C_HOSTS_Vac_Vio – Blackman & Eastop's Aphids on the World's Plants

*Vaccinium* (including Cyanococcus, Oxycoccus)	Ericaceae
Vaccinium alaskaense	Ericaphis wakibae; Macrosiphum parvifolii
V. angustifolium = V. stenophyllum
V. ashei	Ericaphis scammelli
V. caudatifolium	Ericaphis scammelli
V. corymbosum	Aphis gossypii; Brachycaudus helichrysi;
	Ericaphis fimbriata, scammelli; Illinoia azaleae;
	Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus ornatus;
	Neomyzus circumflexus
V. delavayi	Macrosiphum euphorbiae
V. griffithianum	Aphis aurantii, nasturtii;
	Sitobion sp. (India: Raychaudhuri 1984)
V. japonicum	Aulacorthum vaccinii
V. koreanum	[Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominale]
V. leonis	Aphis aurantii, spiraecola; Neomyzus circumflexus
V. leschenaultii	[gall of unknown aphid – Mani 1973]
*V. macrocarpon*	Ericaphis scammelli; Illinoia azaleae, borealis, pepperi;
	Myzus ornatus; Neomyzus circumflexus;
	Smynthurodes betae
V. maderense	Aphis aurantii, gossypii, spiraecola
V. membranaceum	[Aulacorthum sp. (Washington, USA; aphidtrek.org)];
	[Ericaphis sp. (Washington, USA; aphidtrek.org)];
	[Illinoia sp. (Washington, Montana; aphidtrek.org)];
	Macrosiphum opportunisticum
V. myrtillus	Acyrthosiphon brachysiphon, knechteli; Aphis vaccinii;
	Aulacorthum flavum, rufum, vaccinii; Ericaphis latifrons;
	Macrosiphum nasonovi; [Metopolophium tenerum];
	Pachpappa myrtilli; Sitobion paludum;
	Wahlgreniella vaccinia
V. ovalifolium	[Illinoia spiraeae, A. Jensen, Oregon; aphidtrek.org]
V. oxycoccus	Aphis vaccinii; Ericaphis sammelli; Macrosiphum nasonovi
*V. parvifolium*	Aulacorthum pterinigrum;
	[Ericaphis sp., A. Jensen, Oregon; aphidtrek.org];
	Macrosiphum parvifolii, opportunisticum, Macrosiphum
	sp. nr parvifolii (B.C.; BMNH collection, leg. C.-k. Chan)
*V. pennsylvanicum*	Illinoia pepperi
V. scoparium	[Ericaphis sp., A. Jensen, Oregon; aphidtrek.org];
	[Illinoia sp. (Idaho, Oregon; aphidtrek.org)];
	Macrosiphum euphorbiae, opportunisticum
V. stamineum = Polycodium stamineum
V. stenophyllum	Ericaphis scammelli
V. uliginosum	Acyrthosiphon brachysiphon, knechteli, [sp. aff. knechteli];
	Aphis vaccinii; Aulacorthum flavum, rufum, vaccinii;
	[Cavariella aegopodii]; Ericaphis latifrons;
	Illinoia azaleae; Macrosiphum [chukotense], nasonovi;
	Sitobion paludum; Wahlgreniella vaccinii
V. vacillans	Aphis vaccinii; Illinoia azaleae
V. varingiaefolium	Aphis aurantii, gossypii
V. vitis-idaea	Acyrthosiphon knechteli; Aphis vaccinii;
	Aulacorthum rufum; Ericaphis latifrons, scammelli;
	Macrosiphum euphorbiae, nasonovi; Myzus ornatus;
	Neomyzus circumflexus; Wahlgreniella vaccinii
Vaccinium sp.	Illinoia finni

Key to apterae on Vaccinium:-

(For an illustrated key to common aphids on blueberries see Blackman & Eastop 2000.)

1	ANT PT/BASE less than 0.5. Eyes 3-faceted. SIPH absent	…..2
–	ANT PT/BASE more than 1.5. Eyes multi-faceted. SIPH present, tubular	…..3
2	Body and appendages densely hairy. ANT II elongate, similar in length to III. Anal plate displaced dorsally. No discrete wax-pore plates. BL 1.7-2.5 mm	…..Smynthurodes betae
–	Body and appendages sparsely hairy. ANT II much shorter than III. Anal plate in normal posterio-ventral position. Wax pore-plates present. BL 1.2-1.4 mm	…..Pachypappa myrtilli
3	SIPH slightly to moderately clavate (swollen on distal half, with narrower section on basal half)	…..4
–	SIPH cylindrical or tapering (without a narrower section on basal half)	…..10
4	SIPH with a zone of polygonal reticulation distal to the swollen part (e.g. Fig.56b, d). ANT III with 1 or more rhinaria on basal half	…..5
–	SIPH without polygonal reticulation (e.g. Fig.56e). ANT III without rhinaria	…..9
5	Longest hairs on ANT III 0.5-1.0 × BD III. Cauda thick, parallel-sided for most of length, broadly rounded at apex, and bearing 9-13 hairs (Fig.56a)	…..Macrosiphum parvifolii
–	Longest hairs on ANT III 0.3-0.7 × BD III. Cauda tapering from base to near apex, sometimes slightly constricted near midlength, with 7-10 hairs (e.g. Fig.56c)	…..6
6	R IV+V 0.67-1.1 × HT II	…..7
—	R IV+V (1.1-) 1.2-1.8 × HT II	…..8
7	SIPH dark, sometimes paler at extreme base, less than 10 × longer than maximum width of swollen part	…..Illinoia pepperi
–	SIPH pale and more than 10 × longer than width of swollen part	…..Illinoia finni
8	First tarsal segments with 3 (rarely 4) hairs. R IV+V 1.4-1.8 × HT II. SIPH 1.7-2.3 × cauda	…..Illinoia borealis
–	First tarsal segments with 5 (rarely 4) hairs. R IV+V 1.1-1.4 × HT II. SIPH 2.2-2.5 × cauda	…..Illinoia azaleae

9	Head densely spiculose dorsally as well as ventrally, with inner faces of ANT tubercles apically convergent. ANT PT/BASE 2.8-4.5. ANT III-V pale. R IV+V 0.9-1.0 (-1.1) × HT II, with 2-7 accessory hairs	…..Myzus persicae
–	Head sparsely spiculose, especially dorsally, with inner faces of ANT tubercles parallel. ANT PT/BASE 4.0-6.8. ANT III-V each with dark apices. R IV+V 1.1-1.3 × HT II, with 7-11 accessory hairs	…..Wahlgreniella vaccinii
10	ANT tubercles scabrous at least on ventral side. Head with numerous spicules, at least on ventral surface	…..11
–	ANT tubercles if developed then almost smooth. Head with or without spicules	…..19
11	ANT 1.1-1.5 × BL, with ANT PT/BASE 3.7-5.2	…..12
–	ANT 0.6-1.05 × BL, with ANT PT/BASE 1.7-3.7	…..14
12	Dorsal abdomen with a dark central U-shaped patch, and thorax with dark cross bands, but marginal areas of body unpigmented. R IV+V with 2 accessory hairs	…..Neomyzus circumflexus

–	Dorsal abdomen with or without dark sclerotisation, but not in form of U-shaped central patch leaving marginal areas unpigmented. R IV+V with 5-13 accessory hairs	…..13
13	R IV+V 1.5-1.7 × HT II, with 9-13 accessory hairs. Dorsal cuticle very wrinkled, variably pigmented but often mostly dark, with large marginal and post-siphuncular sclerites forming a broad dark stripe on each side of body	…..Aulacorthum pterinigrum
–	R IV+V 1.0-1.2 × HT II, with 6-8 accessory hairs. Dorsal cuticle sclerotic but smooth, pale or mottled with dark, but without dark marginal stripes	…..Aulacorthum rufum
14	Median frontal tubercle prominent, and ANT tubercles tending to be rather low, so that front of head has w-shaped outline in dorsal view (e.g. Fig.56f). ANT III without rhinaria	…..15

–	Median frontal tubercle weakly developed, much lower than the well-developed ANT tubercles. ANT III with or without rhinaria	…..16
15	ANT PT/BASE 2.3-3.4. SIPH with a small flange (Fig.56g)	…..Ericaphis scammelli (or fimbriata? – see text)

–	ANT PT/BASE 1.9-2.2. SIPH with a prominent flange (Fig.56h)	…..Ericaphis latifrons
16	Dorsal cuticle pale. R IV+V 0.9-1.0 × HT II	…..Aulacorthum flavum
–	Dorsal cuticle with dusky or dark sclerotisation, or dark markings. R IV+V 1.0-1.7 × HT II	…..17

17	Dorsal cuticle wrinkled, with a pattern of dark intersegmental markings. R IV+V with 2 accessory hairs	…..Myzus ornatus
–	Dorsal cuticle smooth with a variably-pigmented but extensive dusky to dark sclerotic shield. R IV+V with 4-11 accessory hairs	…..18
18	R IV+V 1.0-1.2 × HT II, with 4-7 accessory hairs. ANT III usually with 1 or more rhinaria on basal half	…..Aulacorthum vaccinii
–	R IV+V 1.2-1.7 × HT II, with 8-11 accessory hairs. ANT III rarely with rhinaria, except in alatiform specimens	…..Ericaphis wakibae
19	SIPH with a subapical zone of reticulation (at least 4-5 rows of closed polygonal cells)	…..20

–	SIPH without subapical reticulation, or with only 1-2 rows of polygonal cells	…..23
20	SIPH entirely black, 1.4-1.9 × cauda.	…..Sitobion paludum
–	SIPH pale, dusky or dark-tipped, 1.7-2.4 × cauda	…..21
21	Femora distinctly darker towards apices	…..Macrosiphum nasonovi
–	Femora not distinctly darker towards apices	…..22
22	Cauda with 6-9 hairs. ANT BASE VI 0.20-0.27 mm. Longest hairs on ANT III 10-24 μm, 0.4-0.7 × BD III. (Al. with paired pleural dark patches and large marginal and postsiphuncular sclerites)	…..Macrosiphum opportunisticum
–	Cauda with 8-13 hairs. ANT BASE VI 0.14-0.20 mm. Longest hairs on ANT III 25-40 μm, 0.6-1.0 × BD III. (Al. without dark dorsal abdominal sclerites)	…..Macrosiphum euphorbiae
23	Cauda helmet-shaped, not longer than its basal width in dorsal view. Spiracular apertures large and rounded. SIPH short, conical, smooth, with a subapical annular incision	…..Brachycaudus helichrysi

–	Cauda tongue- or finger-shaped, much longer than its basal width. Spiracular apertures reniform. SIPH imbricated, tapering, without a subapical annular incision	…..24
24	ANT tubercles moderately to well developed, with smooth divergent inner faces. SIPH pale. ANT III with (0-) 1-9 rhinaria. ABD TERG 1 and 7 without marginal tubercles (MTu)	…..25

