerites present…..19
17Cauda dark. R IV+V 1.3-1.6 × HT II. SIPH with reticulation on distal 0.33-0.40 …..Uroleucon amanianum
Cauda pale. R IV+V 1.0-1.25 × HT II. SIPH with reticulation on distal 0.20-0.30 …..18
18SIPH 1.4-1.7 × cauda, with reticulation on distal 0.26-0.30 …..Uroleucon kamtshaticum*
SIPH less than 1.3 × cauda, with reticulation on distal 0.20-0.24. (Ventral side of hind tibia with a row of short, peg-like hairs)…..Uroleucon fuchuense
19R IV+V 1.45-1.84 × HT II. ANT PT 2.9-3.9 × R IV+V. ANT PT/BASE 4.3-5.3 (-5.8) …..Uroleucon picridis
R IV+V 1.17-1.33 × HT II. ANT PT 4.1-5.4 × R IV+V. ANT PT/BASE (5.1-) 5.6-7.2 …..Uroleucon cichorii
20Dorsal abdomen with paired dark intersegmental markings, closer together on ABD TERG 4 and 5 than on more anterior segments. Spiracular apertures on pro-and metathorax much larger than those on abdomen. ANT PT/BASE 7.0-11.4. ANT III with 9-42 rhinaria …..Nasonovia ribisnigri
Dorsal abdomen without dark markings. Spiracular apertures on thorax of similar size to those on abdomen. ANT PT/BASE 2.8-6.3. ANT III with 0-3 (-10) rhinaria …..21
21Head spiculose or nodulose both dorsally and ventrally (or SIPH with at least 4-5 rows of large polygonal cells on distal 0.13-0.20 of length) …..go to key to polyphagous aphids, starting at couplet 4
Head without spicules at least on dorsal surface. SIPH with or without 1-3 rows of subapical polygonal reticulation on less than 0.1 of length…..21
22ANT PT/BASE 4.2-5.2. R IV+V 1.2-1.3 × HT II. Head with some spicules on ventral surface…..Aulacorthum palustre
ANT PT/BASE 2.8-3.7. R IV+V 0.75-1.0 × HT II. Head without spicules …..Acyrthosiphon ilka
Picrothamnus Asteraceae
Picrothamnus desertorum Epameibaphis sp.; Microsiphoniella oregonensis
(= Artemisia spinescens) (both records A. Jensen, Oregon; aphidtrek.org)
Pictetia Fabaceae
Pictetia aculeataAphis craccivora
PierisEricaceae
Pieris. japonicaAphis fabae, spiraecola; Akkaia polygoni;
Aulacorthum pterinigrum, solani;
Illinoia azaleae;
Macrosiphum euphorbiae, opportunisticum;
Pseudomegoura magnoliae; Sinomegoura citricola;
Wahlgreniella nervata
P. ovalifolia = Lyonia ovalifolia
Pieris sp.Illinoia lambersi

Key to apterae on Pieris:-

1ANT 4- or 5-segmented, with ANT PT/BASE c.0.9. SIPH strongly scabrous, and tapering to a narrow apex. Fundatrices and immatures in spring colonies with strongly spinulose hind tibiae…..Akkaia polygoni
ANT usually 6-segmented, ANT PT/BASE more than 2. SIPH smooth or normally imbricated…..2
2SIPH with subapical reticulation (at least 4-5 rows of closed polygonal cells) …..3
SIPH without subapical polygonal reticulation…..7
3Head with minute spicules on ventral side. Abdomen with black marginal sclerites, fused between segments to form broad black marginal stripes…..Aulacorthum pterinigrum
Head without spicules. Abdomen without broad black marginal stripes…..4
4R IV+V 1.1-1.9 × HT II. First tarsal segments with (4-) 5 hairs…..5
R IV+V 0.73-1.0 × HT II. First tarsal segments with 3 hairs…..6
5 R IV+V less than 0.14 mm long, 1.1-1.45 × HT II, and bearing 8-12 accessory hairs.. Second tarsal segments without spinules on the imbrications. HT II more than 1.5 × longer than max. diam. of swollen part of SIPH…..Illinoia azaleae
R IV+V more than 0.14 mm long, 1.4-1.9 × HT II, and bearing 15-23 accessory hairs. Second tarsal segments with spinules on the imbrications. HT II less than 1.5 × longer than max.diam.of swollen part of SIPH…..Illinoia lambersi
6Longest hairs on ANT III 10-24 μm, 0.3-0.5(-0.7) × BD III. SIPH often slightly swollen proximal to reticulated part. Cauda with rounded apex, and bearing 6-9 hairs. (Al. with paired pleural dark patches and large marginal and post-siphuncular sclerites)…..Macrosiphum opportunisticum
Longest hairs on ANT III 25-40 μm, 0.6-1.0 × BD III. SIPH not swollen. Cauda with a rather pointed apex, and bearing 8-13 hairs. (Al. without dark dorsal abdominal sclerites) …..Macrosiphum euphorbiae
7SIPH swollen on distal part. Head smooth with well-developed ANT tubercles, their inner faces divergent…..Wahlgreniella nervata
Without that combination of characters; if SIPH are swollen then head is spiculose and ANT tubercles have inner faces parallel or convergent…..go to key to polyphagous aphids
PileaUrticaceae
Pilea cadierei[Macrosiphum sp. (Leonard 1972a)]; Myzus persicae
P. grandifoliaMyzus persicae
P. hamaoiMyzus pileae, fataunae;
P. macrocarpa[Brachymyzus jasmini]
P. martiniiNeothelaxes pileata
P. microphyllaAphis gossypii
P. notata[Kaochiaoja pileophaga]; Micromyzodium kuwakusae
P. pubescensNeomyzus circumflexus
P. pumilaPseudasiphonaphis corni
Pilea sp. (?)[Matsumuraja nuditerga]

Key to apterae on Pilea:-

1Head smooth with weakly-developed ANT tubercles…..2
Head spiculose with well-developed ANT tubercles…..4
2Eyes 3-faceted (triommatidia) …..Neothelaxes pileata
Eyes multi-faceted…..3
3SIPH as very small, rimless cones, shorter than their basal widths. ABD TERG 1-7 all with well-developed marginal tubercles (MTu), longer than SIPH. ANT hairs long and fine, 2-3 × BD III…..Pseudasiphonaphis corni
SIPH tubular, cylindrical/tapering, much longer than their basal widths. Only ABD TERG 1 and 7 regularly with MTu. ANT hairs 0.4-0.8 × BD III…..Aphis gossypii
4Dorsal hairs long and thick. R IV+V 1.46-1.54 (-1.7) × HT II. Dorsal abdomen with a large dark sclerotic patch…..Micromyzodium kuwakusae
Dorsal hairs very short. R IV+V 0.9-1.4 × HT II. Dorsal abdomen with or without sclerotisation…..5
5Dorsal cuticle not sclerotic. ABD TERG 7 not extended posteriorly. SIPH normally imbricated, slightly clavate (with narrow section on basal half), 1.9-2.5 × cauda, which is not constricted basally. ANT PT/BASE 2.8-4.5…..Myzus persicae
Dorsal cuticle sclerotic, with wrinkles or corrugations. ABD TERG 7 extended posteriorly, its posterior margin bluntly conical or rounded. SIPH stout, with coarse denticulate imbrication, 2.2-5 × cauda, which has a basal constriction. ANT PT/BASE 1.6-2.5 …..6
6ANT 5-segmented. SIPH 3.3-4.5 × cauda, which is only a little longer than its basal width …..Myzus fataunae
ANT 6-segmented. SIPH 2.2-2.8 × cauda which is about 2 × longer than its basal width …..Myzus pileae
Pilgerodendron Cupressaceae
Pilgerodendron uviferum Neophyllaphis michelbacheri
PiliostigmaFabaceae
Piliostigma reticulata Aphis gossypii
P. thonningiiAphis craccivora, gossypii

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

PilosellaAsteraceae
Pilosella caespitosa Aphis curtiseta, mohelnensis, pilosellae;
Aulacorthum solani; Brachycaudus helichrysi;
Nasonovia compositellae ssp. nigra, pilosellae, ribisnigri;
Uroleucon obscurum, pilosellae, [Uroleucon sp. (Leonard 1968, 346)] P. hoppeana
Aphis pilosellae
P. lactucella Nasonovia ribisnigri;
Uroleucon obscurum, pseudobscurum
P. macrantha Aphis pilosellae
P. officinarum Aphis gossypii, hieracii, pilosellae; Aulacorthum solani;
Brachycaudus helichrysi, [mordvilkoi];
Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus ornatus, persicae;
Nasonovia compositellae ssp. nigra, pilosellae, ribisnigri;
Pemphigus bursarius; Pleotrichophorus deviatus;
Trama troglodytes;
Uroleucon bielawskii, cichorii, obscurum, [picridis],
pilosellae, pseudobscurum
P. peleteriana Nasonovia compositellae ssp. nigra, ribisnigri
P. piloselloides Aphis curtiseta, hieracii, pilosellae; Aulacorthum solani
P. rubra Nasonovia ribisnigri; [Uroleucon sp. (Leonard 1968: 346)]

Use key to apterae on Hieracium.

PilostemonAsteraceae
Pilostemon filifolia Macrosiphoniella victoriae
PimpinellaApiaceae
Pimpinella anisoidis Dysaphis anisoidis
P. anisumAphis fabae; Cavariella aegopodii, archangelicae;
Dysaphis apiifolia; Hyadaphis coriandri, foeniculi;
Macrosiphum euphorbiae
P. aromaticaAphis fabae; Cavariella aegopodii; Dysaphis pimpinellae
P. calycinaSemiaphis heraclei
P. diversifoliaCavariella aegopodii, ?konoi
P. hallaisanensis Aphis gossypii; Hyadaphis coriandri, foeniculi;
[Sitobion sp.]
P. magnaAnuraphis catonii; Aphis fabae; Cavariella pastinacae;
Semiaphis anthrisci, pimpinellae
P. majorAnuraphis catonii; Aphis subnitida;
Cavariella aegopodii, theobaldi;
Dysaphis apiifolia, foeniculus; Hyadaphis foeniculi;
Semiaphis pimpinellae
P. monoicaAphis gossypii
P. nigraAnuraphis catonii
P. peregrinaAnuraphis catonii
P. rhodanthaDysaphis anisoidis ssp. nairi
P. saxifragaAnuraphis catonii;
Aphis fabae, jacetana, subnitida;
Cavariella aegopodii, pastinacae, theobaldi;
Hyadaphis foeniculi; Macrosiphum euphorbiae;
Semiaphis anthrisci, pimpinellae
P. thellungianaAphis subnitida; Cavariella aegopodii
P. tragiumDysaphis anisoidis
P. tripartitaDysaphis anisoidis ssp. nairi
P. umbellata (?)Cavariella ?konoi
P. villosaAphis subnitida

