Nipponaphismachili; Sinonipponaphis formosana, [monzeni of A.K. Ghosh (1988)]
Key to aphid species on Machilus and Persea:-
1
Aptera of normal aphid form, with well-developed legs and 6-segmented antennae. Alata with circular secondary rhinaria
…..2
–
Aptera aleyrodiform with reduced legs, very short 3- or 4-segmented antennae and variably fused head, thorax and anterior abdominal tergites (= prosoma). Antenna of alata with annular secondary rhinaria
Body elongate oval or elongate pear-shaped. Hairs very sparse and mainly very short; those on antenna much less than half basal diameter of ANT III. SIPH are merely small pores, not surrounded by hairs. Posterior abdomen with extensive wax gland pore plates
…..4
–
Body oval. Hairs long and dense; those on antennae longer than basal diameter of ANT III. SIPH pores large, on hairy cones. No extensive wax pore plates
…..5
4
Wax pore plates on posterior abdomen mostly comprising circles of minute wax pores like small pearl necklaces, supplemented with fields of similar-sized ring-shaped elements; wax pore plate on ABD TERG 8 has entirely such circles of minute pores, except for a narrow median zone with a few ring-shaped elements. R IV+V with 4-8 accessory hairs. Alata with 0-4 secondary rhinaria on ANT III
Wax pore plates on posterior abdomen including that on ABD TERG 8 consisting entirely of ring-shaped elements. R IV+V with 3-4 accessory hairs. Alata with 7-11 secondary rhinaria on ANT III
Aptera with only fine hairs on 8th abdominal sternite. R IV+V with rather pointed apex
…..9
9
Aptera with ANT VI (BASE + PT) similar in length to ANT V. SIPH cones small, ringed by a few long hairs. Alata with secondary rhinaria distributed III c.58, IV c. 25, V 5-12
Aptera with ANT VI (BASE + PT) shorter than (0.7-0.9 ×) ANT V. SIPH cones large, ringed by about 4 whorls of hairs. Alata with secondary rhinaria distributed III 30-46, IV 8-18, V 2-7
…..10
10
Alata with secondary rhinaria distributed III 43-46, IV 13-18, V 3-5
Dorsal cuticle of prosomadivided by narrow pale suturesinto four regions; one anterior, one median, and two lateral. Abdominal plate (fused ABD TERG 2-7) with all 6 pairs of submarginal hairs long and thick
Dorsal cuticle of prosoma undivided. Abdominal plate with at least the 4th and 5th pairs of submarginal hairs much smaller than the first 3 pairs
…..16
16
Aptera with abdominal plate (fused ABD TERG 2-7) with first 3 pairs of submarginal hairs very stout and dark, much longer and thicker than the posterior 3 pairs (fig. 58D). Dorsal hairs of prosoma (i.e., fused head, thorax and ABD TERG 1) often include some short, fine hairs as well as the paired, stout spinal and submarginal hairs
Aptera with abdominal plate with only the penultimate 2 pairs of submarginal hairs (the 4th and 5th pairs) small, the 6th submarginal pair being almost as large as the first 3 pairs (e.g. as in fig. 58F). Dorsal region of prosoma without any short fine hairs
Eyes of 3 facets. Head fused to prothorax, and bearing short, spine-like
hairs. SIPH as pores surrounded by hairs. Cauda shorter than its basal width.
ANT PT/BASE less than 0.3
(The various species of Greenideini recorded from Maesa are normally associated with trees in other families such as Fagaceae and Myrtaceae. It seems likely that Maesa is either visited casually by members of the Greenideini, or used by them as a “reserve host”.)
SIPH tubular, longer than their basal widths, anal plate entire and cauda tongue-shaped. (Viviparae apterous or alate)
…..4
–
SIPH as small truncate cones, not longer than their basal widths. Cauda knobbed, anal plate bilobed. (All viviparae alate)
…..5
4
Head with well-developed antennal tubercles, their inner faces almost parallel, with dorsal cuticle of head almost smooth and ventral surface only weakly spinulose. SIPH tapering/cylindrical, legs of aptera pale
Without that combination of characters: if antennal tubercles are well developed with parallel inner faces then head is distinctly spinulose and/or SIPH are slightly clavate and legs of aptera mainly dark
ANT III with two broad black bands, one in the middle and one distally (fig. 59A). All tibiae with black bases. Forewing veins heavily bordered with fuscous, especially distally
(All 4 species have undeveloped or
weakly-developed ANT tubercles, dark SIPH, dark cross-bands on ABD TERG 8 or
7-8, and usually some scattered dark markings on ABD TERG 1-6.)
1
Cauda distinctly longer than its basal width. Spinal tubercles (STu) absent, abdominal marginal tubercles (MTu) consistently present only on ABD TERG 1 and 7
(All species have well-developed ANT tubercles, and ANT at least 0.9 × BL.)