–	ANT tubercles weakly developed or undeveloped. SIPH pale or dark. ANT III without rhinaria. ABD TERG 1 and 7 with MTu	…..26
25	SIPH 0.14-0.17 × BL, 1.0-1.5 × cauda and 3.0-3.7 × R IV+V	…..Acyrthosiphon brachysiphon

–	SIPH 0.28-0.48 × BL, 1.4-1.9 × cauda and 5.5-7.3 × R IV+V	…..Acyrthosiphon knechteli
26	Dorsal abdomen with a variably developed pattern of dark sclerotic markings, sometimes tending to form dark transverse bars on ABD TERG 1-6 as well as 7 and 8. SIPH and cauda both black, SIPH 0.75-1.20 × cauda, which bears 8-16 hairs	…..Aphis vaccinii
–	Without that combination of characters	…..go to key to polyphagous aphids, starting at couplet 24

*Vahlia*	Vahliaceae
*Vahlia dichotoma*	Aphis gossypii

Vaillantia see Valantia

Rubiaceae

*Valantia* (including Vaillantia)	Rubiaceae
*Valantia muralis*	Aphis gossypii

*Valeriana*	Valerianaceae
*Valeriana alliariifolia*	Aphis fabae; Macrosiphum centranthi, cholodkovskyi
V. capitata	Aphis spiraephaga; Macrosiphum chukotense
V. ceratophylla	Aphis valerianae; Macrosiphum valerianae
V. collina	Aphis spiraephaga
V. coreana = V. fauriei
V. dubia = V. officinalis
*V. edulis*	Aphis fabae, valerianae; Macrosiphum valerianae
*V. fauriei*	Aphis fabae, patriniae, patvaliphaga, spiraecola;
	Myzus persicae
V. ficariifolia	Aphis spiraephaga
V. grisebachiana = V. urbanii
*V. jatamansi*	Aphis spiraecola; Myzus [dycei], ornatus;
	Sitobion aulacorthoides
V. montana	Aphis fabae, spiraephaga; Macrosiphum gei, rosae;
	Myzus ornatus
V. officinalis	Aphis fabae, gossypii, patriniae, spiraecola, spiraephaga,
	valerianae;
	Dysaphis brancoi, brancoi ssp. rogersoni, leefmansi,
	leefmansi ssp. krumbholzi, leefmansi ssp. valentinae;
	Macrosiphum centranthi, euphorbiae, rosae, stellariae,
	valerianae;
	Myzus ornatus, persicae; [Sitobion avenae]
V. olitoria = Valerianella locusta
*V. phu*	Aphis fabae; Macrosiphum rosae
V. prionophylla	Myzus ornatus
V. pyrenaica	Myzus persicae
V. salina = V. sambucifolia
V. sambucifolia	Aphis fabae; Dysaphis brancoi; Macrosiphum rosae
V. samolifolia	[Aphis sambuci]
V. sitchensis	Aphis fabae
V. tiliaefolia	Aphis fabae; Macrosiphum rosae
*V. trachycarpa* = V. edulis
V. tripteris	Aphis fabae, valerianae; Macrosiphum centranthi, rosae
V. tuberosa	Myzus ornatus, persicae
V. turkestanica	Aphis spiraephaga
V. urbanii	Aphis fabae
V. valerianifolia (?)	Aphis gossypii; [Uroleucon gobonis]
V. wallichii = V. jatamansi
Valeriana spp.	Aphis pseudovalerianae, solanella; Aulacorthum solani;
	Dysaphis brancoi ssp. malina; [Nearctaphis bakeri]

Key to apterae on Valeriana:-

1	SIPH with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation	…..2
–	SIPH without polygonal reticulation	…..9
2	Longest hairs on ANT III less than 0.5 × BD III. R IV+V 1.25-1.45 × HT II	…..Sitobion aulacorthoides

–	Longest hairs on ANT III 0.6-1.4 × BD III. R IV+V 0.7-1.2 × HT II	…..3
3	SIPH entirely dark, or only pale at base	…..4
–	SIPH pale or only gradually darkening distally	…..5
4	ANT III with 10-36 rhinaria, not in a row	…..Macrosiphum rosae
–	ANT III with 4-9 rhinaria in a row	…..Macrosiphum valerianae
5	Femora entirely pale. Longest hairs on ABD TERG 3 always less than 38 μm long. Cauda with 8-12 (-14) hairs	…..6
–	Femora usually darker at apices. Longest hairs on ABD TERG 3 usually more than 39 μm. Cauda with 8-21 hairs	…..7
6	Small marginal tubercles (MTu) only sporadically present on ABD TERG 2-5 and spinal tubercles (Stu) only occasionally present on ABD TERG 7-8. R IV+V with 6-10 accessory hairs	…..Macrosiphum euphorbiae
–	MTu almost always present on ABD TERG 2-5, and STu also consistently present on ABD TERG 7 and 8. R IV+V with 7-13 accessory hairs	…..Macrosiphum chukotense
7	R IV+V 1.0-1.2 × HT II. Longest hairs on ABD TERG 3 usually more than 50 μm (43-68 μm) long	…..8
–	R IV+V 0.7-1.0 × HT II. Longest hairs on ABD TERG 3 usually less than 50 μm (26-56 μm) long	…..9
8	Longest hair on outer side of hind tibia is 82-126 μm. Anterior part (disc) of subgenital plate with (2-) 5-12 hairs	…..Macrosiphum gei
–	Longest hair on outer side of hind tibia is 50-96 μm. Disc of subgenital plate with 2-5(-7) hairs	…..Macrosiphum cholodkovskyi
9	ANT 1.3-1.7 × BL. Longest hair on ABD TERG 8 usually less than 60 μm (48-66 μm) long	…..Macrosiphum centranthi

–	ANT 0.95-1.4 × BL. Longest hair on ABD TERG 8 usually more than 60 μm (37-86 μm) long	…..Macrosiphum stellariae
10	ABD TERG 1-5 or 1-7 with large dome-shaped or bluntly conical marginal tubercles (MTu)	…..11

–	Large MTu only ever regularly present on (prothorax and) ABD TERG 1 and 7	…..17
11	ANT 5-segmented. Cauda longer than its basal width. Spinal tubercles (STu) absent	…..Aphis patriniae

–	ANT 6-segmented. Cauda helmet-shaped, not longer than its basal width. Spinal tubercles (STu) present on head, and often on ABD TERG 8, or 7 and 8	…..12
12	Longest hair on ANT III 42-67 μm long. ABD TERG 6 and 7 mostly without MTu. SIPH 0.21-0.27 mm long, 3.3-3.8 × width at midlength. Cauda with 5-7 hairs	…..Dysaphis brancoi ssp. malina*

–	Longest hair on ANT III 11-34 μm long. ABD TERG 6 and 7 usually with MTu. SIPH 0.26-0.44 mm long, 3.5-9.7 × width at midlength. Cauda with 6-16 hairs	…..13
13	Longest hair on ABD TERG 8 is 73-93 μm. SIPH uniformly dark	…..Dysaphis brancoi ssp. rogersoni

–	Longest hair on ABD TERG 8 is 14-70 μm. SIPH pale or dark	…..14
14	Longest hair on ABD TERG 8 only 14-22 μm long. SIPH mainly pale	…..Dysaphis leefmansi sensu stricto

–	Longest hair on ABD TERG 8 in range 28-70 μm. SIPH pale or dark	…..15
15	SIPH dark, sometimes paler at base, but at least with distal part as dark as anal plate. ANT PT 0.22-0.35 mm long, 0.5-1.0 × ANT III. Cauda with 6-12 hairs	…..Dysaphis brancoi sensu stricto

–	SIPH mostly pale, sometimes darker distally but not as dark as anal plate. ANT PT 0.25-0.53 mm long, usually longer than (0.7-1.6 ×) ANT III. Cauda with 7-16 hairs	…..16
16	ABD TERG 7 without STu, and often only a single one is present on ABD TERG 8 (range 0-2, mean 1.3)	…..Dysaphis leefmansi ssp. krumbholzi*
–	ABD TERG 7 often with STu, and usually a pair present on ABD TERG 8 (range on 7 + 8 is 1-4, mean 2.9)	…..Dysaphis leefmansi ssp. valentinae*
17	Cuticle of head spiculose. ANT tubercles well developed with steep-sided inner faces. ABD TERG 1 and 7 without MTu	…..go to key to polyphagous aphids, starting at couplet 5
–	Cuticle of head not spiculose. ANT tubercles weakly developed. ABD TERG 1 and 7 always with MTu	…..18
18	R IV+V 0.6-0.85 × HT II. Longest hairs on ant III 0.3-0.6 × BD III	…..19
–	R IV+V 0.9-1.4 × HT II. Longest hairs on ant III 0.4-2.2 × BD III	…..20
19	SIPH 0.7-1.05 × cauda, which bears 7-17 hairs. R IV+V 0.65-0.92 × HT II	…..Aphis spiraephaga
–	SIPH 0.9-1.8 × cauda, which bears 3-6 hairs. R IV+V 0.6-0.7 × HT II	…..Aphis patvaliphaga*

20	SIPH with 1-4 hairs. R IV+V with 4-5 accessory hairs	…..Aphis pseudovalerianae
–	SIPH without hairs. R IV+V with 2 (-3) accessory hairs	…..21
21	Cauda pale or dusky, distinctly paler than SIPH and bearing 4-8 hairs. Femora with all hairs much shorter than width of trochantro-femoral suture	…..Aphis gossypii
–	Cauda and SIPH both dark, cauda with 7-24 hairs. Many of femoral hairs exceeding width of trochantro-femoral suture	…..22
22	Abdomen without dark dorsal markings	…..Aphis spiraecola
–	Abdomen with dark cross-bands on ABD TERG 7 and 8, and often with dark markings anterior to SIPH	…..23
23	ANT I-VI and femora rather uniformly pigmented. ANT PT.BASE 1.7-1.9	…..Aphis valerianae
–	ANT III-IV mainly pale, contrasting with dark ANT I-II, and femora with basal part much paler than distal part. ANT PT/BASE 1.8-4.0	…..Aphis fabae group (incl. solanella)

*Valerianella*	Valerianaceae
*Valerianella locusta*	Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus persicae;
	Rhopalosiphoninus latysiphon
*V. olitoria* = V. locusta
Valerianella sp.	Aphis fabae

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

Valerianoides see Stachytarpheta

Verbenaceae

*Vallisneria*	Hydrocharitaceae
*Vallisneria spiralis*	Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae; [Therioaphis trifolii]

*Vancouveria*	Berberidaceae
*Vancouveria hexandra*	Macrosiphum vancouveriae

*Vanda*	Orchidaceae
*Vanda coerulea*	Sitobion indicum, luteum
V. suavis = V. tricolor
V. tricolor	Cerataphis orchidearum

Use key to apterae of orchid-feeding aphids under Cymbidium.