Key to apterae on Pimpinella:-

1 ANT tubercles well developed, with smooth divergent inner faces. ANT 0.9-1.4 × BL. SIPH long, unswollen, with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation …..Macrosiphum euphorbiae
ANT tubercles absent or weakly developed. ANT less than 0.9 × BL. SIPH without subapical polygonal reticulation…..2
2 ABD TERG 8 with a posteriorly-projecting process above cauda…..3
No supracaudal process…..7
3 SIPH tapering/cylindrical…..Cavariella theobaldi
SIPH clavate…..4
4 ANT PT/BASE 0.6-1.3. R IV usually without accessory hairs …..Cavariella aegopodii
ANT PT/BASE 1.4-4.0. R IV usually with 2 accessory hairs…..5
5 ANT PT/BASE 2.6-4.0…..Cavariella pastinacae
ANT PT/BASE 1.4-2.0…..6
6 SIPH longer than head width across (and including) eyes. Length of supracaudal process at least 1.6 × maximum width of swollen part of SIPH. (Alata with a complete black band on ABD TERG 6)…..Cavariella archangelicae
SIPH equal to or shorter than head width across eyes. Length of supracaudal process less than 1.5 × maximum width of swollen part of SIPH. (Alata with a pair of roundish dark marks on ABD TERG 6)…..Cavariella konoi
7 SIPH very short and flangeless, curved towards midline, 0.3-0.5 × cauda…..Semiaphis spp. (pimpinellae, anthrisci, dauci, heraclei; see text)
SIPH more than 0.6 × cauda, and with a flange…..8
8 Cauda helmet-shaped/pentagonal or bluntly conical/triangular, not longer than its basal width. Spinal tubercles (STu) present on head and ABD TERG 7-8, or on ABD TERG 8 only…..9
Cauda tongue-shaped or elongate triangular, longer than its basal width. STu absent …..14
9 SIPH with close-set rows of separate blunt spinules/denticles. Cauda helmet-shaped, shorter than its basal width, with 11-13 hairs…..Anuraphis catonii
SIPH with normal imbrication. Cauda helmet-shaped, triangular or tongue-shaped; if shorter than its basal width then with 4-6 hairs…..10
10 Cauda helmet-shaped/pentagonal. Arms of mesothoracic furca separated …..11
Cauda conical/triangular. Arms of mesothoracic furca connected…..13
11 ABD TERG 1-7 with large dark sclerites, forming broad cross-bands on most segments. R IV+V 1.0-1.1 × HT II…..Dysaphis pimpinellae
Dark cross-bands only present on ABD TERG 5-8. R IV+V 1.1-1.5 × HT II …..12
12 Longest hairs on ANT III 8-15 μm long, 0.3-0.7 × BD III. Marginal tubercles (MTu) often present on ABD TERG 7. SIPH 0.20-0.28 mm…..Dysaphis apiifolia
Longest hairs on ANT III 18-25 μm long, 0.8-1.2 × BD III. MTu rarely present on ABD TERG 7. SIPH 0.10-0.15 mm…..Dysaphis foeniculus
13 Longest hair on ANT III 8-15 μm long, 0.35-0.7 × BD III. R IV+V 0.09-0.11 mm long …..Dysaphis anisoidis s. str.
Longest hair on ANT III 16-35 μm long, 1-2 × BD III. R IV+V 0.11-0.13 mm long …..Dysaphis anisoidis ssp. nairi
14 SIPH swollen, 0.6-1.4 × cauda; if more than 0.9 × cauda then clavate. ABD TERG 1 and 7 without marginal tubercles (MTu)…..15
SIPH cylindrical/ tapering, 0.9-2.5 × cauda. ABD TERG 1 and 7 with MTu …..16
15 SIPH 0.88-1.4 × cauda, 1.7-3.1 × R IV+V and 3.1-5.1 × longer than their minimum diameter on basal half…..Hyadaphis foeniculi
SIPH 0.6-0.82 × cauda, 0.9-1.6 × R IV+V and 1.6-2.7 × their minimum diameter on basal half…..Hyadaphis coriandri
16Secondary rhinaria present on ANT III-V (sometimes absent on III). Well-developed MTu frequently present on ABD TERG 2-6, totalling 2-10, in addition to those on ABD TERG 1 and 7…..Aphis subnitida
Secondary rhinaria absent (except in alatiform specimens). MTu absent or scarce and small on ABD TERG 2-4, and rarely on ABD TERG 5 or 6…..17
17Dorsal abdomen with black bars on ABD TERG 7 and 8 and scattered dark markings anterior to SIPH. Cauda with 11-24 hairs. Femoral hairs long and fine …..Aphis fabae
Dorsal abdomen without any dark markings. Cauda with 4-8 hairs. Femoral hairs short …..18
18ABD TERG 2-4 almost always without MTu. SIPH distinctly darker than cauda …..Aphis gossypii
ABD TERG 2-4 with MTu usually present (totalling 3-6). SIPH and cauda with similar pigmentation (or cauda darkest)…..Aphis jacetana
PinaropappusAsteraceae
Pinaropappus roseus Uroleucon pseudoambrosiae
Pinus Pines Pinaceae

There are about 170 pine-feeding aphids, including more than 100 species of Cinara. A single key including all the Cinara species would be unwieldy and difficult to use. Fortunately there is a fairly well-established subgeneric classification of Pinus to which many (but by no means all) pine-feeding Cinara species conform. We have used this subgeneric structure wherever possible to key together Cinara species that feed on related pines. We have also made use of it for separation of some closely related and morphologically similar species of Essigella, a wholly North American genus of Lachninae revised using multivariate techniques by Sorenson (1994).

The main key that follows goes as far as possible with the identification of pine-feeding aphids to species level, except the genera Cinara and Essigella. In the case of the adelgid genus Pineus, the secondary host morphs (sistens, progrediens) on Pinus are very difficult to identify because of their lack of species-constant characters, and even the partial key provided should be treated very warily. This also applies to the part of the key separating species of Eulachnus, where the characters used for species discrimination may be unreliable, and some species have not been included.

The separate species of Pinus are then listed with the aphids recorded from them, each followed where necessary by keys to Cinara and/or Essigella. These keys can only be applied to apterous viviparae.

Key to pine-feeding aphids (apterous viviparae only, except where otherwise stated):-

1 Adults without chitinous ovipositor. BL usually more than 1.3 mm. Head and prothorax separate, and antenna of at least 4 segments. (Parthenogenetic adults viviparous) …..2
Adults with chitinous ovipositor. BL less than 1.2 mm. Head and prothorax fused as a cephalo-prothoracic shield. Antennae greatly reduced, stump-like. (Parthenogenetic forms oviparous)…..31
2 ANT PT/BASE more than 1. SIPH tubular. (Dorsal abdomen with a dark, more-or-less horseshoe-shaped patch)…..Neomyzus circumflexus
ANT PT/BASE less than 1. SIPH on broad pigmented cones, or pore-like, or absent …..3
3 Rostrum more than 1.5 × BL …..Stomaphis pini (but see also text under S. japonica)
Rostrum less than 1.5 × BL…..4
4 Eyes reduced to triommatidia. (On roots)…..5
Eyes multifacetted…..10
5 Anal plate extended posteriorly as a pigmented tongue-like process, bearing the bluntly conical cauda, which is longer than its basal width and has more than 15 hairs (fig. 68A). R IV+V with 6-16 hairs…..6
Cauda rounded, broader than long, with 2-8 hairs (e.g. fig.68B). R IV+V with 2-8 hairs …..7
6 Cauda with 40-60 hairs, R IV+V with 10-16 accessory hairs. Alate sexupara with 20-30 secondary rhinaria on ANT III, 5-10 on IV and 9-15 on V …..Prociphilus carolinensis
Cauda with 20-35 hairs, R IV+V with 6-10 accessory hairs. Alate sexupara with 5-8 secondary rhinaria on ANT III, 1-4 on IV and 0 on V …..Prociphilus piniradicivorus
7 R IV+V with 4-8 accessory hairs. Alate sexupara with 3-14 secondary rhinaria on ANT VI BASE, and with pterostigma ending bluntly well before tip of wing…..8
R IV+V with 2-4 accessory hairs. Alate sexupara with 0-4 secondary rhinaria on ANT VI BASE, and distal end of pterostigma tapering, curved around tip of wing …..9
8 R IV+V elongate, about 0.2 mm long. Alate sexupara with 3-9 secondary rhinaria on ANT VI BASE…..Prociphilus caryae fitchii
R IV+V less than 0.2 mm long. Alate sexupara with 9-14 secondary rhinaria on ANT VI BASE…..Prociphilus himalayensis
9 R IV+V with 2 accessory hairs. Hind tibia thick, with 1-3 short, spine-like hairs near middle on outer side (fig. 68C). (Alate sexupara with 1-4 secondary rhinaria on ANT VI BASE) …..Prociphilus (Stagona) crataegistrobi
R IV+V with 3-4 accessory hairs. Hind tibia narrower, with several hairs distributed along outer side which are fine-pointed, not distinctly spine-like (fig. 68D). (Alate sexupara without secondary rhinaria on ANT VI BASE) …..Prociphilus (Stagona) pini
10 SIPH as large pores on usually pigmented hair-bearing cones…..11
SIPH as small pores without associated hairs…..18
11 R V acutely pointed, dagger-shaped, usually twice or more as long as its basal width (e.g., fig. 69A). SIPH cones of aptera often large and with numerous hairs …..Cinara (Cinara) spp. (see separate keys in Host Plant List)
R V short, flask-shaped, pointed only at tip, hardly longer than its basal width (e.g., figs 69B, C). SIPH cones always with few hairs, in 1-3 rings around pore (Cinara subg. Schizolachnus)…..12
12 Hairs on ventral side of hind femur very short, thick and peg-like (fig. 70A). Hind legs wholly dark except for extreme base of femur, and very elongate; total length about 2× BL…..Cinara (Schizolachnus) flocculosa
Hairs on ventral side of hind femur long, not peg-like. Hind legs long but less than 2× BL, with at least basal fifth of femur pale…..13
13 Hind tibia wholly dark bearing long, thick, curved hairs with blunt apices (fig. 70B). Dorsal abdominal hairs thick and spine-like, arising from small sclerites (fig. 70C) ….. Cinara (Schizolachnus) curvispinosa
Hind tibia pale or dark, bearing mainly long, finely-pointed hairs. Dorsal abdominal hairs also long and fine, not arising from sclerites…..14
14 Hind tibia more than 20× longer than its width at midpoint ….. Cinara (Schizolachnus)piniradiatae
Hind tibia less than 20× longer than its width at midpoint…..15
15 R V very short and stumpy with short tip; less than 46 µm long from base to tip and less than 0.45× R IV (e.g. fig. 69B)…..16
R V with long tip; more than 46 µm long and more than 0.45× R IV (e.g. fig.69C) …..17
16 Hind tibia pale or dark, very densely hairy (about 250 hairs per mm). PT very short; ANT PT/BASE less than 0.25 (fig. 70D). (Alata with once-branched media and without secondary rhinaria on ANT IV) ….. Cinara (Schizolachnus) pineti
Hind tibia dark and less densely hairy (about 150 hairs per mm). ANT PT/BASE more than 0.25 (fig. 70E). (Alata with unbranched media and 1 or more secondary rhinaria on ANT IV)….. Cinara (Schizolachnus) parva
17 Hind tibia pale. (Alata with unbranched media) ….. Cinara (Schizolachnus) orientalis
Hind tibia dark. (Alata with usually once-branched media)….. Cinara (Schizolachnus) obscura
18 Antenna 6-segmented…..19
Antenna 5-segmented…..30
19 Hairs on ABD TERG 1-6 not arising from sclerites…..20
Hairs on ABD TERG 1-6 arising from dark sclerites or scleroites (small rounded sclerites)…..22
20 R IV+V without accessory hairs…..Eulachnus cembrae
R IV+V with 2 accessory hairs…..21
21 Longest hairs on ABD TERG 8 are 35-48 µm long…..Eulachnus pumilae
Longest hairs on ABD TERG 8 are only 7-10 µm long…..Eulachnus piniarmandifoliae
22 Sclerites on ABD TERG 1-5 of irregular shape and often extending between hair bases, forming two transverse rows across each segment…..Eulachnus similialticola*
Hairs on ABD TERG 1-5 all or mostly arising from separate small rounded scleroites (figs. 71A-F)…..23
23 ANT III less than 0.24 mm long and with hairs less than 20 µm long. Hairs on ABD TERG 1-7 short and mostly pointed, 4-25 µm long, usually shorter than diameter of their basal scleroites…..24
ANT III more than 0.25 mm long and bearing hairs 20-130 µm long. Hairs on ABD TERG 1-7 usually longer than or as long as the minimal width of their basal scleroites; if short and pointed on more anterior tergites, then at least those on ABD TERG 7 are more than 25 µm long, dark and with blunt of furcate apices…..25
24 Capitate hairs on dorsal side of hind tibia often longer than width of tibia at midpoint. Hair-bearing scleroites on ABD TERG 1-5 in a single transverse row on each tergite (fig. 71A) …..Eulachnus nigricola
Capitate hairs on dorsal side of hind tibia not exceeding width of tibia at midpoint. Hair-bearing scleroites on ABD TERG 1-5 placed irregularly, not in a single transverse row (fig. 71B) …..Eulachnus brevipilosus
25 Longest hairs on ANT III 20-50 µm long, rarely more than one hair over 40 µm. ABD TERG 1-3 with longest hairs 15-40 µm long, pointed, and hardly pigmented (fig. 71C) …..Eulachnus tuberculostemmatus
Several of longest hairs on ANT III more than 40 µm long. ABD TERG 1-3 with longest hairs 25-145 µm long, but if under 40 µm then they are often blunt or slightly capitate and dark like those on ABD TERG 7…..26
26 Hair-bearing scleroites on ABD TERG 1-5 in two irregular transverse rows on each tergite, the anterior row having more scleroites than the posterior row (fig. 71D). Fore femur dusky or dark and very thick, its length less than 3.5× its maximum width…..Eulachnus thunbergii
Hair-bearing scleroites on ABD TERG 1-5 often in two rows, but then the anterior “row” often has very few scleroites (often only 2), and never has more than the posterior row. Fore femur pale or dark, more than 3.5× longer than its maximum width…..27
27 Hind tibiae mostly pale except for dark spots at hair-bases, or darker on about distal 0.25; if dark in middle then longest hairs on ANT III are shorter than 70 µm…..28
Hind tibiae mostly dusky or dark, without distinctly darker spots at hair-bases, or darker on proximal half. Longest hairs on ANT III 70-130 µm…..29
28 ANT VI (incl. PT) usually more than 0.5× the length of ANT III. Longest hairs on ANT III 65-95 µm…..Eulachnus agilis
ANT VI (incl. PT) usually less than 0.5× the length of ANT III. Longest hairs on ANT III 40-70 µm…..Eulachnus mediterraneus
29 ANT flagellum (III+IV+V+VI) 1.00-1.15 mm long. Longest hairs on ANT III 70-80 µm, and on dorsal abdomen 80-110 µm, with blunt or truncated apices …..Eulachnus tauricus
ANT flagellum 1.2-1.4 mm long. Longest hairs on ANT III 90-130 µm, and on dorsal abdomen 110-150 µm, usually with pointed apices (fig. 71E) …..Eulachnus rileyi
30 Claws normal, with simple curved acute apices. ABD TERG 2-7 membranous …..Pseudessigella brachychaeta
Claws with modified apices; bifurcate, or double (fig. 73). ABD TERG 2-7 lightly to heavily sclerotised (but not necessarily pigmented) …..Essigella spp. (see separate keys in Host Plant List)
31 Cephaloprothoracic shield (henceforth CPS) with sutures between head and thorax and along midline. Wax glands on CPS comprising mainly separate, large facets that are distinctly subdivided (fig. 72A)…..Pineus pinifoliae
CPS entire. Wax glands on CPS consisting mainly of groups of facets that are not individually subdivided…..32
32 Wax glands on anteriodorsal part of CPS (i.e. between eyes) mainly comprising groups of 2-10 facets that are either loosely grouped or at least not closely pressed together, so that all except the largest retain a more-or-less circular shape (e.g. figs 72B, C) …..33
Wax glands between eyes mainly comprising more extensive groups or networks of 8 to more than 100 closely packed facets, often pressed together so that they tend to be polygonal in shape (e.g. figs 72D, E), or look like overlapping tiles when viewed obliquely …..36
33 Wax glands between eyes comprising groups of 2-6 large facets that are mostly much larger than the ocelli…..34
Wax glands between eyes mainly comprising groups of 2-10 smaller facets, the largest of which are not larger than, or only slightly larger than, the ocelli (maximum internal diameter about 10 µm)…..35
34 Wax gland facets in groups on CPS contiguous …..Pineus ghanii/wallichianae
Wax gland facets on CPS in loose groups, not contiguous …..Pineus harukawai*/cladogenous*
35 Antennae of summer progredientes (i.e. small apterae collected at base of 1-year-old needles) usually reduced to a single segment and fused to CPS, rarely articulated; total antenna length usually less than 58 µm. Median wax pore groups often present on two or more abdominal tergites. Minimum diameter of smallest facet in wax plates between eyes usually more than 8 µm (fig. 72C) …..Pineus boerneri
Antennae of summer progredientes (fig. 72B) usually with 2-3 segments, not fused to CPS, usually more than 58 µm long. Median wax pore groups usually present on at most one abdominal tergite. Minimum diameter of smallest facet in wax plates between eyes often less than 8 µm (fig. 72B)…..Pineus pini (or orientalis)
36 Wax glands on CPS between eyes very extensive; groups closest to the ocelli usually have more than 40 facets (fig. 72D) …..Pineus armandicola*/cembrae/coloradensis
Wax glands on CPS between eyes usually with less than 30 facets per group (e.g. fig. 72E) …..37
37 Wax gland facets between eyes about 2× diameter of the ocelli and up to 2-3× the diameter of facets in the very small groups on the posterior margin of the CPS …..Pineus sylvestris*
Wax gland facets between eyes mostly similar in size to the ocelli and to the largest facets in the well-developed groups on the posterior margin of the CPS…..Pineus strobi/matsumurai/hosayai/?cortecicola*/piniyunnansis*