1
SIPH with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation (at least 2-3 rows of closed cells)
…..2
–
SIPH without any subapical polygonal reticulation
…..8
2
SIPH swollen on distal c.0.7 of length, and cauda triangular in dorsal view, shorter than (c. 0.8 ×) R IV+V. Hairs on ANT III long and pointed, the longest 1.7-2.1 × BD III. Dorsum with extensive dark sclerotisation. Head densely spinulose both dorsally and ventrally
SIPH tapering/cylindrical, or if swollen then cauda is tongue or finger-shaped and at least 2 × R IV+V. ANT III with blunt hairs maximally 0.3-1.0 × BD III. Dorsum without extensive dark sclerotisation. Head smooth or not densely spinulose
…..3
3
SIPH swollen proximal to reticulated zone, to 1.2-1.4 minimal diameter of basal half. Hairs on ANT III less than 0.5 × BD III. First tarsal segments each with 5 hairs
ANT III with 1-5 rhinaria near base. Head, ANT, legs and SIPH mainly dusky or dark, cauda pale/dusky. Head with spinules dorsally, and sometimes also ventrally
SIPH clavate, 2.3-3.3 × cauda, with a narrow stem that is a little thinner at its narrowest point than hind tibia at midlength. ANT III without rhinaria
A key to apple aphids is provided in Blackman &
Eastop (1984). Here we provide a more comprehensive treatment of the aphid
fauna of the genus Malus. The nomenclature of Malus is confused as many species hybridise freely with one another
in cultivation. Many European records of aphids from M. pumila apply to cultivated apples (M. domestica), so we have had to list records from cultivated and
wild European apples (domestica, pumila, sylvestris) under one name. The separation of Dysaphis
species applies only to spring forms, and is based largely on the work of
Stroyan (1963) and Shaposhnikov (1967, 1986); the difficult taxonomy of Dysaphis
is discussed under that genus.
(Prociphilus aurus could not be included as only the fundatrix is described, and the spring generations of Watabura nishiyae are unknown, although its sexuparae may be found on twigs and branches of Malus in autumn in east Asia.)
1
ANT PT/BASE less than 0.5. Cauda broadly rounded, usually shorter than width at base
…..2
–
ANT PT/BASE more than 0.5 (usually more than 1). Cauda semicircular, helmet-shaped or tongue-shaped, about as long as its basal width or longer
…..11
2
Aptera, and sometimes alata also, with conspicuous wax pore plates. SIPH either absent or present only as pores
…..3
–
Wax pore plates absent. SIPH in form of large, broad, dark, hairy cones
…..9
3
Wax pore plates of aptera comprising rings of circular, polygonal or elongate facets surrounding single or multiple clear central areas (e.g. figs 60B, C). Wax glands of alata are small and indistinct
…..4
–
Wax pore plates honeycomb-like, without any clear central areas. Alata with well-developed wax pore plates, at least on thorax, or head and thorax
…..6
4
Antenna of aptera 4-segmented (fig. 60A). Tarsi of aptera with only one claw developed. Alata with unbranched media in forewing
Antenna of aptera 5- or 6-segmented, and tarsi with both claws equally developed. Forewing of alata with once-branched media
…..5
5
Aptera without SIPH. Antenna of aptera 5-segmented, less than 0.17× BL, with last two segments each about as broad as long. Wax pore plates comprising groups of elongate facets radiating from 2-9 small clear circular central areas (fig. 60B)
Aptera with SIPH as slightly raised pores with partly sclerotised rims. Antenna of aptera usually 6-segmented, more than 0.17× BL, with last 2 segments much longer than broad. Wax pore plates each comprising large circular or polygonal facets enclosing one or more clear central areas (fig. 60C)
S.m.a. with 1-2 pairs of very pale and clearly-defined wax pore plates on head; secondary rhinaria on ANT V numbering 0-7
…..8
8
S.m.a. with one pair of circular wax pore plates on vertex of head. ANT I (outside length) as long as or longer than its basal width (fig. 60E). SIPH present as small pigmented rings
S.m.a. with 2 pairs of cephalic wax pore plates, one pair on frons and the other on vertex, and ANT I shorter than its basal width (fig. 60D). SIPH absent
Head with well-developed antennal tubercles, their inner faces scabrous or spinulose and bearing short, blunt or slightly clavate hairs (e.g., fig. 42I )
…..12
–
Head with antennal tubercles either undeveloped or with inner faces smooth and divergent and bearing pointed hairs
…..16
12
SIPH slightly to moderately swollen on distal half (fig.121H)
Inner faces of antennal tubercles apically convergent. ANT III without rhinaria
…..14
14
Genital plate enlarged and produced posteriorly. ANT PT/BASE less than 4. SIPH dark, very coarsely imbricated (scabrous), and with a small flange (fig. 60F)