*Vangueria*	Rubiaceae
*Vangueria agrestis*	Aphis gossypii
*V. madagascariensis*	Aphis spiraecola

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

*Vanilla*	Orchidaceae
*Vanilla bicolor*	Cerataphis orchidearum
*V. fragrans* =V. planifolia
*V. planifolia*	Cerataphis orchidearum
V. wrightii = V. bicolor
*Vanilla* sp.	Aphis spiraecola

(or use key to aphids on orchids under Cymbidium)

*Vasconcellea*	Caricaceae
*Vasconcellea pubescens*	Myzus persicae

*Veitchia* (= Adonidia)	Arecaceae
*Veitchia merrillii*	[Aphis craccivora]
(= Adonidia merrillii)

*Veltheimia*	Asparagaceae
Veltheimia viridifolia	Myzus persicae

*Venidium* see Arctotis	Asteraceae
*Venidium decurrens* = Arctotis arctotoides
V. fastuosum = Arctotis fastuosa

*Ventilago*	Rhamnaceae
*Ventilago diffusa*	Aphis (Toxoptera) citricidus
*Ventilago leiocarpa* = V. diffusa

*Vepris*	Rutaceae
Vepris sp.	Aphis (Toxoptera) citricidus

*Veratrum*	Melanthiaceae
*Veratrum album*	Aphis fabae, fabae ssp. mordvilkoi, veratri;
	[Brachycaudus cardui]
*V. californicum*	Aphis cercocarpi, fabae
*V. dahuricum*	Aphis cercocarpi, fabae, takagii, [veratri]
V. lobelianum	Aphis fabae, veratri
V. maackii var. japonicum	Aulacorthum solani
V. nigrum	Aphis fabae, takagii, veratri
V. oxysepalum	Aphis cercocarpi, takagii, [veratri]
V. ussuriense = V. nigrum
V. viride	Aphis cercocarpi, fabae, [Aphis sp. (Leonard 1968)];
	Aulacorthum solani
Veratrum sp.	Aphis sp. (western USA; Jensen 2021);
	[Hyadaphis veratri Shinji 1942];
	Macrosiphum euphorbiae

Key to apterae on Veratrum:-

1	ABD TERG 1 and 7 without marginal tubercles (MTu)	…..2
–	ABD TERG 1 and 7 with MTu	…..3
2	SIPH without subapical zone of polygonal reticulation. Head densely spiculose with well-developed, steep-sided ANT tubercles. ANT III with longest hairs less than 0.5 × BD III	….. Aulacorthum solani (or try key to polyphagous aphids)

–	SIPH with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation. Head not densely spiculose, and ANT tubercles with inner faces divergent. ANT III with longest hairs more than 0.5 × BD III	…..Macrosiphum euphorbiae
3	R IV+V 0.9-1.1 × HT II	…..Aphis fabae
–	R IV+V 1.2-1.7 × HT II	…..4
4	ABD TERG 2-4 usually without MTu, rarely with just 1 or 2. ANT PT/BASE 1.3-2.2	…..Aphis cercocarpi
–	ABD TERG 2-4 consistently with MTu. ANT PT/BASE 2.3-5.1	…..5
5	Hind tibiae typically entirely brown to black. R IV+V usually with 3 or 4 accessory hairs	…..Aphis sp. (western USA; Jensen 2021)

–	Hind tibiae typically pale in middle. R IV+V usually with 2 accessory hairs	…..6
6	ANT PT/BASE 2.3-3.4. ANT III with 8-12 hairs. SIPH 0.8-2.1 × cauda	…..Aphis veratri
–	ANT PT/BASE 4.5-5.1. ANT III with 17-20 hairs. SIPH 2.1-2.8 × cauda …..Aphis takagii

*Verbascum*	Scrophulariaceae
Verbascum abietinum	Myzus persicae
V. austriacum	Aphis verbasci, wellensteini
V. blattaria	Aphis craccivora; Macrosiphum euphorbiae
V. brevipedicellatum	Uroleucon compositae
V. chinense	Aphis verbasci
V. densiflorum	Aphis verbasci
V. lychnitis	Aphis verbasci
*V. nigrum*	Aphis verbasci, wellensteini
V. orientale	Aphis fabae
V. ovalifolium	Aphis verbasci
*V. phlomoides*	Aphis verbasci, wellensteini
V. phoeniceum	Aphis verbasci
V. pulverulentum	Aphis verbasci
V. sinuatum	Aphis nerii, verbasci
*V. songaricum*	Aphis verbasci
V. speciosum	Aphis verbasci, wellensteini
V. thapsiforme = V. densiflorum
V. thapsus	Aphis fabae, verbasci; Aulacorthum solani;
	Brachycaudus helichrysi; [Myzakkaia verbasci]
*V. tripolitanum*	Aphis verbasci
Verbascum spp.	Acyrthosiphon malvae; Aphis craccivora

Key to apterae on Verbascum:-

1	R IV+V long and narrow, 1.6-1.9 × HT II, 1.3-1.9 × cauda and 0.7-1.5 × ANT PT	…..2
–	R IV+V relatively much shorter	…..go to key to polyphagous aphids
2	Well-developed, flattish marginal tubercles (MTu) present on 2-4, 2-5 or 2-6 as well as 1 and 7. Posterior hair on hind trochanter less than 0.5 × diameter of trochantro-femoral suture	…..Aphis wellensteini
–	MTu on ABD TERG 1 and 7 only, very rarely on 2-4. Posterior hair on hind trochanter 0.5-1.2 × diameter of trochantro-femoral suture	…..Aphis verbasci

Verbena

Verbenaceae

(Some New World species previously placed in Verbena are now placed in Glandularia.)

*V. aubletia* = Glandularia canadensis
V. bipinnatifida = Glandularia bipinnatifida
V. bracteata	Aphis gossypii; Myzus persicae
*V. bracteosa* = V. bracteata
*V. canadensis* = Glandularia canadensis
V. chamaedryfolia = Glandularia peruviana
V. glauca	Aphis matilei
V. hastata	[Aphis verbenahastata Rafinesque (invalid name)]
*V. hortensis* = V. hybrida
V. hybrida	Aphis gossypii, nasturtii; Aulacorthum solani;
	Brachycaudus helichrysi; Macrosiphum euphorbiae;
	Myzus persicae
*V. litoralis*	Aphis gossypii; Myzus ornatus
V. officinalis	Aphis fabae, [capsellae], [frangulae], gossypii,
	mamonthovae, solanella;
	Brachycaudus helichrysi; [Macrosiphum verbenae];
	Myzus antirrhinii, persicae
V. peruviana = Glandularia peruviana
V. prostrata = V. bracteata
V. rigida	Aphis gossypii; Aulacorthum solani;
	Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus persicae
V. stricta	[Macrosiphum verbenae]
Verbena spp.	[Aphis malvae Walker of Buckton (1879)];
	[Myzus siegesbeckicola];
	[Ovatus crataegarius]; Pseudomegoura magnoliae

Key to apterae on Verbena:-

1	Either ANT tubercles well developed or cauda dark with 10 or more hairs	…..go to key to polyphagous aphids
–	ANT tubercles absent or weakly developed and cauda pale or dusky with 4-8 hairs	…..2
2	Cauda helmet-shaped, not longer than its basal width. SIPH smooth, pale, conical, with a subapical annular incision. Spiracular apertures large and rounded. ABD TERG 1 without marginal tubercles (MTu)	…..Brachycaudus helichrysi
–	Cauda tongue-shaped, longer than its basal width. SIPH imbricated, pale or dark, tapering, without a subapical annular incision. Spiracular apertures reniform. ABD TERG 1 (at least) with MTu	…..3
3	ABD TERG 7 without MTu. ANT PT/BASE 1.3-1.8	…..Aphis matilei
–	ABD TERG 7 with MTu. ANT PT/BASE 2.0-4.2	…..4
4	SIPH mainly pale, dark only at apices	…..Aphis nasturtii
–	SIPH entirely dark	…..5
5	ANT PT/BASE 2.0-3.0. Femora pale	…..Aphis gossypii
–	ANT PT/BASE 3.2-4.3. Femora rather dusky	…..Aphis mamonthovae

*Verbesina* (including Actinomeris)	Asteraceae
*Verbesina alata*	Uroleucon ambrosiae
*V. alternifolia*	Uroleucon ambrosiae, [eupatoricolens], rurale
*V. encelioides*	Aphis fabae, gossypii; Macrosiphum euphorbiae;
	Neomyzus circumflexus
*V. gigantea*	Uroleucon ambrosiae
V. myriocephala	Uroleucon verbesinae
V. occidentalis	[Cavariella aegopodii];
	Uroleucon [parvotuberculatum], rurale, verbesinae
*V. squarrosa* (?)	[Uroleucon squarrosum (Sanborn 1904, nomen dubium)]
V. virgata	Uroleucon ambrosiae
V. virginica	Uroleucon rurale, verbesinae

Key to apterae on Verbesina:-

1	SIPH dark with reticulation on distal 0.23-0.35 of length, comprising numerous small polygonal cells	…..2
–	SIPH if dark then without polygonal reticulation	…..go to key to polyphagous aphids
2	SIPH less than 1.5 × cauda, which is pale. Dorsal hairs mostly arising from small dark scleroites. Ante-siphuncular sclerites and marginal tubercles (MTu) absent	…..Uroleucon ambrosiae

–	SIPH more than 1.5 × cauda, which is dark. Dorsal hairs without dark basal scleroites. Dusky ante-siphuncular sclerites present, with associated MTu	…..3
3	R IV+V 1.2-1.56 × HT II, less than 4 × longer than its basal width	…..Uroleucon rurale
–	R IV+V very long and thin, 1.6-1.9 × HT II, and more than 4 × longer than its basal width	…..Uroleucon verbesinae

