Many of the 38 species of spruce-feeding Cinara have only been found on one or two hosts, but the more widely-distributed and/or commoner species show little evidence of specificity to particular species of Picea, so a single, rather long, key is required, of which couplets 36 onwards deal with this genus; only the apterous viviparae are keyed. Many of the North American Cinara species are inadequately known, and their separation often relies heavily on the original descriptions. C. nepticula Hottes and C. yukona Hottes are only known from the alate morph so cannot be included in the key. Several other separations, especially those involving species not seen by the authors (marked *), are probably unreliable because they are based on too few specimens.
Picea is the primary host for Adelgidae. The taxonomy of adelgids is difficult because of their complex polymorphism (see p.). Identification of adelgids on spruce requires examination of immatures of the fundatrix generation (usually found overwintering in or near the buds) and/or the alate migrant (gallicola) that emerges from the gall the following summer. Even then, species limits are often uncertain (most notably in the laricis group). However, there is some degree of host specificity in Adelgidae, so it should be possible to narrow down the possibilities considerably by using the key in conjunction with the host plant list below and the descriptions of galls, etc., in the text.
The parthenogenetic generations of
species in a number of genera of Pemphiginae in the tribe Prociphilini, Pachypappa,
Pachypappella, Prociphilus, live in white wax on the roots of Picea
spp. as their secondary hosts. The couplets (29-35) separating apterae of Pachypappa
and Pachypappella on spruce roots are based on the work of Danielsson
(1990). The root-feeding morphs of Prociphilus (subgenus Stagona)
cannot at present be satisfactorily keyed to species.
[Adelges kitamiensis, A. glandulae and A. tsugae could not be included because the appropriate morphs for use in this key (immature and adult fundatrices, and immature gallicolae) have not yet been described.]
1
Abdomen of adults with a chitinous ovipositor (parthenogenetic females oviparous). Apterae very small (less than 1.2 mm) with greatly reduced antennae of at most 3 segments. Alatae with short 5-segmented antennae without secondary rhinaria but with a single large rhinarium on each of ANT III, IV and V (Adelgidae)
……2
–
No chitinous ovipositor (parthenogenetic females viviparous). Antennae of apterae with at least 4 segments. Alatae (where known) with 5- or 6-segmented antennae with secondary rhinaria at least on ANT III
…..19
2
Abdomen (all morphs) with only 4 evident pairs of spiracles, on ABD TERG 2-5 (Pineus)
…..3
–
Abdomen (all morphs) with 5 evident pairs of spiracles, on ABD TERG 2-6 (Adelges)
…..9
3
Adult aptera very small (BL about 0.8 mm or less), dorsoventrally flattened, free-living all year around on lignified tissue (in cracks of bark, under scales, etc.). Head and prothorax fused into a well-sclerotised shield, with conspicuous wax gland facets (fig. 64A). (Alate morphs unknown)
Adult aptera with BL usually over 1 mm, found in or near galls on shoots (usually fundatrices). Head and prothorax only lightly sclerotised, fused or separate
…..4
4
Head of alata emerging from gall (gallicola) without wax pore plates
(Alate gallicola) dorsal abdominal wax glands comprising separate small groups, each with a few facets, distributed in irregular tranverse rows between narrow crescent-shaped marginal wax pore plates (fig. 64B)
(Alate gallicola) dorsal abdominal wax glands where present grouped in spinal, or spinal and pleural, plates forming longitudinal (but often incomplete) rows between the marginal plates, which are oval or broadly crescent-shaped (e.g., fig. 64C)
…..6
6
(Alate gallicola) primary rhinarium on ANT V clearly extending more than half-way around segment
…..7
–
(Alate gallicola) primary rhinarium on ANT V not extending more than half way around segment
…..8
7
(Alate gallicola) primary rhinarium on ANT V very large and elongate, occupying more than 0.6 of total length of ANT V (fig.64D)
Abdomen of overwintering immature “fundatrix” (pseudofundatrix), and of adult aptera from gall (pseudofundatrix or apterous gallicola) almost devoid of spinopleural wax glands posterior to ABD TERG 1, and with only small marginal glands
Abdomen of overwintering immature fundatrix with spinal and pleural wax glands on all tergites, and adult fundatrix with spinopleural glands on ABD TERG 1-3, 1-4 or 1-5, and well-developed marginal glands on ABD TERG 1-7
Wax glands of overwintering immature fundatrix with simple, thin-walled facets secreting solid wax filaments. (Galls like miniature pineapples without needles, hair or waxy bloom)
…..10
–
Wax glands of overwintering immature fundatrix (or pseudofundatrix) with double-walled ring-like facets secreting hollow tubes of wax (e.g., figs 64L-N). (Galls usually with groups of needles arising from them, and/or with hairs and/or a waxy bloom)
…..14
10
Immature fundatrix with pleural as well as spinal and marginal sclerites of thorax and abdomen bearing wax glands (i.e. 6 longitudinal rows of wax pore plates). Alate gallicola with wax glands on head and prothorax having many distinct facets with clear lumina
…..11
–
Immature fundatrix without wax glands on pleural sclerites of thorax and abdomen; i.e. only spinal and marginal wax pore plates on each segment (the spinal wax pore plates being on the inner margins of the sclerites). Alate gallicola with wax glands on head and prothorax of granular appearance, without facets or with a few indistinct facets
…..12
11
Immature fundatrix with apical hair on antenna much less than half length of ANT III; wax gland facets situated around margins of spinal and pleural sclerites of meso- and metathorax and ABD TERG 1-5 leaving reticulate central areas. Alate gallicola with rhinaria on ANT III, IV and V occupying more than half the length of their respective segments
Immature fundatrix with apical hair on antenna about half of length of ANT III; wax gland facets situated centrally in groups on spinal and pleural sclerites of meso- and metathorax and ABD TERG 1-5. Alate gallicola with rhinaria on ANT III, IV and V occupying less than half the length of their respective segments
Immature fundatrix with wax pore plates on inner margins of meso- and metathoracic spinal sclerites containing numerous small, mostly rounded, pits, arranged in 2-4 areas of rather rounded shape (fig. 64I). Total number of pits in the most central areas only (fig. 64H , labelled) of the spinal wax pore plates of the meso- and metathorax plus ABD TERG 1-3 (i.e. a total of 10 central areas) is 64-94
Immature fundatrix with wax pore plates on inner margins of meso- and metathoracic spinal sclerites divided into 3-4 often rather angular areas, containing relatively large pits of irregular shape (figs 64J, K) Total number of pits in the most central areas only of the spinal wax pore plates of meso- and metathorax plus ABD TERG 1-3 (10 central areas) is 15-56
…..13
13