Host Plant List (with keys to apterae of Cinara and Essigella species):-

Pinus albicaulisWhitebark Pine
Cinara anzai, apini, ferrisi, inscripta, medispinosa,
murrayanae, oregona;
Essigella domenechi;
Prociphilus caryae ?ssp. arbutifoliae

Key to Cinara spp. on P. albicaulis:-

1BL more than 4.5 mm. Tibiae wholly black. Length of sclerotised part of stylet groove more than 2.4 mm (see fig. 74A) …..ferrisi
BL less than 4.5 mm. Tibiae with paler section on basal half. Length of sclerotised part of stylet groove less than 2.4 mm…..2
2 Hairs on dorsal side of hind tibia only about 0.5 or less of width of tibia at midpoint …..3
Hairs on dorsal side of hind tibia of length similar to width of tibia at midpoint, or longer…..4
3 ABD TERG 1-7 each with a pair of irregularly-shaped or broken pigmented areas, of similar extent on all tergites…..inscripta*
At least ABD TERG 3-6 without pigmented sclerites…..apini
4 SIPH bases rather small (maximum diameter less than 0.35 mm) and very asymmetrical, extending about twice as far anteriorly as posteriorly (fig. 74B) …..anzai
SIPH bases large and fairly symmetrical; maximum diameter more than 0.4 mm …..5
5 BL 4.0-4.4 mm. R V very short, 0.06 mm or less, only about one third of length of R IV. HT II about 0.4 mm…..oregoni*
BL 2.6-3.8 mm. R V 0.08-0.10 mm, more than one third of length of R IV. HT II less than 0.3 mm…..medispinosa/murrayanae
(for separation of these species see key under P. contorta)
P. aristataPineus strobi
P. armandiiChinese White Pine
Cinara brevisaeta, formosana, piniarmandicola, takahashii,
xylophila;
Eulachnus piniarmandifoliae, [pinisuctus];
Pineus armandicola

Key to Cinara spp. living on P.armandii:-

(This key is based mainly on published descriptions of very few specimens, and needs to be treated very circumspectly.)

1 Primary rhinaria without chitinised rims. Hairs on ABD TERG 2-5 only about 8 µm long. R IV with 13-18 accessory hairs…..brevisaeta*
Primary rhinaria with chitinised rims. Hairs on ABD TERG 2-5 are 20-140 µm long, and if less than 50 µm long then R IV has only 6 accessory hairs…..2
2 R IV with 6-11 accessory hairs in two rows, one on either side of the stylet grove. ANT V 0.9-1.3 × ANT VI (incl. PT)…..3
R IV with 9-16 accessory hairs, some away from the stylet groove. ANT V 1.3-2.0 × ANT VI (incl. PT)…..4
3 Hairs on ABD TERG 1-7 with only small scleroites at their bases. ANT II with 7-13 hairs, ANT BASE VI with 7-8 hairs, R IV with 6 accessory hairs, ABD TERG 5 with 14-24 hairs and ABD TERG 8 with 10-16 hairs…..formosana
ABD TERG 1-7 with large dark paired spinal sclerites. ANT II with c. 17 hairs, ANT BASE VI with 19-23 hairs, R IV with 10 accessory hairs, ABD TERG 5 with c. 52 hairs and ABD TERG 8 with c. 22 hairs…..takahashii
4 ANT II with 11-14 hairs. ABD TERG 5 with about 30 hairs between SIPH bases …..piniarmandicola*
ANT II with 21-23 hairs. ABD TERG 5 with 40-50 hairs between SIPH bases …..xylophila (based on alata)*
P. attenuataKnobcone Pine
Cinara essigi; Essigella californica, essigi; Pineus pini

Use key to Cinara spp. on pines of subsect. Oocarpae under P. oocarpa. The two Essigella species are separated in the key under P. ponderosa.

P. australis = P. palustris
P. austriaca = P. nigra
P. banksianaJack Pine
Cinara atlantica, banksiana, brevispinosa, canatra, cronartii,
gracilis, nigra, parvicornis, pergandei, pinea, pini,
piniradicis, pinivora, russellae, watsoni;
Cinara (Schizolachnus) pineti, piniradiatae;
Essigella alyeska; Eulachnus agilis, [alticola], rileyi;
Pineus boerneri, coloradensis, havrylenkoi, pini

(For Cinara spp., use key to Pinus subsect. Contortae, under P. contorta)

P. brutia (incl. var. eldarica) Turkish Pine
Cinara palaestinensis, pinea, pinimaritimae;
Cinara (Schizolachnus) pineti;
Eulachnus agilis, rileyi, tuberculostemmatus;
Pineus orientalis, pini
P. bungeanaLacebark Pine
Cinara bungeanae, [ternaria]; Pineus cembrae
P. canariensisCanary Islands Pine
Cinara atlantica, maghrebica, pinimaritimae, ponderosae;
Cinara (Schizolachnus) pineti; Essigella californica;
Eulachnus rileyi, tuberculostemmatus;
[Macrosiphum euphorbiae];
Pineus boerneri

Key to Cinara spp. on P. canariensis:-

1 HT I elongate, 0.16-0.22 mm long, at least 0.5 × HT II (fig. 76A). R IV 0.24-0.30 mm long, more than 0.5 × ANT III……pinimaritimae
HT I less than 0.14 mm long, less than 0.5× HT II. R IV 0.12-0.22 mm, less than 0.5× ANT III…..2
2 Maximum diameter of SIPH cone 0.21-0.37 mm, less than the length of ANT III …..maghrebica
Maximum diameter of SIPH cone 0.40-0.83 mm, about equal to or greater than length of ANT III…..3
3 ABD TERG 5 with less than 20 hairs between SIPH bases, the longest 10-70 µm long (fig. 80F) …..ponderosae
ABD TERG 5 with more than 20 hairs, 60-180 µm long, between SIPH bases (fig. 80E) …..atlantica
P. caribaeaCaribbean Pitch Pine
Cinara atlantica, melaina, pergandei, pinimaritimae,
ponderosae;
Essigella californica; Pineus boerneri

Use key to Cinara spp. on Pinus subsect. Australes under P. echinata.

P. cembraSwiss Stone Pine
Cinara cembrae, mongolica, pini;
Cinara (Schizolachnus) pineti;
Eulachnus agilis, brevipilosus, cembrae, rileyi;
Pineus cembrae, strobi

Key to Cinara spp. on P. cembra and other pines of subsect. Cembrae (koraiensis, pumila, sibirica):-

1 Hairs on ABD TERG 5 long (maximally 80-180 µm) …..2
Hairs on ABD TERG 5 short (maximally 4-40 µm)…..4
2 ANT III longer than ANT IV + V together. ABD TERG 8 with 56-84 hairs …..pinikoraiensis*
ANT III shorter than IV + V together. ABD TERG 8 with about 20-30 hairs …..3
3 Head, pronotum and mesonotum dark. Total antennal length about 0.45 × BL. ABD TERG 8 with about 30 hairs…..mongolica
Head and thorax pale dorsally. Total antennal length about 0.35 × BL. ABD TERG 8 with about 20 hairs…..minoripinihabitans*
4 R IV 0.14-0.22 mm long, about 2 × R V. Hairs on ANT VI BASE maximally about 1.5 × basal diameter of segment…..pini
R IV 0.21-0.29 mm, more than 2 × R V. Hairs on ANT VI BASE maximally about 2 or more × basal diameter of segment…..5
5 R IV less than 0.25 mm long, bearing 8-10 accessory hairs…..cembrae
R IV more than 0.25 mm long, bearing 14-22 accessory hairs…..watanabei
P. cembroides (incl. vars bicolor, quadrifolia)Mexican Pinyon Pine
Cinara [ponderosae], tanneri, terminalis, wahtolca;
Essigella hoerneri; Eulachnus rileyi

Key to apterae of Cinara spp. on P. cembroides and other pines of subsect. Cembroides (edulis, monophylla):-

(This key has been fully revised in accordance with the revision of this group of Cinara by Favret & Voegtlin, 2004).

1 R IV more than 0.28 mm long, with 30-116 accessory hairs…..2
R IV less than 0.27 mm long, with 4-22 accessory hairs…..3
2 R IV 0.5 mm or more long, much longer than ANT III, with 50-116 accessory hairs…..puerca
R IV 0.4 mm long or less, shorter than ANT III, with 30-40 accessory hairs …..tanneri
3 R IV with 10-22 accessory hairs. ABD TERG 6 without sclerites, although sclerites of various sizes may be present on ABD TERG 7…..4
R IV with 4-8 accessory hairs. ABD TERG 6 usually with sclerites, although sometimes these are very reduced or absent…..5
4 SIPH cones with 10-41 hairs (mean = 24) scattered over surface (fig. 74D), and much longer than those on ABD TERG 5. Hairs on HT II of normal length, and straight …..edulis
SIPH cones with 5-15 hairs (mean = 8) located around basal edge of cone, similar in size and shape to those on ABD TERG 5. Hairs on HT II long and curved (fig. 74C) …..atra
5 All or nearly all ABD TERG with large sclerites, including ABD TERG 3. R IV usually with only 4-5 accessory hairs…..caliente
ABD TERG 3 always without sclerites. R IV usually with 6-8 hairs…..6
6 ABD TERG 7 and 8 usually with hairs arising from small scleroites. Hind tibia with hairs on dorsal side straight, arising at an angle of more than 45º with apices pointing away from leg. Mesosternal tubercle a shallow oval, wider than deep…..terminalis
ABD TERG 7 and 8 usually each with a pair of pale or dark sclerites encompassing bases of several hairs. Hind tibia with hairs on dorsal side curved, arising at an angle of less than 45º with apices almost parallel to leg. Mesosternal tubercle large, round to oval, deeper than wide…..wahtolca or anelia (see text)
P. clausaAlabama Pine, Sand Pine
Cinara atlantica, cronartii, pergandei, pinivora, taedae, watsoni;
Pineus pini

Use key to Cinara spp. on Pinus subsect. Contortae under P. contorta.

