C_HOSTS_Coe_Cou – Blackman & Eastop's Aphids on the World's Plants

*Coffea*	Rubiaceae
*Coffea arabica*	Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii; Neomyzus circumflexus
*C. canephora*	Aphis gossypii
*C. racemosa*	Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii
*Coffea* spp./hybrids	Aphis aurantii, citricidus, gossypii, spiraecola; Brachycaudus helichrysi; Sinomegoura coffeae

Key to apterae on Coffea:-

–	Head with well-developed ANT tubercles, their inner faces smooth and divergent. Tibiae wholly black, and ANT black beyond basal part of ANT III. SIPH tapering from a broad base, mainly pale becoming gradually darker towards apices; 1.4-1.6 × cauda, which is pale or dusky	….. Sinomegoura coffeae
–	Without this combination of characters	…..go to key to polyphagous aphids

*Coincya*	Brassicaceae
*Coincya nonensis* ssp. cheiranthos	Brevicoryne brassicae; Myzus persicae
Use key to apterae on Brassica.

*Coix*	Poaceae
*Coix lacrymi-jobi*	Rhopalosiphum maidis, padi, rufiabdominale; Sitobion [indicum], [rosaeiformis]; Tetraneura ulmi

Use key to apterae of grass-feeding aphids under Digitaria.

*Coldenia*	Boraginaceae
*Coldenia procumbens*	Aphis gossypii

*Colebrookea*	Lamiaceae
*Colebrookea oppositifolia*	Aphis raji; Subovatomyzus leucosceptri

Couplet to separate these two species:-

–	SIPH dark, tapering, 0.12-0.22 mm, shorter than or about equal to R IV+V (0.19-0.23 mm). ANT PT/BASE 1.5-2.0	….. Aphis raji
–	SIPH pale, weakly clavate. 0.33-0.48 mm, more than 2 × R IV+V (0.14-0.18 mm). ANT PT/BASE 5.8-7.9	….. Subovatomyzus leucosceptri

*Coleonema*	Rutaceae
*Coleonema album*	Aphis sp. – Leonard 1972a: 99

*Coleostephus*	Asteraceae
*Coleostephus myconis*	Aphis craccivora, fabae, spiraecola; Brachycauduscardui, helichrysi, lateralis; [Macrosiphoniella millefolii]

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

*Coleus* see Plectranthus	Lamiaceae
*Coleus aromaticus* = Plectranthus amboinicus
*C. blumei* = Plectranthus scutellarioides
*C. hybridus* = Plectranthus scutellarioides
*C. verschaffelti* = Plectranthus scutellarioides

*Colletia*	Rhamnaceae
*Colletia cruciata*	Aphis aurantii, [Aphis sp. – Leonard 1972a: 99]
*C. spinosissima*	Aphis conflicta
Use key under Condalia.

*Collinsonia*	Lamiaceae
*Collinsonia canadensis*	Hyalomyzus collinsoniae
*C. grandiflora* (?)	Myzus ornatus, persicae
*C. serotina*	Hyalomyzus orphnophlebos

Key to apterae on Collinsonia:-

1	Head posterioventrally with a pair of scabrous tubercles placed on either side of clypeus. SIPH dusky to dark, evidently clavate. (Al. with dark-bordered forewing veins and sec. rhin. distributed ANT III 37-65, IV 10-40, V 0-9)	…..2
–	Head without posterioventral tubercles. SIPH tapering and dusky, or clavate and pale, (Al. with forewing veins not dark-bordered and sec. rhin. distributed ANT III 6-19, IV and V 0)	…..3
2	R IV+V 0.10-0.13 mm long, 1.3-1.5 × HT II, and usually bearing only 2 accessory hairs	…..Hyalomyzus collinsoniae
–	R IV+V 0.13-0.15 mm long, 1.8-1.9 × HT II, and bearing 6 or more accessory hairs	…..Hyalomyzus orphnophlebos
3	SIPH slightly clavate. ANT PT/BASE (2.8-)3.1-4.5. Dorsal abdomen without dark intersegmental markings	…..Myzus persicae
–	SIPH tapering with a slight “S”-curve. ANT PT/BASE 1.75-2.8. Dorsal abdomen with a pattern of dark intersegmental markings	…..Myzus ornatus

*Collomia*	Polemoniaceae
*Colomia linearis*	Nasonovia colloniae
*Collomia* sp.	Macrosiphum sp. (Oregon, USA; BMNH collection)

Couplet for separating these two species:-

–	ANT III narrowed at base, bearing slightly capitate hairs which are maximally 1.0-1.5 × BD III, and 2-30 rhinaria on basal half. R IV+V 1.8-2.0 × HT II, with c. 20 accessory hairs. First tarsal segments with 4-4-4 hairs. SIPH without subapical reticulation, 1.1-1.5 × cauda, which bears 5 hairs	….. Nasonovia collomiae
–	ANT III not narrowed at base, bearing blunt or pointed hairs maximally 0.8-0.95 × BD III, and about 3 rhinaria near base. R IV+V c.1.2 × HT II, with c. 9 accessory hairs. first tarsal segments with 3-3-3 hairs. SIPH with subapical reticulation, c.2 × cauda which bears c. 11 hairs	…..Macrosiphum sp. (Oregon, USA; BMNH collection)

*Colocasia*	Araceae
*Colocasia antiquorum* see C. esculenta
*C. esculenta* (incl. var. antiquorum)	Aphis aurantii, craccivora, gossypii, nasturtii, spiraecola; Hysteroneura setariae; Neomyzus circumflexus; Patchiella reaumuri; Pentalonia caladii, [nigronervosa]; Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae, padi; Schizaphis scirpi;
*C. kotoensis*	Aphis gossypii
Colocasia spp.	Aphis fabae, [punicae], [umbrella]; Brachycaudus helichrysi; Hydronaphis colocasiae; Pseudomegoura magnoliae

Key to apterae on Colocasia:-

1	ANT PT/BASE less than 0.5. Eyes of only 3 facets. SIPH absent. Dorsal wax pore plates present on all segments	…..Patchiella reaumuri
–	ANT PT/BASE more than 1. Eyes multifacetted. SIPH present. No dorsal wax pore plates	…..2
2	SIPH pale on basal half and dark on distal half, and usually slightly swollen subapically. SIPH and femora covered with irregular, transverse rows of spicules. (Alata with dark-bordered wing veins, and forewing with radius and costa fused for part of lengths to form a closed cell behind the pterostigma)	…..Pentalonia caladii
–	SIPH either mainly pale or mainly dark; tapering, cylindrical, clavate, or flared apically. SIPH and femora smooth or imbricated, not markedly spiculose. (Alata with normal wing venation, veins not dark-bordered)	…..3
3	Head spiculose with low, scabrous, divergent ANT tubercles. R IV+V 1.5-1.9 × HT II. SIPH 3.2-3.7 × cauda, strongly imbricated, cylindrical with somewhat flared apices. Dorsal cuticle with spiculose reticulation	…..Hydronaphis colocasiae*
–	Without that combination of characters	…..4
4	SIPH black, 1.6-2.3 × cauda which bears 5-9 hairs. ANT PT/BASE 3.2-5.7. ABD TERG 8 with (5-) 6-16 hairs that are 88-150 μm long	…..Schizaphis scirpi
–	Without that combination of characters	…..go to key to polyphagous aphids

Colocynthis see Citrullus

Cucurbitaceae

*Cologania*	Fabaceae
*Cologania broussonettii*	Microparsus vignaphilus
*C. ovalifolia* = C. broussonettii

*Colquhounia*	Lamiaceae
*Colquhounia coccinea*	Aphis raji

*Columnea*	Gesneriaceae
*Columnea percrassa*	Aulacorthum solani; Myzus persicae

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

*Colutea*	Fabaceae
*Colutea arborescens*	Acyrthosiphon caraganae, caraganae ssp. occidentale, pisum; Aphis craccivora, cytisorum, [Aphis sp. – Leonard 1972a]; Myzus ascalonicus; Pemphigus vesicarius (as coluteae)
*C. halepica*	Aphis craccivora
*C. istria* (?)	Aphis craccivora
*C. media*	Acyrthosiphon caraganae, caraganae ssp. occidentale
*C. melanocalyx* = C. arborescens
*C. orientalis*	Acyrthosiphon caraganae
*C. persica*	Acyrthosiphon caraganae, caraganae ssp. tadzhikistanicum, pisum; Aphis craccivora
Colutea sp.	Acyrthosiphon gossypii; Aphis fabae

Key to apterae on Colutea:-

1	ANT PT/BASE less than 0.5. SIPH absent. Dorsal abdomen with wax pore plates	…..Pemphigus vesicarius
–	ANT PT/BASE more than 1. SIPH present. No wax pore plates	…..2
2	Body oval, with dark dorsal sclerotisation. SIPH black, less than 4 × R IV+V. Cauda black	…..3
–	Body spindle-shaped, with dorsum membranous. SIPH pale, 4.75-8.5 × R IV+V. Cauda pale	…..5
3	Dorsal abdomen with dark cross-bands on ABD TERG 7 and 8 and only scattered small sclerites on tergites anterior to SIPH. Cauda with 11-25 hairs	…..Aphis fabae
–	Dorsal abdomen with much more extensive dark sclerotisation, which has a pale reticulation. Cauda with 4-13 hairs	…..4
4	R IV+V 0.88-1.16 × HT II (mostly 0.9-1.05 ×). Anterior half of genital plate with 2 (-3) hairs. Cauda with 4-7(-9) hairs	…..Aphis craccivora
–	R IV+V 0.97-1.3 × HT II (mostly 1.06-1.2 ×). Anterior half of genital plate with 2-8 hairs (mode 4, mean 5.2). Cauda with (6-)7-13 hairs	…..Aphis cytisorum
5	ANT I not longer than wide. SIPH not attenuate distally, thicker than hind tibia at midlength	…..Acyrthosiphon caraganae
–	ANT I longer than wide. SIPH attenuate distally, thinner than hind tibia at midlength	…..6
6	SIPH very long, projecting backwards beyond cauda; 0.42-0.50 × BL and 2.5-3.5 × cauda	…..Acyrthosiphon gossypii
–	SIPH not projecting beyond cauda; 0.22-0.37 × BL and 1.2-1.9 × cauda	…..Acyrthosiphon pisum