Immature fundatrix with total number of pits in 10 central areas (as defined in couplet 12) usually more than 40 (range 34-56, mean about 45) (fig. 64J)
Overwintering immature fundatrix or pseudofundatrix (where known) with dorsal sclerites bearing single rather large ring-like wax pores, ringed by several small less distinct glands of irregular shape (fig. 64L). Alate gallicola often but not always having ANT IV and V with broad, indistinct basal articulation, 2 or more times wider than basal articular diameter of ANT III (e.g., fig. 64F)
Overwintering immature fundatrix (or pseudofundatrix) with dorsal sclerites bearing groups of similar-sized ring-like wax pores. Alate gallicola with basal articulation of ANT IV and V distinct and not much broader than that of ANT III (fig. 64G)
…..15
15
Immature fundatrix (or pseudofundatrix) with dorsal sclerites bearing groups of 8-30 ring-like wax pores. Wax glands on head and prothorax of alate gallicola with large distinct facets
Immature fundatrix with dorsal sclerites bearing groups of 2-7 double-walled wax pores (e.g., fig. 64M). Wax glands on head and prothorax of alate gallicola absent or indistinct, without any clear facets
…..16
16
Alate gallicola with oblique vein of hind wing very short, almost straight, at right angles to longitudinal vein, and weakly pigmented; rhinarium on ANT V occupying less than 0.5 of total length of segment
…..17
–
Alate gallicola with oblique vein of hind wing either curved or bent distally, with or without pigment; rhinarium on ANT V occupying about 0.5 of total length of segment
…..18
17
Overwintering 1st instar fundatrix (“pseudo-fundatrix”) elongate, BL about 2.5 × greatest body width, with pleurospinal sclerites of prothorax clearly longer than broad (fig. 64M). Nymph of alate gallicola (in gall) with 0-10 wax pores on each marginal sclerite of mesothorax
Overwintering first instar fundatrix with BL about 1.7 × greatest body width, and with pleurospinal sclerites of prothorax almost square (fig. 64N). Nymph of alate gallicola with 15-30 wax pores on each mesothoracic marginal sclerite
Alate gallicola with oblique vein of hind wing arising at right angles from longitudinal vein and curved outward distally (not heavily pigmented?). BL about 1.5 mm
Alate gallicola with oblique vein of hind wing heavily pigmented, arising at an obtuse angle from longitudinal vein and mainly straight, with an angular bend outward distally. BL 1.8-2.4 mm
SIPH either absent or present as pores, sometimes elevated, but never with broad pigmented conical bases. R V not clearly distinct from R IV, or not elongate
…..24
–
SIPH as large pores, usually placed on broad pigmented hairy cones (Cinara spp.). R V distinct from R IV and elongate, 2 or more times its basal width
…..37
24
Dorsum entirely sclerotised, with head and prothorax fused. Antenna 4- or 5-segmented. Cauda knobbed
…..25
–
Dorsum mainly membranous, head and prothorax separate or, if fused, then antennae are 6-segmented. Cauda rounded, triangular or not evident
…..26
25
Body of aptera broadly elliptical, greatly flattened and expanded laterally, divided dorsally into cephalothorax and abdomen of approximately equal size, no other segmentation being visible (fig. 65B).Short legs and 4-segmented antennae hidden under body
Aptera with reduced eyes (3-7 facets), BL usually less than 2× maximum body width. Wax glands well-developed, at least on abdomen of aptera
…..27
27
Aptera (on needles) with R IV+V about 0.5× ANT BASE VI or less, and with marginal wax pore plates usually present on ABD TERG 1-7 or 2-7; spinal and pleural wax pore plates reduced or absent except on most posterior tergites. Alata with media of forewing usually once-branched
…..28
–
Aptera (on roots) with R IV+V about 1.0× ANT BASE VI or longer, and with marginal wax pore plates reduced or absent, at least on ABD TERG 3-7; large spinal and pleural wax pore plates on ABD TERG 4-7. Alata (sexupara) with media of forewing usually unbranched
…..29
28
Alata with 14-22 secondary rhinaria on ANT III. Primary rhinarium on ANT V with a ciliate margin. Aptera with marginal wax pore plates mostly small, only ever well-developed on ABD TERG 6 and 7
Alata with 7-13 (exceptionally up to 15) secondary rhinaria on ANT III, and primary rhinarium on ANT V without a ciliate margin. Apterae with well-developed marginal wax glands on ABD TERG 1-7
Posterior part of abdomen (with cauda and anal plate) dark and projecting cauda-like, the projection about as long as wide. Hairs on antennae and legs numerous, long and fine
No cauda-like posterior projection of the abdomen. Hairs on antennae and legs sparse and short
…..30
30
R IV+V without a pale subapical zone. Aptera with thick, spine-like hairs on HT I, similar in size to those at apex of tibia. Alate sexupara with secondary rhinaria on ANT V
…..Prociphilus (Stagona) spp.
–
R IV+V with a distinct pale subapical zone. Aptera with hairs on HT I fine or spine-like, if spine-like then often smaller than those at apex of tibia. Alate sexupara without secondary rhinaria on ANT V
…..31
31
(Remaining couplets in this part of key refer only to aptera.) Hairs on HT I very small and thin, or if thick basally then with finely-pointed apices
…..32
–
Hairs on HT I thick and sometimes spine-like, with short or blunt apices
…..34
32
Segments I and II of all tarsi distinctly separated from each other. Segment I of fore tarsus with 2-3 hairs
…..33
–
Segments I and II of tarsi not distinctly separated. Segment I of fore tarsus with 2 hairs
…..34
33
Hairs on HT I and apical dorsal hairs on HT II very small, 4-8 µm long, with abrupt apices. Segment I of fore tarsus usually with 2 hairs; if a third middle hair is present it is longer than the lateral hairs
Hairs on HT I and apical dorsal hairs on HT II longer, 10-15 µm, with finely-pointed apices. Segment I of fore tarsus almost always with 3 hairs, the middle hair shorter and blunter than the lateral hairs (fig. 66A)
ANT PT only 0.015-0.02 mm long. Legs short, with length of hind femur less than 4× its maximum width. All tarsi reduced, with segments I and II not distinctly separated (HT II less than 0.1 mm long). Second tarsal segments with dorsal apical hairs short and spine-like (fig. 66B)
ANT PT more than 0.02 mm long. Legs longer, with hind femur more than 4× its maximum width
…..35
35
Antenna usually 6-segmented, with PT finger-like, 0.034-0.05 mm long. Hairs on first tarsal segments spine-like and similar in size to those at apices of tibiae. Hind tibia on dorsal side bearing 2-5 spine-like hairs with short, blunt apices
Antenna usually 5-segmented, with PT less than 0.035 mm long. Hairs on first tarsal segments distinctly shorter than those at apices of tibiae (e.g., fig. 66C). Hind tibia with some hairs on dorsal side with long, pointed apices
…..36
36
Hairs arising from dorsal abdominal wax pore plates are more than 25 µm long. Each wax gland facet with a dark circle inside a pale outer ring
(Unless stated otherwise, the remaining couplets all refer only to apterous viviparae) Hairs on outer side of hind tibia short and rather thick (e.g. fig. 67A), only more than 60μm long in very large aphids
…..38
–
Hairs on outer side of hind tibia more than 60μm long, and and mostly with finely pointed apices