Vernicia see Aleurites

Euphorbiaceae

Vernonanthura see Vernonia

Asteraceae

*Vernonia*	Asteraceae
Vernonia acunae	Uroleucon ambrosiae
V. adoensis	Uroleucon compositae, [Uroleucon sp.(Millar 1994)]
*V. albicaulis*	Uroleucon ambrosiae
V. ambigua	Aphis gossypii
*V. amygdalina*	Aphis gossypii, spiraecola; Sitobion congolense;
	Uroleucon compositae
V. angusticeps	Aphis gossypii
V. arborea	Uroleucon compositae
V. arborescens	Aphis gossypii; Uroleucon ambrosiae
V. aspera	Brachycaudus helichrysi; Uroleucon compositae, sonchi
V. baldwinii	Aphis vernoniae
V. brazzavillensis	Uroleucon compositae
V. calvoana ssp. leucocalyx	Uroleucon compositae
V. chapmanii	Aphis gossypii
V. chinensis = V. patula
*V. cinerea*	Aphis aurantii, craccivora, gossypii, spiraecola;
(= Cyanthillium cinereum)	[Macrosiphoniella sanborni]; Macrosiphum euphorbiae;
	Protaphis carthami; [Rhopalosiphum padi];
	Uroleucon ambrosiae, compositae, minutum, vernoniae,
	vernonicola
V. divaricata = V. arborescens	Uroleucon ambrosiae
V. fallax = Lepidaploa sagraeana
V. fasciculata	Protaphis middletonii, vernoniae; [Uroleucon rudbeckiae]
*V. glabra*	Aphis craccivora, gossypii;
	Protaphis evansi, pseudocardui;
	Uroleucon compositae, compositae ssp. evansi,
	[Uroleucon sp. (Millar 1994)]
V. guianensis = V. salzmanii
*V. hieracioides*	Aphis craccivora, spiraecola
V. lasiopus	Aphis craccivora, gossypii; Protaphis pseudocardui;
	Sitobion congolense, mucatha; Uroleucon compositae
V. leopoldi	Uroleucon compositae
V. leucocalyx = V. calvoana ssp. leucocalyx
V. lindheimeri	[Uroleucon rudbeckiae]
V. menthaefolia	Aphis spiraecola
V. nigritiana	Aphis gossypii
V. noveboracensis	Aphis vernoniae, [Aphis sp. (Leonard, 1968)];
	[Uroleucon rudbeckiae]
V. patula	Aphis gossypii; Brachycaudus helichrysi;
	Uroleucon compositae, vernoniae
V. pauciflora	Aphis fabae;
	Uroleucon compositae, compositae ssp. evansi
V. perrottetii	Aphis gossypii
V. poskeana	Aphis gossypii
V. punctata = V. albicaulis
V. roxburghii = V. aspera
V. salzmannii	Aphis sp. (Leonard 1974); Sitobion congolense
V. scorpioides	Aphis coreopsidis; Uroleucon compositae
V. segregata = Lepidaploa segregata
V. sutherlandii	Uroleucon compositae
V. wrightii	Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii
Vernonia spp.	Capitophorus elaeagni; [Macrosiphoniella sanborni];
	Myzus ornatus; Sitobion nigeriense;
	[Subovatomyzus leucosceptri]

Key to apterae on Vernonia:-

1	ANT PT/BASE 0.7-1.4. R IV+V longer than ANT PT. SIPH short, dark, stump-shaped, 0.65-1.0 × cauda, which is short, triangular, and bears more than 10 hairs	…..2
–	ANT PT/BASE more than 1.4, R IV+V shorter than ANT PT, and other characters not in that combination	…..4
2	ANT PT/BASE 1.0-1.4 (measure several specimens). ANT III usually without rhinaria (rarely with 1-3)	…..Protaphis pseudocardui
–	ANT PT/BASE 0.7-1.0. ANT III often with 1-10 rhinaria	…..3
3	R IV+V 1.2-1.4 × HT II. Cauda with a rather pointed apex (Fig.57a)	…..Protaphis evansi
–	R IV+V 1.4-1.6 × HT II. Cauda with a rounded apex	…..Protaphis carthami
4	SIPH with subapical reticulation (at least 2-3 rows of closed polygonal cells)	…..5
–	SIPH without any distinct subapical polygonal reticulation	…..15
5	SIPH dark with reticulation comprising numerous (100+) closed polygonal cells over distal 0.16-0.35 of length. First tarsal segments with 3 or 5 hairs	…..6
–	SIPH pale or dark with fewer polygonal cells over distal 0.07-0.20 of length. First tarsal segments with 3 hairs	…..12
6	Cauda dark	…..7
–	Cauda pale compared with SIPH	…..10
7	ANT III mainly pale with 1-3 rhinaria. First tarsal segments with 3 hairs	…..Uroleucon minutum

–	ANT III dark with 41-78 rhinaria. First tarsal segments with 5 hairs	…..8
8	R IV+V 1.5-1.8 × HT II. ANT III with 23-57 rhinaria	…..Uroleucon vernoniae
–	R IV+V 1.1-1.4 × HT II. ANT III with 46-82 rhinaria	…..9
9	SIPH 1.8-2.3 × cauda (mean 2.0-2.1)	…..Uroleucon compositae s. str.
–	SIPH 1.6-2.0 × cauda (mean 1.8)	…..Uroleucon compositae ssp. evansi
10	Coxae dark. SIPH dark at base and apex but often paler in middle, with reticulation on distal 0.16-0.27 of length. Dorsal hairs without dark basal scleroites	…..Uroleucon sonchi
–	Coxae pale. SIPH entirely dark, with reticulation on distal 0.25-0.35 of length. Dorsal hairs mostly arising from small dark scleroites	…..11
11	R IV+V 1.05-1.43 × HT II. ANT III with 8-31 rhinaria. Tibiae often paler in middle	…..Uroleucon ambrosiae
–	R IV+V 1.45-1.65 × HT II. ANT III with 3-20 rhinaria. Tibiae entirely dark	…..Uroleucon vernonicola

12	Longest hairs on ANT III 0.6-1.0 × BD III	…..Macrosiphum euphorbiae
–	Hairs on ANT III very short and blunt, 0.2-0.4 × BD III	…..13
13	R IV+V 1.2-1.3 × HT II. SIPH very slightly swollen on subapical reticulated part, and with a very small flange (Fig.57b)	…..Sitobion congolense
–	R IV+V 0.85-1.2 × HT II. SIPH without subapical swelling, cylindrical or slightly flared near apex, and with a well-developed flange (e.g. Fig.57c)	…..14
14	R IV+V 0.85-1.0 × HT II	…..Sitobion nigeriense
–	R IV+V 1.05-1.2 × HT II	…..Sitobion mucatha
15	Hairs on front of head and dorsal body thick and capitate, mostly long and thick, and arising from tuberculate bases. ANT PT/BASE 6.0-9.2	…..Capitophorus elaeagni
–	Dorsal hairs not thick and distinctly capitate, without tuberculate bases. ANT PT/BASE less than 6	…..16
16	ANT PT/BASE 1.5-1.9. SIPH pale, 6.5-11.2 × their width at midlength, constricted at base and cylindrical or slightly flared on distal half, and almost flangeless (Fig.57d)	…..Aphis vernoniae
–	ANT PT/BASE 1.8-4.5. SIPH pale or dark, not constricted at base, and of different form	…..17

17	SIPH 0.24-0.40 × BL, about twice as long as the much paler cauda. Head, ANT I, II and basal part of III very pale, contrasting with dark rest of ANT	..….Aphis coreopsidis
–	SIPH only up to 0.2 × BL. Cauda pale or dark. Head and antennal segments differently pigmented	…..go to key to polyphagous aphids

*Veronica* (incl. Pseudolysimachion, Veronicastrum)	Plantaginaceae
*Veronica abyssinica*	Aulacorthum solani; Myzus ornatus
V. agrestris	Aphis [clematidis ssp. simalensis], gossypii, [longituba];
	Aulacorthum solani; Brachycaudus helichrysi;
	[Brevicoryne brassicae]; Cryptomyzus galeopsidis;
	Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus ascalonicus, cerasi;
	Nasonovia ribisnigri
V. anagallis	Aphis frangulae ssp. beccabungae;
	Myzus [amygdalinus], cerasi
V. anagallis-aquatica	Aphis [costalis (see aphidtrek.org)], fabae, frangulae,
	gossypii, nasturtii;
	Aulacorthum solani; Dysaphis gallica;
	Macrosphum euphorbiae; Myzodium mimulicola;
	Myzus cerasi, lythri, ornatus
V. anagalloides	Aulacorthum solani
V. ×andersonii = Hebe ×andersonii
V. arvensis	Aphis gossypii; Myzus ornatus, persicae;
	Nasonovia ribisnigri
V. austriaca	Aphis korshunovi; [Macrosiphum gei]
V. beccabunga	Aphis frangulae ssp. beccabungae, nasturtii, triglochinis;
	Aulacorthum solani; Brachycaudus helichrysi;
	Cryptomyzus galeopsidis;
	Myzus ascalonicus, cerasi, ornatus, persicae;
	Nasonovia ribisnigri
V. campylopoda	Aphis frangulae ssp. beccabungae, gossypii
V. catarractae = Hebe catarractae
V. chamaedrys	Aphis berlinskii, fabae, frangulae ssp. beccabungae,
	korshunovi, [veronicae Walker of Bozhko 1976a];
	Aulacorthum solani; [Baizongia pistaciae]
	Myzus cerasi, cerasi ssp. veronicae, ornatus;
	Nasonovia ribisnigri; Zinia veronicae
*V. cymbalaria*	Myzus persicae
V. dahurica (daurica?)	Aphis frangulae, frangulae ssp. beccabungae, gossypii
V. derwentia	Myzus ornatus, persicae
V. didyma = V. polita
*V. didyma* ssp. lilacina = V. polita
V. dillenii	Nasonovia ribisnigri
V. elatior see V. longifolia
V. gentianoides	Myzus ascalonicus
V. grandis	Myzus ascalonicus; Nasonovia ribisnigri
V. hederifolia	Aphis frangulae ssp. beccabungae, gossypii, nasturtii;
	Myzus ascalonicus, ornatus, persicae;
	Nasonovia ribisnigri; [Nearctaphis bakeri]
*V. incana*	Aphis berlinksii, fabae, frangulae ssp. beccabungae,
(= Pseudolysimachion incanum)	korshunovi;
	Nasonovia ribisnigri; Zinia veronicae
V. komarovii = V. rotunda var. subintegra
V. laeta	Aphis korshunovi
*V. longifolia* (incl. elatior)	Aphis berlinksii, fabae, frangulae ssp. beccabungae,
	khrulevae, korshunovi;
	Brachycaudus helichrysi; Cryptomyzus ribis;
	Macrosiphum euphorbiae;
	Myzus ascalonicus, cerasi, persicae;
	Nasonovia ribisnigri, [sp. aff. vannesii]; Zinia veronicae
V. michauxii	Aphis korshunovi
*V. montana*	Macrosiphum euphorbiae
V. nakaiana	Aphis [rhamnicola], [veroniciphaga (= triglochinis?)]
V. officinalis	Aphis berlinskii, gossypii; Aulacorthum solani;
	Brachycaudus helichrysi; Myzus ascalonicus, cerasi;
	Nasonovia [compositellae ssp. nigra], ribisnigri
V. orsiniana	Brachycaudus helichrysi; Nasonovia ribisnigri
V. peduncularis	Aulacorthum solani; Brachycaudus helichrysi
V. peregrina	Aphis gossypii
V. perfoliata	Macrosiphum euphorbiae
V. persica	Aphis gossypii; Aulacorthum solani;
	Brachycaudus helichrysi; Cryptomyzys galeopsidis;
	Dysaphis pulverina; Macrosiphum euphorbiae;
	Myzus ascalonicus, ornatus, persicae;
	Nasonovia ribisnigri; [Nearctaphis bakeri]
*V. polita*	Aphis craccivora, gossypii; Brachycaudus helichrysi;
	Myzus cerasi, persicae
*V. prostrata*	Aulacorthum solani; Myzus ascalonicus, persicae
V. rotunda var. subintegra	Aphis fabae; Aulacorthum solani
V. scutellata	Myzus cerasi
*V. serpyllifolia*	Aphis gossypii; Myzus ornatus, persicae
V. sibirica	Aphis frangulae, gossypii, veronicicola;
(= Veronicastrum sibiricum)	Aulacorthum solani
*V. spicata*	Acyrthosiphon malvae; Aphis korshunovi;
(= Pseudolysimachion spicatum)	Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus ascalonicus
V. spuria	Aphis craccivora, frangulae ssp. beccabungae,
(= Pseudolysimachion spurium)	korshunovi;
	Zinia veronicae
V. teucrium	Aphis fabae, frangulae ssp. beccabungae, gossypii,
	korshunovi, nasturtii;
	Aulacorthum knautiae, solani; Brachycaudus helichrysi;
	Myzus cerasi
*V. tournefortii* = V. persica
V. urticifolia	Aphis frangulae; Brachycaudus helichrysi;
	Nasonovia ribisnigri
Veronica spp.	[Aphis beccabungae ssp. turanica (nomen dubium)];
	Dysaphis microsiphon; [Hyalomyzus eriobotryae];
	[Jacksonia papillata]; Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae

Key to apterae on Veronica:-

1	Cauda short, helmet-shaped or triangular, not longer than its basal width in dorsal view	…..2
–	Cauda elongate triangular, tongue- or finger-shaped, at least 1.1 × longer than its basal width in dorsal view	…..7
2	SIPH 0.4-2.0 × cauda. Head smooth	…..3
–	SIPH 2.5-5.1 × cauda. Ventral and/or dorsal side of head with numerous small nodules or spicules or with fine spinulose imbrication	…..5
3	ANT and dorsal body hairs short, usually shorter than BD III. Head without spinal tubercles (STu), and marginal tubercles (MTu) often absent. Dorsum without dark sclerotisation	…..Brachycaudus helicrysi
–	Longest ANT and dorsal body hairs longer than BD III. Head with or without STu, and ABD TERG 1-5 with well-developed MTu. Dorsum with variably developed dark markings	…..4

4	SIPH only 0.03-0.08 mm long, 0.4-0.8 (-1.2) × cauda	…..Dysaphis microsiphon
–	SIPH 0.11-0.18 mm long, 1.1-1.6 × cauda	…..Dysaphis pulverina
5	Dorsal abdomen with extensive dark sclerotisation. Large, convex spinal and marginal tubercles (STu and MTu) present. SIPH 3.8-5.1 × cauda which bears 14-23 hairs	…..Zinia veronicae

–	Dorsal abdomen without extensive dark sclerotisation. STu and MTu absent or irregularly present, small. SIPH 2.5-3.4 × cauda which bears 4-6 hairs	…..6
6	ANT PT/BASE 2.4-2.8. Head with medial tubercle developed to same extent as ANT tubercles, so that front of head has sinuous outline in dorsal view	…..Myzodium mimulicola

–	ANT PT/BASE 3.4-3.8. Head with medial tubercle undeveloped	…..Dysaphis gallica
7	Head densely spiculose or nodulose, at least on ventral surface, and with well-developed ANT tubercles, their inner faces steep-sided, parallel or apically convergent	…..8
–	Head without spicules, or with only a few minute ones on ventral side. ANT tubercles weakly developed, of if well developed then with smooth, divergent inner faces	…..12
8	Dorsal abdomen with an extensive dark dorsal shield. SIPH and cauda dark	…..Myzus cerasi group (including M. veronicae)
–	Dorsal abdomen pale or with restricted dark markings. SIPH and cauda pale or dusky	…..9
9	Head with anterio-dorsal part devoid of spicules. SIPH 0.25-0.30 × BL, slightly swollen on distal part , and with at least 2-3 rows of closed polygonal cells subapically	…..Aulacorthum knautiae

–	Head densely spiculose or nodulose both dorsally and ventrally. SIPH 0.14-0.29 × BL, cylindrical/tapering or slightly to moderately swollen, without any distinct rows of closed polygonal cells	…..10
10	SIPH coarsely imbricated and with distal half approximately cylindrical, with no point where it is thicker than in a more basal part, and often with a slight outward curve. ANT 0.5-0.6 × BL, with PT/BASE 1.7-3.0	…..11
–	SIPH not coarsely imbricated, and the distal half with at least with some degree of swelling, or if tapering or cylindrical then ANT 1.1-1.5 × BL, and ANT PT/BASE 4.0-5.5	….. go to key to polyphagous aphids, starting at couplet 5

11	Dorsal abdomen with a pattern of dark intersegmental spots	…..Myzus ornatus
–	Dorsal abdomen without dark intersegmental markings	…..Myzus lythri
12	ANT tubercles well developed, their inner faces smooth and divergent. ABD TERG 1 and 7 without marginal tubercles (MTu)	…..13
–	ANT tubercles weakly developed, not extending forward beyond middle of front of head in dorsal view. ABD TERG 1 and 7 usually with MTu (except 1 species)	…..17
13	SIPH with polygonal reticulation on distal 0.13-0.20 of length	…..Macrosiphum euphorbiae

–	SIPH without polygonal reticulation	…..14
14	Dorsal body hairs long, thick and capitate, arising from tuberculate bases	…..15
–	Dorsal body hairs not long, thick and capitate, without tuberculate bases	…..16
15	SIPH 1.1-2.1 × cauda. R IV+V 0.9-1.1 × HT II, with 2-5 accessory hairs. Longest hairs on ANT III 1.0-1.3 × BD III	…..Cryptomyzus galeopsidis
–	SIPH 2.4-3.1 × cauda. R IV+V 1.3-1.5 × HT II, with 6-8 accessory hairs. Longest hairs on ANT III 0.4-0.9 × BD III	…..Cryptomyzus ribis
16	Thoracic spiracles enlarged, much larger than abdominal spiracles. ANT PT/BASE 7.0-11.4, usually more than 8.0. Hairs on ANT III 0.7-1.1 × BD III. Dorsum usually with paired dark intersegmental markings	…..Nasonovia ribisnigri
–	Thoracic spiracles similar in size to abdominal ones. ANT PT/BASE less than 7.5. Hairs on ANT III less than 0.7 × BD III. Dorsum without any dark markings	…..Acyrthosiphon malvae

17	ABD TERG 2 and 3 as well as 1 and 7 consistently with conical or mammariform MTu, which are usually also on ABD TERG 4, and sometimes on 5 and 6	…..18
–	MTu absent or only present on some of ABD TERG 2-4, and never on 5 and 6	…..19
18	Longest hairs on ANT III 0.33-0.5 × BD III. ANT PT/BASE 2.3-3.3. SIPH 1.67-2.17 × cauda, which bears 6-9 hairs	…..Aphis berlinskii
–	Longest hairs on ANT III more than 2 × BD III. ANT PT/BASE 3.3-4.1. SIPH 1.1-1.43 × cauda, which bears 11-17 hairs	…..Aphis veronicicola*
19	MTu absent from ABD TERG 7, and usually also from ABD TERG 1 …..Aphis khrulevae*
–	MTu always present on both ABD TEGR 1 and ABD TERG 7	…..20
20	Cauda with 11-24 hairs. Longest hairs on ANT III 0.8-3.5 × (but usually more than 1.3 ×) BD III	…..Aphis fabae
–	Cauda with 4-11 hairs. Longest hairs on ANT III 0.4-1.3 × BD III	…..21
21	ANT PT/BASE 1.1-1.8. SIPH 0.7-1.3 × cauda. (Secondary rhinaria in al. ANT III 25-60, IV 9-25, V 7-17)	…..Aphis triglochinis
–	ANT PT/BASE 1.8-4.1. SIPH 0.9-2.5 × cauda. (Secondary rhinaria in al. ANT III 4-16, IV 0-6, V 0-2)	…..22
22	Longest hairs on ANT III 0.8-1.3 × BD III. Dorsal abdominal hairs long and fine-pointed; those on ABD TERG 3 more than 2 × BD III	…..Aphis korshunovi
–	Longest hairs on ANT III 0.4-0.7 × BD III. Dorsal abdominal hairs short, those on ABD TERG 3 maximally 1.3 × BD III	…..23
23	Dorsal abdomen with an extensive black patch. SIPH and cauda both black	…..Aphis craccivora

–	Dorsal abdomen without any extensive dark markings	…..24
24	SIPH pale with dark apices. Cauda pale. R IV+V 1.0-1.2 × HT II	…..Aphis nasturtii
–	SIPH entirely dark. Cauda pale, dusky or dark. R IV+V 1.1-1.5 × HT II	…..25
25	ANT PT/BASE 2.3-4.1. R IV+V 1.2-1.5 × HT II. (Sec. rhin. in al. ANT III 5-11, IV 0-5, V 0-1)	…..Aphis frangulae ssp. beccabungae
–	ANT PT/BASE 2.1-3.0. R IV+V 1.1-1.4 × HT II. (Sec. rhin. in al. ANT III 6-12, IV 0, V 0)	…..Aphis gossypii

Veronicastrum see Veronica

Plantaginaceae

*Vetiveria* see Chrysopogon	Poaceae
*Vetiveria zizanioides* = Chrysopogon zizanioides