*Colvillea*	Fabaceae
*Colvillea racemosa*	Myzus persicae

*Colysis*	Polypodiaceae
*Colysis elliptica*	Micromyzus katoi

*Comandra*	Santalaceae
*Comandra umbellata*	Sitobion (Metobion) sp. (BMNH collection, Alberta) ssp. pallida

*Comanthosphace*	Lamiaceae
*C. japonica*	Neomyzus circumflexus
*Comanthosphace* sp.	Aulacorthum phytolaccae

Key to apterae on Comanthosphace:-

–	Dorsum wholly dark sclerotic. Head spiculose. ANT III with 9-13 rhinaria. Longest hairs on ANT III 1.2-1.6 X BD III. R IV+V 1.3-1.4 X HT II	….. Aulacorthum phytolaccae
–	Without that combination of characters	…..go to key to polyphagous aphids

*Comarostaphylis*	Ericaceae
*Comarostaphylis discolor*	Aphis gossypii
*C. diversifolia*	[Tamalia cruzensis (Miller & Crespi 2003; nomen nudum)]

*Comarum*	Rosaceae
*Comarum palustre*	Acyrthosiphon boreale, malvae ssp. potha; Anthracosiphon hertae; Aphis comari, spiraecola, tormentillae; [Cryptomyzus stachydis]; Macrosiphum [chukotense], euphorbiae, [gei]

Use key to apterae on Potentilla.

Combretum

Combretaceae

Apart from a few polyphagous species, the known aphid fauna of Combretaceae and Burseraceae consists entirely of members of the genus Paoliella. Species of Paoliella are specific at least at the level of host genera (Combretum, Commiphora, Terminalia), with 9 known from Combretum. Three of these are only known as alate morphs, and one only from a single aptera, so apterae and alatae are keyed separately

*Combretum aculeatum*	Aphis gossypii
*C. angolense*	Paoliella chiangae
*C. apiculatum*	Paoliella nachensis, papillata
*C. ghansalense*	Aphis gossypii
*C. glomeruliflorum*	Aphis gossypii; Myzus persicae
*C. gueinzii* =C. molle
*C. krausii*	Aphis gossypii, spiraecola
*C. laxum*	Paoliella laxutuberculata
*C. mechowianum*	Aphis gossypii
*C. molle*	Aphis gossypii; Paoliella browni, namaachae, papillata, wettsteini
*C. psidioides*	Aphis gossypii; Paoliella browni ssp. capinganae, chiangae, monotuberculata, nachensis, papillata
*C. sericeum*	Aphis gossypii
*C. zeyheri*	Paoliella papillata
Combretum sp.	Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii; Paoliella longirostris

Key to aphids on Combretum:-

1	SIPH conspicuous, longer than their basal width. Dorsal processes absent. Cauda tongue-shaped or finger-like (sometimes with a mid-way constriction), without a knobbed apex. Anal plate entire	…..see key to polyphagous aphids
–	SIPH not longer than basal width, inconspicuous except when pigmented. Cauda with an apical knob, anal plate bilobed. Often with conspicuous dorsal processes	…..2
2	Apterous viviparous females (and intermediates)	…..3
–	Alate viviparous females (aptera in several cases unknown)	…..6
3	Dorsal processes maximally about 5 × their middle diameter, cylindrical or club-shaped, with apex about as wide as base (fig. 40A)	…..Paoliella papillata
–	Dorsal processes very much longer, broad at base and tapering to much narrower apex	…..4
4	Spinal and pleural processes absent (although the long marginal processes on ABD TERG 2 are displaced pleurally)	…..Paoliella laxutuberculata
–	Long spinal, pleural and marginal processes present	…..5
5	ABD TERG 8 with two separate short finger-like processes. Knob of cauda clearly longer than its greatest width. First tarsal segments usually with 5-6 ventral hairs	…..Paoliella wettsteini
–	ABD TERG 8 with a median shallow protrusion bearing two hairs. Knob of cauda as wide as long. First tarsal segments usually with 2-3 ventral hairs	…..Paoliella browni
6	Tip of forewing with a large dark spot, in addition to the dark spot at the end of Cu_1b. ANT PT/BASE more than 2.5	…..7
–	Tip of forewing without a dark spot, although such a spot often present at the end of Cu_1b. ANT PT/BASE less than 2.0	…..8
7	R IV+V shorter than HT II	…..Paoliella nachensis
–	R IV+V longer than HT II	…..Paoliella namaachae
8	Fore femora similar in size and thickness to mid and hind femora. Antenna 5-segmented	…..9
–	Fore femora much enlarged in comparison to mid and hind femora. Antenna 6-segmented (antenna of P. longirostris not seen)	…..10
9	ANT PT/BASE 0.54-0.73. R IV+V 0.70-0.82 × HT II	…..Paoliella monotuberculata
–	ANT PT/BASE 0.31-0.55. R IV+V 0.82-0.96 × HT II	…..Paoliella browni ssp. capinganae
10	Spinal processes absent	…..Paoliella laxutuberculata
–	Spinal processes present	…..11
11	Head, pterothorax, siphunculi and dorsal and marginal processes all pale. No pigmented dorsal abdominal sclerites	…..Paoliella wettsteini
–	Head, pterothorax, siphunculi and at least the bases of the marginal processes dusky to dark. Dark dorsal abdominal sclerites often present	…..12
12	Dorsal processes almost cylindrical for most of length, or club-shaped, with broadly rounded apices (fig. 40B). R IV+V a little longer than (1.05-1.15 ×) HT II	…..Paoliella papillata
–	Dorsal processes tapering, conical or finger-like. R IV+V either shorter than or much longer than HT II	…..13
13	Femora dark. R IV+V shorter than HT II. Spinal processes pigmented; those on ABD TERG 1 less than 3 × their basal widths (fig. 40C), and at least those on ABD TERG 3 and 4 have transverse sclerotic bars uniting their bases	…..Paoliella chiangae
–	Femora pale. R IV+V at least twice as long as HT II. Spinal processes pale, with basal sclerites pale or only weakly pigmented; spinal processes on ABD TERG 1 c.4 × their basal widths (fig.40D)	…..Paoliella longirostris

*Commelina*	Commelinaceae
*Commelina africana*	Aphis gossypii
*C. benghalensis*	Aphis gossypii, spiraecola; Aulacorthum solani; Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus ornatus, persicae; Neomyzus circumflexus; [Rhopalosiphum maidis]
*C. coelestis*	Neomyzus circumflexus; Utamphorophora commelinensis
*C. communis*	Aphis frangulae, gossypii, [rhamnicola]
*C. diffusa*	Aphis gossypii, spiraecola; Neomyzus circumflexus; Utamphorophora commelinensis
*C. elegans* = C. erecta
*C. erecta*	Aphis craccivora, gossypii; Myzus persicae; Utamphorophora commelinensis
*C. forskalaei*	Aphis gossypii
*C. longicaulis* = C. diffusa
*C. nigritana*	Aphis gossypii
*C. nudiflora* = Murdannia nudiflora
*C. subulata*	Aphis gossypii
Commelina sp.	[Sitobion aulacorthoides]

Key to apterae on Commelina:-

–	SIPH markedly clavate, with maximum width of swollen part about twice minimum width of basal part. ANT PT/BASE 5.4-6.5	….. Utamphorophora commelinensis
–	SIPH not markedly clavate (if somewhat clavate then ANT PT/BASE is less than 5)	…..go to key to polyphagous aphids

Commiphora

Burseraceae

This genus has a similar aphid fauna to Combretum, q.v., but with different species of Paoliella.

*Commiphora africana*	Aphis gossypii; Paoliella delottoi
*C. angolensis*	Paoliella capeneri
*C. berryi*	Aphis gossypii
*C. dulcis*	Paoliella delottoi
*C. eminii* ssp. *zimmermanii*	Aphis gossypii; Paoliella commiphorae, eastopi
*C. fischeri* = C. mossambicensis
*C. mildbraedii*	Paoliella commiphoroides
*C. mollis*	Aphis (Toxoptera) citricidus
*C. mossambicensis*	Paoliella commiphorae ssp. persimilis
*C. neglecta*	Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii; Paoliella delottoi
*C. pedunculata*	Paoliella ayari
*C. pilosa*	Paoliella echinata, ufuasi
*C. savoiae*	Paoliella hystrix
*C. zimmermanii* see C. eminii
Commiphora sp. (?)	Paoliella lepidosoma