…..42
38
Large rotund aphid, BL 3.2-6.7 mm long, but usually more than 4.5 mm. Coxae black. R IV more than 0.30 mm
Hind femora either wholly pale or with patchy or banded pigmentation. Tibial hairs dark, often with pigmented bases. Dorsal abdominal hairs often arising from small scleroites. (Alata with media of forewing once-branched)
…..62
–
Hind femora sometimes wholly pale but usually pale basally becoming dark distally. Tibial hairs pale or dusky, usually with unpigmented bases, and dorsal abdominal hairs rarely arising from small scleroites. (Alata with media of forewing twice-branched)
…..64
62
R IV+V as long as or longer than HT II. (Alata with forewings marked with fuscous)
ANT III 3.4-4.1× longer than the longest hair borne upon it. HT II 0.30-0.48 mm long, 1.1-1.4× R IV+V. Coxae, femora and tibiae all rather pale; tibiae only dark at apices
Dorsal abdominal hairs borne on rounded tubercles. SIPH with polygonal
reticulation on distal 0.30-0.43 of length. Cauda very long with a narrow,
pointed apex
ANT tubercles weakly developed. ABD TERG 1 and 7 with marginal tubercles (MTu). ANT PT/BASE 0.8-4.1
…..6
–
ANT tubercles well developed. ABD TERG 1 and 7 without MTu. ANT PT/BASE 2.8-11.4
…..10
6
Cauda bluntly triangular, about as long as its basal width. Distal part of ANT III usually, and ANT IV often, with sec. rhinaria. ANT PT/BASE 0.8-2.1
…..7
–
Cauda tongue-shaped, clearly longer than its basal width. ANT III and IV without rhinaria (except in alatiform specimens). ANT PT/BASE usually more than 2.1 (1.7-4.1)
…..8
7
ANT PT/BASE 0.8-1.3. SIPH 0.7-0.9 × cauda. Dorsum with scattered dark sclerites
SIPH smooth and swollen markedly over distal 0.7 of length to a maximum of 1.3-2.0 × their minimum width basad. Head smooth. ANT III with 5-30 rhinaria
…..11
–
SIPH imbricated, tapering/cylindrical, or if somewhat clavate then head spiculose and ANT III without rhinaria
Dorsal abdomen with paired dark intersegmental markings, closer together on ABD TERG 4 and 5 than on more anterior segments. Spiracular apertures on pro-and metathorax much larger than those on abdomen. ANT PT/BASE 7.0-11.4. ANT III with 9-42 rhinaria
Dorsal abdomen without dark markings. Spiracular apertures on thorax of similar size to those on abdomen. ANT PT/BASE 2.8-6.3. ANT III with 0-3 (-10) rhinaria
…..21
21
Head spiculose or nodulose both dorsally and ventrally (or SIPH with at least 4-5 rows of large polygonal cells on distal 0.13-0.20 of length)
ANT 4- or 5-segmented, with ANT PT/BASE c.0.9. SIPH strongly scabrous, and tapering to a narrow apex. Fundatrices and immatures in spring colonies with strongly spinulose hind tibiae
Head without spicules. Abdomen without broad black marginal stripes
…..4
4
R IV+V 1.1-1.9 × HT II. First tarsal segments with (4-) 5 hairs
…..5
–
R IV+V 0.73-1.0 × HT II. First tarsal segments with 3 hairs
…..6
5
R IV+V less than 0.14 mm long, 1.1-1.45 × HT II, and bearing 8-12 accessory hairs.. Second tarsal segments without spinules on the imbrications. HT II more than 1.5 × longer than max. diam. of swollen part of SIPH
R IV+V more than 0.14 mm long, 1.4-1.9 × HT II, and bearing 15-23 accessory hairs. Second tarsal segments with spinules on the imbrications. HT II less than 1.5 × longer than max.diam.of swollen part of SIPH
Longest hairs on ANT III 10-24 μm, 0.3-0.5(-0.7) × BD III. SIPH often slightly swollen proximal to reticulated part. Cauda with rounded apex, and bearing 6-9 hairs. (Al. with paired pleural dark patches and large marginal and post-siphuncular sclerites)
Longest hairs on ANT III 25-40 μm, 0.6-1.0 × BD III. SIPH not swollen. Cauda with a rather pointed apex, and bearing 8-13 hairs. (Al. without dark dorsal abdominal sclerites)
SIPH as very small, rimless cones, shorter than their basal widths. ABD TERG 1-7 all with well-developed marginal tubercles (MTu), longer than SIPH. ANT hairs long and fine, 2-3 × BD III
Dorsal hairs very short. R IV+V 0.9-1.4 × HT II. Dorsal abdomen with or without sclerotisation
…..5
5
Dorsal cuticle not sclerotic. ABD TERG 7 not extended posteriorly. SIPH normally imbricated, slightly clavate (with narrow section on basal half), 1.9-2.5 × cauda, which is not constricted basally. ANT PT/BASE 2.8-4.5
Dorsal cuticle sclerotic, with wrinkles or corrugations. ABD TERG 7 extended posteriorly, its posterior margin bluntly conical or rounded. SIPH stout, with coarse denticulate imbrication, 2.2-5 × cauda, which has a basal constriction. ANT PT/BASE 1.6-2.5
…..6
6
ANT 5-segmented. SIPH 3.3-4.5 × cauda, which is only a little longer than its basal width
ANT tubercles well developed, with smooth divergent inner faces. ANT 0.9-1.4 × BL. SIPH long, unswollen, with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation
SIPH longer than head width across (and including) eyes. Length of supracaudal process at least 1.6 × maximum width of swollen part of SIPH. (Alata with a complete black band on ABD TERG 6)
SIPH equal to or shorter than head width across eyes. Length of supracaudal process less than 1.5 × maximum width of swollen part of SIPH. (Alata with a pair of roundish dark marks on ABD TERG 6)
Cauda helmet-shaped/pentagonal or bluntly conical/triangular, not longer than its basal width. Spinal tubercles (STu) present on head and ABD TERG 7-8, or on ABD TERG 8 only
…..9
–
Cauda tongue-shaped or elongate triangular, longer than its basal width. STu absent
…..14
9
SIPH with close-set rows of separate blunt spinules/denticles. Cauda helmet-shaped, shorter than its basal width, with 11-13 hairs
Secondary rhinaria present on ANT III-V (sometimes absent on III). Well-developed MTu frequently present on ABD TERG 2-6, totalling 2-10, in addition to those on ABD TERG 1 and 7
There are about 170 pine-feeding aphids, including
more than 100 species of Cinara. A single key including all the Cinara
species would be unwieldy and difficult to use. Fortunately there is a fairly
well-established subgeneric classification of Pinus to which many (but
by no means all) pine-feeding Cinara species conform. We have used this
subgeneric structure wherever possible to key together Cinara species
that feed on related pines. We have also made use of it for separation of
some closely related and morphologically similar species of Essigella,
a wholly North American genus of Lachninae revised using multivariate
techniques by Sorenson (1994).
The main key that follows goes as far as possible
with the identification of pine-feeding aphids to species level, except the
genera Cinara and Essigella. In the case of the adelgid genus Pineus,
the secondary host morphs (sistens, progrediens) on Pinus are very
difficult to identify because of their lack of species-constant characters,
and even the partial key provided should be treated very warily. This also
applies to the part of the key separating species of Eulachnus, where the characters used for species discrimination
may be unreliable, and some species have not been included.
The separate species of Pinus are then listed
with the aphids recorded from them, each followed where necessary by keys to Cinara
and/or Essigella. These keys can only be applied to apterous
viviparae.
