Key to species on Sorbus (apterous viviparae except where otherwise stated):-
1
ANT PT/BASE less than 0.5. Cauda broadly rounded
…..2
–
ANT PT/BASE more than 0.5. Cauda semicircular, helmet-shaped, tongue- or finger-shaped
…..7
2
Wax glands absent. Eyes multifaceted, without an ocular tubercle. Body pale, elongate, more than 2 × longer than wide. (Alata with a quadrate black dorsal abdominal patch)
…..3
–
Wax glands present. Eyes 3-faceted. Body broad, less than 2 × longer than wide. (Alata without dorsal abdominal pigment)
…..4
3
ANT PT/BASE 0.25-0.35, without any long fine hairs distal to primary rhinarium. R IV+V bearing 9-16 accessory hairs
BL less than 1.4 mm, with total antennal length only 0.12-0.18 mm. Wax pore plates with always undivided, approximately circular, central areas (fig. 109A)
Cauda short; helmet-shaped, triangular or semicircular, shorter than or about as long as its basal width in dorsal view
…..8
–
Cauda tongue- or finger-shaped, clearly longer than its basal width in dorsal view
…..18
8
Dorsal cuticle of aptera (fundatrix) very rough with numerous small denticulate projections, and with fine, long hairs (fig. 109B). Alata with transverse bars of dorsal abdominal pigment, often broken, never fused between tergites
Dorsal cuticle of aptera (fundatrix or subsequent generation) smooth or weakly reticulate, with long or short hairs. Alata with a solid black dorsal abdominal patch, or with extensive bars fused between some tergites
…..9
9
SIPH more than 4 × cauda and bearing a number of long hairs (in both fundatrix and spring migrant alata)
SIPH with closely-spaced rows of imbrications bearing small nodules or spinules (e.g. fig. 42M)
…..11
–
SIPH smooth or normally imbricated, the imbrications sometimes spinulose but not in regular closely-spaced rows
…..12
11
ABD TERG 2-4 each with incomplete double rows of 6-10 spinopleural hairs 50-70 µm long with fine apices. Tergum rough, with numerous spinules arranged on a distinct reticulation (fig. 109C), and with an extensive solid black abdominal patch
ABD TERG 2-4 each with a single row of 4 spinopleural hairs that are blunt or acuminate. Tergum with faint reticulation and few spinules, and broad transverse sclerotic bars that are not or only partially fused between tergites
ANT PT/BASE 0.55-0.66. Body with finger-like dorsal processes (head with 2 pairs, thoracic segments and ABD TERG 1-4 each with one spinal and one marginal pair, and ABD TERG 5-8 each with a single medial process
Dorsal cuticle not strongly corrugated. R IV+V either less than 1.6 × HT II or with more than 2 accessory hairs
…..20
20
Antennal tubercles undeveloped or weakly developed, not exceeding height of central part of frons in dorsal view. Cauda and anal plate dusky to dark
…..21
–
Antennal tubercles moderately to well developed, clearly exceeding height of central part of frons in dorsal view. Cauda and anal plate pale or only slightly dusky
…..24
21
SIPH slightly swollen or cylindrical over most of length, constricted subapically and with a large flange (as in fig. 60H). Marginal tubercles on ABD TERG 7 placed posterio-dorsad of spiracle and with basal diameter usually smaller than spiracular aperture
SIPH tapering from base to flange, which is only moderately developed. Marginal tubercles on ABD TERG 7 placed posterioventrad of spiracle, and usually larger than spiracular aperture
…..22
22
Longest hairs on ANT III more than 2 × basal diameter of segment. ANT PT/BASE more than 3. Alata with secondary rhinaria distributed ANT III 19-28, IV 1-11, V 0-3. Cauda tapering, less than 2 × its basal width