Key to aphids on Commiphora:-

1	SIPH conspicuous, longer than their basal width. Dorsal processes absent. Cauda tongue-shaped, anal plate entire	…..go to key to polyphagous aphids
–	SIPH not longer than basal width, inconspicuous except when pigmented. Cauda with apical knob, anal plate bilobed. Often with conspicuous dorsal processes	…..2
2	Apterous viviparous females (and intermediates)	…..3
–	Alate viviparous females	…..9
3	Body without dorsal processes. (Alata unknown)	…..Paoliella lepidosoma
–	Body with conspicuous dorsal processes	…..4
4	Dorsal processes maximally about 1.5 × their basal widths, with bluntly rounded apices (e.g. fig. 40E)	…..5
–	Dorsal processes long and tapering, the longest at least 3 × their basal widths	…..6
5	Dorsal processes without a basal constriction (fig. 40E). Fore tibiae often on distal part with rounded scent plaques. All femora pale brown	…..Paoliella delottoi
–	Dorsal processes conspicuously constricted at bases. Fore tibiae without scent plaques. Middle and hind femora blackish, for femora much paler	…..Paoliella eastopi
6	Dorsal processes tapering towards their rounded or pointed apices, without a trace of apical swelling (fig. 40G, H)	…..7
–	Dorsal processes cylindrical or more-or-less expanded at their apices (figs 40I, J)	…..8
7	Pleural processes absent or much reduced; most segments with only spinal and marginal processes, which are maximally about as long as ANT III (fig. 40G). R IV+V about equal in length to HT II	…..Paoliella ufuasi
–	Pleural processes present on anterior abdominal segments, and of similar length to spinal and marginal processes, which are maximally more than 2 × ANT III (fig. 40H). R IV+V 1.1-1.2 × HT II. (Alata unknown)	…..Paoliella hystrix
8	ANT PT/BASE 0.8-0.9. Dorsal processes strongly flared at apices (fig.40J), the longest less than 0.3 × BL	…..Paoliella ayari
–	ANT PT/BASE 0.5-0.6. Dorsal processes only weakly expanded or cylindrical at apices (fig. 40I), the longest of them more than 0.3 × BL	…..Paoliella echinata
9	ANT PT/BASE less than 0.6. Fore femora not clearly thicker than mid or hind femora	…..10
–	ANT PT/BASE at least 0.67. Fore femora enlarged in comparison with mid and hind femora	…..12
10	Head without processes. ANT III with 9-16 rhinaria. Fore tibiae often on distal part with rounded scent plaques	…..Paoliella delottoi
–	Head with tubercular processes. ANT III with 4-7 or 18-32 rhinaria. Fore tibiae without scent plaques	…..11
11	ANT III with 18-32 rhinaria, scattered along one side of segment. Spinal processes on ABD TERG 8 are c. 90 μm long, much longer than SIPH	….. Paoliella echinata
–	ANT III with 4-7 rhinaria in a row. Spinal processes on ABD TERG 8 are c.35 μm long, not or hardly longer than SIPH	…..Paoliella eastopi
12	Radial sector and media of forewing bordered with fuscous distally. Pronotum without spinal processes	…..13
–	Radial sector and media not bordered distally. Pronotum with spinal processes	…..14
13	ANT PT/BASE more than 1.5. Abdomen with tubercular spinal processes, all less than 2 × their basal widths (fig. 40F)	…..Paoliella commiphorae
–	ANT PT/BASE less than 1.5. Abdomen without spinal processes	…..Paoliella commiphoroides
14	Head and thorax entirely pale. Forewing vein Cu_1b not bordered	…..Paoliella ufuasi
–	Head and thorax dark or with dusky/dark markings. Forewing vein Cu_1b bordered with fuscous	…..15
15	Head and thorax dark. Mesothoracic dorsal processes dark and heavily spiculose (fig. 40K). ABD TERG 2-4 with long finger-like spinal processes, those on ABD TERG 5 shorter	…..Paoliella ayari
–	Head and pronotum with dark longitudinal stripes. Mesothoracic dorsal processes dusky and not heavily spiculose. ABD TERG 1-4 all with short spinal processes, those on ABD TERG 5 being longer	…..Paoliella capeneri*

*Comptonia*	Myricaceae
*Comptonia peregrina*	Calaphis myricae; Illinoia azaleae, borealis

Use combined key to apterae under Myrica.

*Conandron*	Gesneriaceae
*Conandron ramondioides*	Xenosiphonaphis conandri

*Condalia*	Rhamnaceae
*Condalia microphylla*	Aphis conflicta, craccivora, gossypii

Key to apterae on Condalia (also Colletia):-

–	ANT PT/BASE 1.0-2.1. Dorsal abdomen with variably developed but often extensive dark sclerotisation. Cauda with 7-18 hairs. Marginal tubercles (MTu) often present on ABD TERG 2-4. Longest hairs on ANT III 20-50 μm	….. Aphis conflicta
–	Without that combination of characters	…..go to key to polyphagous aphids

*Conioselinum*	Apiaceae
*Conioselinum chinense*	Hyadaphis foeniculi
*C. vaginatum*	Aphis fabae; Cavariella aegopodii, archangelicae, konoi; Dysaphis foeniculus

Use key to apterae on Foeniculum.

*Conium*	Apiaceae
*Conium chaerophylloides*	Dysaphis apiifolia
*C. maculatum*	Anuraphis subterranea; Aphis asclepiadis, fabae, [craccivora]; Aulacorthum solani; Cavariella aegopodii, pastinacae, theobaldi; Dysaphis apiifolia, apiifolia ssp. petroselini, crataegi, foeniculus, lauberti; Hyadaphis foeniculi, passerinii; Macrosiphum euphorbiae, gei; Myzus ornatus; Semiaphis coniumi, [dauci]

Key to apterae on Conium:-

1	ABD TERG 8 with a backwardly directed process above cauda	…..2
–	No supracaudal process	…..4
2	SIPH tapering, not at all clavate	…..Cavariella theobaldi
–	SIPH clavate	…..3
3	ANT PT/BASE 0.9-1.4	…..Cavariella aegopodii
–	ANT PT/BASE 2.6-4.0	…..Cavariella pastinacae
4	ANT tubercles low or absent	…..5
–	ANT tubercles well developed, greatly exceeding height of middle of front of head in dorsal view	…..14
5	SIPH very short, only about 0.5 × cauda, and flangeless	…..Semiaphis coniumi* (or dauci)
–	SIPH more than 0.8 × cauda, with a distinct flange	…..6
6	Cauda helmet-shaped, not longer than its basal width in dorsal view. Spinal tubercles (STu) present on head and ABD TERG 8, and sometimes on other segments	…..7
–	Cauda tongue-shaped, much longer than its basal width. STu rare, and never on head	…..10
7	SIPH ornamented with close-set rows of spinules; about 1.5 × cauda, which bears 11-16 hairs. STu on all or most of ABD TERG 1-8. R IV+V 0.25-0.37 mm, 1.55-2.2 × HT II	…..Anuraphis subterranea
–	SIPH imbricated, without spinules, about 2 × cauda which bears 4-7 hairs. STu not usually present on ABD TERG 1-5, and often not on 6 or 7. R IV+V 0.14-0.19 mm, 1.05-1.5 × HT II	…..8
8	Most dorsal hairs with pointed apices; those on head longer than diameter of STu on head between eyes	…..9
–	Most dorsal hairs short with blunt apices; those on head shorter than diameter of STu	…..10
9	SIPH 0.17-0.29 mm. Longest hairs on ANT III 26-58 μm long, 1.25-2.3 × BD III. R IV+V 0.16-0.19 mm	…..Dysaphis lauberti
–	SIPH 0.10-0.17 mm. Longest hairs on ANT III 18-27 μm long, 0.8-1.2(-1.6) × BD III. R IV+V 0.13-0.16 mm	…..Dysaphis foeniculus
10	Ventral hair on hind trochanter 0.24-0.56 × (rarely more than 0.5 ×) width of trochantro-femoral suture (see Fig. 1). Longest spinal hair on ABD TERG 8 is 11-38 μm long (rarely more than 30 μm). ABD TERG 7 frequently with marginal tubercles (MTu)	…..Dysaphis apiifolia
–	Ventral hair on hind trochanter 0.42-1.00 × (rarely less than 0.5 ×) width of trochantro-femoral suture. Longest spinal hair on ABD TERG 8 is 25-80 μm long (rarely less than 30 μm). ABD TERG 7 rarely with MTu	…..Dysaphis crataegi
11	SIPH clavate, 0.9-1.4 × cauda, which bears 5-8 hairs. Prosternum with a dark, approximately trapezoid sclerite	…..12
–	SIPH gradually tapering, 0.8-1.9 × cauda, which bears (7-) 9-24 hairs. Prosternum without a dark trapezoid sclerite	…..13
12	Prosternal sclerite 1.36-2.6 × wider than long, often convex posteriorly. SIPH 1.05-1.4 × cauda. (Al. often with sec. rhin. on ANT V)	…..Hyadaphis foeniculi
–	Prosternal sclerite 2.2-3.6 × wider than long, with straight posterior margin. SIPH 0.85-1.2 × cauda. (Al. rarely with sec. rhin. on ANT V)	…..Hyadaphis passerinii
13	ANT I dark, but ANT II pale or dusky, concolorous with basal half of III. Dorsal abdomen usually without any dark markings anterior to SIPH (except for dark intersegmental muscle sclerites). ANT III 1.05-1.95 × PT, (1.6-)2.0-4.0 (-5.0) × R IV+V, and 1.5-2.5 (-2.8) × cauda. SIPH 1.2-2.5 (-2.8) × cauda. HT I with 3 hairs (sense peg present). ABD TERG 8 with 2-11 hairs. (Al. with 14-40 rhinaria on ANT III)	….. Aphis asclepiadis
–	ANT I and II both dark, contrasting with III. Dorsal abdomen usually with some small dark markings anterior to SIPH (in addition to dark intersegmental muscle sclerites). ANT III 0.65-1.3 × PT, 1.2-2.6 (-3.0) × R IV+V and 1.2-1.6 (-1.9) × cauda. SIPH 0.7-1.6 × cauda. HT I with 2 hairs (no sense peg). ABD TERG 8 with 2-5(-7) hairs. (Al. with 10-23 rhinaria on ANT III)	…..Aphis fabae
14	SIPH without polygonal reticulation. ANT tubercles spiculose or scabrous, steep-sided or apically convergent, bearing blunt hairs	…..go to key to polyphagous aphids, starting at couplet 5
–	SIPH with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation. ANT tubercles smooth, divergent, bearing pointed hairs	…..15
15	Longest hair on ABD TERG 8 is 38-63 µm, 0.6-1.4 × ANT BD III. Anterior half of subgenital plate usually (77%) with only 2 hairs (18% with 3, 5% with 4-6 hairs)	…..Macrosiphum euphorbiae
–	Longest hair on ABD TERG 8 is 66-106 µm, 1.4-2.0 × ANT BD III. Anterior half of subgenital plate with 2-11 hairs, usually with 4-8 hairs	…..Macrosiphum gei

*Conopharyngia* see Tabernaemontana	Apocynaceae
Conopharyngia chippii = Tabernaemontana africana

*Conopholis*	Orobanchaceae
*Conopholis americana*	Aulacorthum solani; Prociphilus longianus

*Conopodium*	Apiaceae
*Conopodium denudatum* = *majus*
*C. majus*	Aphis lambersi; Aulacorthum solani; Cavariella aegopodii; Dysaphis crataegi; Myzus ornatus, persicae

Use key to apterae on Daucus.