P. contortaLodgepole Pine, Shore Pine
(incl. vars latifolia, Cinara brevispinosa, canatra, contortae, [curvipes], murrayana)medispinosa, murrayanae, nigra, oregonensis, parvicornis,
pergandei, pinea, [pinimaritimae], pinivora;
Cinara (Schizolachnus) parva, pineti, piniradiatae;
Essigella braggii, californica, critchfieldi, knowltoni;
Eulachnus rileyi; Pineus coloradensis, havrylenkoi, pini;
Prociphilus pini;

Key to Cinara spp. on P. contorta and other pines of subsect. Contortae (banksiana, clausa, virginiana):-

1 Dorsal abdomen almost completely covered by an extensive pigmented area that is fused at least between tergites 4-6 and usually merges with SIPH bases (figs 75A, B) …..2
Dorsal abdomen with any dark markings divided segmentally and not usually merged with SIPH bases…..5
2 Subgenital plate (of vivipara) with only 6-14 hairs. R IV with only 4-7 hairs. SIPH with only 10-12 short hairs (maximally 40 µm)…..russellae
Subgenital plate with 30-40 hairs. R IV with 8-16 hairs. SIPH with 20-35 longer hairs …..3
3 ANT VI BASE with 10-15 hairs. R IV with 10-16 hairs, including several on side away from stylet groove…..gracilis
ANT VI BASE with 8-11 hairs. R IV with 7-11 hairs in two rows alongside stylet groove, rarely with 1-2 on opposite side…..4
4 Dorsal cephalic hairs rather sparse, situated mainly alongside dorsal suture and near antennal bases, maximally 60 µm long, often shorter than the distances between their bases. SIPH cones shallow with their bases very extensive, often extending over half the length of the abdomen (fig. 75A)…..canatra
Dorsal cephalic hairs numerous, rather evenly distributed, maximally 70-80 µm long, much longer than the distances between their bases. SIPH cones higher, with bases much less extensive (fig. 75B)…..nigra
5 HT I (measured along ventral side) at least 0.5 × HT II (e.g. fig. 76B). Longest hairs on dorsal side of hind tibia 110-230 µm long, 1.5 or more × width of tibia at midpoint …..6
HT I less than 0.5 × HT II. Longest hairs on dorsal side of hind tibia 30-150 µm long, rarely up to 1.5 × middle width of tibia…..9
6 ABD TERG each with a variably developed but usually large pair of dark sclerites (or diffuse dusky areas) including the bases of several hairs. HT II 0.20-0.28 mm. Eyes sessile, always with a distinct ocular tubercle…..pinivora
ABD TERG 2-7 with separate small dark hair-bearing sclerites (scleroites). HT II 0.27-0.53 mm. Eyes on short lateral projections of head, usually without any evident ocular tubercle (e.g. fig. 75G) …..7
7 Fore tibia uniformly dark, mid and hind tibia with pale basal sections. First tarsal segments with 2 sense pegs, one behind the other (fig. 75H). Largest scleroites on ABD TERG 2-5 of greatest diameter 25-70 µm…..watsoni
If the fore tibia is uniformly dark, then so are the mid and hind tibiae. First tarsal segments with 1 sense peg (subapically on ventral side). Largest scleroites on ABD TERG 2-5 of greatest diameter 75-300 µm…..8
8 All tibiae with pale section on basal half. First tarsal segments usually with 1-2 dorsal hairs, and with the sense peg some distance from the apex. ABD TERG 5 with 28-49 hairs between SIPH bases, most of them on large scleroites (fig. 80C)…..pinea
Tibiae usually rather uniformly dark (sometimes slightly less so near base). First tarsal segments without dorsal hairs, and with sense peg close to apex. ABD TERG 5 with 50-110 hairs between SIPH bases, a minority of which are on large scleroites (fig. 80D) …..pergandei
9 Hairs on dorsal side of hind tibia near its midpoint mostly less than 60 µm in length , the longest 0.3-0.8 × diameter of tibia at this point…..10
Most or all of hairs on dorsal side of hind tibia near its midpoint longer than 60 µm, the longest 0.7-1.5 × diameter of tibia at this point…..16
10 ABD TERG 4-6 with many scleroites of width more than 50 µm, or bars or patches forming part of a more extensive pattern of markings…..11
ABD TERG 5 and 6, and usually 4 also, without any bars or patches or scleroites more than 4 × wider than the hair bases…..13
11 Length of sclerotised part of stylet groove (see fig. 74A) 1.55-1.76 mm. Dorsal abdominal markings comprising paired patches of irregular outline on ABD TERG 1-7, sometimes reduced or broken into groups of sclerites on 2-4. All tibiae with pale section on basal half …..contortae
Length of sclerotised part of stylet groove 1.25-1.54 mm. Dorsal abdomen either with broad transverse bands on all tergites or with paired patches on ABD TERG 1-3 and scattered sclerites on 4-6. Fore and hind tibiae often wholly dark, or with shorter pale section than mid tibia…..12
12 Dorsal abdomen usually (in spring, at least) with a complete pattern of broad transverse bars on all tergites (fig. 75C); if reduced on ABD TERG 4-6 then the sclerites are still arranged in single transverse rows across the midline. Hairs on dorsal side of hind tibia short and spine-like, all less than 50 μm long…..brevispinosa
Dorsal abdomen with well-developed paired patches on ABD TERG 1 and 2 (or 1-3) and 7; only scattered small sclerites on 4-5, and usually none on 6 (fig. 75E). Hairs on dorsal side of hind tibia variable, but at least some of them are usually more than 50μm long…..banksiana
13 Length of sclerotised part of stylet groove (see fig. 74A) 1.9 mm or more …..14
Length of sclerotised part of stylet groove less than 1.8 mm…..15
14 PT finger-like, parallel-sided, 0.07-0.09 mm long. Sclerotised part of stylet groove 2.3-3.2 mm long…..piniradicis
PT tapering, less than 0.06 mm long. Sclerotised part of stylet groove 1.9-2.5 mm long …..schwartzii
15 Length of sclerotised part of stylet groove 1.12-1.37 mm …..parvicornis (part)
Length of sclerotised part of stylet groove 1.45-1.65 mm…..taedae
16 Hairs on SIPH cone sparse and very short, the longest about 15 µm long (only the sexuales of this species are described)…..parvicornis (part)
Hairs on SIPH cone more than 50 µm long…..17
17 R IV with 15-28 accessory hairs…..18
R IV with 4-12 accessory hairs…..19
18 Hind tibia wholly dark and markedly bowed, bearing blunt hairs. R IV with 15-21 accessory hairs. ABD TERG 3-6 without sclerites. SIPH cones with less than 40 hairs …..strobi
Hind tibia with pale section on basal half, and bearing pointed hairs. R IV with 19-28 accessory hairs. ABD TERG 3-6 usually with sclerites. SIPH cones with more than 80 hairs …..cronartii
19Longest hairs on dorsal side of hind tibia 60-80 µm. Dorsal abdomen usually with paired dark patches of irregular shape on all tergites (fig. 75F; but reduced in midsummer populations, sometimes being entirely absent from ABD TERG 3-4 and reduced to paired groups of broken sclerites on 5-6). Length of sclerotised part of stylet groove 1.67-1.92 mm….. medispinosa
Longest hairs on dorsal side of hind tibia 80-150 µm. Dorsal abdomen with or without sclerites on ABD TERG 3-6, but if present these are not in paired groups …..20
20 Length of sclerotised part of stylet groove 1.82-2.13 mm…..oregonensis
Length of sclerotised part of stylet groove 1.20-1.68mm…..21
21 Hairs on ABD TERG 3-5 maximally 40 µm, each usually with a very small circular scleroite at its base (fig. 80G)…..pini
Hairs on ABD TERG 3-5 much longer, either not on sclerites or arising from sclerites or scleroites of varying size and shape…..22
22 ABD TERG 8 usually with a complete transverse band. Longest hairs on front of head and on ABD TERG 3-5 less than 70 µm long…..melaina
ABD TERG 8 usually with paired sclerites not united or only tenuously united across midline. Longest hairs on front of head and on ABD TERG 3-5 more than 70 µm long ….23
23 Hairs on dorsal side of hind tibia maximally 100-150 µm, with finely pointed apices (fig. 75I)…..murrayanae
Hairs on dorsal side of hind tibia maximally 80-100 µm, bristle-like, with blunt or abruptly pointed apices (fig. 75J)…..atlantica

Key to apterae of Essigella spp. on P. contorta:-

1 ABD TERG 2-4 with 6 spinopleural hairs (rarely 7) in a row across tergite, and 2 marginal hairs on each side. Dorsal body usually pale, never very dark…..californica
ABD TERG 2-4 with 8-10 (or rarely up to 12) spinopleural hairs, and 3-4 marginal hairs. Body pale or dark…..2
2 Darkest pigmentation of ANT III-V slightly to considerably lighter than that of ANT I, with ANT III pale except for slight darkening of distal 0.25. Dorsal body, including front of head, uniformly dark brown to black. Longest hair on dorsal side of hind tibia near midpoint less than 30 µm, usually less than diameter of tibia…..critchfieldi
Darkest pigmentation of ANT III-V darker than ANT I, with distal 0.3-0.5 of ANT III dark. Dorsal body pale or dark, if dark then front of head is often paler than dorsal abdomen. Longest hair on dorsal side of hind tibia near midpoint usually more than 30 µm, usually longer than diameter of tibia…..3
3 Dorsal body usually moderately to extremely dark, but occasionally pale; if dark, then frons is usually paler than dorsal abdomen. If pale, the ventrolateral borders of abdominal tergites, antero-ventral border of frons, and posterior edge of subgenital plate are well-defined and demarcated from adjacent membranous areas. ABD TERG 8 usually with 6 hairs, rarely up to 8…..knowltoni
Dorsal body never very dark, usually pale; if rather dark then front of head is concolorous with dorsal abdomen. Ventrolateral borders of abdominal tergites, anteroventral border of frons and/or posterior edge of subgenital plate often poorly demarcated from adjacent membranous regions. ABD TERG 8 with 6-8 (rarely up to 10) hairs …..braggi
P. cooperiMexican Mountain Pine
(= P. arizonica var. omelasii)Cinara schwartzii; Essigella californica

(Use key to Cinara spp. on pines of subsect. Ponderosae under P. ponderosa)

P. coulteriBigcone Pine
Cinara arizonica, diabola, montanesa, ponderosae,
tujafilina; Cinara (Schizolachnus) piniradiatae;
Essigella californica, eastopi, fusca

Key to Cinara spp. on P. coulteri and other pines of subsect. Sabinianae (sabiniana, torreyana):-

1 BL less than 4.2 mm…..2
BL more than 4.2 mm…..4
2 Longest hairs on ANT III 120-200 µm, and on hind tibia 140-310 µm …..tujafilina*
Longest hairs on ANT III 30-60 µm, and on hind tibia 45-80 µm…..3
3 R IV 0.25-0.30 mm. SIPH less than 0.2 mm in diameter, bearing a few, short hairs …..diabola*
R IV 0.17-0.22 mm. SIPH more than 0.5 mm in diameter, bearing many (25+) long hairs …..ponderosae
4 Hairs on dorsal body surface, ANT III-IV and legs all rather sparse, short, thick and slightly capitate. ANT III longer than IV+V together…..arizonica
Hairs not capitate; those on hind tibia short (about 50 µm) and dense. ANT III shorter than IV+V together…..montanesa

Key to Essigella spp. on Pinus coulteri:-

1 ABD TERG 2-4 each with 6 spinopleural hairs (rarely 7) in a transverse row, and 2 marginal hairs on each side…..californica
ABD TERG 2-4 each with 8-12 spinopleural hairs, and 3-5 marginal hairs on each side …..2
2 Dorsal body usually darker than tibiae, with a paler, longitudinal spinal stripe on thorax and abdomen. Longest hairs on dorsal side of hind tibia near midpoint 23-83 µm …..eastopi
Dorsal body pale or dark, if dark then without a paler spinal stripe. Longest hair on dorsal side of hind tibia near midpoint 50-135 µm…..fusca
P. cretacea = P.sylvestris
P. cubensisCinara atlantica, pergandei

(Use key to Cinara species on P. contorta.)