Longest hairs on ANT III less than 1.8 × basal diameter of segment. ANT PT/BASE less than 3. Alata with secondary rhinaria distributed ANT III 6-11, IV 0-4, V 0. Cauda finger-like, more than 2 × its basal width
…..23
23
Marginal tubercles present on ABD TERG 2-4. Cauda with 10-19 hairs (rarely less than 13). R IV+V more than 0.13 mm
Body oval. SIPH without any polygonal reticulation (fig. 42Q). ANT III with one small rhinarium near base, and with minute hairs less than half basal diameter of segment
Body spindle-shaped. SIPH with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation (fig. 121C). ANT III usually with several secondary rhinaria near base, and with longest hairs more than half basal diameter of segment
…..28
28
Cauda with 6-9 hairs. ANT BASE VI 0.20-0.27 mm. Longest hairs on ANT III 10-24 μm, 0.4-0.7 × BD III. (Al. with paired pleural dark patches and large marginal and postsiphuncular sclerites)
ANT and dorsal body with shorter hairs. Dorsal cuticle with a pattern of spicules arranged in polygons, each polygon enclosing one or more additional spicules
…..2
2
SIPH clavate. Longest hairs on ANT III less than 0.8 × BD III
SIPH usually rather pale, darker at apex. Hairs on hind femur mainly longer, some of them about as long as, or longer than, diameter of femur at its base
Dorsum without any distinctive dark markings. SIPH at least slightly clavate
…..8
8
R IV+V in most specimens with only one pair of lateral accessory hairs (plus 0-3 ventral accessory hairs). Value of function CAUDA/(ANT III × PT) in range 0.80-1.52, but rarely more than 1.25 except in small specimens (those with ANT III less than 0.32 mm)
[One or more of the above polyphagous aphid species have been recorded from each of the following Spermacoce spp.: chaetocephala, densiflora, eupatorioides, hispida, laevis, octodon, ocymifolia, ocymoides, princeae, pusilla, ruelliae, scabra, senensis, stachydea, verticillata.]
ANT III-VI dark,
contrasting with pale ANT I-II and head, which has ANT tubercles weakly
developed. SIPH long, thin and black, 0.24-0.4 × BL, contrasting with pale cauda,
and without polygonal reticulation
Dorsal body hairs very long and thick, arising from tuberculate bases on dark scleroites. Eyes reduced, often to 3 facets. SIPH as dark, very broad-based cones. Cauda with just 2 long hairs
Dorsal body hairs shorter or fine if long, not arising from tuberculate bases on dark scleroites. Eyes large, multifacetted. SIPH tubular, pale or dark. Cauda with 4 or more hairs
…..2
2
ABD TERG 1 and 7 with marginal tubercles (MTu)
…..3
–
ABD TERG 1 and 7 without MTu
…..15
3
SIPH short, only 0.4-0.5 × cauda, which bears 13-16 hairs. ANT PT/BASE 1.3-1.5
SIPH 0.6-2.5 × cauda. ANT PT/BASE 1.0-2.9, but if less than 1.7 then cauda bears less than 13 hairs
…..4
4
Abdomen with either a dark dorsal shield or at least some scattered dark markings on ABD TERG 1-6, following the polygonal pattern of reticulation of the cuticle, and usually with dark transverse sclerites on ABD TERG 7 and 8
…..5
–
Abdomen without any dark markings on ABD TERG 1-6, and without or with only lightly-pigmented sclerites on 8, or 7 and 8
…..12
5
ABD TERG 2-4 as well as 1 and 7 with well-developed marginal tubercles (MTu)
…..6
–
MTu only consistently present on (prothorax and) ABD TERG 1 and 7
…..7
6
ABD TERG 1-6 with an extensive dark shield. SIPH 0.7-1.15 × cauda. Longest hairs on ANT III 0.5-1.0 × BD III
ABD TERG 1-6 without broad dark cross bands. BL 1.3-3.6 mm
…..10
10
ABD TERG 7 and 8 (or 6-8) with dark dorsal cross-bands, but ABD TERG 1-5 with only small, scattered sclerites. SIPH 0.8-1.6 × cauda. R IV+V 0.9-1.1 × HT II