*Conostegia*	Melostomataceae
*Conostegia subcrustulata*	Aphis spiraecola

*Conringia*	Brassicaceae
*Conringia orientalis*	Brevicoryne brassicae; Lipaphis rossi ssp. conringiae; Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus persicae
*C. planisiliqua*	Lipaphis rossi ssp. conringiae

Key to apterae on Conringia:-

1	Dorsum without dark sclerotisation. ANT tubercles well developed. SIPH pale, 1.7-2.5 × cauda	…..2
–	Dorsum with segmental dark markings. ANT tubercles weakly developed. SIPH dark, 0.8-1.6 × cauda	…..3
2	Head spiculose, with scabrous antennal tubercles that are apically convergent. SIPH weakly clavate, without subapical polygonal reticulation	…..Myzus persicae
–	Head with smooth antennal tubercles, their inner faces divergent. SIPH tapering/cylindrical with subapical polygonal reticulation	…..Macrosiphum euphorbiae
3	Dorsum with broad dark segmentally-separated cross-bands and large dark marginal sclerites. SIPH broad-based, 1.4-1.6 × cauda	…..Lipaphis rossi ssp. coringiae
–	Dorsum with smaller spino-pleural sclerites separated in midline except on posterior tergites, and no dark marginal sclerites. SIPH not broad-based, 0.8-1.0 × cauda	…..Brevicoryne brassicae

*Consolida*	Ranunculaceae
*Consolida ajacis*	Brachycaudus napelli; Nasonovia jammuensis
*C. ambigua*	Nasonovia jammuensis
*C. regalis*	Brachycaudus aconiti, napelli
Consolida sp.	Delphiniobium junackianum

Use key to apterae on Delphinium.

*Convallaria*	Asparagaceae
*Convallaria keiskei*	Aulacorthum watanabei
*C. majalis*	Aphis gossypii; Aulacorthum solani, speyeri; Illinoia wahnaga; Macrosiphum euphorbiae, pechumani; Metopolophium dirhodum; Myzus ascalonicus, persicae

Key to apterae on Convallaria:-

1	ANT tubercles weakly developed. ABD TERG 1 and 7 with marginal tubercles (MTu). SIPH dark, cauda pale or dusky, rarely dark	…..Aphis gossypii
–	ANT tubercles well developed. ABD TERG 1 and 7 without MTu. SIPH and cauda variously pigmented, pale or dark	…..2
2	Head almost smooth, without any spinules, with inner faces of ANT tubercles divergent	…..3
–	Head spiculose, with inner faces of ANT tubercles parallel or convergent	…..6
3	SIPH without polygonal reticulation. Median frontal tubercle developed, so that front of head has W-shaped outline in dorsal view	…..Metopolophium dirhodum
–	SIPH with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation (several rows of closed cells). Median frontal tubercle not developed, so that head has U- or V-shaped frontal sinus in dorsal view	…..4
4	Head, antennae, legs, SIPH and cauda all dark	…..Macrosiphum pechumani
–	Head and all appendages pale, or dusky only at apices	…..5
5	SIPH swollen proximal to reticulated zone, to 1.2-1.4 minimal diameter of basal half. Hairs on ANT III less than 0.5 × BD III. First tarsal segments each with 5 hairs	…..Illinoia wahnaga
–	SIPH not swollen. Hairs on ANT III 0.6-1.0 × BD III. First tarsal segments with 3 hairs	…..Macrosiphum euphorbiae
6	Dorsal thorax and abdomen with a distinctive and extensive pattern of dark markings. SIPH wholly dark, or dark at bases and apices	…..7
–	Dorsum without extensive dark markings. SIPH pale except at apices	…..8
7	SIPH wholly dark, cauda pale. Dorsal abdomen with paired dark patches, sometimes partially fused across midline, but not extending laterally to join marginal sclerites	…..Aulacorthum watanabei
–	SIPH dark at bases and apices, but middle section pale; cauda dusky or dark. Dorsum with extensive dark sclerotisation across ABD TERG 2-4, fused with marginal sclerites	…..Aulacorthum speyeri
8	SIPH tapering gradually from base to flange. ANT III usually with 1-2 small rhinaria near base	…..Aulacorthum solani
–	SIPH slightly to moderately clavate. ANT III never with rhinaria	…..9
9	SIPH clearly shorter than ANT III, with a narrow stem that is a little thinner at its narrowest point than hind tibia at midlength. Inner faces of ANT tubercles approximately parallel in dorsal view	…..Myzus ascalonicus
–	SIPH as long as or longer than ANT III, with basal half at its narrowest point thicker than hind tibia at midlength. Inner faces of ANT tubercles apically convergent in dorsal view	…..Myzus persicae

*Convolvulus*	Convolvulaceae
*Convolvulus althaeoides* = C. thunbergii
*C. arvensis*	Acyrthosiphon gossypii; Aphis [convolvulicola (= gossypii?)], fabae, gossypii, nerii, [sambuci], spiraecola; Aulacorthum solani; [Brachycaudus amygdalinus]; Brachyunguis convolvulisucta; Macrosiphum euphorbiae, [rosae]; Myzus persicae; Rhopalosiphoninus latysiphon; Smynthurodes betae
*C. betonicifolius*	Myzus persicae
*C. cneorum*	Myzus persicae; Neomyzus circumflexus
*C. floridus*	Myzus persicae
*C. major* = Ipomoea purpurea
*C. minor* = C. tricolor
*C. pseudocantabricus*	Uroleucon uyguricum
*C. sepium* = Calystegia sepium
*C. soldanella* = Calystegia soldanella
*C. thunbergii*	Aphis [convolvulicola (= gossypii?)]; Aulacorthum solani; Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Rhopalosiphoninus staphyleae
*C. tricolor*	Aulacorthum solani; Myzus persicae
Convolvulus spp.	Aphis althaeae, aurantii, eugeniae; [Macrosiphum ludovicianae]; [Neomyzus convolvulicola (Zhang 1992)]

Key to apterae on Convolvulus:-

1	Antennae 5-segmented. R IV+V very long (0.19-0.22 mm), narrow and pointed, 4-5 × its basal width and 1.6-2.1 × HT II	…..Aphis althaeae
–	Without that combination of characters	…..2
2	SIPH c.0.3 × BL, dark, with polygonal reticulation on distal 0.13-0.16 of length. ANT III with 15-21 rhinaria extending over 0.70-0.75 of length	…..Uroleucon uyguricum
–	SIPH (if present) pale or dark, if dark then without polygonal reticulation. ANT III without or with fewer rhinaria	…..3
3	ANT PT/BASE c.0.5. SIPH c.0.8 × cauda	…..Brachyunguis convolvulisucta*
–	ANT PT/BASE more than 1, or less than 0.25. SIPH (if present) longer than cauda	…..4
4	SIPH pale and attenuated distally, thinner than hind tibia at their respective midpoints, and 2.5-3.5 × cauda	…..Acyrthosiphon gossypii
–	SIPH (if present) pale or dark, thicker than hind tibia at their respective midpoints, and less than 2.5 × cauda	…..5
5	Hind tibiae with a row of short, peg-like or spine-like hairs on basal 0.7, clearly differ-entiated from other tibial hairs, which are usually long and pointed. SIPH cylindrical or tapering and black, cauda black. ABD TERG 1 and 7 with marginal tubercles (MTu)	…..6
–	Hind tibiae without a row of peg-like “comb” hairs. SIPH (if present) and cauda pale or dark, ABD TERG 1 and 7 with or without MTu	…..go to key to polyphagous aphids
6	SIPH 1.0-1.8 × ANT III. ANT PT/BASE 2.3-3.5. HT I with 3 hairs. No sclerotic ridges on abdominal sternites 5 and 6	…..Aphis eugeniae
–	SIPH 0.5-0.9 × ANT III. ANT PT/BASE 3.5-5.3. HT I with 2 hairs. ABD TERG 5 and 6 with sclerotic (stridulatory) ridges	…..Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii

*Conyza*	Asteraceae
*C. aegyptiaca*	Brachycaudus helichrysi; Uroleucon erigeronense
*C. angustifolia* (?)	Aphis spiraecola; Brachycaudus helichrysi
*C. bonariensis* (incl. var. leiotheca)	Allocotaphis multisetosa; Aphis gossypii, spiraecola; Brachycaudus helichrysi; Illinoia goldamaryae; [Longisiphoniella subterranea]; Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus persicae; Protrama longitarsus ssp. sclerodensis; Uroleucon ambrosiae, bereticum, compositae, erigeronense, gravicorne, picridis
*C. canadensis* (incl. var. pusilla)	Aphis craccivora, erigerontis, [euphorbiae], [exsors], fabae, gossypii, lugentis, [meijigusae Shinji 1922], nasturtii, [plantaginis], spiraecola; Aulacorthum solani; Brachycaudus helichrysi; Illinoia goldamaryae; [Longicaudus trirhodus]; Macrosiphoniella yomenae; [Macrosiphum sp. – Leonard 1972b: 192]; Myzus ascalonicus, ornatus, persicae; Nasonovia ribisnigri; Neomyzus circumflexus; Prociphilus erigeronensis; Protaphis middletonii; Protrama longitarsus ssp. sclerodensus; Uroleucon ambrosiae, [cichorii], erigeronense, gravicorne, macgillivrayae, [monticola], pseudambrosiae, simile, [sonchi], [tschuense]; Uroleucon sp. (Oregon, BMNH collection)
*C. floribunda* = bonariensis var. leiotheca
*C. gouanii* (?)	Aphis gossypii; Aulacorthum solani; Myzus ornatus
*C. hochstetterii*	Aulacorthum solani
*C. ivifolia* = C. bonariensis
*C. japonica*	Aphis gossypii, spiraecola; [Macrosiphoniella formosartemisiae]; Myzus ornatus
*C. laevigata*	Uroleucon gravicorne
*C. lyrata* = Blumea viscosa
*C. notobellidiastrum*	Myzus ornatus
*C. primulifolia* = Erigeron primulifolium
*C. scabrida*	Aphis gossypii
*C. steudelii*	Myzus ornatus; Uroleucon compositae
*C. stricta*	Aphis gossypii; Brachycaudus helichrysi; Nasonovia rostrata; [Sitobion sp.]; Uroleucon erigeronense
*C. sumatrensis*	Aphis gossypii, spiraecola; Aulacorthum solani; Brachycaudus helichrysi; Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus ornatus; Sitobion autriquei; Uroleucon compositae
*C. transvaalensis* = C. aegyptiaca
*C. volkensii* = C. steudelii
Conyza sp.	[Hyperomyzus lactucae]; Uroleucon remaudiereorum