Cauda tongue- or finger-shaped, clearly longer than basal width
…..19
–
Cauda short, helmet-shaped, semi-circular or triangular, not longer than or about as long as its basal width in dorsal view
…..29
19
Body oval, with SIPH only about half as long as the distance between their bases, without polygonal reticulation. Antennal tubercles weakly developed or undeveloped. Aptera without rhinaria on ANT III
…..20
–
Body spindle-shaped, SIPH longer than the distance between their bases, with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation. Antennal tubercles divergent in dorsal view. Aptera with a few rhinaria on ANT III near base
…..28
20
Marginal tubercles on ABD TERG 7 placed posteriodorsally to spiracle, and no larger than the spiracular opening (fig. 42H)
…..21
–
Marginal tubercles on ABD TERG 7 placed posterioventrally to spiracle and usually larger than spiracular opening (fig. 42H)
…..22
21
SIPH slightly swollen subapically and constricted before the well-developed apical flange (fig. 60H). ANT III 1.8-2.3 × R IV+V
Stridulatory apparatus present, with sclerotic ridges on abdominal sternites 5 and 6 and a row of peg-like hairs on hind tibia (fig. 122). ANT PT/BASE 3.5-5.0
No stridulatory ridges present, and peg-like hairs on hind tibia only in one species (Aphis eugeniae). ANT PT/BASE less than 3.5
…..23
23
Femoral hairs long and fine, many exceeding the length of the trochantro-femoral suture. Cauda with 6-24 hairs
….24
–
Femoral hairs mostly short, with only a few ventral hairs long and those not exceeding the length of the trochantro-femoral suture. Cauda with 4-8 hairs
…..27
24
Aptera with black transverse bands on ABD TERG 7 and 8, and at least some dark spino-pleural markings anterior to SIPH. Alata with a series of dorsal abdominal transverse bars. Cauda tongue- shaped, without a trace of a constriction
Aptera without dark dorsal abdominal markings, and alata with only marginal sclerites. Cauda finger-shaped, with a slight constriction near midpoint (fig. 121T)
…..25
25
Hind tarsus usually with 3 hairs (a sense peg plus 2 lateral hairs), like the fore and mid-tarsi (fig. 60I). Basal half of hind tibia with a spaced-out row of short peg-like hairs
Abdomen with marginal tubercles on most segments. SIPH less than 3.5× cauda
…..30
30
Antennae of apt. at least as long as distance from frons to bases of SIPH, and those of al. about as long as body. Apt. without pigmentation of abdominal tergites anterior to SIPH
Antennae of apt. shorter than the distance from frons to bases of SIPH, and those of al. less than body length. Apt. with dorsal abdominal pigment spots or patches anterior to SIPH
…..31
31
Late spring colonies include many apterae, or alatiform apterae with sclerotised thorax (monoecious, non-migratory species)
…..32
–
Late spring colonies include many immature and adult alatae (host-alternating species)
…..33
32
Longest hairs on ANT III longer than BD III. True aptera (no sclerotisation of thorax) with only sparse abdominal pigmentation
(Remaining couplets apply only to spring migrant alatae) Each antenna with a total of 112-198 secondary rhinaria. HT I usually with 3 hairs
…..34
–
Each antenna with a total of 20-113 secondary rhinaria. HT I with 2 or 3 hairs
…..36
34
Marginal tubercles usually absent from ABD TERG 6, rarely present on both sides (3% of individuals). Longest hair on ANT III is 34-59 μm, and on ABD TERG 8 is 58-92 μm
Marginal tubercles usually present on ABD TERG 1-7 inclusive, rarely (5% of individuals) absent from both sides of ABD TERG 6. Longest hair on ANT III is 12-50 μm, and on ABD TERG 8 is 22-90 μm
…..35
35
Longest hair on ANT III is 12-45 μm, and on ABD TERG 8 is 22-54 μm
Ratio of total number of secondary rhinaria on both antennae to length of SIPH (in µm) is 1.12-1.64
…..37
–
Ratio of total number of secondary rhinaria on both antennae to length of SIPH 0.26-1.00
…..38
37
Marginal tubercles frequently present on ABD TERG 1-7 inclusive. Ratios of diameter of SIPH at midpoint to diameters of largest and smallest marginal tubercles on ABD TERG 1-5 are 0.8-1.1, and 1.1-1.8, respectively. ANT V with 0-6 secondary rhinaria
Marginal tubercles present on ABD TERG 1-5, or 1-5 and 7 (never on 6). Ratios of diameter of SIPH at midpoint to diameters of largest and smallest tubercles on ABD TERG 1-5 are 1.3-2.1 and 2.7-6.0 respectively. ANT V with 3-10 secondary rhinaria
Cauda with 4-6 hairs, usually 5; rarely with 7. Longest hair on ANT III is 9-39 µm, longer or shorter than BD III, but if shorter then very blunt or dilated apically
…..41
41
Spino-pleural hairs on ABD TERG 3 usually short and blunt, maximally 11-23 µm long. Longest hair on ANT III 9-29 µm, 0.4-1.3× BD III. Marginal tubercles present on ABD TERG 1-7 inclusive (occasionally absent from one side on 6)