*Vexibia* see Sophora	Fabaceae
*Vexibia pachycarpa* = Sophora pachycarpa

*Viburnum*	Adoxaceae
*Viburnum acerifolium*	Aphis fabae, viburni, viburniphila,
	[viburnum-acerifolium Rafinesque (invalid name)];
	Ceruraphis eriophori, viburnicola
V. arboricola = V. odoratissimum var. awabuki
*V. atrocyaneum*	Aphis gossypii
V. awabuki = V. odoratissimum var. awabuki
*V. bitchiuense*	Ceruraphis eriophori
V. × bodnantense	Aulacorthum solani; Ceruraphis eriophori;
	Myzus ascalonicus, ornatus
V. bracteatum	Myzus persicae
V. burejaeticum	Myzus persicae
V. × burkwoodii	Aphis fabae
V. carlesii	Aphis fabae, spiraecola, viburni; Ceruraphis eriophori
V. cassinoides = V. nudum var. cassinoides
*V. coriaceum*	Aphis odinae
V. costaricanum	Aphis spiraecola
V. cotinifolium	Ceruraphis eastopi, eriophori
V. dentatum (incl. V. pubescens)	Aphis crassicauda, fabae, spiraecola, viburniphila;
	Ceruraphis eriophori, viburnicola
V. dilatatum	Aphis fabae, odinae, spiraecola, viburni; Shinjia orientalis
V. edule	[Acyrthosiphon macrosiphon]; Aphis fabae;
	[Prociphilus xylostei]
V. ellipticum	Ceruraphis viburnicola; [Utamphorophora humboldti]
V. erosum	Aphis odinae; Shinjia orientalis
V. farreri	Aphis fabae, gossypii, spiraecola;
	Rhopalosiphoninus staphyleae
V. foetidum	Aphis citricidus, gossypii, odinae, spiraecola;
	Myzus ornatus
V. formosanum	Aphis odinae
V. fragrans = V. farreri
V. furcatum	Aphis odinae, spiraecola
V. glomeratum	Aphis spiraecola, [Aphis sp. (Leonard 1974];
	Ceruraphis eriophori; Myzus persicae
V. japonicum	Aphis spiraecola, [Aphis sp. (Leonard 1974];
	Myzus persicae; Shinjia orientalis
V. × juddii	Ceruraphis eriophori
V. lantana	Aphis fabae, lantanae, lantanae ssp. coriaria, viburni;
	Ceruraphis eriophori, viburnicola; Myzus persicae
*V. laurustinus* = V. tinus
V. lentago	Aphis solanella, viburni; Ceruraphis viburnicola
V. lobophyllum	[Aphis sp. (Leonard 1974)]
V. lutescens	Aphis odinae
V. macrocephalum	Aphis fabae; Ceruraphis eriophori; Myzus persicae
V. molle	Aphis viburni
V. mongolicum	Aphis fabae
V. mullaha	[Liosomaphis himalayensis]
V. nudum var. cassinoides	Aphis viburniphila; Ceruraphis eriophori
V. odoratissimum	Aphis aurantii, fabae, odinae, spiraecola;
	Ceruraphis viburnicola; Myzus ornatus, persicae
V. odoratissimum var. awabuki	Aphis gossypii, odinae, spiraecola;
	Sinomegoura citricola; Wahlgreniella viburni
*V. opulus* (incl. vars americana, calvescens, roseum, sterilis)	Aphis [craccivora], fabae, fabae ssp. mordvilkoi,
	gossypii, [grossulariae], [hederae], [ilicis], lantanae,
	odinae, solanella, spiraecola, viburni, viburniphila,
	[viburnum-acerifolium Rafinesque (invalid)],
	[viburnum–opulus Rafinesque (invalid)];
	Aulacorthum solani; Ceruraphis eriophori, viburnicola;
	[Dysaphis plantaginea]; [Hyperomyzus lactucae];
	Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus ornatus, persicae;
	Pseudomegoura magnoliae
*V. orientale* (?)	Aphis fabae
*V. photinioides* (?)	Aphis odinae, spiraecola
V. plicatum (incl. var. tomentosum)	Aphis fabae, odinae, spiraecola, viburniphila;
	Myzus ornatus, persicae
V. prunifolium	Aphis illinoisensis; Macrosiphum euphorbiae;
	Myzus persicae
*V. pubescens* see V. dentatum
V. punctatum	Aphis odinae
*V. rafinesquianum*	Aphis crassicauda, viburniphila
V. recognitum	Ceruraphis viburnicola
V. rhytidophyllum	Aphis spiraecola
V. rigidum	[Aphis sp. (Leonard 1974)]; Myzus persicae
V. rosaceum	Aphis viburni
V. sargentii	Aphis odinae, nerii, spiraecola, viburni;
	Ceruraphis viburnicola; Shinjia orientalis;
	Viburnaphis viburnicola
V. sieboldi	Aphis odinae, [Aphis sp. (Leonard 1974)];
	Myzus persicae; Viburnaphis viburnicola
V. stellulatum = V. mullaha
*V. suspensum*	Aphis gossypii, spiraecola; Ceruraphis viburnicola;
	Macrosiphum euphorbiae
V. tinus	Aphis aurantii, fabae, gossypii, lantanae, spiraecola,
	viburni;
	Aulacorthum solani; Macrosiphum euphorbiae;
	Myzus ascalonicus, persicae
*V. tomentosum* see V. plicatum
*V. trilobum*	Aphis fabae, fabae ssp. mordvilkoi;
	Ceruraphis viburnicola; Myzus persicae
*V. urceolatum*	Myzus persicae
V. veitchi = V. glomeratum
V. villosum	Aphis spiraecola
Viburnum spp.	Aphis [crinosa]; Mastopoda pteridis;
	[Myzakkaia verbasci]; [Phorodon viburni];
	[Rhopalomyzus smilacis]; Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominale

Key to apterae on Viburnum (couplet 1 and 3 can be applied to fundatrices and alatae):-

1	Tarsi vestigeal, without claws	…..2
–	Tarsi normal, with a pair of claws	…..3
2	Head spiculose. ANT 5-segmented	…..Mastopoda pteridis
–	Head without spicules. ANT 6-segmented	…..Shinjia orientalis
3	ABD TERG 7 with a pair of marginal tubercles (MTu)	…..4
–	ABD TERG 7 without MTu	…..11
4	(Not applicable to fundatrices) ABD TERG 8 with (2-) 3-12 long hairs associated with a dark transverse sclerotic band, and often (except in small specimens) there are variably developed dark sclerotic markings on more anterior tergites	…..5
–	ABD TERG 8 bearing 2 hairs, with or without a dark transverse band, without dark dorsal markings more anteriorly	…..10
5	ABD TERG 2-4 regularly with MTu (total 6-9 on these segments), and MTu also sometimes on 5 and/or 6	…..Aphis viburni
–	ABD TERG 2-4 with a total of 0-6 Mtu	…..6
6	ABD TERG 1-5 each with a single pair of spinal hairs, much shorter than ventral hairs on same segments. Cauda more than 1.2 × longer than its basal width in dorsal view	…..7
–	ABD TERG 1-5 each with spinal hairs often duplicated (not in fund.), and often fine-pointed and as long as or longer than ventral hairs on same segments. Cauda 0.6-1.3 × longer than its basal width in dorsal view	…..9
7	Hairs on ANT III very long and fine, maximally (1.7-)2.45-3.5 × BD III	…..8
–	Longest hairs on ANT III 0.8-2.4 × BD III	…..Aphis fabae (incl ssp. mordvilkoi)
8	ABD TERG 8 with 2-4 hairs. Cauda with 14-18 hairs. ABD TERG 2-4 only sporadically with MTu (0-2 in total). Dorsal abdomen with variably developed sclerotic markings, never forming a solid sclerotic shield	…..Aphis lantanae s. str.
–	ABD TERG 8 with 4-12 hairs. Cauda with 17-24 hairs. ABD TERG 2-4 regularly with some MTu (1-6 in total). Dorsal abdomen often with an almost solid sclerotic shield	…..Aphis lantanae ssp. coraria

9	Cauda 0.9-1.3 × its basal width. ANT III often with up to 15 small rhinaria, not in a row. (Al. with sec. rhin. III 20-28 not in a row, IV 5-7, V 0-2)	…..Aphis viburniphila
–	Cauda 0.5-0.9 × its basal width. ANT III without rhinaria (except in obvious alatiforms). (Al. with sec. rhin. III 7-14 in a row, IV and V 0)	…..Aphis crassicauda
10	Hind legs black except at bases of femora (not fund.). Fore- and mid-legs also mainly dark, except for fore femora which are entirely pale	…..Aphis illinoisensis
–	Hind tibiae pale or with paler mid sections. If fore- and mid-legs are mainly dark then fore femora are also dark distally	…..go to key to polyphagous aphids, starting at couplet 22
11	ANT tubercles undeveloped or very weakly developed, not projecting beyond convex middle part of front of head in dorsal view. SIPH entirely dark. (Spring colonies often comprise only fundatrices and emigrant alatae; couplets 11-14 can be applied to these morphs)	…..12
–	ANT tubercles moderately to well developed. SIPH pale or dusky, or dark only distally	…..15

12	SIPH bearing several hairs. Cauda rounded, distinctly shorter than its basal width, with 8-15 hairs. Hind tibia with 7-15 scent glands on distal part	….. Viburnaphis viburnicola
–	SIPH without hairs. Cauda tapering to a blunt or almost pointed apex, as long as or a little longer than its basal width, and bearing 5-7 hairs. Hind tibia with or without scent glands	…..13

13	Dorsum of fund. with extensive dark sclerotisation. SIPH (all morphs) more than 2 × cauda, black, and very coarsely imbricated	…..Ceruraphis eriophori
–	Dorsum of fund. mainly pale. SIPH (all morphs) 1.1-2.0 × cauda, pale or dark, and either almost smooth, or with a few wavy lines of blunt spicules, or with very fine close-set spiculose imbrication	…..14
14	SIPH weakly and sparsely imbricated (aptera – fundatrix?), or with a few wavy lines of blunt spicules (alata, Fig.58a). ANT V and VI of al. with very large elongate primary rhinaria with naked rims (Fig.58c). Hind tibia without scent glands	…..Ceruraphis eastopi
–	SIPH (all morphs) with very fine close-set rows of spiculose imbrication (Fig.58b). ANT V and VI of al. with primary rhinaria of normal size, rounded, with fimbriate rims. Distal part of hind tibia with scent glands (Fig.58d)	…..Ceruraphis viburnicola
15	SIPH strongly swollen over about distal 0.75 of length, with maximum width of swollen part c.2 × minimum width near base. Head without spicules. ANT tubercles only moderately developed, and median tubercle prominent	…..Wahlgreniella viburni*
–	Without the above combination of characters; if SIPH are strongly swollen then head is spiculose with well-developed, steep-sided or apically convergent ANT tubercles, and median tubercle not developed	…..go to key to polyphagous aphids, starting at couplet 4