Key to apterae on Conyza:-

1	ANT PT/BASE less than 1. SIPH absent, or present as pores on low hairy cones	…..2
–	ANT PT/BASE more than 1. SIPH tubular	…..3
2	Hind tarsi very elongate, more than 0.5 × hind tibiae. SIPH present as pores on hairy cones. Dorsum with pattern of dark sclerotisation. Cauda and anal plate not protrusive	…..Protrama sp. (longitarsus ssp. sclerodensus?)
–	Hind tarsus of normal length. SIPH absent. Dorsum without dark sclerotisation. Cauda and anal plate forming a protrusion at end of abdomen	…..Prociphilus erigeronensis
3	SIPH with subapical reticulation (at least 2-3 rows of closed polygonal cells)	…..4
–	SIPH without polygonal reticulation	…..19
4	SIPH entirely dark	…..5
–	SIPH pale or with a pale basal section	…..13
5	Dorsum with an extensive dark shield, continuous over ABD TERG 1-6. ANT III with 1-7 rhinaria. SIPH with polygonal reticulation on distal 0.12-0.19 of length	…..Sitobion autriquei
–	Dorsum without extensive dark sclerotisation, at most with scleroites at base of hairs. ANT III with 8-97 rhinaria. SIPH with polygonal reticulation extending over distal 0.19-0.4 of length	…..6
6	Cauda and coxae dark	…..7
–	Cauda and coxae pale, or somewhat dusky	…..9
7	SIPH 0.8-1.2 × cauda. Large, crescent-shaped antesiphuncular sclerites present	…..Macrosiphoniella yomenae
–	SIPH 1.3-2.3 × cauda. Antesiphuncular sclerites absent	…..8
8	SIPH 1.3-1.6 × cauda, with distal 0.19-0.23 reticulated. Cauda with 11-14 (-17) hairs	…..Uroleucon simile
–	SIPH 1.7-2.3 × cauda, with distal 0.20-0.35 (mostly at least 0.25) reticulated. Cauda with 13-20 hairs	…..Uroleucon compositae
9	SIPH usually at least 1.6 × cauda, which is 0.24-0.35 mm long and bears 7-12 hairs	…..Uroleucon tucumani
–	SIPH usually at most 1.6 × cauda, which is 0.30-0.83 mm long and bears 9-31 hairs	…..10
10	Cauda 0.35-0.47 mm long, and somewhat dusky, not contrastingly pale in comparison with SIPH and distal parts of hind femora. Scleroites at bases of dorsal hairs very pale and inconspicuous	…..Uroleucon bereticum
–	Cauda 0.46-0.85 mm long, and contrastingly pale compared with SIPH and distal parts of hind femora. Dorsal hairs mostly arising from small dusky or dark scleroites	…..11
11	R IV+V very long, 1.45-1.85 × HT II	…..Uroleucon picridis
–	R IV+V 0.90-1.43 × HT II	…..12
12	HT II rather long and thin, about 6 × its maximum thickness, and 0.9-1.1 × R IV+V	…..Uroleucon pseudambrosiae
–	HT II shorter, less than 5 × its maximum thickness and 0.7-0.85 × R IV+V	…..Uroleucon ambrosiae
13	SIPH dark distally, with pale basal section, and polygonal reticulation on 0.21-0.45 of length. ANT III with 5-37 rhinaria. Cauda tapering to a very thin apex, with subapical hairs usually shorter and often blunter than lateral hairs	…..14
–	SIPH entirely pale, or dusky only towards apices, and reticulation on distal 0.03-0.20. ANT III with 1-10 rhinaria. Cauda tapering or finger-like, not very thin at apex, with any subapical hairs similar to lateral hairs	…..18
14	SIPH 1.9-2.5 × cauda. MTu absent from ABD TERG 1-5	…..15
–	SIPH 1.1-1.7 × cauda. MTu usually present on some of ABD TERG 1-5	…..16
15	ANT III with 15-25 rhinaria extending over 0.6-0.8 of length. R IV+V with 12-17 accessory hairs	…..Uroleucon remaudiereorum*
–	ANT III with 8-20 rhinaria not extending beyond basal 0.6 of length. R IV+V with 6-9 accessory hairs	…..Uroelucon erigeronense
16	Second tarsal segments with proximal ventral hairs atrophied. R IV+V 1.1-1.4 × HT II	…..Uroleucon gravicorne
–	Second tarsal segments with proximal ventral hairs fully developed. R IV+V 0.8-1.0 × HT II	…..17
17	SIPH 1.9-2.1 × cauda and reticulated over distal 0.28-0.32, the length of the reticulated section being 1.7-1.9 × HT II. Diameter of secondary rhinaria about half diameter of ANT III, and thin-walled, with a lumen more than half their outer diameter	…..Uroleucon sp., (Michigan, USA, BMNH collection)
–	SIPH 1.1-1.6 × cauda and reticulated over distal 0.15-0.35, the length of the reticulated section being 0.65-1.2 × HT II. Secondary rhinaria smaller, 0.25-0.4 × diameter of ANT III, and thick-walled, with a lumen about half their outer diameter	…..Uroleucon macgillivrayae
18	Hairs on ANT III very short and inconspicuous, the longest about 0.33 × BD III. SIPH clearly somewhat swollen proximal to reticulated subapical zone, which is only 0.03-0.05 of total length of SIPH (Fig.49a)	…..Illinoia goldamaryae
–	Hairs on ANT III conspicuous, the longest 0.5 × BD III or longer. SIPH cylindrical or very slightly swollen proximal to reticulated subapical zone, which is 0.13-0.2 of its total length	…..Macrosiphum euphorbiae
19	Spiracular pores on thorax very large and rounded, more than 4 × larger than those on abdomen	…..20
–	Spiracular pores on thorax not distinctly larger than those on abdomen	…..21
20	R IV+V 0.16-0.19 mm long, 1.2-1.6 × HT II, and bearing 8-12 accessory hairs	…..Nasonovia ribisnigri
–	R IV+V 0.21-0.33 mm long, about 2 × HT II, and bearing 22-30 accessory hairs	…..Nasonovia rostrata
21	Cauda helmet-shaped, a little shorter than its basal width, with 4-25 hairs, but if more 10 then PT/BASE 4.6-8.1. SIPH smooth. Spiracular pores rounded or faintly reniform.	…..22
–	Cauda tongue- or finger-shaped, or if short then bluntly triangular and with more than 10 hairs then PT/BASE 1.5-2.0. SIPH imbricated. Spiracular apertures reniform.	…..23
22	ANT 0.7-0.9 × BL, with PT/BASE 4.6-8.1. SIPH long and dark, 0.23-0.29 × BL and 5.9-8.1 × cauda	…..Allocotaphis multisetosa
–	ANT 0.4-0.7 × BL, with PT/BASE 2.4-3.2. SIPH truncate, pale, 0.07-0.1 × BL and 1.1-1.3 × cauda	…..Brachycaudus helichrysi
23	ANT tubercles weakly developed, not projecting beyond middle of front of head in dorsal view. ABD TERG 1 and 7 with marginal tubercles (MTu)	…..24
–	ANT tubercles well developed. ABD TERG 1 and 7 without MTu	…..go to key to polyphagous aphids, starting at couplet 4
24	Dorsal abdomen with an extensive solid black sclerite centred on ABD TERG 4-5. Cauda black like SIPH, tongue-shaped, rather pointed and bearing 4-7 hairs	…..Aphis craccivora
–	Dorsal abdomen with or without dark markings, but without an extensive solid black sclerite. Cauda pale or dark, but if black then usually with more than 7 hairs	…..25
25	ANT with secondary rhinaria on III-V, and usually also on VI (distributed III (5-)13-30, IV 7-21, V 3-18, VI 0-7)	…..Aphis erigerontis
–	ANT III and IV without or with fewer secondary rhinaria, and none on V or VI	…..26
26	SIPH mainly pale or dusky, only dark towards apices	…..Aphis nasturtii
–	SIPH uniformly dark	…..27
27	Cauda bearing 4-7 hairs and much paler than SIPH	…..Aphis gossypii
–	Cauda bearing 7-25 hairs, and black like SIPH	…..28
28	Tibiae wholly dark. ANT III and IV usually with rhinaria. ABD TERG 8 with 5-10 hairs. ANT PT/BASE 1.3-1.9	.…..Aphis lugentis
–	Tibiae mainly pale, darker at apices. ANT III and IV with or without rhinaria. ABD TERG 8 with 2-7 hairs. ANT PT/BASE 1.6-3.7	…..29
29	ANT III and IV often with rhinaria. Cauda bluntly triangular, about as long as its basal width, shorter than R IV+V	…..Protaphis middletonii
–	ANT III and IV without rhinaria. Cauda tongue-shaped, longer than its basal width, 1.5-2.5 × R IV+V	…..30
30	ANT III 0.9-1.2 × cauda, which usually has a distinct midlength constriction and bears 6-15 (usually 9-11) hairs. Dorsal abdomen without any dark markings	…..Aphis spiraecola
–	ANT III 1.2-1.9 × cauda which is usually without any constriction and bears 11-24 hairs. Dorsal abdomen usually with scattered dark markings anterior to SIPH and dark cross-bands on ABD TERG 7 and 8	…..Aphis fabae

*Copernicia*	Arecaceae
*Copernicia prunifera*	Cerataphis brasiliensis

Use key to apterae on palms under Calamus.