Spino-pleural hairs on ABD TERG 3 pointed, the longest being more than 25 µm long. Longest hair on ANT III in range 20-39 µm, 1.0-1.7× BD III. Marginal tubercles present on ABD TERG 1-5, or 1-5 and 7; absent from 6 except rarely on one side only
Cauda helmet-shaped, not longer than its basal width in dorsal view. SIPH with an annular incision proximal to the flange. Spiracular apertures large and rounded
…..2
–
Cauda tongue- or finger-shaped, longer than its basal width. SIPH (if present) without any distinct subapical annular incision. Spiracular apertures reniform
…..3
2
Dorsum with an extensive solid black sclerotic shield. Hairs on ANT III are very short, only 0.20-0.25 × BD III
SIPH (if present) pale or dark, thicker and relatively shorter
…..4
4
SIPH pale or dusky, or only dark towards apex, ANT tubercles weakly developed, and marginal tubercles (MTu) always present on ABD TERG 1 and 7
…..5
–
Without the above combination of characters; i.e., either SIPH (if present) are wholly dark or ANT tubercles are well developed and MTu are absent from ABD TERG 1 and 7
ANT 5-segmented. R IV+V very long, narrow and pointed, 4-5 × its basal width and 1.6-2.1 × HT II. Hairs on ABD TERG 2-4 are mostly longer than ANT BD III. MTu are absent from ABD TERG 2-5
ANT 5- or 6-segmented. R IV+V less than 3 × its basal width and 0.95-1.6 × HT II. Hairs on ABD TERG 2-4 are shorter than ANT BD III. MTu are often present on ABD TERG 2-5 as well as 1 and 7
…..6
6
MTu only sporadically present on ABD TERG 2-5, and diameter of tubercle on ABD TERG 7 is less than that of base of ANT III. SIPH 0.8-1.5 × cauda. R IV+V 0.95-1.2 × HT II. ANT VI BASE 0.85-1.1 × HT II
MTu usually present (except in summer dwarfs) on ABD TERG 2-5 in addition to those on 1 and 7, those on 7 being greater in diameter than base of ANT III. SIPH 1.35-2.5 × cauda. R IV+V 1.0-1.6 × HT II. ANT VI BASE 1.0-1.35 × HT II
SIPH with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation.
SIPH and antennae mainly dark in both aptera and alata. SIPH at midpoint of
similar thickness to hind femora. Hairs on ANT III all less than half basal
diameter of segment
Dorsal body hairs are long and thick, much longer than ANT BD III, and many or all of them have knobbed or expanded apices, and arise from tuberculate bases. ANT PT/BASE 6.4-10.5
…..2
–
Dorsal body hairs mostly shorter than BD III; pointed or blunt, or if with somewhat expanded apices then without tuberculate bases. ANT PT/BASE 1.9-5.5
…..3
2
ANT PT/BASE 9.0-10.5. R IV+V 1.3-1.5 × HT II, with 7-9 accessory hairs
Cauda tongue-shaped, longer than its basal width in dorsal view. Dorsum mainly or entirely pale. Spiracles reniform (i.e. partially covered by sclerites)
…..4
4
ANT tubercles well developed, with inner faces steep-sided and spiculose. ANT III usually with 1-2 small rhinaria near base. SIPH pale, tapering/ cylindrical, with a well-developed flange. ABD TERG 1 and 7 without marginal tubercles (MTu)
SIPH black on basal part, contrastingly pale distally. Dorsal hairs thick and expanded apically, arising from tuberculate bases. Head and ANT I-II black
Hind tarsi normal. Body with rather sparse, short hairs. Posterior part of abdomen with paired wax glands
…..Pemphigus sp(p)
3
Cauda helmet-shaped or triangular, shorter than or not more than 1.25 × longer than its basal width in dorsal view
…..4
–
Cauda tongue- or finger-shaped, more than 1.5 × longer than its basal width
…..8
4
Cauda helmet-shaped, constricted at base and rounded at apex. Spiracular apertures large and rounded. SIPH with a subapical annular incision
…..5
–
Cauda triangular, tapering, without any basal constriction. Spiracular apertures small, oval or reniform. SIPH without any distinct subapical annular incision
…..7
5
Dorsum without dark markings. Mesosternum without mammariform processes. R IV+V 0.10-0.15 mm, 1.2-1.3 × HT II. SIPH pale, smooth, 0.8-2.0 × cauda
Dorsum with an extensive black shield. Mesosternum with a pair of dark mammariform processes. R IV+V 0.17-0.24 mm, 1.4-2.0 × HT II. SIPH dark, imbricated, 1.7-3.4 × cauda
…..6
6
Hairs on ABD TERG 8 are 30-61 µm long. Longest hairs on hind femur 10-25µm long
SIPH 0.6-1.3 × cauda, and reticulated on distal 0.40-0.67 of length
…..10
–
SIPH 1.6-2.3 × cauda, and reticulated on distal 0.12-0.33
…..14
10
ANT, legs mostly pale, or pale on at least basal part of ANT III, bases of femora and middle sections of tibiae. SIPH pale at least basally. Cauda pale or dusky
…..11
–
ANT, legs, SIPH and cauda all wholly dark
…..12
11
SIPH more than 0.9 × head width across (and including) eyes, and at least as long as the cauda, which bears 18-33 hairs
SIPH dark 0.65-0.80 × cauda, which is similarly pigmented and bears 6-10 hairs. Dorsal abdomen with variable dorsal dark markings anterior to SIPH. ANT PT/BASE 1.7-2.0