P. densifloraJapanese Red Pine
Cinara etsuhoe, formosana, [pinimaritimae], orientalis,
[pergandei], pinea, pinidensiflorae, piniformosana,
takahashii;
Eulachnus agilis, [isensis], thunbergii;
Pineus havrylenkoi, matsumurae, orientalis;
Stomaphis [japonica], pini, [quercus]; [Watabura nishiyae]

Key to Cinara spp. on P. densiflora and other oriental pines of subsect. Sylvestres (massoniana, tabuliformis, taiwanensis, thunbergii). (C. jianglensis could not be included on the basis of the published description. Some other Cinara spp. previously only known from western palaearctic pines are now recorded from east Asia (see G. Zhang et al. 1993c), so if the outcome of using this key is unsatisfactory, try the key to western palaearctic species under P. sylvestris.):-

1 RIV 3.1-4.5 × RV and bearing 18-37 accessory hairs…..2
RIV 1.5-2.7 × RV and bearing 4-12 accessory hairs…..4
2 RIV less than 0.4 mm long with 18-20 accessory hairs. ABD TERG 8 with 10-20 hairs…..largirostris*
RIV 0.47-0.57 mm long with 28-37 accessory hairs. ABD TERG 8 with 26-35 hairs …..3
3 ANT III 15-18 × longer than the longest hairs borne upon it. Hind tibia 50-80 × longer than the longest hair borne upon it…..sorini
ANT III 5-12 × longer than the longest hairs borne upon it. Hind tibia 25-40 × longer than the longest hair borne upon it…..etsuhoe
4 HT I elongate, 0.16-0.33 mm long (measured on ventral side), usually 0.5 or more × HT II (fig. 76B) …..5
HT I less than 0.17 mm long, and/or less than 0.5 × HT II…..8
5 Hairs on dorsal body and appendages short and thick; longest hairs on ANT III 55-65 µm, on ABD TERG 3 20-40 µm, on hind tibia 75-85 µm. Abdomen without scleroites at bases of dorsal hairs…..formosana
Hairs much longer; longest on ANT III 70-210 µm, on ABD TERG 3 70-210 µm, on hind tibia 90-230 µm. Abdomen with scleroites at base of all or most dorsal hairs …..6
6 Tibiae with pale section on basal half. HT I with 1-3 dorsal hairs (fig. 76B) …..pinea
Tibiae wholly dark, although sometimes slightly less dark near base. HT I usually without dorsal hairs, rarely with 1…..7
7 R IV 0.29-0.36 mm long, 0.9 or more × HT II. Hairs on ABD TERG 1-7 all arising from small dark circular sclerites of uniform size (20-25 µm in diameter) …..schimitscheki
R IV 0.15-0.21 mm long, 0.4-0.6 × HT II. Scleroites at bases of dorsal hairs not of uniform size (diameter 25-75 µm)…..piniformosana
8 ABD TERG 1-2 (or 1-3) with marginal sclerites as well as spinal ones. R IV c. 2.3 × HT I (ventral length). ANT BASE VI with 19-23 hairs…..takahashii
ABD TERG 1-3 without marginal sclerites. R IV 1.4-1.9 × HT I. ANT BASE VI with 7-14 hairs…..9
9 R IV less than 0.17 mm long, 1.6-1.9 × HT I. HT II less than 0.3 mm long. ABD TERG 1-6 each with a pair of large spinal sclerites (sometimes reduced or absent on 2-3). Hind tibiae pale on basal half, contrastingly dark distally…..pinidensiflorae
R IV more than 0.18 mm long, 1.4-1.5 × HT I. HT II more than 0.3 mm long. ABD TERG 2-6 with only small scleroites. Hind tibiae mainly or wholly dark…..californica
P. devoniana Cinara ponderosae, terminalis, [watsoni];
Essigella californica; Eulachnus rileyi; Pineus boerneri

Use key to Cinara spp. on Pinus subsect. Ponderosae under P. ponderosa.

P. discolor = P. cembroides var. bicolor
P. douglasianaDouglas Pine
Cinara atlantica, ponderosae; Essigella californica;
Eulachnus rileyi; Pineus boerneri

Use key to Cinara spp. on pines of subsect. Ponderosae under P. ponderosa.

P. durangensis Durango Pine
Cinara atlantica; Cinara (Schizolachnus) curvispinosa;
Essigella californica; Pineus boerneri
P. echinataShort Leaf Pine
Cinara atlantica, melaina, pergandei, watsoni;
Cinara (Schizolachnus) piniradiatae;
Eulachnus rileyi; Pineus boerneri;
Prociphilus piniradicivora

Key to Cinara spp. on P. echinata and other pines of subsect. Australes (caribaea, elliottii, glabra, occidentalis, palustris, pungens, rigida, serotina, taeda):-

1 HT I (measured on ventral side) at least 0.5 × HT II (fig. 76A, B) …..2
HT I less than 0.5 × HT II…..3
2 Longest hairs on dorsal side of hind tibia 70-130 µm, similar to width of tibia at midpoint …..pinimaritimae
Longest hairs on dorsal side of hind tibia 110-230 µm, 1.5 or more × width of tibia at midpoint …..4 species (pergandei, pinea, pinivora, watsoni)
(these are separated in couplets 6-8 of the key under Pinus contorta)
3 BL 4.3-6.1 mm. Hairs on dorsal body surface, ANT III-IV and legs all short, thick and slightly capitate…..arizonica
BL up to 4.2 mm. Hairs short or long, not capitate …..4
4 R IV 0.23-0.33 mm long, bearing 19-28 accessory hairs …..5
R IV 0.16-0.23 mm long, bearing 6-14 accessory hairs…..6
5 ANT VI BASE with 11-16 hairs. Longest hairs on hind tibia 80-110 µm. Dorsal abdominal hairs long, many of them arising from sclerites of varying size…..cronartii
ANT VI BASE with 20-23 hairs. Longest hairs on hind tibia 50-75 µm. Dorsal abdominal hairs short, and at least those on ABD TERG 3-6 not arising from sclerites (bases sometimes encircled by minute scleroites)……newelli
6 Subgenital plate with only 2-6 hairs (more in fundatrices). First tarsal segments with 2 or 3 sense pegs (ventrally, near apex; see fig. 75H)…..7
Subgenital plate with 25-50 hairs. First tarsal segments with only 1 sense peg …..8
7 First tarsal segments with 2 sense pegs (as in fig. 75H)…..westi
First tarsal segments with 3 sense pegs …..rigidae
8 ANT VI BASE with 5-8 hairs. R IV with 4-6 accessory hairs. Hind tibia darker than fore or mid tibiae. Longest hairs on hind tibia 40-50 µm, about 0.5 × width of tibia at midpoint …..taedae
ANT VI BASE with 8-16 hairs. R IV with 6-10 accessory hairs. Hind tibia sometimes with a shorter pale section than fore and mid tibiae, but not darker overall. Longest hairs on hind tibia 50-100 µm, 0.75 or more × width of tibia at midpoint…..9
9 ABD TERG 5 with more than 20 hairs, the longest 60-180 µm, between SIPH bases (fig. 80E)…..atlantica
ABD TERG 5 with less than 20 hairs, maximally 10-80 µm, between SIPH bases (e.g. fig. 80F) …..10
10 Longest hairs on ANT III 25-60 µm, and on dorsal side of hind tibia 50-70 µm. ANT III with 1-3 (non-protruberant) rhinaria near apex …..ponderosae
Longest hairs on ANT III 50-70 µm, and on dorsal side of hind tibia 60-100 µm. ANT III with 0-1 rhinaria near apex (if present, the rhinarium is small and protruberant) …..melaina
P. edulisPinyon Pine
Cinara atra, caliente, edulis, puerca, terminalis, wahtolca;
Essigella hoerneri; Pineus coloradensis

Use key to Cinara spp. on Pinus subsect. Cembroides under P. cembroides.

P. eldarica see P. brutia
P. elliottiiLongleaf Pitch Pine, Slash Pine
Cinara atlantica, cronartii, melaina, newelli, pinimaritimae,
pinivora, taedae, watsoni;
Essigella californica; Eulachnus rileyi;
Pineus boerneri

Use key to Cinara spp. on Pinus subsect. Australes under P. echinata.

P. engelmaniiEngelman’s Pine
Essigella californica, fusca; Pineus boerneri

Use key to Essigella spp. on pines of subsect. Ponderosae under P. ponderosa.

P. excelsa Wall. ex D.Don = P. wallichiana
P. flexilisLimber Pine
Cinara apini, flexilis, villosa; Essigella californica, kirki;
[Pineus cembrae]

Key to Cinara spp. on P. flexilis:-

1 HT II 0.33-0.47 mm long, more than 2 × R IV and densely clothed with short hairs. R IV with more than 30 accessory hairs…..flexilis
HT II 0.24-0.29 mm long, less than 1.5 × R IV and normally haired. R IV with about 10 accessory hairs…..2
2 Hairs on hind tibia rather spine-like, those on dorsal side less than 55 µm long, about 0.5 or less times width of tibia at midpoint…..apini
Hairs on hind tibia finer and more numerous, up to 65 µm long, clearly more than 0.5 × width of tibia at midpoint…..villosa

Key to Essigella spp. on Pinus flexilis:-

ABD TERG 2-4 each with a transverse row of 6 (rarely 7) spinopleural hairs, and 2 marginal hairs on each side. ABD TERG 8 with 6-8 hairs…..californica
ABD TERG 2-4 each with 10-14 spinopleural hairs in two irregular rows, and 4-6 marginal hairs on each side. ABD TERG 8 with 10-14 hairs…..kirki
P. funebris = P. densiflora
P. glabraSpruce Pine
Cinara arizonica, atlantica, melaina, pergandei,
taedae, watsoni;
Cinara (Schizolachnus) curvispinosa, parva;
Eulachnus rileyi;

Use key to Cinara spp. on Pinus subsect. Australes under P. echinata.

P. gregiiCinara atlantica, pinimaritimae, ponderosae

Use key to Cinara spp. on Pinus subsect. Oocarpae under P. oocarpa.

P. griffithii = P. wallichiana
P. halepensis Aleppo Pine
Cinara balachowskyi, cronartii, [guadarramae],
[hyperophila], maghrebica, palaestinensis, pinea, pini,
pinimaritimae; Cinara (Schizolachnus) pineti;
Essigella californica;
Eulachnus agilis, [garganica], [nigricola], rileyi, tauricus,
tuberculostemmatus;
Neomyzus circumflexus;
Pineus boerneri, havrylenkoi, laevis, pini;
[Stomaphis pini]

Key to Cinara spp. on P. halepensis:-

1 HT I 0.16-0.33 mm (measured along ventral side), at least 0.5 × HT II or longer (figs 76A, B) …..2
HT I less than 0.14 mm long, less than 0.5 × HT II (e.g. fig. 76C) …..3
2 Longest hairs on dorsal side of hind tibia 70-130 µm, shorter than or about equal to width of tibia at midpoint. HT I 0.16-0.22 mm (fig. 76A) …..pinimaritimae
Longest hairs on dorsal side of hind tibia 120-230 µm, often 1.5 × width of tibia at midpoint or longer. HT I 0.22-0.33 mm (fig. 76B)…..pinea
3 Longest hairs on ABD TERG 3-5 less than 50 µm long…..4
Longest hairs on ABD TERG 3-5 more than 50 µm long…..6
4 R IV 0.39-0.45 mm long, with about 30 accessory hairs…..balachowskyi
R IV 0.13-0.22 mm long, with 6-10 accessory hairs…..5
5 Maximum diameter of SIPH cone 0.09-0.25 mm, 0.3-0.5 × ANT III …..palaestinensis
Maximum diameter of SIPH cone 0.16-0.70 mm, 0.4-1.4 × ANT III…..pini
6 R IV 0.24-0.29 mm long, with 19-28 accessory hairs. Many of hairs on ABD TERG 2-6 arising from sclerites of various sizes…..cronartii
R IV 0.13-0.18 mm long, with 6-8 accessory hairs. ABD TERG 2-6 without sclerites …..maghrebica
P. hamata see P. sylvestris
P. hartwegiiPineus boerneri, pini
P. heldreichiiCinara nuda, schimitscheki;
Eulachnus agilis, nigricola, rileyi

(Or use key to Cinara spp. on pines of subsect. Sylvestres under P. sylvestris)

P. himekomatsu = P. parviflora
P. insularis = P. kesiya var. langbianensis
P. jeffreyiCinara arizonica, cronartii, [edulis], ponderosae,
schwartzii;
Essigella californica, fusca, hillerislambersi

Use keys to Cinara and Essigella spp. of Pinus subsect. Ponderosae under P. ponderosa.

P. kesiyaKhasya Pine, Philippine Pine
Cinara atrotibialis, pinea; Eulachnus thunbergii;
Neomyzus circumflexus; Pineus pini

Key to Cinara spp. on P.kesiya:-

Fore tibia wholly black, mid and hind tibiae also black or with slightly paler section on basal half. R IV 0.26-0.38 mm long, at least 0.5 × ANT III…..atrotibialis
Fore tibia often darker than mid and hind tibiae, but all tibiae with paler section on basal half. R IV 0.21-0.29 mm long, less than 0.5 × ANT III…..pinea
P. khasya = P. kesiya
P. khasyana = P. kesiya
P. kochiana = P. sylvestris var. hamata
P. koraiensisKorean Pine
Cinara cembrae, [kochiana]; minoripinihabitans, mongolica,
[nuda], [orientalis], pinikoraiensis, [shinjii], watanabei,
[taeniatoides Mordwilko 1901];
Eulachnus pumilae;
Pineus cembrae, cembrae ssp. pinikoreanus,
cladogenous, cortecicola, hosoyai

Use key to Cinara spp. on Pinus subsect. Cembrae under P. cembra.