ABD TERG 7 and 8 with or without narrow cross-bands, but ABD TERG 1-5 with more extensive sclerotisation, usually comprising an irregular perforated and often incomplete spinal stripe or central patch. SIPH 0.6-1.0 × cauda. R IV+V 0.7-1.0 × HT II
…..11
11
Longest hairs on ANT III 1.6-2.2 × BD III. ANT PT/BASE 1.8-2.45. R IV+V 0.85-1.2 × HT II. Cauda with 9-23 hairs
Femora with at least some long, fine-pointed hairs, longer than trochantro-femoral suture. Longest hair on ANT III 0.5-1.7 × BD III. Cauda with 6-19 hairs
…..13
13
Cauda pale or dusky, without any constriction at midlength, less than 2 × longer than its midlength width. SIPH pale, dusky or dark, if dark then often less so in middle region. ABD TERG 2-4 often with MTu
Cauda dark, with a midlength constriction, and more than 2 × longer than its width at the narrowest midlength point. SIPH dark. ABD TERG 2-4 with or without MTu
…..14
14
Marginal tubercles (MTu) present on ABD TERG 2-4. Cauda with 10-19 hairs (rarely less than 13) R IV+V more than 0.13 mm
ABD TERG 8, or 7 and 8, with conical or finger-like hair-bearing spinal processes. SIPH smooth
…..29
–
ABD TERG 7 and 8 without any projections. SIPH smooth or imbricated
…..30
29
SIPH dusky/dark, longer than cauda, markedly inflated distally over c.0.75 of length, with maximum width of swollen part c.2.5 × minimum width of stem, and with a distinct flange. ABD TERG 7 and 8 with bluntly conical spinal tubercles
SIPH pale, not longer than cauda, cylindrical or only slightly clavate, and completely flangeless. ABD TERG 8 with a finger-like projection above cauda
ABD TERG (1-) 2-3 (-5) with conspicuous papillate marginal tubercles (MTu). Head, prothorax (sometimes) and ABD TERG 7 and 8 (often) with paired spinal tubercles (STu). ANT PT/BASE 1.9-2.4. Dorsum pale. SIPH tapering/cylindrical and coarsely imbricated
…..Myzus sp. on S. lindleyana (possible primary host forms of M. ornatus?)
–
ABD TERG without or with only sporadic flat inconspicuous MTu, and STu absent from head and prothorax and sporadic on ABD TERG 7-8. If ANT PT/BASE less than 2.5 then dorsum has pattern of intersegmental markings
ANT 4- (occasionally 5-) segmented, less than 0.15 × BL, with PT/BASE less than 1. SIPH absent. All segments with wax glands, each consisting of a ring of roundish facets around a central field
Dorsal body hairs long and thick, much longer than ANT BD III, and many or all of them with knobbed or expanded apices, and arising from tuberculate bases (e.g. Fig.50a)
…..5
–
Dorsal body hairs mostly shorter than BD III; pointed or blunt, or if with somewhat expanded apices then without tuberculate bases
SIPH 3.1-4.0 × cauda. R IV+V 1.5-1.8 × HT II, and bearing 8-17 accessory hairs
…..8
8
R IV+V with 11-17 accessory hairs. Longest hairs on ANT I much longer and thicker than any hairs on ANT III. Longest dorsal hairs more than 100 μm long
ANT III with 0-25 rhinaria. SIPH pale, without polygonal reticulation. Cauda pale with 5-13 hairs
…..12
12
BL 2.5-3.5 mm. ANT III with 2-25 rhinaria. SIPH smooth, distinctly clavate
…..13
–
BL 0.9-1.6 mm. ANT III without rhinaria. SIPH imbricated, cylindrical or only slightly swollen subapically
…..14
13
SIPH 2.9-4.1 × cauda and markedly swollen over distal 0.7, with maximum width of swollen part 1.7-2.0 × minimum width basad (Fig.50b). ANT PT/BASE 8.4-9.8. R IV+V with 5-8 accessory hairs
SIPH 1.7-2.4 × cauda, swollen on distal 0.5 to a maximum of c.1.6 × minimum width basad (Fig.50c). ANT PT/BASE 6.2-8.1. R IV+V with 26-30 accessory hairs
ANT III with 0-10 sec. rhinaria on distal part, IV with 3-9 and V with 0-4. Rostrum very short, length of sclerotised part of stylet groove less than 0.4 mm
(Populations on Stachyurus consist
of fundatrices and alatae only, and the fundatrix of X. conandri is undescribed.)