*Coprosma*	Rubiaceae
*Coprosma crassifolia*	Aphis coprosmae
*C. grandifolia*	Aulacorthum solani
*C. repens*	Myzus persicae
*C. rigida*	Aphis coprosmae
*C. rubra*	Aphis coprosmae
*Coprosma* sp.	?Staegeriella sp. (Tasmania: BMNH collection and Tasmania Department of Agriculture)

Key to apterae on Coprosma:-

1	Head smooth, with ANT tubercles undeveloped. ANT PT only 0.9-1.1 × ANT V, and PT/BASE 1.3-1.5. (Al. with 0-1 rhinaria on ANT III)	…..Aphis coprosmae
–	Without that combination of characters	…..2
2	Head smooth, with ANT tubercles weakly developed. SIPH dark, clavate, c.1.0-1.2 × the long, dark, finger-like cauda. SIPH c.0.15 × BL, and c.0.4 × ANT PT. PT/BASE c.3.6	…..?Staegeriella sp. (Tasmania, BMNH collection, leg. M Williams)
–	Without that combination of characters	…..go to key to polyphagous aphids

*Corallorhiza*	Orchidaceae
*Corallorhiza maculata*	Macrosiphum corallorhizae
*C. multiflora* = C. maculata
*C. striata*	Macrosiphum corallorhizae, euphorbiae

Couplet to separate apterae of these two species:-

(Both are spindle-shaped aphids with SIPH having subapical zone of polygonal reticulation.)

–	SIPH 0.25-0.35 × BL. ANT 0.9-1.4 × BL	….. Macrosiphum euphorbiae
–	SIPH 0.45-0.52 × BL. ANT 1.5-1.6 × BL	….. Macrosiphum corallorhizae

*Corchorus*	Tiliaceae
*Corchorus capsularis*	Aphis gossypii; Uroleucon compositae
*C. fascicularis*	Aphis gossypii
*C. olitorius*	Aphis gossypii; [Uroleucon sp. (“jaceae”)]
*C. tridens*	Aphis gossypii
*Corchorus* sp.	[Indomegoura regiosetosa Zhang 1992 – vagrant alatae?]

Use key to polyphagous aphids

*Cordia*	Boraginaceae
*Cordia abyssinica* = C. africana
*C. africana*	[Aphis sp. (Leonard 1972)]; Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus persicae
*C. alba*	Aphis spiraecola
*C. alliodora*	Aphis aurantii, spiraecola
*C. corymbosa* = C. polycephala
*C. dentata* = C. alba
*C. gerascanthus*	Aphis aurantii, craccivora, gossypii
*C. macrostachya*	Aphis gossypii
*C. myxa*	Aphis gossypii
*C. nitida*	Aphis spiraecola
*C. polycephala*	Uroleucon ambrosiae
*C. trichotoma*	Macrosiphum euphorbiae

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

*Cordyline*	Asparagaceae
*Cordyline australis*	Rhopalosiphum padi
*C. fruticosa*	Aphis aurantii, craccivora, gossypii, spiraecola; Myzus persicae; Neomyzus circumflexus
*C. indivisa*	Rhopalosiphum padi
*C. obtecta*	[Rhopalosiphum sp. “x” of Valenzuela et al. 2009 (in New Zealand; see Teulon et al. 2013)]
*C. terminalis* = C. fruticosa
Cordyline spp.	Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominale

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

*Coreopsis* (including Leptosyne)	Asteraceae
*Coreopsis aristosa =* Bidens aristosa
*C. auriculata*	Uroleucon ambrosiae
*C. crassifolia* = C. lanceolata
*C. grandiflora*	Aphis fabae
*C. lanceolata*	Aphis coreopsidis
*C. major*	Aulacorthum solani; Uroleucon reynoldense
*C. tinctoria*	Aphis fabae; [Uroleucon jaceae (misident. compositae?)]
*C. tripteris*	Uroleucon ambrosiae, reynoldense
*C. verticillata*	Aphis fabae
Coreopsis spp.	[Aphis andreinii del Guercio – nomen dubium]; [Cavariella capreae]; Geopemphigus sp. (North Carolina, USA; BMNH collection, leg. R. Chalfont)); Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus ornatus; [Pemphigus indicus Kieffer (Wilson & Vickery 1918]; Uroleucon compositae

Key to apterae on Coreopsis:-

1	ANT PT/BASE less than 0.5. SIPH absent. Eyes of only 3 facets	…..2
–	ANT PT/BASE more than 1. SIPH present, tubular. Eyes multifaceted	…..3
2	R IV without accesssory hairs. HT II with only 4 accessory hairs. Hind tibiae and HT I with short thick distal hairs c.0.3 × diameter of tibia and much shorter than HT I	…..Pemphigus sp.
–	R IV with 2 accessory hairs. HT II with 8-15 accessory hairs. Hind tibiae and HT I with fine distal hairs more than 0.5 × diameter of tibia and as long as or longer than HT I	…..Geopemphigus sp.
3	SIPH with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation. ANT tubercles well developed, smooth, divergent. ANT III with rhinaria	…..4
–	SIPH without subapical reticulation. ANT tubercles weakly developed, or if well developed then head spiculose. ANT III with or without rhinaria	…..7
4	SIPH pale, with reticulation on distal 0.1-0.2 of length. ANT III with 1-10 rhinaria	…..Macrosiphum euphorbiae
–	SIPH black, with reticulation on more than 0.2 of length. ANT III with 8-37 rhinaria	…..5
5	SIPH 1.7-2.3 × cauda, which is dark	…..Uroleucon compositae
–	SIPH maximally 1.5 × cauda, which is pale or dusky	…..6
6	Tibiae uniformly black	…..Uroleucon reynoldense
–	Tibiae with paler section on basal half	…..Uroleucon ambrosiae
7	Head spiculose with well-developed, steep-sided or apically convergent ANT tubercles. SIPH pale or dark. ABD TERG 1 and 7 without marginal tubercles (MTu)	…..go to key to polyphagous aphids, starting at couplet 5
–	Head without spicules, ANT tubercles weakly developed. SIPH dark. ABD TERG 1 and 7 with MTu	…..8
8	SIPH 0.24-0.40 × BL, about twice as long as the much paler cauda. Head, ANT I, II and basal part of III very pale, contrasting with dark rest of ANT. Longest hair on ANT III less than 0.4 × BD III	..….Aphis coreopsidis
–	SIPH less than 0.2 × BL. Cauda black. Head dusky and ANT I-II dark, ANT III-V mainly pale, VI darker. Longest hair on ANT III 0.8-3.4 × BD III	…..Aphis fabae

*Coriandrum*	Apiaceae
*Coriandrum sativum*	Aphis craccivora, fabae, gossypii, spiraecola; Brachycaudus helichrysi; Cavariella aegopodii, theobaldi; Hyadaphis coriandri, foeniculi; Macrosiphum gei; Myzus ornatus, persicae; Neomyzus circumflexus; [Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominale]; Semiaphis heraclei

Key to apterae on Coriandrum:-

1	ABD TERG 8 with a backwardly directed process above cauda	…..2
–	No supracaudal process	…..3
2	SIPH tapering, not at all clavate. ANT PT/BASE 2.1-3.5	…..Cavariella theobaldi
–	SIPH clavate. ANT PT/BASE 0.9-1.4	…..Cavariella aegopodii
3	SIPH very small and flangeless, only about 0.5 of length of cauda or less, with aperture slanted towards midline	…..Semiaphis heraclei
–	SIPH at least 0.6 of length of cauda, and with a distinct flange	…..4
4	SIPH cylindrical and with polygonal reticulation over distal 0.09-0.17 of length. Cauda with 11-21 hairs. Subgenital plate with 2-11 (usually 4-7) hairs on anterior half	…..Macrosiphum gei
–	SIPH without distal polygonal reticulation and/or cauda and anterior half of subgenital plate with fewer hairs	…..5
5	SIPH 0.6-1.4 × cauda, slightly swollen distally, with a constriction proximal to the flange	…..6
–	SIPH tapering, cylindrical or clavate; if swollen distally then more than 1.5 × cauda and without a constriction proximal to flange	…..go to key to polyphagous aphids
6	SIPH clavate, 0.88-1.4 × cauda, 1.7-3.1 × R IV+V and 3.1-5.1 × longer than their minimum diameter on basal half	…..Hyadaphis foeniculi
–	SIPH barrel-shaped, 0.6-0.82 × cauda, 0.9-1.6 × R IV+V and 1.6-2.7 × their minimum diameter on basal half	…..Hyadaphis coriandri

*Coriaria*	Coriariaceae
*Coriaria arborea*	Brachycaudus helichrysi
*C. japonica*	Aphis gossypii; [Macrosiphum coriariae Shinji 1922 – nomen dubium]

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

*Coridothymus*	Lamiaceae
*Coridothymus capitatus* = Thymbra capitata

*Corispermum* (including Coryspermum)	Amaranthaceae
*Corispermum aralocaspicum*	Brachyunguis harmalae, [zygophylli]
*C. korovinii*	Aphis craccivora
*C. lehmannianum*	[Brachyunguis cynanchi]
*C. marschallii*	Aphis craccivora, vladimirovae; Semiaphis coryspermi
*C. orientale*	Semiaphis coryspermi

Key to apterae on Corispermum:-

1	ANT PT/BASE less than 1	…..Brachunguis harmalae
–	ANT PT/BASE more than 1	…..2
2	SIPH c. 0.5 × cauda. Marginal tubercles (MTu) absent	…..Semiaphis coryspermi*
–	SIPH 1.1-2.1 × cauda. MTu present at least on prothorax and ABD TERG 1 and 7	…..2
3	Large conical MTu present on ABD TERG 2-5 as well as 1 and 7. R IV+V 1.5-1.62 × HT II Dorsal abdomen with only sparse or broken sclerites	…..Aphis vladimirovae*
–	MTu only ABD TERG 1 and 7. R IV+V 0.85-1.2 × HT II. Dorsal abdomen usually with a solid black shield	…..Aphis craccivora

Cornus Dogwoods

Cornaceae

Cornus is the primary host of the genus Anoecia, and the primary or only host of seven species of Aphis. In both these genera some species are difficult to separate, and identifications made with the following key need to be treated with caution. The North American Cornus-feeding species of the genus Aphis were reviewed by Robinson & Chen (1969). For Anoecia only the alatae (i.e., the spring migrant fundatrigeniae leaving Cornus in spring, and the sexuparae returning to it in autumn) are keyed, as in several species the only apterous morphs on Cornus are the fundatrix in spring and the sexuales in autumn.