ANT III 2.1-3.7 × the short and somewhat barrel-shaped SIPH. Cauda broadly triangular, not longer than its basal width. ANT tubercles undeveloped. Dorsal abdomen with dark markings
ANT III 0.8-2.0 × SIPH, which are not barrel-shaped. Cauda tongue-shaped or triangular, longer than its basal width. ANT tubercles are variably developed, and dorsal abdomen is with or without dark markings
…..2
2
SIPH pale, very long and attenuated distally, thinner than hind tibiae at their respective midlengths, 0.33-0.45 × BL and 2.5-3.5 × cauda
Ventral surfaces of femora scabrous or heavily imbricated. ANT tubercles variably developed, with inner faces divergent; if well developed then the median frontal tubercle is also well developed
…..4
–
Ventral surfaces of femora smooth or weakly imbricated or, if scabrous or heavily imbricated, then the ANT tubercles are well developed, with inner faces parallel or apically convergent, and the median frontal tubercle is undeveloped
ANT pale except for much darker apex of ANT V and whole of VI. ANT PT/BASE 2.7-3.5. R IV+V 1.1-1.4 × HT II. Dorsal cuticle smooth. Cauda pale, 0.4-0.6 × SIPH, and 0.6-1.3 × R IV+V
ANT uniformly dusky or dark except for basal part of ANT III. ANT PT/BASE 1.8-2.7. R IV+V 0.6-0.9 × HT II. Dorsal cuticle roughened. Cauda dusky or dark, 0.6-0.9 × SIPH and 1.2-1.9 × R IV+V
…..5
5
ANT III + PT together 1.95-2.5 × SIPH (90% of specimens less than 2.4 ×)
Eyes with only 3 facets.Body elongate oval, small (BL less than 1.3 mm), sclerotic dorsally, with a crenulate margin due to a continuous fringe of wax glands. SIPH as pores with raised rims. Cauda knobbed, anal plate bilobed
Eyes multifaceted, and all other characters above also do not apply
…..2
2
SIPH dark, only 0.03-0.08 mm long, 0.4-0.8 × cauda which is helmet-shaped, distinctly shorter than its basal width. Body and appendages with numerous long hairs. ABD TERG 1-5 with marginal tubercles
SIPH tapering/cylindrical, mainly pale with dark apices. Head smooth with ANT tubercles low, not or hardly projecting forward beyond middle part of front of head in dorsal view. ANT with primary rhinaria on ANT V much smaller than that on VI, its diameter 0.3-0.4 × width of segment at that point. ABD TERG 1 and 7 with small marginal tubercles
(Couplet 1-3 only can be applied to both apterae and alatae. For an
illustrated, simplified key to common alfalfa aphids see Blackman &
Eastop 2000.)
1
Cauda with a constriction and a knob-like apex. Anal plate bilobed. Dorsal hairs arising from pigmented bases (if apt. then these hairs are mostly long and capitate). Fore coxae greatly enlarged. ANT PT/BASE about 1
…..2
–
Cauda tongue-shaped, rounded or triangular in dorsal view, or not evident. Anal plate entire. Body hairs blunt or pointed, with or without pigmented bases. Fore coxae normal. ANT PT/BASE either much more or much less than 1
…..5
2
(Apterous viviparae are very rare.) ABD TERG 1-5 each with 4 hairs (1 pair spinal, 1 pair marginal)
Head densely spiculose or nodulose, but ANT tubercles are undeveloped. SIPH with close-set, strongly spiculose imbrication. Cauda helmet-shaped or bluntly triangular, not longer than or only a little longer than its basal width in dorsal view
…..14
–
Head smooth or, if densely spinulose or nodulose then with ANT tubercles well developed. SIPH (if present) with normal imbrication. Cauda (if developed at all) tongue- or finger-like, much longer than its basal width
…..15
14
Hind tibiae with numerous rounded scent glands. Dorsal abdomen with black sclerotic shield
Hind tibiae without scent glands. Dorsal abdomen with small pale to dark hair-bearing sclerites, sometimes fused into larger patches or bars on posterior tergites
ABD TERG 2-4 (-6) regularly bearing dome-shaped MTu (range 4-10)
…..18
18
Cauda with most hairs short, blunt and often rather straight or adpressed. Dorsal sclerotisation often fragmented. Longest hairs on ANT III 5-8 μm, 0.15-0.33 × BD III
SIPH with numerous long hairs. Dorsum of aptera dark, sclerotic, bearing long hairs with furcate apices. Hind tibiae with imbrications bearing minute spinules
SIPH without hairs. Dorsum pale and membranous bearing hairs with finely pointed or blunt apices. Hind tibiae without spinulose imbrication
…..2
2
SIPH as small, broad-based cones. Cauda knobbed, anal plate bilobed. ABD TERG 6 and 7 of aptera each with a pair of backwardly-directed processes, and ABD TERG 8 with 4 such processes
Dorsum with an extensive solid black shield covering almost all of metanotum and ABD TERG 1-6. Cauda short and rounded, not longer than its basal width
Dorsum without an extensive black shield. Cauda tongue- or finger-shaped, longer than its basal width
…..2
2