–
BL 1.6-2.1 mm. Dorsal abdomen with very broad dark cross-bands on ABD TERG 1-7, partially fused across ABD TERG 3-6 with only small gaps between them. Sec. rhin. III 17-20, IV 7-8, V 0-1
BL
2.4-3.0 mm. Dorsal abdomen with dark cross-bands partly fused marginally, but
with wide gaps between them in spinal region. Sec. rhin. III 22-26, IV 4-9, V
0-1
Legs mainly pale. Head spiculose, with inner faces of antennal tubercles approximately parallel. SIPH pale except distally, swollen on distal 0.7, without subapical reticulation; maximum diameter of swollen part more than 1.5 × minimum width of proximal “neck” region (fig. 110C)
Legs dark. Dorsal cuticle of head smooth or slightly wrinkled, inner faces of antennal tubercles broadly divergent. SIPH uniformly dark, more-or-less barrel-shaped, thickest in middle, with subapical reticulation (figs 110A, B)
…..3
3
BL more than 3 mm. Cauda elongate, much longer than wide, more than 0.5 × SIPH. R IV+V 0.7-0.9 × HT II. SIPH almost cylindrical on proximal 0.7 of length, narrowing only subapically (fig. 110A)
BL less than 3 mm. Cauda triangular, about as long as its basal width, less than 0.5 × SIPH. R IV+V 0.9-1.1 × HT II. SIPH narrowing proximad as well as distad of swelling (fig. 110B)
(Both species have dark SIPH, non-spiculose
head and low, broadly divergent ANT tubercles.)
–
Cauda short, conical with
rounded apex, about as long as its basal width in dorsal view. SIPH without
polygonal reticulation. ANT with finely pointed hairs, many of them longer
than BD III
SIPH pale with subapical polygonal reticulation (at least 4-5 rows of closed cells). ANT III with 1-13 rhinaria, and with longest hairs 0.6-1.2 × BD III
…..2
–
SIPH pale or dark, without polygonal reticulation (unless strongly swollen). ANT III with 0-3 rhinaria, if with any then longest hairs less than 0.5 × BD III
…..3
2
Femora usually with a dark spot or patch near apices (Fig.51a). ABD TERG 2-3 with longest hair 26-56 μm, usually as long as or longer than ANT BD III. Subgenital plate with 2-13 hairs in addition to those on posterior margin
Femora pale or only slightly dusky at apices. ABD TERG 2-3 with longest hair 21-37 μm, usually shorter than ANT BD III. Subgenital plate with 2(-4) hairs on anterior part
ABD TERG 1-5 each with 10-12 hairs (2 marginal, 1 pleural and 2-3 spinal pairs), which have capitate or spatulate apices and arise from rough wart-like tubercles (Fig.51c)
ABD TERG 1-5 each usually with 6 hairs with blunt or pointed apices, not on tubercles
…..8
8
ABD TERG 1 and 7 without marginal tubercles (MTu). SIPH pale
…..9
–
ABD TERG 1 and 7 with MTu. SIPH pale or dark
…..11
9
Cauda helmet-shaped, not longer than its basal width, with 4-6 hairs. SIPH conical, with a subapical annular incision. Spiracular apertures large and rounded. ANT III without rhinaria
Cauda tongue-shaped, much longer than its basal width, with 7-13 hairs. SIPH tubular, without a subapical annular incision. Spiracular apertures reniform. ANT III usually with 1-3 rhinaria
…..10
10
SIPH 0.15-0.20 × BL and 0.8-1.4 × cauda. ANT PT/BASE 1.8-3.0