*Cornus alba*	Anoecia corni, major, oenotherae, vagans; Aphis salicariae; Aulacorthum solani; Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus persicae
*C. alternifolia*	Anoecia corni; Macrosiphum hamiltoni
*C. amomum* (incl ssp. obliqua)	Anoecia corni, cornicola, oenotherae; Aphis cornifoliae, spiraecola; Myzus persicae
*C. asperifolia*	Anoecia corni; [Aphis cirsiioleracei]; Pseudasiphonaphis corni
*C. australis*	Anoecia corni, vagans; Aphis salicariae
*C. baileyi*	Anoecia corni
*C. brachypoda*	Anoecia corni, fulviabdominalis; Macrosiphum cornifoliae
*C. bretschneideri*	Anoecia corni
*C. candidisssima*	Aulacorthum solani
*C. capitata*	Myzus ornatus
*C. chinensis*	Myzus persicae
*C. controversa*	Anoecia corni, fulviabdominalis, [ilicicola], japonica, tanakai; Aphis odinae; Macrosiphum cornifoliae; [Siphocoryne cornicolum Matsumura 1918]
*C. coreana*	Anoecia corni, fulviabdominalis; Aphis odinae
*C. florida*	Anoecia corni; Aphis cornifoliae
*C. foemina*	Anoecia corni
*C. glabrata*	Anoecia corni
*C. iberica*	Anoecia corni
*C. kousa*	Anoecia tanakai; Macrosiphum cornifoliae
*C. macrophylla*	[Anoecia ?himalayensis]
*C. mas*	Anoecia corni, [cornimaris Bozhko 1957]; Aphis asclepiadis, gossypii, salicariae; Macrosiphum euphorbiae
*C. microcarpa* = C. asperifolia
*C. obliqua* = C. amomum ssp. obliqua
*C. officinalis*	Anoecia tanakai; Aphis odinae
*C. paniculata*	Anoecia oenotherae; Aphis cornifoliae, [maculatae?]
*C. poliophylla* = C. schindleri ssp. poliophylla
*C. pubescens* = C. sericea ssp. occidentalis
*C. pumila* = C. alba
*C. racemosa*	Grey Dogwood
	Aphis caliginosa, impatientis; Myzus persicae
*C. rugosa*	Anoecia corni
*C. sanguinea*	Bloodtwig Dogwood
	Anoecia corni, [cornimaris], [furcata], [haupti], major, vagans; Aphis asclepiadis, cornifoliae, fabae, salicariae, spiraecola
*C. schindleri* (ssp. poliophylla)	Anoecia corni
*C. sericea* (incl ssp. occidentalis)	Red-Osier Dogwood
	Anoecia corni, cornicola, oenotherae; Aphis asclepiadis, cornifoliae, fabae, maculatae, neogillettei, nigratibialis, salicariae, spiraecola; Aulacorthum solani; Macrosiphum euphorbiae, hamiltoni, manitobense, [Macrosiphum sp. (British Columbia)]; Myzus persicae
*C. stolonifera* = C. sericea
Cornus sp.	Anoecia fulviabdominalis ssp. similis, takahashii; Prociphilus cornifoliae

Key to aphids on Cornus (cannot be applied to fundatrices or sexual morphs):-

1	ANT PT/BASE less than 0.5	…..2
–	ANT PT/BASE 1.0 or more	…..14
2	Well-developed wax pore plates present on head, thorax and abdomen. SIPH pores absent. BL of adult aptera more than 3 mm, and dorsum pale. Forewing of alata with unbranched media and pterostigma much longer than wide	…..Prociphilus cornifoliae
–	Wax pore plates not developed. SIPH present as pores on low hairy cones (fig. 41A). BL of adult aptera less than 3mm, and dorsum dark or at least with dark cross-bands. Forewing of alata with once-branched media and short, wide, black pterostigma. (Only spring and autumn migrant alatae are keyed to species)	…..3
3	Large, flat, round marginal tubercles situated near spiracles on ABD TERG 1-7, including 5 and 6 (anterioventral and posterioventral to SIPH, dorsal to spiracles; arrowed in fig. 41A), although sometimes reduced in size, and occasionally missing on one or more segments	…..4
–	Large, flat, round marginal tubercles on ABD TERG 1-4 and 7, but usually absent from 5 and always absent from 6	…..7
4	Alata without a large dark dorsal abdominal patch	…..spring migrant of Anoecia vagans
–	Alata with a large dark dorsal abdominal patch	…..5
5	Alata usually without secondary rhinaria on ANT V, and never on VI. ABD TERG 3-5 often with one or more short spatulate hairs	…..autumn migrant of Anoecia vagans
–	Alata with 1-4 secondary rhinaria on ANT V, and 0-2 on ANT VI. ABD TERG 3-5 with only acute hairs	…..6
6	ANT III of alata with 9-17 rhinaria. R IV+V usually less than 0.9 × HT II	…..Anoecia corni
–	ANT III of alata with 13-22 rhinaria. R IV+V usually more than 0.9 × HT II	…..Anoecia major
7	Alata with 0-3, often small, secondary rhinaria on ANT III, and without a solid dark dorsal abdominal patch (but often in autumn with cross bands on ABD TERG 4-6)	…..Anoecia oenotherae
–	Alata with 4 or more, usually large, secondary rhinaria on ANT III, and with a solid dark patch on ABD TERG 4-6 (except spring migrant of A. cornicola?)	…..8
8	Alata with all hairs on ABD TERG 1-3 small, similar in size to those on ABD TERG 4-6	…..Anoecia cornicola
–	Alata with hairs on at least ABD TERG 1 and 2 mostly long and fine, often more than twice as long as those on the dark patch on ABD TERG 4-6	…..9
9	R IV+V with 16-24 accessory hairs	…..Anoecia tanakai (autumn migrant sexupara)*
–	R IV+V with 6-12 accessory hairs (spring migrant alatae)	…..10
10	R IV+V 0.16-0.18 mm long, with 10-12 accessory hairs. Marginal tubercles very large, those on ABD TERG 7 about twice the diameter of the SIPH aperture	…..Anoecia takahashii (spring migrant)
–	R IV+V 0.12-0.17 mm long, with 5-8 accessory hairs. Marginal tubercles usually smaller, those on ABD TERG 7 less than twice diameter of SIPH aperture	…..11
11	Hairs on dorsal abdominal patch maximally 18-30 μm long. R IV+V 0.14-0.17 mm long	…..Anoecia japonica* (spring migrants)
–	Hairs on dorsal abdominal patch maximally 32-90 μm long. R IV+V 0.11-0.13 mm long	…..13
13	Hairs on dorsal abdominal patch maximally 32-47 μm long	…..Anoecia fulviabdominalis s.str. (spring migrant)
–	Hairs on dorsal abdominal patch maximally 73-91 μm long	…..Anoecia fulviabdominalis ssp. similis (spring migrant)*
14	SIPH very small, papillate. Marginal tubercles well developed, longer than wide, of similar size on all of ABD TERG 1-7 (fig. 41B)	…..Pseudasiphonaphis corni
–	SIPH tubular, tapering or cylindrical. Marginal tubercles absent or weakly developed on ABD TERG 2-6; if present then smaller than on prothorax and ABD TERG 1 and 7	…..15
15	Antennal tubercles weakly developed or undeveloped	…..16
–	Antennal tubercles well developed	…..27
16	Hairs on ANT III more than 2 × longer than basal diameter of segment. SIPH clearly shorter than cauda. Closely-spaced spinulose ridges present on ABD sternites 5 and 6	…..Aphis odinae
–	Hairs on ANT III less than 2 × longer than basal diameter of segment. SIPH usually as long as or longer than cauda. No evident spinulose ridges on ABD sternites 5 and 6	…..17
17	Hairs on ANT III short, maximally 35 µm, shorter than or about equal to middle diameter of segment	…..18
–	Hairs on ANT III long, maximally 35-75 µm, all or most clearly exceeding middle diameter of segment	…..23
18	Marginal tubercles present on prothorax and on ABD TERG 2-5 as well as 1 and 7; those on prothorax, 1 and 7 being exceptionally large and broad-based (fig. 41C)	…..Aphis caliginosa
–	Marginal tubercles usually present only on prothorax and ABD TERG 1 and 7, and these are not unusually large	…..19
19	Cauda finger-like, with a slight constriction basad of midpoint, the distal part elongate oval (fig. 121T)	…..Aphis spiraecola
–	Cauda tongue-shaped or bluntly triangular, without elongate oval distal part	…..20
20	Aptera with ANT III usually more than 1.3 × PT (except in very small specimens). Alata with 15-36 secondary rhinaria on ANT III, and usually none (sometimes 1-2) on ANT IV	…..Aphis asclepiadis
–	Aptera with ANT III usually less than 1.3 × PT. Alata with 3-17 secondary rhinaria on ANT III, and 0-10 on ANT IV	…..21
21	Hind femora pale (aptera) or pale on basal third (alata); SIPH dark, cauda pale or dusky. SIPH tapering and usually rather straight	…..Aphis gossypii
–	SIPH and cauda all uniformly dark, hind femora dark or only pale near base. SIPH tapering or cylindrical, and often curved outwards	…..22
22	SIPH 1.2-2.0 × cauda, hardly broader at base than at apex (fig. 41D). Longest hairs on ANT III are 7-16 μm. Presiphuncular sclerites absent	…..Aphis cornifoliae
–	SIPH 0.9-1.6 × cauda, and much broader at base than at apex. Hairs on ANT III maximally 4-13 μm. Presiphuncular sclerites present	…..Aphis impatientis
23	Tibiae of cleared specimens uniformly dark	…..Aphis nigratibialis
–	Tibiae of cleared specimens pale, or dark only apically	…..24
24	SIPH long, about 0.25 of BL. Aptera with 15-22 secondary rhinaria on ANT III	…..Aphis maculatae
–	SIPH much less than 0.25 of BL. ANT III of aptera usually without secondary rhinaria (rarely 1-4)	…..25
25	Cauda with 11-27 hairs. Dorsal hairs on ABD TERG 1-6 usually less than 40 µm long. SIPH usually rather straight (fig. 121R)	…..Aphis fabae
–	Cauda with 6-11 hairs. Dorsal hairs on ABD TERG 1-6 usually long, more than 40 µm. SIPH often curved outwards distally (figs 41E, F)	…..26
26	ABD TERG 8 with 3-6 hairs. SIPH of aptera about 5 × longer than their width at base (fig. 41E). Alata without dark dorsal markings on ABD TERG 1-6	…..Aphis neogillettei
–	ABD TERG 8 with 6-12 hairs. SIPH of aptera only 2-3 × longer than their width at base (fig. 41F). Alata with dark bars or sclerotic patches on ABD TERG 1-6	…..Aphis salicariae
27	Antennal tubercles with inner faces divergent in dorsal view (fig. 42K). SIPH with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation	…..28
–	Antennal tubercles with inner faces parallel or convergent in dorsal view (figs 42I, J). SIPH without subapical polygonal reticulation	…..31
28	Cauda long and finger-like, 0.14-0.2 of BL. Hairs on ANT III more than 0.5 of middle diameter of segment	…..29
–	Cauda short, about 0.1 of BL. Hairs on ANT III less than 0.5 of middle diameter of segment	…..30
29	SIPH 1.5-2.1 × cauda and reticulated over distal 13-25%. R IV+V 0.9-1.1 × HT II	…..Macrosiphum euphorbiae
–	SIPH 2.3-2.5 × cauda and reticulated over distal 6-11%. R IV+V 1.05-1.20 × HT II	…..Macrosiphum hamiltoni
30	ANT BASE VI less than 0.2 mm, much shorter than ANT I + II measured together	…..Macrosiphum manitobense
–	ANT BASE VI about 0.3 mm, as long as ANT I + II measured together	…..Macrosiphum cornifoliae
31	Antennal tubercles with inner faces approximately parallel in dorsal view (fig. 42J). ANT III of aptera usually with a single rhinarium near base. SIPH straight, tapering from base to flange (fig. 121K)	…..Aulacorthum solani
–	Antennal tubercles with inner faces convergent in dorsal view (fig. 42I). ANT III of aptera never with any rhinaria. SIPH tapering with a slight S-curve, or slightly swollen on distal half	…..32
32	ANT PT/BASE less than 2.5. Aptera with a dorsal intersegmental pattern of dark ornamentation (fig. 121J). SIPH coarsely imbricated, with a slight S-curve. Alata with dark transverse bands on dorsal abdomen	…..Myzus ornatus
–	ANT PT/BASE more than 3.0. Aptera without any clear dorsal markings. SIPH slightly swollen on distal half (fig. 121H). Alata with a solid dark dorsal patch	…..Myzus persicae