Body oval. ANT much shorter than BL. ANT tubercles very low. Hairs on ANT long and fine, 2- 2.5 × BD III. SIPH much shorter than distance between their bases, c.1.25 × cauda, and without polygonal reticulation
Body spindle-shaped. ANT longer than BL. ANT tubercles very well developed. Hairs on ANT 0.7-1.2 × BD III. SIPH much longer than the distance between their bases, c.2 × cauda, and with subapical polygonal reticulation
…..3
3
Head dark. SIPH wholly black, and a dark, crescent-shaped antesiphuncular sclerite present. Cauda with 8-9 hairs (4 lateral pairs)
ABD TERG 8 with a
backwardly-directed process above cauda. ANT PT/BASE 0.64-1.25. Cauda
tongue-shaped, clearly longer than its basal width. Spinal tubercles (STu)
absent. Longest hairs on ANT III 0.3-0.4 × BD III
No supracaudal process. ANT PT/BASE 2.0-3.3. Cauda helmet-shaped, not
longer than its basal width. STu present. Longest hairs on ANT III 1.0-2.1 ×
BD III
Ipuka melantherae (as Aulacorthum sp.n.: van Harten 1972a); Myzus ornatus
Key to apterae on Melanthera:-
–
Secondary rhinaria present on ANT III-IV or III-V, distributed III 7-17, IV 1-14, V 0-2, with those on III more numerous on distal half, and none on basal 0.2. ANT PT/BASE 6.7-8.5. ANT black beyond base of III. SIPH black, 2.2-2.6 × cauda
(Couplet
1-2 only can be applied to both apterae and alatae)
1
Cauda with a constriction and a knob-like apex. Anal plate bilobed. Dorsal hairs arising from pigmented bases (if apt. then these hairs are mostly long and capitate). Fore coxae greatly enlarged. ANT PT/BASE about 1
…..2
–
Cauda tongue-shaped, rounded or triangular in dorsal view, or not evident. Anal plate entire. Body hairs blunt or pointed, with or without pigmented bases. Fore coxae normal. ANT PT/BASE either much more or much less than 1
…..4
2
(Apterous viviparae are rare) ABD TERG 1-7 each with 4 hairs 16-26 μm long (1 pair spinal, 1 pair marginal)
Head spiculose or nodulose, but ANT tubercles are undeveloped. SIPH with close-set, strongly spiculose imbrication
…..12
–
Head smooth or, if spiculose or nodulose then with ANT tubercles well developed. SIPH (if present) smooth or with normal imbrication
…..15
12
Dorsal abdomen with extensive sclerotisation, variably developed but at least with complete broad dark cross-bands covering most of ABD TERG 5-8. ANT III (1.0-)1.1-1.5 × PT
…..13
–
Dorsal abdomen with at most with dark bars on ABD TERG 5-8, more anterior segments having small dark or pale brown sclerites at bases of hairs. ANT III 0.7-1.1 (-1.2) × PT
…..14
13
ABD TERG 3-5 or 3-6 covered by an almost solid dark shield . First tarsal segments with 4 hairs
Clypeus quite evident, bulging downwards and somewhat expanded forwards, although not exceeding the front line (this character is especially visible in the specimens preserved in ethanol), its edges approaching the edges of the antennal pits. As a complement check the following features: MTu only occurring on ABD TERG 2-5; ANT PT/BASE 1.1-2.3; ABD TERG 1-5 diversely sclerotized, from a spino-pleural extending between the intersegmental sclerites to the marginal areas, to only small and dispersed sclerites, or entirely membranous; SIPH/BL 0.09-0.21; R IV+V 0.9-1.4 HT II; ABD TERG 8 with 2 hairs; cauda moderately finger-shaped or triangular, as dark as SIPH and with 4–9 setae
….Aphis mirabilis [Note: this species that is very similar to Aphis craccivora when mounted in slides, is only known in Southern South America; detailed description is provided by Nieto Nafría et al. 2022]
–
Clypeus with other shape. The mentioned features in the previous couplet not reunited
….16
16
Dorsal abdomen with variably developed dark sclerotisation, divided by thin lines into a polygonal reticulation; this may form a solid shield, or be reduced and fragmented into patches. Cauda dark, much longer than its basal width, with 4-11 hairs
…..17
–
Dorsal abdomen either membranous, or not extensively sclerotised, or if with dark segmentally-divided cross-bars and marginal sclerites then cauda is bluntly triangular and bears 12-17 hairs
ABD TERG 2-4 (-6) regularly bearing dome-shaped marginal tubercles (range 4-10) like those on 1 and 7. Longest hairs on ANT III 5-8 μm, 0.15-0.33 × BD III. Cauda with most hairs short, blunt, and often rather straight or adpressed
ABD TERG 2-6 with or without MTu (range 0-8), but when present these are smaller than those on ABD TERG 1 and 7, and often papilliform. Longest hairs on ANT III 8-49 μm, 0.25-1.4 × BD III. Cauda with long, curved, finely-pointed hairs
…..18
18
Longest hair on ANT III 18-48 μm, 0.67-1.38 × BD III. MTu usually present on at least some of ABD TERG 2-6. Cauda with 6-11 hairs
(All four species have long, densely hairy
siphunculi and transverse ridges on hind tibiae.)