SIPH pale or dusky and only slightly to moderately swollen, without any distal polygonal reticulation. Dorsum without dark sclerotisation
…..16
16
SIPH 0.82-1.34 × ANT III
…..17
–
SIPH 0.54-0.81 × ANT III
…..19
17
ANT tubercles themselves rather low, but with scabrous processes extending forward from ANT bases. SIPH weakly swollen subapically (over about distal 0.25). Dorsum with an evident reticulate pattern
ANT tubercles broadly rounded, without forwardly-directed processes. SIPH slightly to moderately swollen over about distal 0.5. Dorsum without a reticulate pattern
…..18
18
R IV+V in most specimens with only one pair of lateral accessory hairs (plus 0-3 ventral accessory hairs). Value of function CAUDA/(ANT III × PT) in range 0.80-1.52, but rarely more than 1.25 except in small specimens (those with ANT III less than 0.32 mm)
SIPH with a narrow basal stem, its narrowest part thinner than, or as thin as, hind tibia at midlength. R IV+V 1.4-1.6 × HT II, with 7-15 accessory hairs
ANT PT/BASE 3.5-4.8 SIPH smooth or normally imbricated on swollen part. Dorsal cuticle not rugose
…..22
22
ANT PT/BASE 4.3-4.8. (Al. with wing-veins not dark-bordered, with a solid black patch on ABD TERG 3-4, fused across tergites and constricted in midline, and with secondary rhinaria distributed III 39-52, IV 29-31, V 6-11)
ANT PT/BASE 3.5-4.3. (Al. with wing-veins black-bordered, with broad dark cross-bands on ABD TERG 2-5 only partially fused between tergites, and with secondary rhinaria distributed III 12-47, IV 0-13, V 0-2)
SIPH reticulated on less than 0.4 of length. Cauda with more than 11 hairs
…..3
3
R IV+V with 17-24 accessory hairs. ANT III with 10-30 rhinaria. Tibiae basally and distally dark contrasting with pale middle section. SIPH reticulated on more than 0.32 of length
R IV+V with 5-8 accessory hairs. ANT III with 4-16 rhinaria. Tibiae entirely pigmented, usually darkening progressively from base to apex. SIPH reticulated on less than 0.33 of length
Body dorso-ventrally flattened, almost circular, wholly sclerotic with a continuous crenulate margin of wax glands. Head with a pair of forwardly-directed horns. SIPH present as pores
…..2
–
Body not dorso-ventrally flattened, without marginal wax glands or frontal horns. SIPH tubular
…..3
2
Underside of head with at least one pair of thick, dagger-like hairs situated lateroventral to bases of frontal horns. Cauda with 5-7 mainly long hairs
SIPH and femora covered with irregular, transverse rows of spicules. ANT PT/BASE 5.8-8.1. (Alata with dark-bordered wing veins, with radius and costa fused for part of lengths to form a closed cell behind the pterostigma)
Cauda tongue-shaped, longer than its basal width in dorsal view. STu absent
…..5
5
SIPH short and thick (0.08-0.11 × BL, 2.9-3.3 × longer than their midlength diameter, and 1.2-1.5 × R IV+V), and strongly constricted subapically before the well-developed flange
SIPH 0.12-0.17 × BL, 3.5-6.0 × their midlength diameter and (1.3-) 1.5-2.9 × R IV+V, with or without a subapical constriction
…..6
6
Hairs on hind tibiae mostly shorter than diameter of hind tibia at midlength. SIPH cylindrical for most of length, with a smooth, constricted subapical region