Key to pine-feeding aphids (apterous viviparae only, except where otherwise stated):-
1
Adults without chitinous ovipositor. BL usually more than 1.3 mm. Head and prothorax separate, and antenna of at least 4 segments. (Parthenogenetic adults viviparous)
…..2
–
Adults with chitinous ovipositor. BL less than 1.2 mm. Head and prothorax fused as a cephalo-prothoracic shield. Antennae greatly reduced, stump-like. (Parthenogenetic forms oviparous)
…..31
2
ANT PT/BASE more than 1. SIPH tubular. (Dorsal abdomen with a dark, more-or-less horseshoe-shaped patch)
Anal plate extended posteriorly as a pigmented tongue-like process, bearing the bluntly conical cauda, which is longer than its basal width and has more than 15 hairs (fig. 68A). R IV+V with 6-16 hairs
…..6
–
Cauda rounded, broader than long, with 2-8 hairs (e.g. fig.68B). R IV+V with 2-8 hairs
…..7
6
Cauda with 40-60 hairs, R IV+V with 10-16 accessory hairs. Alate sexupara with 20-30 secondary rhinaria on ANT III, 5-10 on IV and 9-15 on V
R IV+V with 4-8 accessory hairs. Alate sexupara with 3-14 secondary rhinaria on ANT VI BASE, and with pterostigma ending bluntly well before tip of wing
…..8
–
R IV+V with 2-4 accessory hairs. Alate sexupara with 0-4 secondary rhinaria on ANT VI BASE, and distal end of pterostigma tapering, curved around tip of wing
…..9
8
R IV+V elongate, about 0.2 mm long. Alate sexupara with 3-9 secondary rhinaria on ANT VI BASE
R IV+V with 2 accessory hairs. Hind tibia thick, with 1-3 short, spine-like hairs near middle on outer side (fig. 68C). (Alate sexupara with 1-4 secondary rhinaria on ANT VI BASE)
R IV+V with 3-4 accessory hairs. Hind tibia narrower, with several hairs distributed along outer side which are fine-pointed, not distinctly spine-like (fig. 68D). (Alate sexupara without secondary rhinaria on ANT VI BASE)
SIPH as large pores on usually pigmented hair-bearing cones
…..11
–
SIPH as small pores without associated hairs
…..18
11
R V acutely pointed, dagger-shaped, usually twice or more as long as its basal width (e.g., fig. 69A). SIPH cones of aptera often large and with numerous hairs
…..Cinara (Cinara) spp. (see separate keys in Host Plant List)
–
R V short, flask-shaped, pointed only at tip, hardly longer than its basal width (e.g., figs 69B, C). SIPH cones always with few hairs, in 1-3 rings around pore (Cinara subg. Schizolachnus)
…..12
12
Hairs on ventral side of hind femur very short, thick and peg-like (fig. 70A). Hind legs wholly dark except for extreme base of femur, and very elongate; total length about 2× BL
Hairs on ventral side of hind femur long, not peg-like. Hind legs long but less than 2× BL, with at least basal fifth of femur pale
…..13
13
Hind tibia wholly dark bearing long, thick, curved hairs with blunt apices (fig. 70B). Dorsal abdominal hairs thick and spine-like, arising from small sclerites (fig. 70C)
Hind tibia less than 20× longer than its width at midpoint
…..15
15
R V very short and stumpy with short tip; less than 46 µm long from base to tip and less than 0.45× R IV (e.g. fig. 69B)
…..16
–
R V with long tip; more than 46 µm long and more than 0.45× R IV (e.69C)
…..17
16
Hind tibia pale or dark, very densely hairy (about 250 hairs per mm). PT very short; ANT PT/BASE less than 0.25 (fig. 70D). (Alata with once-branched media and without secondary rhinaria on ANT IV)
Hind tibia dark and less densely hairy (about 150 hairs per mm). ANT PT/BASE more than 0.25 (fig. 70E). (Alata with unbranched media and 1 or more secondary rhinaria on ANT IV)
Hairs on ABD TERG 1-5 all or mostly arising from separate small rounded scleroites (figs. 71A-F)
…..23
23
ANT III less than 0.24 mm long and with hairs less than 20 µm long. Hairs on ABD TERG 1-7 short and mostly pointed, 4-25 µm long, usually shorter than diameter of their basal scleroites
…..24
–
ANT III more than 0.25 mm long and bearing hairs 20-130 µm long. Hairs on ABD TERG 1-7 usually longer than or as long as the minimal width of their basal scleroites; if short and pointed on more anterior tergites, then at least those on ABD TERG 7 are more than 25 µm long, dark and with blunt of furcate apices
…..25
24
Capitate hairs on dorsal side of hind tibia often longer than width of tibia at midpoint. Hair-bearing scleroites on ABD TERG 1-5 in a single transverse row on each tergite (fig. 71A)
Capitate hairs on dorsal side of hind tibia not exceeding width of tibia at midpoint. Hair-bearing scleroites on ABD TERG 1-5 placed irregularly, not in a single transverse row (fig. 71B)
Longest hairs on ANT III 20-50 µm long, rarely more than one hair over 40 µm. ABD TERG 1-3 with longest hairs 15-40 µm long, pointed, and hardly pigmented (fig. 71C)
Several of longest hairs on ANT III more than 40 µm long. ABD TERG 1-3 with longest hairs 25-145 µm long, but if under 40 µm then they are often blunt or slightly capitate and dark like those on ABD TERG 7
…..26
26
Hair-bearing scleroites on ABD TERG 1-5 in two irregular transverse rows on each tergite, the anterior row having more scleroites than the posterior row (fig. 71D). Fore femur dusky or dark and very thick, its length less than 3.5× its maximum width
Hair-bearing scleroites on ABD TERG 1-5 often in two rows, but then the anterior “row” often has very few scleroites (often only 2), and never has more than the posterior row. Fore femur pale or dark, more than 3.5× longer than its maximum width
…..27
27
Hind tibiae mostly pale except for dark spots at hair-bases, or darker on about distal 0.25; if dark in middle then longest hairs on ANT III are shorter than 70 µm
…..28
–
Hind tibiae mostly dusky or dark, without distinctly darker spots at hair-bases, or darker on proximal half. Longest hairs on ANT III 70-130 µm
…..29
28
ANT VI (incl. PT) usually more than 0.5× the length of ANT III. Longest hairs on ANT III 65-95 µm
Claws with modified apices; bifurcate, or double (fig. 73). ABD TERG 2-7 lightly to heavily sclerotised (but not necessarily pigmented)
…..Essigella spp. (see separate keys in Host Plant List)
31
Cephaloprothoracic shield (henceforth CPS) with sutures between head and thorax and along midline. Wax glands on CPS comprising mainly separate, large facets that are distinctly subdivided (fig. 72A)
CPS entire.Wax glands on CPS consisting mainly of groups of facets that are not individually subdivided
…..32
32
Wax glands on anteriodorsal part of CPS (i.e. between eyes) mainly comprising groups of 2-10 facets that are either loosely grouped or at least not closely pressed together, so that all except the largest retain a more-or-less circular shape (e.g. figs 72B, C)
…..33
–
Wax glands between eyes mainly comprising more extensive groups or networks of 8 to more than 100 closely packed facets, often pressed together so that they tend to be polygonal in shape (e.g. figs 72D, E), or look like overlapping tiles when viewed obliquely
…..36
33
Wax glands between eyes comprising groups of 2-6 large facets that are mostly much larger than the ocelli
…..34
–
Wax glands between eyes mainly comprising groups of 2-10 smaller facets, the largest of which are not larger than, or only slightly larger than, the ocelli (maximum internal diameter about 10 µm)
Antennae of summer progredientes (i.e. small apterae collected at base of 1-year-old needles) usually reduced to a single segment and fused to CPS, rarely articulated; total antenna length usually less than 58 µm. Median wax pore groups often present on two or more abdominal tergites. Minimum diameter of smallest facet in wax plates between eyes usually more than 8 µm (fig. 72C)