P. lambertianaSugar Pine
Cinara [anelia], hirticula, moketa, saccharinipini;
Essigella californica, kathleenae;
Pineus coloradensis;
Prociphilus caryae ?ssp. arbutifoliae

Key to Cinara spp. on P. lambertiana:-

(Of the three species described by Hottes from P. lambertiana, the available specimens all seem to correspond most closely to moketa; couplet 2 is based solely on the original descriptions.)

1 Longest hairs on ANT III 100-110 µm, on dorsal side of hind tibia 100-120 µm, and on ABD TERG 5 and SIPH cones 120-150 µm…..moketa
Longest hairs on ANT III 80-90 µm, on dorsal side of hind tibia 70-100 µm, and on ABD TERG 5 and SIPH cones 90-130 µm…..2
2 Longest hairs on dorsal side of hind tibia about 100 µm. HT I about 0.5 × HT II. HT II about 1.3 × R IV. R IV about 0.6 × maximum diameter of SIPH cone …..saccharinipini*
Longest hairs on dorsal side of hind tibia about 70 µm. HT I about 0.4 × HT II. HT II about 1.8 × R IV. R IV about 0.3 × maximum diameter of SIPH cone …..hirticula*

Key to Essigella spp. on Pinus lambertiana:-

ABD TERG 2-4 each with a transverse row of 6 spinopleural hairs (rarely 7), and with 2 marginal hairs on each side. ABD TERG 8 with 6-8 hairs. HT II less than 1.9 × HT I …..californica
ABD TERG 2-4 each with 11-14 spinopleural hairs, in two irregular rows, and 4-5 marginal hairs on each side. ABD TERG 8 with 7-13 hairs. HT II more than 1.9 × HT I …..kathleenae
P. laricio = P. nigra ssp. laricio
P. leiophyllaCinara terminalis; Essigella californica, fusca;
Pineus pini group

(For separation of the two Essigella species use the key under P. coulteri)

P. leucodermis = P. heldreichii
P. longifolia Roxb. = P. roxburghii
P. luchuensisCinara formosana, orientalis, pinea, [pini], piniformosana;
Eulachnus thunbergii

Use key to Cinara spp. on P. densiflora.

P. lumholtziiCinara atlantica
P. lutea (?)Pineus pini group
P. maritima Poir = P. pinaster
P. massonianaChinese Red Pine
Cinara [atratipinivora], formosana, [ jianglensis], pinea,
pinidensiflorae, piniformosana, schimitscheki, [taiwana];
Cinara (Schizolachnus) orientalis;
Eulachnus [alticola], [drakontos], nigricola,
[pinitabulaeformis], rileyi, similiaticola, thunbergii,
tuberculostemmatus;
Pineus pini group;

Use key to Cinara spp. on P. densiflora.

P. maximinoiPineus pini group
P. merkusiiEulachnus thunbergii; Pineus pini group
P. michoacana = P. devoniana
P. monophyllaSingle-leaf Pinyon Pine
Cinara anelia, atra, caliente, edulis, puerca, tanneri,
terminalis;
Essigella hoerneri; Pineus coloradensis

Use key to Cinara spp. on Pinus subsect. Cembroides under P. cembroides.

P. montezumaeEssigella californica; Eulachnus rileyi; Pineus pini group
P. monticolaWestern White Pine
Cinara ferrisi, hirsuta, kuchea;
Essigella gagnonae, kathleenae;
Pineus coloradensis, pinifoliae, strobi;
Prociphilus caryae ssp. caryae

Key to Cinara spp. on P. monticola:-

1 BL more than 4.5 mm. Tibiae wholly black. Length of sclerotised part of stylet groove (see fig. 74A) more than 2.4 mm…..ferrisi
BL less than 4.5 mm. Tibiae with paler section on basal half. Length of sclerotised part of stylet groove less than 2.0 mm…..2
2 Longest hairs on dorsal side of hind tibia 70-80 µm long…..kuchea
Longest hairs on dorsal side of hind tibia up to 150 µm long…..hirsuta

Key to Essigella spp. on Pinus monticola:-

ABD TERG 2-4 each with a transverse row of 6 spinopleural hairs, and with 2 marginal hairs on each side. HT II less than 1.9 × HT I…..gagnonae*
ABD TERG 2-4 each with 11-14 spinopleural hairs, in two irregular rows, and 4-5 marginal hairs on each side. HT II more than 1.9 × HT I…..kathleenae
P. mugo (incl. vars mughus, pumilio, ssp. uncinata) Mountain Pine
Cinara carnica, covassii, guadarramae, hyperophila,
montanicola, neubergi, nuda, pergandei, pinea, pini,
pinihabitans, piniphila, schimitscheki, setosa;
Cinara (Schizolachnus) pineti;
Eulachnus agilis, [alticola], brevipilosus, [intermedius],
rileyi;
Pineus orientalis, pini; Prociphilus (Stagona) pini

Use key to Cinara spp. on Pinus subsect. Sylvestres under P. sylvestris.

[Note that two Eulachnus spp. described from P. mugo, E. alticola and E. intermedius, could not be reliably included in the main key to pine aphids; they are both most likely to run to E. agilis in that key.]

P. muricataBishop Pine
Cinara atlantica; Cinara (Schizolachnus) piniradiatae;
Essigella sorenseni; Pineus pini group;

Use key to Cinara spp. on Pinus subsect. Oocarpae under P. oocarpa.

P. nigra (incl. vars/ssp.Austrian Pine, Corsican Pine, Crimean Pine
caramanica, laricio, Cinara acutirostris, atlantica, brauni, [cedri],
pallasiana, salzmannii) [guadarramae], gudaris, laricionis, [maghrebica],
[meridionalis], [montanensis], [nuda], [pilosa], pinea, pini,
pinihabitans, pinimaritimae, ponderosae, schimitscheki;
Cinara (Schizolachnus) obscura, pineti
Eulachnus agilis, brevipilosus, mediterraneus, nigricola,
[pinisuctus], rileyi, [stekolshchikovi], tauricus,
tuberculostemmatus;
Pineus pini; [Prociphilus bumeliae]

Use key to Cinara spp. on Pinus subsect. Sylvestres, under P. sylvestris.

P. occidentalisWest Indian Pine
Cinara arizonica, atlantica, ponderosae;
Essigella californica

Use key to Cinara spp. on Pinus subsect. Australes under P. echinata.

P. oocarpaOcote Pine
Cinara atlantica, azteca, pinivora; Pineus boerneri

Key to Cinara spp. on P. oocarpa and other pines of subsect. Oocarpae (attenuata, greggii, muricata, patula, radiata):-

1 R IV 0.23-0.33 mm long, bearing 14-28 accessory hairs…..2
R IV 0.14-0.29 mm long, bearing 5-10 accessory hairs…..3
2 Longest hairs on ANT III 60-80 µm, on hind tibia 50-80 µm. (ABD TERG 2-6 without sclerites?)…..essigi*
Longest hairs on ANT III and hind tibia 80-110 µm, all very fine. (ABD TERG 2-6 often with numerous small sclerites)…..cronartii
3 HT I 0.13-0.22 mm long and more than 0.5 × HT II (fig. 76A)…..4
HT I less than 0.14 mm long, less than 0.5 × HT II…..5
4 R IV 0.16-0.20 mm…..pinivora
R IV 0.24-0.30 mm…..pinimaritimae
5 Maximum diameter of SIPH cone 0.3-0.4 mm. Hairs on ABD TERG 5 about 70 µ long …..azteca*
Maximum diameter of SIPH cone usually in range 0.4-0.7 mm. Hairs on ABD TERG 5 mostly either shorter or longer than 70 µm…..6
6 SIPH with more than 60 hairs, including many on basal part of cone. ABD TERG 5 with more than 25 hairs, 60-110 µm long, between SIPH cones (fig. 80E) ….atlantica
SIPH with less than 60 hairs, rather sparse on basal part of cone. ABD TERG 5 with 4-15 hairs, 10-60 µm long, between SIPH cones (fig. 80F) …..ponderosae
P. pallasiana = nigra ssp. pallasiana
P. palustrisAmerican Pitch Pine, Longleaf Pine
Cinara atlantica, melaina, newelli, watsoni;
Essigella californica;
Eulachnus rileyi

Use key to Cinara spp. on Pinus subsect. Australes, under P. echinata.

P. parvifloraJapanese White Pine
Cinara [cembrae], shinjii, watanabei; Eulachnus pumilae;
Pineus cembrae, harakawai, havrylenkoi

Key to Cinara spp. on P. parviflora:-

R IV more than 0.25 mm long, bearing 14-22 accessory hairs. Hairs on ABD TERG 5 less than 70 µm long. ABD TERG 2-5 with only small scleroites ringing hair bases …..watanabei
R IV less than 0.25 mm long, bearing 6-8 accessory hairs. Hairs on ABD TERG 5 up to 140 µm long. ABD TERG 2-5 with larger sclerites…..shinjii
P. patulaMexican Weeping Pine
Cinara [acutirostris], atlantica, cronartii, [maculipes],
[pinibg], pinivora, [terminalis];
Essigella californica; Eulachnus rileyi, [thunbergii];
Pineus boerneri

Use key to Cinara spp. on pines of subsect. Oocarpae under P. oocarpa.

P. pentaphylla = P. parviflora var. pentaphylla
P. peuceCinara cembrae; Eulachnus cembrae, rileyi; Pineus strobi
P. pinasterMaritime Pine, Cluster Pine
Cinara acutirostris, [atrotibialis]. guadarramae, hyperophila,
maghrebica, nuda, pinea, pini, [pinihabitans],
pinimaritimae, [taeniata Koch, 1856 (nomen dubium)];
Cinara (Schizolachnus) obscura, pineti;
Eulachnus agilis, brevipilosus, [ibericus], mediterraneus,
rileyi, tauricus, tuberculostemmatus;
Pineus harakawai

Use key to Cinara spp. on western palaearctic pines of subsect. Sylvestres, under P. sylvestris.

P. pineaItalian Stone Pine
Cinara acutirostris, maghrebica, palaestinensis, pinea, pini,
pinimaritimae, schimitscheki;
Cinara (Schizolachnus) obscura, pineti;
Essigella californica;
Eulachnus agilis, mediterraneus, rileyi, tauricus,
tuberculostemmatus;
Pineus boerneri, havrylenkoi, pini, strobi

The four Cinara species are separated in the key under P. sylvestris.

P. ponderosa (incl. varsPonderosa Pine
arizonica, scopulorum) Cinara arizonica, glabra,
nigrita(?), oregonensis, pinea,
pini, ponderosae, pseudoschwartzii, schwartzii,
solitaria, [takahashii], thatcheri;
Cinara (Schizolachnus) curvispinosa, flocculosa, pineti,
piniradiatae;
Essigella californica, essigi, fusca;
Eulachnus [alticola], rileyi;
Pineus boerneri, coloradensis, pini

Key to apterae on Cinara spp. on P. ponderosa and other pines of subsect. Ponderosae (cooperi, douglasiana, durangensis, jeffreyi, michoacana, pseudostrobus):-