Many of hairs on hind tibia much longer than its midlength diameter. SIPH gradually tapering from base to flange, with no smooth subapical constriction
…..7
7
Cauda pale, contrasting with black SIPH, and bearing 4-8 hairs. SIPH 1.7-2.5 × cauda
Spiracular pores on thorax very large and rounded, more than 4 × larger than those on abdomen. R IV+V 0.21-0.33 mm long, about 2 × HT II, and bearing 22-30 accessory hairs. Dorsal body hairs long with blunt or slightly expanded apices
Spiracular pores on thorax not distinctly larger than those on abdomen. R IV+V shorter, with fewer accessory hairs. Dorsal body hairs if long then pointed
…..2
2
Head not spiculose. ANT tubercles weakly developed. ABD TERG 1 and 7 with marginal tubercles (MTu)
…..3
–
Head spiculose. ANT tubercles variably developed. ABD TERG 1 and 7 without MTu
…..4
3
ANT PT/BASE 1.2-1.75. R IV+V c.1 6 × HT II. SIPH 0.8-1.0 × cauda, which bears 10-11 hairs
ANT PT/BASE 5.5-6.8. Dorsal abdomen with extensive dark sclerotisation. Hairs on ABD TERG 1-5 longer than ANT BD III. ANT tubercles with broadly divergent, spiculose inner faces
ANT PT/BASE 1.7-2.8. Dorsal abdomen with a pattern of dark intersegmental spots. Hairs on ABD TERG 1-5 minute, much shorter than ANT BD III. ANT tubercles with steep-sided, scabrous inner faces
Aptera (in leaf-roll gall) with ANT PT/BASE less than 0.5, reduced eyes, head fused with thorax, SIPH as sclerotic rings, and anal plate bilobed. Alata with antennae 5-segmented and bearing annular secondary rhinaria (III 25-29, IV 8-11, V 7-11)
The life cycles of many Hormaphidinae described from galls on Styrax are still unknown, although in recent years some have been elucidated. Most species were originally described in Astegopteryx, but as the secondary host forms have become known many have been transferred to other genera (Ceratovacuna, Pseudoregma, Tuberaphis), or synonymised with known species on secondary hosts (e.g. Astegopteryx styracicola= Ceratoglyphina bambusae). Some species have been shown to be monoecious on Styrax. At present generic concepts within the group are still rather hazy, but it seems likely that Astegopteryx, Ceratoglyphina, Ceratovacuna and Pseudoregma mostly alternate between Styrax and bamboos, and Tuberaphis mostly migrate to Loranthaceae.
The key which follows the host list below is somewhat tentative. Any identification should be checked against the description of the gall of the species given in the next section of the book.
Tentative key to alatae of Hormaphidinae from galls on Styrax:-
Check characters for group: 5-segmented antennae with short PT and annular secondary rhinaria. Alatae from galls of Astegopteryx basalis, A. malaccensis and Ceratoglyphina bambusae have not yet been described (but see text under these names). The species of host plant and the form of the gall will of course help to confirm an identification.
Note: Aoki et al. (1998) provided keys to identify the galls and soldiers of five species of Cerataphidini on Styrax suberifolius in Taiwan.