Antennae of summer progredientes (fig. 72B) usually with 2-3 segments, not fused to CPS, usually more than 58 µm long. Median wax pore groups usually present on at most one abdominal tergite. Minimum diameter of smallest facet in wax plates between eyes often less than 8 µm (fig. 72B)
Wax glands on CPS between eyes usually with less than 30 facets per group (e.g. fig. 72E)
…..37
37
Wax gland facets between eyes about 2× diameter of the ocelli and up to 2-3× the diameter of facets in the very small groups on the posterior margin of the CPS
Wax gland facets between eyes mostly similar in size to the ocelli and to the largest facets in the well-developed groups on the posterior margin of the CPS
Primary rhinariawith chitinised rims. Hairs on ABD TERG 2-5 are
20-140 µm long, and if less than 50 µm long then R IV has only 6 accessory
hairs
…..2
2
R IV with 6-11 accessory hairs in two rows, one on
either side of the stylet grove. ANT V 0.9-1.3 × ANT VI (incl. PT)
…..3
–
R IV with 9-16 accessory hairs, some away from the
stylet groove. ANT V 1.3-2.0 × ANT VI (incl. PT)
…..4
3
Hairs on ABD TERG 1-7 with only small scleroites at
their bases. ANT II with 7-13 hairs, ANT BASE VI with 7-8 hairs, R IV with 6
accessory hairs, ABD TERG 5 with 14-24 hairs and ABD TERG 8 with 10-16 hairs
ABD TERG 1-7 with large
dark paired spinal sclerites. ANT II with c. 17 hairs, ANT BASE VI with 19-23
hairs, R IV with 10 accessory hairs,
ABD TERG 5 with c. 52 hairs and ABD TERG 8 with c. 22 hairs
R IV with 10-22 accessory hairs. ABD TERG 6 without
sclerites, although sclerites of various sizes may be present on ABD TERG 7
…..4
–
R IV with 4-8 accessory hairs. ABD TERG 6 usually with sclerites,
although sometimes these
are very reduced or absent
…..5
4
SIPH cones with 10-41 hairs (mean = 24) scattered
over surface (fig. 74D), and much longer than those on ABD
TERG 5. Hairs on HT II of normal length, and straight
SIPH cones with 5-15 hairs (mean = 8) located around
basal edge of cone, similar in size and shape to those on ABD TERG 5. Hairs
on HT II long and curved (fig. 74C)
ABD TERG 3 always without sclerites. R IV usually
with 6-8 hairs
…..6
6
ABD TERG 7 and 8 usually with hairs arising from
small scleroites. Hind tibia with hairs on dorsal side straight, arising at
an angle of more than 45º with apices pointing away from leg. Mesosternal
tubercle a shallow oval, wider than deep
ABD
TERG 7 and 8 usually each with a pair of pale or dark sclerites encompassing
bases of several hairs. Hind tibia
with hairs on dorsal side curved, arising at an angle of less than 45º with
apices almost parallel to leg. Mesosternal tubercle large, round to oval,
deeper than wide
Dorsal abdomen almost completely covered by an extensive
pigmented area that is fused at least between tergites 4-6 and usually merges
with SIPH bases (figs 75A, B)
…..2
–
Dorsal abdomen with any dark markings divided segmentally
and not usually merged with SIPH bases
…..5
2
Subgenital plate (of vivipara) with only 6-14 hairs.
R IV with only 4-7 hairs. SIPH with only 10-12 short hairs (maximally 40 µm)
ANT VI BASE with 8-11 hairs. R IV with 7-11 hairs in
two rows alongside stylet groove, rarely with 1-2 on opposite side
…..4
4
Dorsal cephalic hairs rather sparse, situated mainly
alongside dorsal suture and near antennal bases, maximally 60 µm long, often
shorter than the distances between their bases. SIPH cones shallow with their
bases very extensive, often extending over half the length of the
abdomen (fig. 75A)
Dorsal cephalic hairs numerous, rather evenly
distributed, maximally 70-80 µm long, much longer than the distances between
their bases. SIPH cones higher, with bases much less extensive (fig.
75B)
HT I (measured along ventral side) at least 0.5 × HT
II (e.g. fig. 76B). Longest hairs on dorsal side of hind
tibia 110-230 µm long, 1.5 or more × width of tibia at midpoint
…..6
–
HT I less than 0.5 × HT II. Longest hairs on dorsal
side of hind tibia 30-150 µm long, rarely up to 1.5 × middle width of tibia
…..9
6
ABD TERG each with a variably developed but usually
large pair of dark sclerites (or diffuse dusky areas) including the bases of
several hairs. HT II 0.20-0.28 mm. Eyes sessile, always with a distinct
ocular tubercle
ABD TERG 2-7 with separate small dark hair-bearing
sclerites (scleroites). HT II 0.27-0.53 mm. Eyes on short lateral projections
of head, usually without any evident ocular tubercle (e.g. fig. 75G)
…..7
7
Fore tibia uniformly dark, mid and hind tibia with
pale basal sections. First tarsal segments with 2 sense pegs, one behind the
other (fig. 75H). Largest scleroites on ABD TERG 2-5
of greatest diameter 25-70 µm
If the fore tibia is uniformly dark, then so are the
mid and hind tibiae. First tarsal segments with 1 sense peg (subapically on
ventral side). Largest scleroites on ABD TERG 2-5 of greatest diameter 75-300
µm
…..8
8
All tibiae with pale section on basal half. First
tarsal segments usually with 1-2 dorsal hairs, and with the sense peg some
distance from the apex. ABD TERG 5 with 28-49 hairs between SIPH bases, most
of them on large scleroites (fig. 80C)
Tibiae
usually rather uniformly dark (sometimes slightly less so near base). First
tarsal segments without dorsal hairs, and with sense peg close to apex. ABD
TERG 5 with 50-110 hairs between SIPH bases, a minority of which are on large
scleroites (fig. 80D)
Hairs on dorsal side of hind tibia near its midpoint
mostly less than 60 µm in length , the longest 0.3-0.8 × diameter of tibia at
this point
…..10
–
Most or all of hairs on dorsal side of hind tibia
near its midpoint longer than 60 µm, the longest 0.7-1.5 × diameter of tibia
at this point
…..16
10
ABD TERG 4-6 with many scleroites of width more than
50 µm, or bars or patches forming part of a more extensive pattern of
markings
…..11
–
ABD TERG 5 and 6, and usually 4 also, without any
bars or patches or scleroites more than 4 × wider than the hair bases
…..13
11
Length of sclerotised part of stylet groove (see fig. 74A) 1.55-1.76 mm. Dorsal abdominal
markings comprising paired patches of irregular outline on ABD TERG 1-7,
sometimes reduced or broken into groups of sclerites on 2-4. All tibiae with
pale section on basal half
Length of sclerotised part of stylet groove 1.25-1.54 mm. Dorsal abdomen either with broad transverse bands on all tergites or with paired patches on ABD TERG 1-3 and scattered sclerites on 4-6. Fore and hind tibiae often wholly dark, or with shorter pale section than mid tibia
…..12
12
Dorsal abdomen usually (in spring, at least) with a
complete pattern of broad transverse bars on all tergites (fig. 75C); if reduced on ABD TERG 4-6 then the
sclerites are still arranged in single transverse rows across the midline.
Hairs on dorsal side of hind tibia short and spine-like, all less than 50
μm long
Dorsal abdomen with well-developed paired patches on ABD TERG 1 and 2 (or 1-3) and 7; only scattered small sclerites on 4-5, and usually none on 6 (fig. 75E). Hairs on dorsal side of hind tibia variable, but at least some of them are usually more than 50μm long
Hind tibia wholly dark and markedly bowed, bearing
blunt hairs. R IV with 15-21 accessory hairs. ABD TERG 3-6 without sclerites.