1 BL 4.6-6.0 mm. Hairs on dorsal body surface, ANT III-IV and legs all rather widely spaced, short, thick and slightly capitate…..arizonica
BL less than 4.6 mm. Hairs sometimes short and thick but not widely spaced and not capitate…..2
2 HT I 0.15-0.23 mm long, more than 0.5 × HT II (fig. 76B). Hairs on hind tibia are 120-230 µm long…..pinea
HT I 0.08-0.15 mm long, less than 0.5 × HT II. Hairs on hind tibia 20-120 µm long …..3
3 R IV with 11-28 accessory hairs…..4
R IV with 6-10 accessory hairs…..9
4 Longest hairs on hind tibia 30-60 µm, about 0.5 × width of tibia at midpoint or shorter. Hairs on ABD TERG 5 mostly short and blunt, less than 30 µm long…..5
Longest hairs on hind tibia 70-120 µm, clearly more than 0.5 × width of tibia at midpoint. Hairs on ABD TERG 5 with acute apices, the longest at least 70 µm in length …..7
5 Dorsum with a large dark sclerite fused across midline and extending across ABD TERG 2-7, but not fused with SIPH bases (fig. 77). ABD TERG 5 with more than 50 hairs between SIPH bases. Ventral surface covered with dense rows of pointed spicules …..glabra
Dorsum only lightly sclerotised, often with dusky areas on each side of midline. ABD TERG 5 with less than 20 hairs between SIPH bases. Ventral surface only faintly and minutely spiculose…..6
6 R IV 0.20-0.25 mm long, with 15-16 accessory hairs. ANT V about equal in length to ANT IV…..schwartzii
R IV 0.26-0.30 mm long, with 19-21 accessory hairs. ANT V clearly longer than ANT IV …..thatcheri
7 ABD TERG 2-6 without distinct sclerites but often with a dusky area on each side of midline. ABD TERG 5 with less than 20 hairs between SIPH bases. R IV 0.22-0.24 mm long…..pseudoschwartzii
ABD TERG 2-6 with scattered separate, distinct sclerites. ABD TERG 5 with more than 50 hairs between SIPH bases. R IV 0.24-0.29 mm long…..cronartii
8 SIPH cones with two distinctly different types of hair, one type long (about 70 µm) and spine-like, the other small (about 12 µm), fine and numerous. R IV 0.22-0.26 mm long. Body rounded, tick-like, tibiae short and black…..solitaria
SIPH cones with one type of hair. R IV 0.14-0.22. Body oval…..9
9 Longest hairs on hind tibia 80-110 µm, and on ABD TERG 5, 60-110 µm …..10
Longest hairs on hind tibia 40-95 µm, and on ABD TERG 5, 10-70 µm …..11
10 Length of sclerotised part of stylet groove 1.8-2.2 mm (see fig. 74A). ABD TERG 5 with less than 20 hairs between the rather small SIPH cones, each bearing 15-20 hairs. ABD TERG 7 and 8 with broad transverse bars…..oregonensis
Length of sclerotised part of stylet groove 1.3-1.7 mm. ABD TERG 5 with more than 25 hairs between large SIPH cones each bearing more than 50 hairs (fig. 80E). ABD TERG 7 and 8 with paired sclerites not joined or only tenuously linked across midline …..atlantica
11 Length of sclerotised part of stylet groove (see fig. 74A) 1.5-2.0 mm …..ponderosae
Length of sclerotised part of stylet groove 1.2-1.4 mm…..pini

Key to Essigella spp. on pines of subsect. Ponderosae:-

1 ABD TERG 2-4 each with a transverse row of 6 (rarely 7) spinopleural hairs, and 2 marginal hairs on each side…..californica
ABD TERG 2-4 each with 8-12 spinopleural hairs (rarely 7), and 3-5 (rarely 2) marginal hairs…..2
2 Metathoracic tergite fused with ABD TERG 1, either entirely across dorsum (pale individuals) or at least laterally (dark individuals). All tibiae dusky to dark, concolorous …..essigi
Metathoracic tergite not fused to ABD TERG 1, even laterally. Fore and hind tibiae clearly darker than middle tibia…..3
3 BL 2.10-2.64 mm ANT III 0.16-0.23 mm. Hind tibia 1.06-1.56 mm. Dorsal body pale …..hillerislambersi
BL 1.79-2.39 mm ANT III 0.12-0.18 mm. Hind tibia 0.76-1.13 mm. Dorsal body pale or dark…..fusca
P. pseudostrobusFalse Weymouth Pine
[Cinara terminalis]; Essigella californica;
Pineus boerneri

Use key to Cinara spp. of Pinus subsect. Ponderosae under P. ponderosa.

P. pumilaJapanese Stone Pine
Cinara cembrae, ?mongolica, [pinihabitans];
Eulachnus pumilae, thunbergii;
Pineus cembrae

Use key to Cinara spp. on Pinus subsect. Cembrae under P. cembra.

P. pungensHickory Pine, Table Mountain Pine
Cinara atlantica, pinea, pinivora, taedae, watsoni;
Pineus boerneri

Use key to Cinara spp. on Pinus subsect. Australes under P. echinata.

P. quadrifolia = P. cembroidesvar. quadrifolia
P. radiataMonterey Pine, Insignis Pine
Cinara atlantica, [brevispinosa], [costata], pinimaritimae;
Cinara (Schizolachnus) pineti, piniradiatae;
Essigella californica, essigi; Eulachnus rileyi;
Pineus boerneri, pini, sylvestris

Use key to Cinara spp. on Pinus subsect. Oocarpae under P. oocarpa.

(The two Essigella species are separated in the key under P. ponderosa.)

P. resinosaCanadian Red Pine
Cinara atlantica, harmonia, melaina, pinea,
pinivora, strobi; Cinara (Schizolachnus) piniradiatae;
Essigella californica; Eulachnus agilis, rileyi;
Pineus boerneri, coloradensis, pini

Key to Cinara spp. on P. resinosa:-

1 HT I (measured along ventral side) more than 0.5 × HT II (e.g. fig. 76B). Longest hairs on dorsal side of hind tibia 110-230 µm long…..2
HT I about 0.5 × HT II or less. Longest hairs on dorsal side of hind tibia 60-130 µm long …..3
2 HT I 0.12-0.15 mm, HT II 0.20-0.28 mm. ABD TERG 2-7 each with a variably developed but usually large pair of sclerites (or diffuse dusky areas) including the bases of several hairs…..pinivora
HT I 0.17-0.33 mm, HT II 0.35-0.53 mm. ABD TERG 2-7 with separate small hair-bearing scleroites (fig. 80C) …..pinea
3 R IV bearing 15-22 accessory hairs. Hind tibia wholly dark and often markedly curved, with blunt hairs…..strobi
R IV bearing 6-10 accessory hairs. Hind tibia with a pale section on basal half and bearing pointed hairs…..4
4 ABD TERG 8 usually with a continuous transverse dark bar. Hairs on front of head maximally 70 µm, mostly shorter than or about equal to width of ANT II …..melaina
ABD TERG 8 usually with transverse bar interrupted in or only tenuously linked across midline. Hairs on front of head maximally 80-120 µm, mostly longer than width of ANT II …..5
5 ABD TERG 8 with 12-16 hairs. BL 2.2-3.3 mm, 4.5-5.6 × maximum width of SIPH cone. Longest hairs on dorsal side of hind tibia 80-100 µm…..atlantica
ABD TERG 8 with 17-23 hairs. BL 2.9-4.2 mm, 5.7-9.0 × maximum width of SIPH cone. Longest hairs on dorsal side of hind tibia 90-130 µm…..harmonia
P. rigidaPitch Pine
Cinara atlantica, melaina, pergandei, pinea,
[pinidensiflorae], pinivora, rigidae, taedae,
watsoni; Cinara (Schizolachnus) flocculosa;
Essigella californica; Eulachnus agilis, rileyi, thunbergii;
Pineus boerneri, coloradensis, pini;
Prociphilus piniradicivorus

Use key to Cinara spp. of Pinus subsect. Australes under P. echinata.

P. ×rotundataEulachnus agilis, rileyi
P. roxburghiiAsiatic Longleaf Pine, Cher Pine
Cinara atlantica, atrotibialis, lachnirostris, [maculipes],
ponderosae, [takahashii];
Cinara (Schizolachnus) curvispinosa;
Essigella californica; Pineus simmondsi

Key to Cinara spp. on P. roxburghii:-

1Tibiae wholly dark, although sometimes with slightly less dark section on basal half of mid and hind tibiae. HT I 0.20-0.24 mm, more than 0.5 × HT II. R IV 0.26-0.38 mm long…..atrotibialis
All tibiae with pale section on basal half. HT I 0.08-0.16 mm long, less than 0.5 × HT II. R IV 0.16-0.21 mm long…..2
2 SIPH cones small, with maximum diameter 0.14-0.18 mm …..lachnirostris
SIPH cones large, with maximum diameter 0.40-0.83 mm …..3
3 ABD TERG 5 with more than 20 hairs between SIPH bases, the longest 60-80 µm (fig. 80E)…..atlantica
ABD TERG 5 with less than 20 hairs between SIPH bases, the longest 10-60 µm long (fig. 80F)…..ponderosae
P. rudis = P. hartwegii
P. sabinianaDigger Pine
Cinara arizonica, ponderosae;
Cinara (Schizolachnus) piniradiatae;
Essigella californica; Pineus boerneri

Use key to Cinara spp. of Pinus subsect. Sabinianae under P. coulteri.

P. scopulorum = P. ponderosa var. scopulorum
P. serotinaPond Pine
Cinara atlantica, cronartii, taedae, watsoni

Use key to Cinara spp. on Pinus subsect. Australes under P. echinata.

P. sibiricaSiberian Stone Pine
Cinara [brauni], cembrae, mongolica, [pinea], pini;
[Elatobium abietinum]; Eulachnus agilis;
Pineus cembrae, strobi; Prociphilus pini

Use key to Cinara spp. on Pinus subsect. Cembrae under P. cembra.

P. sosnowskyi = P. sylvestris var. hamata
P. strobiformisCinara flexilis; Essigella californica, kirki

Use key to Essigella spp. on P. flexilis.

P. strobusEastern White Pine, Weymouth Pine
Cinara atlantica, pergandei, pinea, strobi;
Essigella californica, patchae;
Eulachnus cembrae, pumilae, rileyi;
Pineus boerneri, coloradensis, floccus, harukawai,
pini, pinifoliae, strobi;
Prociphilus caryae ssp. fitchii;
Prociphilus (Stagona) crataegistrobi

For separation of the Cinara species use the key under P. contorta.

Key to Essigella spp. on Pinus strobus:-

R IV+V without or with barely discernible spinules…..patchae*
R IV+V with rows of spinules…..californica
P. sylvestrisScots Pine
(incl. var. hamata)Cinara [acutirostris], atlantica, brauni, [californica],
formosana, guadarramae, hyperophila, intermedia,
[longirostris], maghrebica, montanicola, [neubergi],
nigritergi, nuda, [oblonga (del Guercio 1909)], pilosa,
pinea, pini, piniformosana, pinihabitans, [pinimaritimae],
piniphila, pinivora, [setosa], [taeniata Koch, 1856 (nomen
dubium)], watanabei, [watsoni];
Cinara (Schizolachnus) [obscura], pineti;
Essigella californica;
Eulachnus agilis, [alticola], brevipilosus, [cretacea],
[ibericus], mediterraneus, [nigricola], rileyi,
[stekolshchikovi], thunbergii;
[Pachypappa vesicalis];
Pineus boerneri, coloradensis, orientalis, pini, strobi,
sylvestris;
Prociphilus (Stagona) pini

Key to Cinara spp. on P. sylvestris and other western palaearctic pines of subsect. Sylvestres (pinaster, mugo, nigra); also including species on P. pinea. (Cinara spp. on P. halepensis, including var. brutia, are keyed separately under that host plant.):-