1
ANT IV and V without secondary rhinaria (rarely IV with 1)
…..2
–
Either ANT IV or ANT V, or both, usually with more than 1 secondary rhinarium
…..6
2
R IV+V longer than ANT IV
…..3
–
R IV+V shorter than ANT IV. (ANT III with 10-16 secondary rhinaria)
…..4
3
ANT III with 0-14 secondary rhinaria. ANT IV more than 0.75 × ANT V (incl. PT)
ANT IV less than 0.75 × ANT V (incl. PT). The 2 outer hairs on first segments of fore and mid-tarsi very long and fine, about 2 × longer than medial hairs (e.g. fig. 111A)
…..5
5
Antennae with primary rhinaria broader than secondary ones. HT I with 4 hairs, as on fore and mid-tarsi. ABD TERG 8 slightly thickened and sclerotic. SIPH pores of embryos with dark sclerotic rims
Antennae with primary rhinaria narrow resembling secondary ones. HT I with 3 or 4 hairs. ABD TERG 8 not sclerotic. SIPH pores of embryos pale, unsclerotised and inconspicuous
ANT III similar in thickness to and more than 1.6 × longer than ANT IV
…..21
21
ANT PT distinctly longer than its basal width. Fore tibia much shorter than ANT III+IV+V (incl. PT). Secondary rhinaria distributed III 12-19, IV 5-10, V 3-9. (Embryos are sexuales without marginal wax glands)
ANT PT only about as long as its basal width or shorter. Fore tibia almost as long as ANT III+IV+V together. Secondary rhinaria distributed III 17-25, IV 6-14, V 6-9. (Embryos with marginal wax glands)
SIPH (if present) tubular and 0.8-2.5 × cauda; if 0.8-1.0 × cauda then both SIPH and cauda are entirely dark
…..2
–
SIPH shorter than cauda; if tubular and more than 0.8 × cauda then pale, or only dark towards apices
…..3
2
SIPH a little longer than the similarly dark cauda, which is finger-like, somewhat constricted in middle and rounded at apex, and bears 4-5 hairs. ANT PT/BASE 1.5-1.7
ANT PT/BASE 2.1-2.9. SIPH 0.6-0.75 × cauda. Dorsal hairs arising from large, rather rugose, hemispherical, often pigmented, tuberculate bases (Fig.36b)
SIPH black, volcano-shaped, much shorter than their basal diameters (e.g. Fig.36f). Cauda dusky and broadly rounded, about 0.5 × its basal width, with c.13 hairs
…..Xerobion sp. (Sinai: BMNH collection)
–
SIPH barrel-shaped, or weakly tapering to apex, pale or dark. Cauda at least as long as its basal width, with 4-9(-12) hairs
…..6
6
ANT PT/BASE 1.4-2.5. ANT, legs, SIPH and cauda all dark, or mainly dark
ANT PT/BASE 0.4-1.0. ANT, legs, SIPH and cauda pale
…..7
7
SIPH tubular or barrel-shaped, much longer than their basal widths (Fig.36i). Cauda finger-like, more than 2 × its basal width. ANT PT/BASE 0.8-1.0. R IV+V with 4-6 accessory hairs. MTu absent, small or indistinct. Clypeus dark, globose (Fig. 36d)
SIPH not longer than their basal widths (Fig.36g, h). Cauda conical, less than 2 × its basal width. ANT PT/BASE 0.4-0.7. R IV+V with 2 accessory hairs. MTu present on prothorax and ABD TERG 1 and 7. Clypeus pale or dark, swollen or globose
…..8
8
Clypeus strongly sclerotised, dark, globose. ABD TERG 8 with 2 hairs, the longest 15-25 μm long
Dorsal abdomen with or without dark markings, but without an extensive solid black sclerite. Cauda pale or dark, but if black then usually with more than 7 hairs
…..4
4
Femoral hairs all shorter than diameter of trochantro-femoral suture. Cauda pale, dusky or dark with 4-9 hairs
Head, ANT I-II and SIPH pale/dusky. ANT III with 1-10 rhinaria
…..4
4
Cauda with 6-9 hairs. ANT BASE VI 0.20-0.27 mm. Longest hairs on ANT III 10-24 μm, 0.4-0.7 × BD III. (Al. with paired pleural dark patches and large marginal and postsiphuncular sclerites)
ANT III or III-V with numerous small rhinaria along most of length of segment(s). Cauda short and rounded or helmet-shaped, not longer than its basal width in dorsal view
…..6
–
ANT III-V without rhinaria or with only 1-3 rhinaria near base of III. Cauda tongue- or finger-shaped, or triangular, as long as or longer than its basal width in dorsal view