SIPH cones with less than 40 hairs
Hind
tibia with pale section on basal half, and bearing pointed hairs. R IV with 19-28
accessory hairs. ABD TERG 3-6 usually with sclerites. SIPH cones with more
than 80 hairs
Longest hairs on dorsal side of hind tibia 60-80 µm. Dorsal abdomen usually with paired dark patches of irregular shape on all tergites (fig. 75F; but reduced in midsummer populations, sometimes being entirely absent from ABD TERG 3-4 and reduced to paired groups of broken sclerites on 5-6). Length of sclerotised part of stylet groove 1.67-1.92 mm
Longest hairs on dorsal side of hind tibia 80-150
µm. Dorsal abdomen with or without sclerites on ABD TERG 3-6, but if present
these are not in paired groups
…..20
20
Length of sclerotised part of stylet groove
1.82-2.13 mm
ABD TERG 8 usually with paired sclerites not united or only tenuously united across midline. Longest hairs on front of head and on ABD TERG 3-5 more than 70 µm long
….23
23
Hairs
on dorsal side of hind tibia maximally 100-150 µm, with finely pointed apices
(fig. 75I)
ABD TERG 2-4 with 6 spinopleural hairs (rarely 7) in
a row across tergite, and 2 marginal hairs on each side. Dorsal body usually
pale, never very dark
ABD TERG 2-4 with 8-10 (or rarely up to 12)
spinopleural hairs, and 3-4 marginal hairs. Body pale or dark
…..2
2
Darkest pigmentation of ANT III-V slightly to
considerably lighter than that of ANT I, with ANT III pale except for slight
darkening of distal 0.25. Dorsal body,
including front of head, uniformly dark brown to black. Longest hair on dorsal side of hind tibia
near midpoint less than 30 µm, usually less than diameter of tibia
Darkest pigmentation of ANT III-V darker than ANT I,
with distal 0.3-0.5 of ANT III dark. Dorsal body pale or dark, if dark then front of head is often paler
than dorsal abdomen. Longest hair on
dorsal side of hind tibia near midpoint usually more than 30 µm, usually
longer than diameter of tibia
…..3
3
Dorsal body usually moderately to extremely dark,
but occasionally pale; if dark, then frons is usually paler than dorsal abdomen.
If pale, the ventrolateral borders of abdominal tergites, antero-ventral
border of frons, and posterior edge of subgenital plate are well-defined and
demarcated from adjacent membranous areas. ABD TERG 8 usually with 6 hairs,
rarely up to 8
Dorsal body never very dark, usually pale; if rather
dark then front of head is concolorous with dorsal abdomen. Ventrolateral
borders of abdominal tergites, anteroventral border of frons and/or posterior
edge of subgenital plate often poorly demarcated from adjacent membranous
regions. ABD TERG 8 with 6-8 (rarely up to 10) hairs
ABD TERG 2-4 each with 8-12 spinopleural hairs, and 3-5 marginal
hairs on each side
…..2
2
Dorsal body usually darker than tibiae, with a
paler, longitudinal spinal stripe on thorax and abdomen. Longest hairs on dorsal
side of hind tibia near midpoint 23-83 µm
Key to Cinara spp. on P. densiflora and other oriental pines of subsect. Sylvestres (massoniana, tabuliformis, taiwanensis, thunbergii).(C. jianglensis could not be included on the basis of the published description. Some other Cinara spp. previously only known from western palaearctic pines are now recorded from east Asia (see G. Zhang et al. 1993c), so if the outcome of using this key is unsatisfactory, try the key to western palaearctic species under P. sylvestris.):-
1
RIV 3.1-4.5 × RV and bearing 18-37 accessory hairs
…..2
–
RIV
1.5-2.7 × RV and bearing 4-12 accessory hairs
…..4
2
RIV
less than 0.4 mm long with 18-20 accessory hairs. ABD TERG 8 with 10-20 hairs
HT
I elongate, 0.16-0.33 mm long (measured on ventral side), usually 0.5 or more
× HT II (fig. 76B)
…..5
–
HT I
less than 0.17 mm long, and/or less than 0.5 × HT II
…..8
5
Hairs on dorsal body and appendages short and thick;
longest hairs on ANT III 55-65 µm, on ABD TERG 3 20-40 µm, on hind tibia
75-85 µm. Abdomen without scleroites at bases of dorsal hairs
Hairs
much longer; longest on ANT III 70-210 µm, on ABD TERG 3 70-210 µm, on hind tibia
90-230 µm. Abdomen with scleroites at base of all or most dorsal hairs
…..6
6
Tibiae with pale section on basal half. HT I with
1-3 dorsal hairs (fig. 76B)
Tibiae wholly dark, although sometimes slightly less
dark near base. HT I usually without dorsal hairs, rarely with 1
…..7
7
R IV 0.29-0.36 mm long, 0.9 or more × HT II. Hairs on
ABD TERG 1-7 all arising from small dark circular sclerites of uniform size
(20-25 µm in diameter)
ABD TERG 1-3 without marginal sclerites. R IV
1.4-1.9 × HT I. ANT BASE VI with 7-14 hairs
…..9
9
R IV less than 0.17 mm
long, 1.6-1.9 × HT I. HT II less than 0.3 mm long. ABD TERG 1-6
each with a pair of large spinal sclerites (sometimes reduced or absent on
2-3). Hind tibiae pale on basal half, contrastingly dark distally
Key to Cinara spp. on P. echinata and other pines of subsect. Australes (caribaea, elliottii, glabra, occidentalis, palustris, pungens, rigida, serotina, taeda):-
1
HT I (measured on ventral side) at least 0.5 × HT
II (fig. 76A, B)
…..2
–
HT I less than 0.5 × HT II
…..3
2
Longest
hairs on dorsal side of hind tibia 70-130 µm, similar to width of tibia at
midpoint
ANT VI BASE with 20-23 hairs. Longest hairs on hind
tibia 50-75 µm. Dorsal abdominal hairs short, and at least those on ABD TERG
3-6 not arising from sclerites (bases sometimes encircled by minute
scleroites)
ANT
VI BASE with 5-8 hairs. R IV with 4-6 accessory hairs. Hind tibia darker than
fore or mid tibiae. Longest hairs on hind tibia 40-50 µm, about 0.5 × width
of tibia at midpoint
ANT VI BASE with 8-16 hairs. R IV with 6-10
accessory hairs. Hind tibia sometimes with a shorter pale section than fore
and mid tibiae, but not darker overall. Longest hairs on hind tibia 50-100
µm, 0.75 or more × width of tibia at midpoint
…..9
9
ABD
TERG 5 with more than 20 hairs, the longest 60-180 µm, between SIPH bases (fig. 80E)
Longest hairs on ANT III 50-70 µm, and on dorsal
side of hind tibia 60-100 µm. ANT III with 0-1 rhinaria near apex (if
present, the rhinarium is small and protruberant)
(Of the three species described by Hottes from P. lambertiana, the available specimens all seem to correspond most closely to moketa; couplet 2 is based solely on the original descriptions.)
1
Longest hairs on ANT III 100-110 µm, on dorsal side
of hind tibia 100-120 µm, and on ABD TERG 5 and SIPH cones 120-150 µm
Longest hairs on ANT III 80-90 µm, on dorsal side of
hind tibia 70-100 µm, and on ABD TERG 5 and SIPH cones 90-130 µm
…..2
2
Longest hairs on dorsal side of hind tibia about 100
µm. HT I about 0.5 × HT II. HT II about 1.3 × R IV. R IV about 0.6 × maximum
diameter of SIPH cone
ABD
TERG 2-4 each with a transverse row of 6 spinopleural hairs (rarely 7), and
with 2 marginal hairs on each side. ABD TERG 8 with 6-8 hairs. HT II less
than 1.9 × HT I
ABD
TERG 2-4 each with 11-14 spinopleural hairs, in two irregular rows, and 4-5
marginal hairs on each side. ABD TERG 8 with 7-13 hairs. HT II more than 1.9
× HT I
Use key to Cinara spp. on Pinus subsect. Sylvestres under P. sylvestris.