1 Dorsal abdomen with an extensive dark sclerite encompassing SIPH cones; the lateral extent of the sclerite varies considerably, as does the occurrence of clear areas within it) …..2
Dorsal abdomen with or without sclerites but these are rarely fused between segments or with SIPH cones (except some specimens of montanicola) ….3
2 Dorsal sclerite extending from mesothorax to ABD TERG 6, with a separate dark band on ABD TERG 7…..nigritergi*
Dorsal sclerite extending across ABD TERG 5-7 only, with a separate transverse band on ABD TERG 8 (e.g. fig. 78)…..brauni
3 HT I (measured along ventral side) 0.5 or more × HT II (e.g. fig. 76A); but if almost exactly 0.5 × then HT I is more than 0.16 mm long …..4
HT I (measured along ventral side) 0.07-0.17 mm long and less than 0.5 × HT II …..17
4 HT I (measured along ventral side) 0.12-0.15 mm, HT II 0.20-0.28 mm …..5
HT I (measured along ventral side) 0.16-0.32 mm, HT II 0.30-0.53 mm …..6
5 Rostrum much shorter than body. ABD TERG 1-7 each with a pair of variably developed but usually large sclerites (often irregular in outline or fragmented) …..pinivora
Rostrum long, extending beyond end of abdomen. ABD TERG 2-6 without large sclerites…..intermedia
6 R IV 0.29-0.36 mm long, 0.9 or more × HT II. Hairs on ABD TERG 1-7 (fig. 79A) all arising from small dark circular scleroites of very uniform size (24-30 µm in diameter) …..schimitscheki
R IV 0.15-0.32 mm long, 0.8 or less × HT II. Hairs on ABD TERG 1-7 not all arising from circular, uniform-sized scleroites, or scleroites much smaller …..7
7 Longest hairs on ABD TERG 5 are 26-42 µm long, all arising from very small scleroites (diameter less than 15 µm) …..8
Longest hairs on ABD TERG 5 are 60-230 µm long, arising from larger scleroites of varying sizes…..9
8 Maximum diameter of SIPH cones 0.19-0.25 mm. HT I (measured along ventral side) 0.21-0.22 mm, 3.6-4.2 × its basal diameter…..gudaris
Maximum diameter of SIPH cones 0.45-0.49 mm. HT I (ventral side) 0.18-0.21 mm, 2.9-3.4 × its basal diameter…..covassii
9 Longest hairs on ABD TERG 5 are 70-80 µm long, the lengths of the longest hairs on the largest scleroites not or hardly exceeding the maximum diameter of those scleroites (fig. 79B). Longest hairs on ANT III 60-70 µm, on hind tibia 60-90 µm …..piniphila
Longest hairs on ABD TERG 5 are 60-230 µm long, those on the largest scleroites usually exceeding the diameter of the scleroites (except when the scleroites join two or more hair bases). Longest hairs on ANT III 60-210 µm, on hind tibia 70-230 µm …..10
10 Largest scleroites on ABD TERG 2-4 of maximum diameter 70-300 µm (if only 70 µm then there are several of this diameter). ANT II bearing 5-10 hairs and ANT BASE VI with 2-8 hairs …..11
Largest scleroites on ABD TERG 2-4 of maximum diameter 25-70 µm, but only rarely exceeding 60 µm. ANT II bearing 7-14 hairs and ANT BASE VI bearing 6-12 hairs …..15
11 R IV 1.2-1.5 × HT I (ventral length). HT II 1.3-1.6 × R IV…..12
R IV 0.7-1.2 × HT I (ventral length). HT II 1.4-2.2 × R IV …..13
12 Longest hairs on ANT III 65-90 µm long, on hind tibia 70-100 µm long, and on ABD TERG 5 60-105 µm long. R IV 2.0-2.3 × R V. ANT V usually without any secondary rhinaria. HT I with 1-3 hairs on dorsal side…..carnica
Longest hairs on ANT III 110-150 µm long, on hind tibia 150-190 µm long, and on ABD TERG 5 140-180 µm long. R IV 2.3-2.4 × R V. ANT V usually with one secondary rhinarium. HT I without any dorsal hairs …..neubergi
13 Tibiae rather uniformly dark (sometimes less so near bases). First tarsal segments without dorsal hairs. ABD TERG 5 with 50-110 hairs between SIPH cones, a minority of which are on large scleroites (fig. 80D)…..pergandei
Tibiae usually at least with pale section on basal half. First tarsal segments with 1-7 dorsal and dorsolateral hairs. ABD TERG 5 with 25-49 hairs between SIPH cones, most of them on large scleroites (e.g fig. 80C) …..14
14 First tarsal segments with 4-7 dorsal and dorso-lateral hairs. HT I 0.23-0.32 mm long. ANT V usually without a secondary rhinarium (rarely 1 on one antenna) …..pilosa
First tarsal segments with 0-3 dorsal hairs (fig.76B). HT I 0.18-0.26 mm long. ANT V usually with 1-2 secondary rhinaria on each antenna, rarely with 0…..pinea
15 HT II 1.7-2.4 × R IV, which is 0.15-0.21 mm long. Tibiae black …..piniformosanus
HT II 1.1-1.6 × R IV, which is 0.24-0.30 mm long. Tibiae with pale basal section …..16
16 ABD TERG 5 with 10-27 hairs between SIPH cones (more in fundatrices). Length of antennal flagellum (ANT III-VI inclusive) 0.45-0.70 × BL. HT I 0.19-0.25 mm. Longest hairs on dorsal side of hind tibia 90-180 µm …..laricionis
ABD TERG 5 with 30-60 hairs between SIPH cones (fig. 80B). Length of antennal flagellum 0.34-0.50 × BL. HT I 0.16-0.22 mm. Longest hairs on dorsal side of hind tibia 60-130 µm…..pinimaritimae
17 R IV more than 0.25 mm long, bearing 14-22 accessory hairs …..watanabei
R IV less than 0.25 mm long, bearing 4-12 accessory hairs…..18
18 Longest hairs on ANT III 110-150 µm, and on hind tibia 170-190 µm. R IV with 4-6 accessory hairs. ABD TERG 5 with 40-50 hairs, the longest 140-180 µm, between SIPH cones …..pinihabitans
Longest hairs on ANT III 25-100 µm, on hind tibia 40-130 µm. R IV with 4-12 accessory hairs. ABD TERG 5 with 3-44 hairs between SIPH cones, the longest 5-140 µm …..19
19 R IV bearing 4-6 accessory hairs, and less than 0.6 × HT II, which is 0.27-0.41 mm …..20
R IV bearing 6-12 hairs, and more than 0.6 × HT II, which is 0.19-0.36 mm…..21
20 ANT V 1.2-1.5 × ANT VI (incl. PT). Genital plate with 45-55 hairs …..hyperophila
ANT V 1.6-2.0 × ANT VI (incl. PT). Genital plate with 26-35 hairs …..setosa
21 R IV+V 0.29-0.38 mm, 1.2-1.5 × HT II. ABD TERG 5 with 4-7 hairs (but up to 18 in fundatrices), 40-110 µm long, between SIPH cones …..acutirostris
R IV+V 0.20-0.34 mm, 0.9-1.2 × HT II. ABD TERG 5 with 3-35 hairs between SIPH cones, but if less than 10 then they are usually shorter than 40 µm …..22
22 ABD TERG 2-6 with at least some hairs arising from dark, irregular-shaped scleroites of diameter 5 or more times that of the hair bases. ABD TERG 7 as well as 8 usually with dark transverse bars of paired dark patches…..23
ABD TERG 2-6 without irregular-shaped scleroites, although often with small circles of pigment around hair bases. ABD TERG 7 with or without large sclerites …..24
23 SIPH with more than 60 hairs, including many on basal part of cone. ABD TERG 5 with more than 25 hairs, 60-110 µm long, between SIPH cones (fig. 80E) …..atlantica
SIPH with less than 60 hairs, which are rather sparse on basal part of cone. ABD TERG 5 with 4-15 hairs, 10-60 µm long, between SIPH cones (fig. 80F) …..ponderosae
24 Sclerotised part of stylet groove (see fig. 74A) 1.8-2.2 mm long. ANT PT with 4-7 subapical hairs. ABD TERG 5 with 5-6 hairs (up to 18 in fundatrices), which are very short and thin, the longest 13-30 µm …..nuda
Sclerotised part of stylet groove 1.0-1.7 mm long. ANT PT with only 4 subapical hairs. ABD TERG 5 with 3-17 hairs (more in fundatrices), the longest 15-130 µm long …..25
25 Length of sclerotised part of stylet groove 1.0-1.2 mm. Diameter of SIPH cone 0.12-0.40 mm. ABD TERG 5 with 12-18 long, fine hairs (more in fundatrices), the longest 60-130 µm, between SIPH cones. Longest hairs on hind tibia 60-130 µm. ABD TERG 7 as well as 8 usually with a pair of dark patches…..maghrebica
Length of sclerotised part of stylet groove 1.2-1.7 mm. Diameter of SIPH cone 0.24-0.70 mm. ABD TERG 5 with 3-11 hairs (up to 30 in fundatrices), the longest 15-100 µm, between SIPH cones. Longest hairs on hind tibia 40-95 µm. ABD TERG 7 usually without any large sclerites …..26
26 ABD TERG 5 with 6-11 hairs, the longest 35-100 µm, between SIPH bases (fig. 80H). Length of sclerotised part of stylet groove 1.3-1.75 mm …..guadarramae
ABD TERG 5 with 3-8 hairs (up to 30 in fundatrices), the longest 10-48 µm, between SIPH cones (e.g. fig. 80G). Length of sclerotised part of stylet groove 1.2-1.5 mm …..27
27 Mesosternal tubercle strongly developed, large and rounded and usually bearing some hairs. R IV 0.155-0.197 mm long. Subgenital plate with 19-57 hairs …..montanicola
Mesosternal tubercle smaller, less rounded and rather slender, usually without hairs. R IV 0.140-0.167 mm long. Subgenital plate with 10-37 hairs ….. pini
P. tabuliformisChinese Pine
Cinara californica, formosana, largirostris, pinea,
pinidensiflorae, piniformosana, [pinihabitans],
[piniphila], schimitscheki, takahashii;
Eulachnus nigricola, [pinitabulaeformis];
Pineus boerneri, pini

Use key to Cinara spp. on oriental pines of subsect. Sylvestres under P.densiflora (or if this does not give a unsatisfactory answer, try key to Cinara spp. on P. sylvestris).

P. taedaLoblolly Pine, Carolina Pine
Cinara [acutirostris], atlantica, cronartii, pinimaritimae,
melaina, newelli, pergandei, pinea, pinivora, taedae,
watsoni, westi;
Cinara (Schizolachnus) parva; Essigella californica, pini;
Eulachnus rileyi, thunbergii; Pineus boerneri;
Prociphilus carolinensis, piniradicivorus

Use key to Cinara spp. on Pinus subsect. Australes under P. echinata. (To separate the two Essigella species use the key under P. strobus.)

P. taiwanensisEulachnus rileyi, thunbergii

(If Cinara spp. are found try key under P. densiflora.)

P. tenuifolia Benth. nec Salisb. = P. maximinoi
P. teocotePineus boerneri
P. thunbergiiJapanese Black Pine
Cinara etsuhoe, formosana, pinea, [pini], pinidensiflorae,
piniformosana, sorini;
Essigella californica; Eulachnus rileyi, thunbergii;
Pineus matsumurai, orientalis, pini, sylvestris;
[Watabura nishiyae]

Use key to Cinara spp. on oriental pines of subsect. Sylvestres under P. densiflora.

P. torreyanaEssigella californica
P.tuberculata = P. radiata
P. uncinata see P. mugo
P. virginianaVirginia Pine
Cinara atlantica, gracilis, melaina, pergandei,
pinea, [piniformosana], pinivora, schwartzii, taedae,
watsoni;
Cinara (Schizolachnus) flocculosa, parva;
Essigella californica, pini; Eulachnus rileyi; Pineus boerneri, pini

Use key to Cinara spp. on Pinus subsect. Contortae under P. contorta.

P. wallichiana Himalayan Blue Pine
Cinara bhutanica, eastopi, lachnirostris, maculipes, pinea, pinimaritimae, tenuipes;
[Epipemphigus imaicus]; Essigella californica;
Eulachnus rileyi; Pineus ghanii, pini, strobi, wallichianae;
Prociphilus himalayensis, [Prociphilus sp(p).];
Pseudessigella brachychaeta

Key to apterae of Cinara spp. on P. wallichiana:-

(Couplets 4-5 are adapted from Chakrabarti et al. 2020)

1 Hairs on at least ABD TERG 3-6 very short, maximally 40 µm or less. SIPH cones small, with maximum diameter equal to or less than length of R IV …..2
Longest hairs on ABD TERG 3-6 at least 60 µm. Diameter of SIPH cones usually much greater than length of R IV…..3
2 BL 3.7-4.9 mm. Legs conspicuously maculate. ANT VI (incl. PT) shorter than V …..maculipes
BL 2.4-2.9 mm. Legs not maculate. ANT VI (incl. PT) longer than V) …..lachnirostris
3 Dorsal abdomen with paired dark patches or broken groups of sclerites on ABD TERG 1-8 (fig. 80A; sometimes reduced on 2-5). R IV with 8-12 accessory hairs…..4
Dorsal abdomen with scattered small sclerites on ABD TERG 1-6 (fig. 80B, C), and transverse bars on 7 and 8. R IV with 4-7 accessory hairs) …..6
4 ABD TERG 2-5 with paired sclerotic spinal plates. Sclerotised part of rostral groove more than 1.7 mm. HT I with one dorso-lateral hair….. eastopi
ABD TERG 2-5 without paired sclerotic spinal plates (sometimes with small scattreed scleroites). Sclerotised part of rostral groove less than 1.6 mm. HT I without dorso-lateral hairs……5
5 Diameter of SIPH cone 6.70-8.44 × diameter of SIPH pore. HT II 0.41-0.51 × ANT III. HT II 1.87-2.00 × ANT BASE VI. (Al. with secondary rhinaria distributed ANT III 16-21, ANT IV 4-5)……bhutanica*
Diameter of SIPH cone 5.75-5.87 × diameter of SIPH pore. HT II 0.55-0.56 × ANT III. HT II 1.73-1.78 × ANT BASE VI. (Al. with secondary rhinaria distributed ANT III 12-13, ANT IV 2)……tenuipes*
6 Longest hairs on dorsal side of hind tibia 70-130 µm, shorter than or about equal to width of tibia at midpoint. HT I 0.16-0.22 mm (fig. 76A) …..pinimaritimae
Longest hairs on dorsal side of hind tibia 120-230 µm, often 1.5 × width of tibia at midpoint or longer. HT I 0.22-0.33 mm (fig. 76B) …..pinea
P. yunnanensisCinara [acutirostris], formosana, pinea, takahashii, takahashii ssp. lijiangensis;
Eulachnus [alticola], tuberculostemmatus;
Pineus piniyunnanensis

Use key to Cinara spp. on oriental pines of subsect. Sylvestres under P. densiflora.

Pinus spp.

The following aphids were recorded from unidentified species of Pinus, and could not be included in any of the keys:-

[Cinara brevipilosa, comata, hylikos, paxilla, saraswatae, stekolshchikovi, subapicula, tenuipes, tibetapini];
[Pineus pinicorticis]; [Prociphilus pini Tao, 1970];
[Stomaphis sp. 2 of Yamamoto et al. 2020]