1
Body elongate, more than 2.2 × longer than maximum width of abdomen. ANT III 0.78-1.16 mm long with 45-78 hairs, most of them very long except those near base
Body pear-shaped, less than 2.2 × longer than
maximum width of abdomen. ANT III 0.44-0.61 mm long with 22-35 hairs, the long hairs
interspersed with much shorter ones
…..2
2
R IV+V less than 2 × HT II. Dorsal
hairs of aptera mostly bifurcate.Al. with 20 or more rhinaria
on ANT III
(See
Blackman & Eastop 2000 for an illustrated key to aphids on cultivated
mint.)
1
ANT usually 4-segmented, 0.12-0.15 × BL, with PT/BASE less than 0.5. Eyes 3-facetted. SIPH absent. Legs very short, with fore- and mid-tarsi usually 1-segmented. Dorsal wax glands present on head, thorax and ABD TERG 1-8, comprising facets surrounding an elongate central area
ANT 5- or 6-segmented, more than 0.5 × BL, with PT/BASE more than 1. Eyes multifacetted, SIPH present, tarsi 2-segmented and wax glands not evident
…..2
2
SIPH strongly swollen, with maximum diameter of swollen part more than 2× minimum diameter of stem, smooth except for a little subapical polygonal reticulation (Fig.48a). SIPH 5.4-8.2 × cauda
SIPH not swollen or much less swollen, and less than 3.5 × cauda
…..3
3
Head spiculose, at least on ventral surface
…..4
–
Head without spicules
…..14
4
Dorsal abdomen wholly blackish sclerotic except around bases of SIPH. Dorsal hairs long, the longest more than 2 × ANT BD III, with somewhat expanded apices. ANT III with 4-5 small rhinaria distributed over most of its length
Dorsal abdomen not wholly blackish sclerotic. Dorsal hairs short and blunt, not more than than 1.0 × ANT BD III. ANT III without rhinaria or with 1-2 rhinaria near base
…..5
5
SIPH slightly but distinctly swollen on distal half
…..6
–
SIPH tapering or cylindrical, without any trace of swelling on distal half
Inner faces of ANT tubercles approximately parallel in dorsal view. SIPH almost smooth or weakly imbricated, with narrowest part of basal “stem” not wider than hind tibia at midlength. Dorsal cuticle smooth or slightly wrinkled
Inner faces of ANT tubercles with convergent apices. SIPH heavily imbricated or scabrous, with narrowest part of stem a little wider than hind tibia at midlength. Dorsal cuticle scaly
ANT III without rhinaria. ANT tubercles bearing forwardly-directed processes
…..10
10
Inner side of ANT I and ANT tubercles each with a forwardly-directed process, that on the ANT tubercle as long as or longer than its basal width in dorsal view. SIPH attenuated and cylindrical on its distal half, about as thick as hind tibia at their respective midlengths
…..11
–
Inner side of ANT I without a forwardly-directed process, and that on the ANT tubercle shorter than its basal width in dorsal view. SIPH not attenuated, thicker than hind tibiae at their respective midlengths
ANT tubercles absent or weakly developed, not projecting beyond middle of head in dorsal view
…..17
15
SIPH without subapical polygonal reticulation, with slight subapical swelling (Fig.50e), 2.3-2.8 × cauda. Cauda tongue-shaped, with a basal constriction
Cauda helmet-shaped, shorter than its basal width, with 4-6 hairs. Marginal tubercles (MTu) either absent or present on ABD TERG 1-5, but never on ABD TERG 7
…..18
–
Cauda tongue-shaped or bluntly triangular, if short then with 15-20 hairs. ABD TERG 1 and 7 with well-developed MTu
…..19
18
SIPH imbricated, very small, 0.03-0.08 mm. Well-developed MTu present on ABD TERG 1-5. Spiracular apertures reniform. Dark dorsal abdominal cross-bands often present
Dorsal abdomen with an extensive solid black sclerite centred on ABD TERG 4-5. Cauda black like SIPH, tongue-shaped, rather pointed and bearing 4-7 hairs
Dorsl abdomen with or without dark markings, but without an extensive solid black sclerite. Cauda pale or dark, but if black then with more than 10 hairs