[Note that two Eulachnus
spp. described from P. mugo, E. alticola and E. intermedius, could not be reliably included in the main key to
pine aphids; they are both most likely to run to E. agilis in that key.]
P. muricata
Bishop Pine
Cinara atlantica; Cinara (Schizolachnus) piniradiatae; Essigella sorenseni; Pineus pini group
Use
key to Cinara spp. on Pinus subsect. Oocarpae under P. oocarpa.
P. nigra (incl. vars/ssp. caramanica, laricio, pallasiana, salzmannii)
R
IV more than 0.25 mm long, bearing 14-22 accessory hairs. Hairs on ABD TERG 5
less than 70 µm long. ABD TERG 2-5 with only small scleroites ringing hair
bases
Key to apterae on Cinara spp. on P. ponderosa and other pines of subsect. Ponderosae (cooperi, douglasiana, durangensis, jeffreyi, michoacana, pseudostrobus):-
1
BL 4.6-6.0 mm. Hairs on dorsal body surface, ANT
III-IV and legs all rather widely spaced, short, thick and slightly capitate
HT I 0.08-0.15 mm long, less than 0.5 × HT II. Hairs
on hind tibia 20-120 µm long
…..3
3
R IV with 11-28 accessory hairs
…..4
–
R IV with 6-10 accessory hairs
…..9
4
Longest hairs on hind tibia 30-60 µm, about 0.5 ×
width of tibia at midpoint or shorter. Hairs on ABD TERG 5 mostly short and blunt,
less than 30 µm long
…..5
–
Longest hairs on hind tibia 70-120 µm, clearly more
than 0.5 × width of tibia at midpoint. Hairs on ABD TERG 5 with acute apices,
the longest at least 70 µm in length
…..7
5
Dorsum with a large dark sclerite fused across
midline and extending across ABD TERG 2-7, but not fused with SIPH bases (fig. 77). ABD TERG 5 with more than 50 hairs
between SIPH bases. Ventral surface covered with dense rows of pointed
spicules
Dorsum only lightly sclerotised, often with dusky
areas on each side of midline. ABD TERG 5 with less than 20 hairs between
SIPH bases. Ventral surface only faintly and minutely spiculose
…..6
6
R IV 0.20-0.25 mm long, with 15-16 accessory hairs.
ANT V about equal in length to ANT IV
ABD
TERG 2-6 without distinct sclerites but often with a dusky area on each side
of midline. ABD TERG 5 with less than 20 hairs between SIPH bases. R IV
0.22-0.24 mm long
SIPH cones with two distinctly different types of
hair, one type long (about 70 µm) and spine-like, the other small (about 12
µm), fine and numerous. R IV 0.22-0.26 mm long. Body rounded, tick-like,
tibiae short and black
SIPH cones with one type of hair. R IV 0.14-0.22.
Body oval
…..9
9
Longest hairs on hind tibia 80-110 µm, and on ABD
TERG 5, 60-110 µm
…..10
–
Longest hairs on hind tibia 40-95 µm, and on ABD
TERG 5, 10-70 µm
…..11
10
Length of sclerotised part of stylet groove 1.8-2.2
mm (see fig. 74A). ABD TERG 5 with less than 20 hairs between
the rather small SIPH cones, each bearing 15-20 hairs. ABD TERG 7 and 8 with
broad transverse bars
Length of sclerotised part of stylet groove 1.3-1.7
mm. ABD TERG 5 with more than 25 hairs between large SIPH cones each bearing
more than 50 hairs (fig. 80E). ABD TERG 7 and 8 with paired
sclerites not joined or only tenuously linked across midline
ABD
TERG 2-4 each with 8-12 spinopleural hairs (rarely 7), and 3-5 (rarely 2)
marginal hairs
…..2
2
Metathoracic
tergite fused with ABD TERG 1, either entirely across dorsum (pale
individuals) or at least laterally (dark individuals). All tibiae dusky to
dark, concolorous
HT I (measured along ventral side) more than 0.5 ×
HT II (e.g. fig. 76B). Longest hairs on dorsal side of hind
tibia 110-230 µm long
…..2
–
HT
I about 0.5 × HT II or less. Longest hairs on dorsal side of hind tibia
60-130 µm long
…..3
2
HT
I 0.12-0.15 mm, HT II 0.20-0.28 mm. ABD TERG 2-7 each with a variably
developed but usually large pair of sclerites (or diffuse dusky areas)
including the bases of several hairs
R IV bearing 6-10 accessory hairs. Hind tibia with a
pale section on basal half and bearing pointed hairs
…..4
4
ABD TERG 8 usually with a continuous transverse dark
bar. Hairs on front of head maximally 70 µm, mostly shorter than or about
equal to width of ANT II
ABD
TERG 8 usually with transverse bar interrupted in or only tenuously linked
across midline. Hairs on front of head maximally 80-120 µm, mostly longer
than width of ANT II
…..5
5
ABD TERG 8 with 12-16 hairs. BL 2.2-3.3 mm, 4.5-5.6
× maximum width of SIPH cone. Longest hairs on dorsal side of hind tibia
80-100 µm
Tibiae wholly dark, although sometimes with slightly less dark section on basal half of mid and hind tibiae. HT I 0.20-0.24 mm, more than 0.5 × HT II. R IV 0.26-0.38 mm long
Key to Cinara spp. on P. sylvestris and other western palaearctic pines of subsect. Sylvestres (pinaster, mugo, nigra); also including species on P. pinea.(Cinara spp. on P. halepensis, including var. brutia, are keyed separately under that host plant.):-
1
Dorsal abdomen with an
extensive dark sclerite encompassing SIPH cones; the lateral extent of the sclerite varies considerably, as does
the occurrence of clear areas within it)
…..2
–
Dorsal abdomen with or without sclerites but these are rarely fused between
segments or with SIPH cones (except some specimens of montanicola)
….3
2
Dorsal sclerite extending
frommesothorax to ABD TERG 6, with a separate dark band on ABD TERG 7
HT I (measured along ventral side) 0.5 or more × HT
II (e.g. fig. 76A); but if almost exactly 0.5 × then HT
I is more than 0.16 mm long
…..4
–
HT I (measured along ventral side) 0.07-0.17 mm long
and less than 0.5 × HT II
…..17
4
HT I (measured along ventral side) 0.12-0.15 mm, HT
II 0.20-0.28 mm
…..5
–
HT I (measured along ventral side) 0.16-0.32 mm, HT
II 0.30-0.53 mm
…..6
5
Rostrum much shorter than body. ABD TERG 1-7 each
with a pair of variably developed but usually large sclerites (often
irregular in outline or fragmented)
R
IV 0.29-0.36 mm long, 0.9 or more × HT II. Hairs on ABD TERG 1-7 (fig. 79A) all arising from small dark circular
scleroites of very uniform size (24-30 µm in diameter)
Longest hairs on ABD TERG 5 are 70-80 µm long, the
lengths of the longest hairs on the largest scleroites not or hardly
exceeding the maximum diameter of those scleroites (fig. 79B). Longest hairs on ANT III 60-70 µm,
on hind tibia 60-90 µm
Longest hairs on ABD TERG 5 are 60-230 µm long,
those on the largest scleroites usually exceeding the diameter of the
scleroites (except when the scleroites join two or more hair bases). Longest
hairs on ANT III 60-210 µm, on hind tibia 70-230 µm
…..10
10
Largest scleroites on ABD TERG 2-4 of maximum
diameter 70-300 µm (if only 70 µm then there are several of this diameter).