*Vicia*	Fabaceae
*Vicia alpestris*	Acyrthosiphon pisum; Aphis craccivora
V. altissima	Acyrthosiphon pisum; Aphis craccae
*V. americana*	Acyrthosiphon pisum; Macrosiphum creelii
V. amoena	Acyrthosiphon extremiorientale, pisum;
	Aphis craccivora, craccivora ssp. pseudacaciae;
	Megoura crassicauda
V. amurensis	Acyrthosiphon extremiorientale
	Aphis craccivora, craccivora ssp. pseudacaciae;
	Megoura crassicauda
V. angustifolia	Acyrthosiphon pisum; Aphis craccivora;
	Megoura crassicauda, viciae
V. angustifolia ssp. segetalis = V. sativa ssp. niga
V. atropurpurea =	V. benghalensis
V. benghalensis	Acyrthosiphon pisum; Aphis craccivora
V. calcarata = V. monantha
*V. cassubica*	Aphis craccae, craccivora; Megoura viciae;
	[Therioaphis trifolii]
V. cinerea = V. monantha
*V. costata*	Acyrthosiphon pisum
*V. cracca* (incl. ssp. incana)	Acyrthosiphon loti, pisum;
	Aphis craccae, craccivora, fabae;
	Aulacorthum solani; Megoura crassicauda, viciae;
	Rhopalosiphoninus heikinheimoi
V. dalmatica = V. tenuifolia ssp. dalmatica
*V. dasycarpa*	Acyrthosiphon pisum; Aphis craccae
*V. dumetorum*	Acyrthosiphon pisum; Aphis craccae
V. ervilia	Aphis fabae
V. faba	Acyrthosiphon gossypii, pisum;
	Aphis aurantii, craccae, craccivora, fabae, gossypii, [loti],
	solanella, spiraecola;
	Aulacorthum solani; Brachycaudus helichrysi;
	Macrosiphum creelii, euphorbiae;
	Megoura crassicauda, viciae;
	Myzus antirrhinii, cymbalariae, ornatus, persicae;
	Pseudomegoura magnoliae;
	[Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominale]; Smynthurodes betae
V. flava (?flavida)	Megoura crassicauda
V. gigantea	Acyrthosiphon pisum; Macrosiphum creelii
V. grandiflora	Acyrthosiphon pisum
V. hirsuta	Acyrthosiphon pisum; Aphis craccivora;
	Megoura viciae; Megourella tribulis
V. incana = V. cracca ssp. incana
V. japonica	Aphis craccivora; Megoura crassicauda
*V. ludoviciana*	Acyrthosiphon pisum
V. lutea	Aphis craccae, craccivora; Megourella tribulis
V. megalotropis	Aphis craccivora; Megoura crassicauda
V. monantha	Acyrthosiphon gossypii, pisum; Aphis craccae, craccivora
*V. narbonensis*	Acyrthosiphon pisum; Aphis craccivora, fabae
V. nipponica	Aphis craccivora
V. onobrychioides	Acyrthosiphon pisum; Aphis craccivora, fabae
V. pannonica	Acyrthosiphon pisum; Aphis craccivora
V. peregrina	Aphis craccivora, fabae
V. pilosa = V. sativa ssp. nigra
*V. pisiformis*	Megoura viciae
*V. pseudo-orobus*	Aphis craccivora, craccivora ssp. pseudacaciae;
	Megoura crassicauda
*V. pulchella*	Aphis craccivora
V. purpurea = V. alpestris
V. sativa (incl. ssp. nigra)	Acyrthosiphon pisum;
	Aphis craccae, craccivora, fabae, gossypii, nasturtii;
	Aulacorthum solani; Brachycaudus helichrysi;
	Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Megoura crassicauda, viciae;
	Myzus ornatus, persicae; Neomyzus circumflexus
V. segetalis = V. sativa ssp. nigra
V. sepium	Acyrthosiphon pisum; Aphis craccae, craccivora, fabae;
	Aulacorthum solani; Megoura crassicauda, viciae;
	Megourella tribulis; Myzus persicae
V. subcuspidata = V. venosa ssp. cuspidata
V. subvillosa	Aphis craccae, craccivora
V. sylvatica	Acyrthosiphon pisum; Megoura viciae
V. tenuifolia (incl. sspp. dalmatica, variabilis)	Acyrthosiphon pisum; Aphis craccae, craccivora;
	Megoura viciae
V. tetrasperma	Acyrthosiphon pisum; Aphis craccivora
*V. unijuga*	Aphis craccae, craccivora; Megoura crassicauda
V. variabilis = V. tenuifolia ssp. variabilis
V. venosa (incl. ssp. cuspidata)	Acyrthosiphon pisum; Megoura crassicauda, nigra
*V. villosa*	Acyrthosiphon kondoi, pisum; Aphis craccae, craccivora;
	Megoura viciae
Vicia spp.	Myzus cymbalariae

Key to apterae on Vicia:-

(For illustrated keys to apterae on cultivated legumes see Blackman & Eastop 2000)

1	ANT PT/BASE less than 1. SIPH absent	…..Smynthurodes betae
–	ANT PT/BASE more than 1.5. SIPH present	…..2
2	Dorsal abdomen anterior to SIPH with an extensive solid black shield	…..3
–	Dorsal abdomen anterior to SIPH membranous or with only small scattered dark markings	…..5

3	SIPH 0.7-1.0 × cauda	…..Aphis craccae
–	SIPH 1.1-2.2 × cauda	…..4
4	Dorsal hairs on ABD TERG 1-3 much shorter than ANT BD III, and those on ABD TERG 8 usually blunt and about equal to BD III	…..Aphis craccivora s.str.
–	Dorsal hairs on ABD TERG 1-3 as long as or a little longer than ANT BD III, and those on ABD TERG 8 pointed and c. 2 × BD III	…..Aphis craccivora ssp. pseudacaciae
5	Head smooth with well-developed ANT tubercles, their inner faces divergent	…..6
–	Either head densely spiculose and ANT tubercles with steep-sided, scabrous inner faces, or ANT tubercles undeveloped or weakly developed	…..16
6	SIPH pale, dark or dark-tipped, tapering or cylindrical. Cauda pale	…..7
–	SIPH dark, swollen in middle or on distal half. Cauda pale or dark	…..13
7	SIPH with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation. Longest hairs on ANT III 0.6-1.2 × BD III	…..8
–	SIPH without polygonal reticulation. Longest hairs on ANT III less than 0.5 × BD III …..9
8	ANT BASE VI 0.8-1.3 × R IV+V	…..Macrosiphum euphorbiae
–	ANT BASE VI 1.4-2.0 × R IV+V	…..Macrosiphum creelii
9	ANT BASE VI 1.1-1.7 × R IV+V. SIPH not attenuated distally, 0.20-0.35 × BL, and thicker than hind tibiae at their respective midlengths	…..10
–	ANT BASE VI 1.8-3.0 × R IV+V. SIPH attenuated distally, 0.22-0.50 × BL, as thin as or thinner than hind tibiae at their respective midlengths	…..11
10	SIPH 1.6-2.1 × cauda. ANT PT/BASE 4.1-6.0	…..Acyrthosiphon kondoi
–	SIPH 1.2-1.6 × cauda. ANT PT/BASE 2.7-4.2	…..Acyrthosiphon loti
11	SIPH 0.42-0.50 × BL and 2.5-3.5 × cauda	…..Acyrthosiphon gossypii
–	SIPH 0.22-0.38 × BL, and 1.2-1.9 × cauda	…..12
12	ANT and SIPH mainly dark. ANT III with 4-10 secondary rhinaria. ANT VI BASE 2.8-3.0 × R IV+V	…..Acyrthosiphon extremiorientale*
–	ANT and SIPH mainly pale. ANT III with 1-5 secondary rhinaria. ANT VI BASE 1.5-2.5 × R IV+V	….. Acyrthosiphon pisum
13	SIPH 1.5-1.7 × cauda. All dorsal abdominal hairs arising from conspicuous dark scleroites	…..Megourella tribulis

–	SIPH 0.8-1.33 × cauda. Scleroites at bases of dorsal hairs small or absent	…..14
14	Hind tibiae pale on basal 0.6-0.7. R IV+V 0.88-1.0 × HT II. ANT III with usually more than 50 (28-64) rhinaria	…..Megoura nigra
–	Hind tibiae variably pigmented but often mainly or entirely dark. R IV+V 0.63-0.87 × HT II. ANT III with less than 50 rhinaria	…..15
15	ANT III with 5-26 (usually 10-18) rhinaria, not in a row, on basal 0.75 of segment (ANT IV of al. with 0-7 rhinaria)	…..Megoura viciae
–	ANT III with (15-) 21-50 rhinaria in a row extending over 0.75-0.90 of segment. (ANT IV of al. with more than 17 rhinaria)	…..Megoura crassicauda
16	Head and ANT I and II black. ANT III distally dark with a row of 2-9 rhinaria. SIPH strongly swollen over distal 0.7	…..Rhopalosiphoninus heikinheimoi
–	Without that combination of characters	…..go to key to polyphagous aphids

Vicoa see Pentanema

Asteraceae

*Victoria*	Nymphaeaceae
*Victoria regia*	Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae

*Vigna* (including Voandzeia)	Fabaceae
*Vigna ambacensis* = V. heterophylla
V. adenantha	Microparsus puertoricensis
V. angularis (incl. var. nipponensis)	Aphis craccivora, [cytisorum], gossypii, nerii;
	Aulacorthum solani;
	[Macrocaudus phaseoli Shinji 1930 (nomen dubium)];
	Myzus persicae
V. antunesii	Aphis craccivora
V. catjang = V. unguiculata
V. cylindrica = V. unguiculata ssp. cylindrica
V. difformis (?)	Aphis gossypii
V. frutescens	Aphis craccivora
V. heterophylla	Aphis gossypii
V. luteola	Aphis craccivora, gossypii; Macrosiphum euphorbiae;
	Microparsus brasiliensis, vignaphilus
V. marina	Aphis craccivora
V. mungo	Acyrthosiphon gossypii, pisum; Aphis craccivora;
	[Macrocaudus phaseoli Shinji 1930 (nomen dubium)];
V. nuda = V. antunesii
*V. radiata (incl. var. sublobata)*	Acyrthosiphon gossypii, pisum;
	Aphis craccivora, gossypii; Aulacorthum solani;
	Smynthurodes betae
V. reticulata	Aphis gossypii
V. sesquipedalis	= V. unguiculata ssp. sesquipedalis
V. sinensis = V. unguiculata
*V. subterranea*	Aphis craccivora, gossypii
V. trilobata	Aphis craccivora
V. unguiculata (incl. sspp. cylindrica , sesquipedalis)	Acyrthosiphon gossypii, pisum;
	Aphis craccivora, fabae, gossypii, solanella, spiraecola;
	Aulacorthum solani; Brachycaudus helichrysi;
	Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Microparsus brasiliensis;
	Myzus ornatus, persicae;
	[Pterocomma vignae Matusumura 1917];
	Smynthurodes betae
Vigna sp.	Anomalosiphum indigoferae

Use key to apterae under Phaseolus.

*Viguiera*	Asteraceae
*Viguiera cordifolia*	Aphis wahena; Uroleucon reynoldense
V. dentata (incl. helianthoides)	Acyrthosiphon bidenticola;
	Uroleucon ambrosiae, [maximilianicola], mexicanum
V. linearis	Uroleucon paucosensoriatum, reynoldense
*V. multiflora* = Heliomeris multiflora
Viguiera sp.	Uroleucon richardsi

Key to apterae on Viguiera:-

1	ANT tubercles weakly developed, ANT c.0.75 × BL, with secondary rhinaria distributed III 3-5 (on distal part), IV 6-10, V 1-4. SIPH dark, 2.2-2.6 × cauda which bears 4 hairs	…..Aphis wahena
–	Without that combination of characters	…..2
2	SIPH pale basally, slender, 20-35 × longer than diameter at midlength, and with any polygonal reticulation extending for less than 0.1 of length	…..Acyrthosiphon bidenticola
–	SIPH uniformly dark or pale at base, thicker, less than 20 × diameter at midlength, with a distal zone of reticulation consisting of numerous polygonal cells extending over at least distal 0.2 of length	…..3
3	SIPH pale at base. ANT III with 12-31 rhinaria extending over 0.80-0.98 of length, with the majority on distal half	…..Uroleucon richardsi
–	SIPH entirely dark. ANT III with the majority of rhinaria on basal half	…..4
4	Tibiae with pale middle section	…..Uroleucon ambrosiae (or maximilianicola?)
–	Tibiae homogeneously pigmented or progressively darker from base	…..5
5	ABD TERG 8 with 2 hairs. ANT III with 8-37 rhinaria	…..Uroleucon reynoldense
–	ABD TERG 8 with 4 hairs. ANT III with 3-16 rhinaria	…..6
6	SIPH reticulated on 0.41-0.60 of length. Cauda with 7-14 hairs (usually less than 10). R IV+V with 7-15 accessory hairs	…..Uroleucon mexicanum
–	SIPH reticulated over less than 0.33 of length. Cauda with 12-18 hairs. R IV+V with 5-8 accessory hairs	…..Uroleucon paucosensoriatum