…..20
20
Cauda black and with 11-25 hairs
…..21
–
Cauda pale or dark with 4-11 hairs
…..22
21
Cauda bluntly triangular, about as long as its basal width or only a little longer. ANT PT 1-1.5 × R IV+V. ANT III usually with 1-12 rhinaria on distal half
R IV+V 1.0-1.6 × HT II. ANT PT/BASE 1.8-3.0. SIPH 0.9-2.1 × cauda
…..25
25
Cauda pale, dusky or dark, but usually distinctly paler than SIPH
…..26
–
Cauda dusky or dark, with similar pigmentation to SIPH
…..27
26
ABD TERG 7 and 8 usually without dark transverse bands, and intersegmental muscle sclerites are unpigmented. MTu on ABD TERG 7 small, with diameter less than 0.5 × that of SIPH at midlength. ANT PT/BASE 2.1-3.2
ABD TERG 8, or 7 and 8, usually with thin dusky/dark transverse band(s), and intersegmental muscle sclerites often dark. MTu on ABD TERG 7 large, with diameter more than 0.5 × diameter of SIPH at midlength. ANT PT/BASE 1.8-2.6
Hairs on ABD TERG 7 finely pointed to blunt, maximally 22-46 μm long, and on ABD TERG 8 finely pointed, maximally 26-66 μm. SIPH 0.15-0.30 mm long, 1.15-2.33 × cauda. ANT III 0.17-0.40 mm, 0.83-1.67 × PT. ANT III with 0-6 rhinaria (ANT IV of al. usually without rhinaria; mean 0.1)
Hairs on ABD TERG 7 blunt, maximally 12-22 μm long, and on ABD TERG 8 also blunt, maximally 18-44 μm. SIPH 0.13-0.21 mm long, 0.9-1.7 × cauda. ANT III 0.13-0.20 mm, 0.68-1.11 × PT. ANT III without rhinaria. (ANT IV of al. with 0-5 rhinaria; mean 1.8)
ANT tubercles well developed, with inner faces smooth and divergent. SIPH pale/dusky or dark only distally, with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation. Cauda pale with 8-12 hairs
SIPH without any subapical polygonal reticulation.ANT III without rhinaria. R IV+V 1.14-1.36 × HT II. ANT tubercles spiculose and scabrous. Tergum sclerotic, often dark
SIPH with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation. ANT III with 1-5 (-7) rhinaria. R IV+V 0.83-0.97 × HT II. ANT tubercles smooth or with fine spinules only ventrally. Tergum pale
…..2
2
First tarsal segments with fine spinules, and usually with 5 hairs
[Aphissp. (Idaho: see aphidtrek.org];
Brachycaudus helichrysi; Macrosiphum niwanistum
M. platyphylla
Macrosiphum mertensiae
Mertensia sp.
Macrosiphum euphorbiae
Key to apterae on Mertensia:-
1
Body oval, BL 1.2-2.0 mm. Cauda helmet-shaped, not longer than its basal width. SIPH smooth, short and conical, with a subapical annular incision. Spiracular apertures large and rounded
Body spindle-shaped, 2.0-4.0 mm. Cauda tongue- or finger-shaped. SIPH long, tapering/ cylindrical, without a subapical annular incision (usually with polygonal reticulation). Spiracular apertures small and reniform
…..2
2
SIPH cylindrical, only a little wider at base than at apex, with indistinct subapical reticulation over less than 0.1 of total length. R IV+V 0.5-0.6 × HT II
SIPH tapering from base, c.2 × wider at base than at apex, with at least 4-5 rows of polygonal reticulation over more than 0.1 of length. R IV+V 0.75-1.0 × HT II
…..3
3
SIPH 1.3-1.4 mm long, 17-20 × longer than their diameter at midlength, and more than 0.36 × BL
…..Macrosiphum sp. (Manitoba, BMNH collection)
–
SIPH 0.6-1.0 mm long, 12-16 × longer than their diameter at midlength, and less than 0.35 × BL
…..4
4
ANT III with 7-11 rhinaria extending over more than 0.5 of length. R IV with 6 accessory hairs
Cauda helmet-shaped, not longer than its basal width. Paired spinal tubercles (STu) present on head and at least ABD TERG 8. Large marginal tubercles (MTu) present on all or most segments
…..2
–
Cauda tongue- or finger-shaped, much longer than its basal width. STu rarely present, and only ever on ABD TERG 7 and 8. MTu absent or only regularly present on prothorax and ABD TERG 1 and 7