ANT II bearing 5-10 hairs and ANT BASE VI with 2-8 hairs
…..11
–
Largest scleroites on ABD TERG 2-4 of maximum diameter 25-70 µm, but only rarely exceeding 60 µm. ANT II bearing 7-14 hairs and ANT BASE VI bearing 6-12 hairs
…..15
11
R IV 1.2-1.5 × HT I (ventral length). HT II 1.3-1.6
× R IV
…..12
–
R IV 0.7-1.2 × HT I (ventral length). HT II 1.4-2.2
× R IV
…..13
12
Longest
hairs on ANT III 65-90 µm long, on hind
tibia 70-100 µm long, and on ABD TERG 5 60-105 µm long. R IV 2.0-2.3 × R V.
ANT V usually without any secondary rhinaria. HT I with 1-3 hairs on dorsal
side
Longest hairs on ANT III
110-150 µm long, on hind tibia 150-190
µm long, and on ABD TERG 5 140-180 µm long. R IV 2.3-2.4 × R V. ANT V usually
with one secondary rhinarium. HT I without any dorsal hairs
Tibiae rather uniformly dark (sometimes less so near
bases). First tarsal segments without dorsal hairs. ABD TERG 5 with 50-110
hairs between SIPH cones, a minority of which are on large scleroites (fig. 80D)
Tibiae usually at least with pale section on basal
half. First tarsal segments with 1-7 dorsal and dorsolateral hairs. ABD TERG
5 with 25-49 hairs between SIPH cones, most of them on large scleroites (e.g
fig. 80C)
…..14
14
First tarsal segments with 4-7 dorsal and
dorso-lateral hairs. HT I 0.23-0.32 mm long. ANT V usually without a
secondary rhinarium (rarely 1 on one antenna)
First tarsal segments with 0-3 dorsal hairs (fig.76B). HT I 0.18-0.26 mm long. ANT V usually
with 1-2 secondary rhinaria on each antenna, rarely with 0
HT II 1.1-1.6 × R IV, which is 0.24-0.30 mm long.
Tibiae with pale basal section
…..16
16
ABD TERG 5 with 10-27 hairs between SIPH cones (more
in fundatrices). Length of antennal flagellum (ANT III-VI inclusive)
0.45-0.70 × BL. HT I 0.19-0.25 mm. Longest hairs on dorsal side of hind tibia
90-180 µm
ABD TERG 5 with 30-60 hairs between SIPH cones (fig. 80B). Length of antennal flagellum 0.34-0.50
× BL. HT I 0.16-0.22 mm. Longest hairs on dorsal side of hind tibia 60-130 µm
R IV less than 0.25 mm long, bearing 4-12 accessory
hairs
…..18
18
Longest
hairs on ANT III 110-150 µm, and on hind tibia 170-190 µm. R IV with 4-6
accessory hairs. ABD TERG 5 with 40-50 hairs, the longest 140-180 µm, between
SIPH cones
Longest
hairs on ANT III 25-100 µm, on hind tibia 40-130 µm. R IV with 4-12 accessory
hairs.
ABD TERG 5 with 3-44 hairs between SIPH cones, the longest 5-140 µm
…..19
19
R
IV bearing 4-6 accessory hairs, and less than 0.6 × HT II, which is 0.27-0.41
mm
…..20
R IV bearing 6-12 hairs, and more than 0.6 × HT II, which is 0.19-0.36 mm
…..21
20
ANT V 1.2-1.5× ANT VI (incl. PT). Genital
plate with 45-55 hairs
R IV+V 0.20-0.34 mm, 0.9-1.2 × HT II. ABD TERG 5
with 3-35 hairs between SIPH cones, but if less than 10 then they are usually
shorter than 40 µm
…..22
22
ABD TERG 2-6 with at least some hairs arising from
dark, irregular-shaped scleroites of diameter 5 or more times that of the
hair bases. ABD TERG 7 as well as 8 usually with dark transverse bars of
paired dark patches
…..23
–
ABD TERG 2-6 without irregular-shaped scleroites,
although often with small circles of pigment around hair bases. ABD TERG 7
with or without large sclerites
…..24
23
SIPH with more than 60 hairs, including many on
basal part of cone. ABD TERG 5 with more than 25 hairs, 60-110 µm long,
between SIPH cones (fig. 80E)
Sclerotised part of stylet groove (see fig. 74A) 1.8-2.2 mm long. ANT PT with 4-7
subapical hairs. ABD TERG 5 with 5-6 hairs (up to 18 in fundatrices), which
are very short and thin, the longest 13-30 µm
Sclerotised part of stylet groove 1.0-1.7 mm long.
ANT PT with only 4 subapical hairs. ABD TERG 5 with 3-17 hairs (more in
fundatrices), the longest 15-130 µm long
…..25
25
Length of sclerotised part of stylet groove 1.0-1.2
mm. Diameter of SIPH cone 0.12-0.40 mm. ABD TERG 5 with 12-18 long, fine
hairs (more in fundatrices), the longest 60-130 µm, between SIPH cones.
Longest hairs on hind tibia 60-130 µm. ABD TERG 7 as well as 8 usually with a
pair of dark patches
Length of sclerotised part of stylet groove 1.2-1.7
mm. Diameter of SIPH cone 0.24-0.70 mm. ABD TERG 5 with 3-11 hairs (up to 30
in fundatrices), the longest 15-100 µm, between SIPH cones. Longest hairs on
hind tibia 40-95 µm. ABD TERG 7 usually without any large sclerites
…..26
26
ABD TERG 5 with 6-11 hairs, the longest 35-100 µm,
between SIPH bases (fig. 80H). Length of sclerotised part of stylet
groove 1.3-1.75 mm
ABD TERG 5 with 3-8 hairs (up to 30 in fundatrices),
the longest 10-48 µm, between SIPH cones (e.g. fig. 80G). Length of
sclerotised part of stylet groove 1.2-1.5 mm
…..27
27
Mesosternal tubercle strongly developed, large and
rounded and usually bearing some hairs. R IV 0.155-0.197 mm long. Subgenital
plate with 19-57 hairs
Use key to Cinara spp. on oriental pines of subsect. Sylvestres under P.densiflora (or if this does not give a unsatisfactory answer, try key to Cinara spp. on P. sylvestris).
Dorsal abdomen with paired dark patches or broken
groups of sclerites on ABD TERG 1-8 (fig. 80A; sometimes reduced on 2-5). R IV with
8-12 accessory hairs
…..4
–
Dorsal abdomen with scattered small sclerites on ABD
TERG 1-6 (fig. 80B, C), and transverse bars on 7 and 8. R IV with 4-7
accessory hairs)
…..6
4
ABD TERG 2-5 with paired
sclerotic spinal plates. Sclerotised part of rostral groove more than 1.7 mm.
HT I with one dorso-lateral hair
ABD TERG 2-5 without
paired sclerotic spinal plates (sometimes with small scattered scleroites).
Sclerotised part of rostral groove less than 1.6 mm. HT I without
dorso-lateral hairs
……5
5
Diameter of SIPH cone
6.70-8.44 × diameter of SIPH pore. HT II 0.41-0.51 × ANT III. HT II 1.87-2.00
× ANT BASE VI. (Al. with secondary rhinaria distributed ANT III 16-21, ANT IV
4-5)
Diameter of SIPH cone
5.75-5.87 × diameter of SIPH pore. HT II 0.55-0.56 × ANT III. HT II 1.73-1.78
× ANT BASE VI. (Al. with secondary rhinaria distributed ANT III 12-13, ANT IV
2)