…..8
6
Secondary rhinaria distributed ANT III 13-28, IV 8-18, V 1-8. Cauda with at least 20 long fine hairs. ABD TERG 1-7 with flat round marginal tubercles (MTu)
Secondary rhinaria distributed ANT III 8-c.50, IV 0-3, V 0. Cauda with fewer and shorter hairs. If MTu are present they are very small, papilliform and restricted to ABD TERG 2-5
…..7
7
ANT III with c.50 secondary rhinaria and very long, about as long as IV+V together. SIPH about as long as HT II
Dorsal abdomen pale, or if with any dark sclerotisation then cauda is tongue- or finger-shaped and both SIPH and cauda are equally dark. MTu absent or present on ABD TERG 1-5
…..9
9
SIPH swollen distally or in middle
…..10
–
SIPH tapering or cylindrical
…..11
10
SIPH 0.9-1.4 × cauda, which is rather long and finger-like. Prothorax with a dark trapezoid sclerite ventrally
Dorsal abdomen with variably developed dark sclerotisation on ABD TERG 1-6 as well as 7 and 8. Femora wholly dark. R IV+V 0.65-0.92 × HT II. Cauda with 7-17 hairs
Cauda long, pointed and black, with 6-17 hairs. SIPH paler than cauda at least on basal half, darker towards apex, 0.8-1.1 × cauda. Antennal tubercles well developed, smooth, divergent. Hairs on ANT III less than half basal diameter of segment
SIPH with a distal zone of polygonal reticulation. ANT III with numerous rhinaria usually extending into distal half. SIPH and cauda both dark
…..4
–
SIPH without any distinct zone of polygonal reticulation, or if with then SIPH and cauda not dark. ANT III without rhinaria or with a few on basal half
……5
4
Cauda with more than 40 hairs. R IV+V 1.65-1.8 × HT II. Tibiae black
Al. (progeny of fundatrix) with 0-2 sec. rhin. on ANT V
…..3
3
ANT III more than 5 × ANT II, as long as or longer than ANT IV+V together. Head with a pair of large posterior wax pore plates, conspicuous as clearly delimited pale areas
ANT III less than 5 × ANT II, usually shorter than ANT IV+V together. Head without or with only small or ill-defined wax pore plates, not forming clearly delimited pale areas
ANT III-VI dark, with PT/BASE more than 5. Tibiae wholly dark, femora contrastingly pale except apices. SIPH dark, tapering, with a well-developed flange. Cauda pale
SIPH present as raised pores or broad-based cones. Apterae (if present) without large wax pore plates
…..3
3
Aptera with 3-faceted eyes and head fused with prothorax. Alata with numerous annular rhinaria on ANT III, IV and V, and forewing veins not heavily bordered
Aptera (not known for most species) and 4th instar nymph have multi-faceted eyes and head free from prothorax. Alata with oval or transversely elongate secondary rhinaria confined to ANT III, and forewing veins heavily bordered with fuscous
…..4
4
Alata with ANT III 2.1-2.9 × PT. Fourth instar nymph with an unpaired scabrous median process on ABD TERG 8, but without paired lateral processes (fig. 112A)
Alata with ANT III 3.1-7.0 × PT. Fourth instar nymph without a single median process on ABD TERG 8, with or without paired lateral processes
…..5
5
BL of alata 2.0-2.1 × total length of antenna, which is 1.9-2.1 × head width across (and including) eyes. Fourth instar nymph (and aptera) without paired lateral processes
BL of alata 1.2-1.8 × total length of antenna, which is 2.2-3.2 × head width across eyes. Fourth instar nymph with or without paired lateral processes
…..6
6
Alata with ANT PT/BASE 0.8-1.15. ANT III 3.1-3.8 × PT. Fourth instar nymph with paired lateral processes on ABD TERG 6-8 (plus a subdivided medial process on ABD TERG 8; fig. 112B)
SIPH with pale reticulation of interconnected transverse striae, either basally or over most of length. Cauda with a median papilla. Hind tibiae without transverse ridges
…..10
10
SIPH reticulated over most of length. SIPH of aptera c.0.8× BL