*Villarsia*	Menyanthaceae
*Villarsia* sp.	Aulacorthum solani

Villebrunea see Oreocnide

Urticaceae

*Viminaria*	Fabaceae
*Viminaria juncea*	Aphis sp. (Leonard 1972a)

*Vinca*	Apocynaceae
*Vinca difformis*	Aphis gossypii; Myzus ornatus; Neomyzus circumflexus
V. herbacea	Brachunguis harmalae; Myzus persicae
V. major	Aphis gossypii, nerii; Aulacorthum sensoriatum, solani;
	Brachycaudus [cardui], helichrysi;
	Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus ornatus, persicae;
	Neomyzus circumflexus;
	Rhopalosiphoninus latysiphon, staphyleae;
	Smynthurodes betae
V. minor	Aulacorthum solani; Brachycaudus helichrysi;
	Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus persicae;
	Neomyzus circumflexus;
	Rhopalosiphoninus latysiphon, staphyleae
V. rosea = Catharanthus roseus
Vinca sp.	[Acyrthosiphon pisum]

Key to apterae on Vinca:-

1	ANT PT/BASE 0.4-0.7. SIPH are short pale tubes, 0.3-0.6 × cauda	…..Brachunguis harmalae
–	ANT PT/BASE less than 0.4 or more than 1.25. SIPH if present either dark or longer than cauda (or both)	…..2
2	SIPH tapering/cylindrical, without or with only 1-2 rows of polygonal reticulation. ANT III with 13-22 small secondary rhinaria distributed in an irregular row along most of segment. Tergum sclerotic	…..Aulacorthum sensoriatum
–	Without that combination of characters	…..go to key to polyphagous aphids

*Vincetoxicum*	Asclepiadaceae
*Vincetoxicum hirundinaria*	Aphis fabae; Aulacorthum solani
V. nigrum	Aphis nerii
V. officinale	Aphis nerii

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

*Viola*	Violaceae
*V. acuminata*	Aphis violaeradicis
V. arcuata	[Delphiniobium violisuctum];
	[Meguroleucon longqishanense Zhang & Qiao in Qiao &
	Zhang 1999 (vagrant Uroleuconmonticola?)]
V. arvensis	Aphis violae; Aulacorthum solani;
	Myzus ascalonicus, certus, cymbalariae, persicae
V. canadensis	Macrosiphum euphorbiae
V. canina	Aphis violae; Aulacorthum solani; Myzus certus
V. collina	Aphis violaeradicis
V. cornuta	Neomyzus circumflexus; Rhopalosiphoninus staphyleae
V. cucullata	Aulacorthum solani
V. eugeniae	Myzus ascalonicus
V. glabella	Aulacorthum solani; Macrosiphum violae
V. hederacea	Myzus cymbalariae
V. hirta = V. odorata
V. hondoensis	Aphis gossypii
V. mandshurica	Aphis sumire; Neotoxoptera violae
*V. nutallii* (= Crocion nutallii)	Neomyzus circumflexus
V. odorata	Acyrthosiphon malvae;
	Aphis gossypii, violae; Aulacorthum solani;
	Myzus ascalonicus, ornatus, persicae;
	Neotoxoptera oliveri, violae;
	Rhopalosiphoninus latysiphon, staphyleae ssp. tulipaellus
V. palustris	Aphis violae
V. persicifolia	Aphis violae
V. philippica	Aphis [?gossypii (Chu 1949, on roots with eggs, =
	violaeradicis?)], sumire
V. prionantha	[?Aphis gossypii (Chu 1949, on roots with eggs; =
	violaeradicis?)]
V. reichenbachiana	Aphis violae; Myzus ornatus
V. riviniana	Myzus ascalonicus
V. septentrionalis	Myzus ascalonicus
*V. tricolor (incl. vars hortensis, maxima)*	Aphis gossypii, nasturtii, [umbrella], violae;
	Aulacorthum solani; Brachycaudus helichrysi;
	[Illinoia azaleae]; Macrosiphum euphorbiae;
	Myzus ascalonicus, certus, cymbalariae, ornatus,
	persicae;
	Neomyzus circumflexus; Neotoxoptera oliveri;
	Rhopalosiphoninus latysiphon, staphyleae
V. verecunda = V. arcuata
V. ×wittrockiana	Myzus certus, ornatus, persicae; Neomyzus circumflexus
V. yedoensis = V. philippica
Viola spp.	Abstrusomyzus phloxae; [Acyrthosiphon pisum];
	[Aphis plantaginis]; [Jacksonia papillata];
	[Neotoxoptera formosana]

Key to apterae on Viola:-

1	ANT tubercles absent or weakly developed, not projecting beyond middle of front of head in dorsal view	…..2
–	ANT tubercles well developed, projecting forward so that there is a mid-frontal sinus	…..7
2	SIPH smooth, pale, conical, with a subapical incision below the flange. Cauda helmet-shaped, not longer than its basal width. Spiracular apertures large and rounded. ABD TERG 1 and 7 without marginal tubercles (MTu)	…..Brachycaudus helichrysi
–	SIPH imbricated, pale or dark, tapering, without a subapical annular incision. Cauda longer than its basal width. Spiracular apertures reniform. ABD TERG 1 and 7 with MTu	…..3
3	ABD TERG 2-4, and often 5 and 6, with MTu	…..Aphis violae
–	MTu of only sporadic occurrence on ABD TERG 2-6	…..4
4	SIPH usually pale, or only dark at apices. (Sec. rhin. in al. ANT III 5-16, IV 1-6, V 0-2)	…..Aphis nasturtii

–	SIPH entirely dark. (Sec. rhin. in al. ANT III 3-12 (-15), IV 0 (-2), V 0 (-1))	…..5
5	Hairs on ANT, legs and dorsal body very short, e.g. longest hair on ANT III 0.2-0.4 × BD III, posterior hair on hind trochanter 0.3-0.5 × diameter of trochantro-femoral suture. Marginal sclerites usually apparent on ABD TERG 1-5	…..Aphis sumire
–	Hairs longer, e.g. longest hair on ANT III 0.4-1.0 × BD III, posterior hair on hind trochanter 0.5-1.5 × diameter of trochantro-femoral suture. Marginal sclerites usually not apparent	…..6

6	(Al. with 3-5 sec. rhin on ANT III)	…..Aphis violaeradicis*
–	(Al. with 3-12 (-15) sec. rhin on ANT III)	…..Aphis gossypii
7	Head not spiculose, or with spicules only ventrally, and with inner faces of ANT tubercles smooth and divergent. SIPH not or only very slightly swollen, and with subapical reticulation (at least 4-5 rows of closed polygonal cells)	…..8
–	Head spiculose both dorsally and ventrally, with steep-sided or apically convergent ANT tubercles. SIPH without any distinct subapical reticulation, unless grossly swollen	…..9
8	R IV+V 0.94-1.26 × HT II (rarely less than 1). Ventral side of head with a broad band of spinules on each side running from ANT tubercles to posterior margin	…..Macrosiphum violae*

–	R IV+V 0.8-1.0 × HT II. Ventral side of head without spinules …..Macrosiphum euphorbiae
9	SIPH tapering/ cylindrical	…..10
–	SIPH slightly to markedly clavate	…..12
10	ANT PT/BASE 1.7-2.8. ANT III without rhinaria. Dorsum with dark intersegmental spots	…..Myzus ornatus

–	ANT PT/BASE 4.0-5.5. ANT III usually with 1-3 small rhinaria near base. Dorsal abdomen pale or with more extensive dark markings	…..11
11	Dorsum with extensive dark markings, including a roughly horseshoe-shaped abdominal patch. SIPH less than 10 × midlength width, with a moderate flange. R IV+V with 2 accessory hairs	…..Neomyzus circumflexus
–	Dorsum without dark markings. SIPH more than 10 × midlength width, with a large flange. R IV+V usually with 6 accessory hairs	…..Aulacorthum solani
12	SIPH markedly clavate, so that maximum width of swollen part is more than 2 × minimum width basad. Dorsal abdomen with dark markings	…..13
–	SIPH more moderately clavate, with maximum width of swollen part less than 2 × minimum width basad. Dorsal abdomen without dark markings	…..14
13	SIPH with swollen part balloon-like, 3.7-4.8 × thicker than the narrow cylindrical basal part, and a narrowly constricted subapical region with polygonal reticulation. ANT III without rhinaria	…..Rhopalosiphoninus latysiphon
–	SIPH with swollen part not more than 3.2 × the minimum width of the rather thick basal part, and subapical region not narrowly constricted, without polygonal reticulation (but with a few rows of transverse striae proximal to flange). ANT III usually with 1-4 rhinaria on a thickened part near base	…..Rhopalosiphoninus staphyleae (including ssp. tulipaellus)
14	SIPH 0.82-1.34 × ANT III	…..15
–	SIPH 0.54-0.81 × ANT III	…..17
15	ANT tubercles themselves rather low, but with scabrous processes extending forward from ANT bases. SIPH weakly swollen subapically (over about distal 0.25). Dorsum with an evident reticulate pattern	…..Abstrusomyzus phloxae
–	ANT tubercles broadly rounded, without forwardly-directed processes. SIPH slightly to moderately swollen over about distal 0.5. Dorsum without a reticulate pattern	…..16
16	R IV+V in most specimens with only one pair of lateral accessory hairs (plus 0-3 ventral accessory hairs). Value of function CAUDA/(ANT III × PT) in range 0.80-1.52, but rarely more than 1.25 except in small specimens (those with ANT III less than 0.32 mm)	…..Myzus persicae

–	R IV+V in most specimens with two pairs of lateral accessory hairs. Value of function CAUDA/(ANT III × PT) in range 1.2-2.7 (rarely less than 1.25)	…..Myzus certus
17	SIPH with a narrow basal stem, its narrowest part thinner than, or as thin as, hind tibia at midlength. R IV+V 1.4-1.6 × HT II, with 7-15 accessory hairs	…..Myzus ascalonicus
–	SIPH thicker on basal half, its narrowest part thicker than hind tibia at midlength. R IV+V 0.9-1.6 × HT II, with 2-8 accessory hairs	…..18
18	ANT PT/BASE 2.5-3.3. SIPH very coarsely imbricated on swollen part. Dorsal cuticle very rugose. (Al. with wing veins without dark borders)	…..Myzus cymbalariae
–	ANT PT/BASE 3.5-4.8 SIPH smooth or weakly imbricated on swollen part. Dorsal cuticle not rugose. (Al. with dark-bordered wing-veins)	…..19
19	SIPH 10-15 × longer than minimum diameter of constricted region on basal half (Fig.59a). R IV+V 1.4-1.6 × HT II	…..Neotoxoptera violae
–	SIPH 7-9 × longer than minimum diameter of constricted region on basal half (Fig.59b). R IV+V 1.2-1.4 × HT II	…..Neotoxoptera oliveri