Coronaria see Lychnis

Caryophyllaceae

*Coronilla*	Fabaceae
*Coronilla coronata*	Acyrthosiphon pisum; [Aphis sp. – Leonard 1972a, 99]; Myzus persicae
*C. emerus* = Hippocrepis emerus
*C. glauca* = C. valentina ssp. glauca
*C. minima*	Aphis craccivora; Therioaphis langloisi
*C. montana* = C. coronata
*C. pusilla* (?)	Aphis coronillae
*C. rostrata* = Securigera parviflora
*C. valentina*	Acyrthosiphon caraganae; Myzus ornatus
C. valentina ssp. glauca	[Aphis sp. – Leonard 1972a, 99]; Myzus persicae; Therioaphis langloisi
*C. varia* = Securigera varia

Key to apterae on Coronilla (also includes aphids found on Hippocrepis and Securigera):-

1	ANT PT/BASE about 0.5. Cauda knobbed, anal plate bilobed. SIPH as small pores on dark shallow cones	…..2
–	ANT PT/BASE much more than 1. Cauda tongue- or finger-shaped, anal plate entire. SIPH tubular	…..3
2	Dorsal abdominal hairs hardly discernible, much shorter than ANT BD III, without tuberculate bases. Dorsal sclerotisation in transverse bands	…..Therioaphis langloisi
–	Dorsal abdominal hairs conspicuous, mostly on separate dark sclerites, and with tuberculate bases	…..Therioaphis trifolii
3	Dark aphids with dorsal dark sclerotisation and weakly developed ANT tubercles	…..4
–	Pale aphids without dorsal sclerotisation, with well-developed ANT tubercles	…..8
4	SIPH 0.7-1.1 × cauda	…..Aphis craccae
–	SIPH 1.2-2.0 × cauda	…..5
5	ABD TERG 2-6 (as well as 1 and 7) with rather large marginal tubercles (MTu)	…..Aphis coronillae
–	ABD TERG 2-6 without or rarely with small MTu	…..6
6	Posterior hair on hind trochanter 0.15-0.4 × width of trochantro-femoral suture	…..Aphis vineti
–	Posterior hair on hind trochanter (0-4-)0.5-1.1 × width of trochantro-femoral suture	…..7
7	R IV+V 0.88-1.16 × HT II (mostly 0.9-1.05 X). Anterior half of genital plate with 2 (-3) hairs	…..Aphis craccivora
–	R IV+V 0.97-1.3 × HT II (mostly 1.06-1.2 X). Anterior half of genital plate with 2-8 hairs (mode 4, mean 5.2)	…..Aphis cytisorum
8	Head spiculose with inner faces of ANT tubercles almost parallel or convergent apically. ANT III with or without rhinaria	.….9
–	Head smooth with inner faces of ANT tubercles divergent. ANT III usually with 1 or more rhinaria near base	…..11
9	Inner faces of antennal tubercles almost parallel. ANT III usually with 1 or 2 small rhinaria near base. ANT PT/BASE 4.0-5.5	…..Aulacorthum solani
–	Inner faces of antennal tubercles apically convergent. ANT III without rhinaria. ANT PT/BASE 1.75-4.5	…..10
10	SIPH slightly clavate. ANT PT/BASE (2.8-)3.1-4.5. Dorsal abdomen without dark intersegmental markings	…..Myzus persicae
–	SIPH tapering with a slight “S”-curve. ANT PT/BASE 1.75-2.8. Dorsal abdomen with a pattern of dark intersegmental markings	…..Myzus ornatus
11	SIPH with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation. Longest hairs on ANT III 0.6-1.0 × BD III	…..Macrosiphum euphorbiae
–	SIPH without any polygonal reticulation. Hairs on ANT III short and blunt, the longest 0.2-0.4 × BD III	…..12
12	ANT I longer than wide and bearing 9-23 hairs. SIPH attenuate distally, thinner than hind tibia at midlength	…..Acyrthosiphon pisum
–	ANT I not longer than wide, bearing 6-10 hairs. SIPH not attenuate distally, as thick as or thicker than hind tibia at midlength	…..13
13	SIPH gradually tapering from base to flange, 1.5-2.1 × cauda and 4.7-7.7 × R IV+V (which is 0.126-0.143 mm long)	…..Acyrthosiphon caraganae
–	SIPH tapering from base but almost cylindrical on distal half; 1.2-1.7 × cauda and 4.3-4.9 × R IV+V (which is 0.112-0.128 mm long)	…..Acyrthosiphon loti

*Coronopus* see Lepidium	Brassicaceae
*Coronopus didymus* = Lepidium didymum
*C. pinnatifidus* = Lepidium didymum
*C. procumbens* = Lepidium coronopus
*C. squamatus* = Lepidium coronopus

*Correa*	Rutaceae
*Correa glabra*	Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii

*Cortaderia*	Poaceae
*Cortaderia richardii*	Sitobion miscanthi
*C. selloana*	Hyalopterus pruni; Sitobion fragariae
Cortaderia sp.	Sipha flava

Use key to apterae of grass-feeding aphids under Digitaria.

*Cortusa*	Primulaceae
*Cortusa matthioli*	Anuraphis cortusae; [Macrosiphum chukotense]

*Corybas* (including Corysanthes)	Orchidaceae
*Corybas rotundifolius*	Neomyzus circumflexus

(or try key to orchid-feeding aphids under Cymbidium)

*Corydalis*	Fumariaceae
*Corydalis aurea*	Acyrthosiphon malvae; Aulacorthum solani; Macrosiphum corydalis, dicentrae; Neomyzus circumflexus
*C. brandegeei* (?) = C. caseana ssp. brandegeei
*C. caseana* (incl. ssp. brandegeei)	Pseudocercidus tutigulus
*C. formosa* = Dicentra formosa
*C. formosana* = C. tashiroi
*C. heterocarpa* (incl. var. japonica)	Longicaudinus corydalisicola
*C. incisa*	Aulacorthum solani
*C. lutea* = Pseudofumaria lutea
*C. ophiocarpa*	Neomyzus circumflexus
*C. pallida*	Aulacorthum corydalicola; Longicaudinus corydalisicola
*C. scouleri*	Macrosiphum dicentrae; Pseudocercidus tutigulus
*C. speciosa*	Aulacorthum corydalicola
*C. tashiroi*	Longicaudinus corydalisicola
Corydalis sp.	[Macrosiphum euphorbiae]

Key to apterae on Corydalis:-

1	SIPH shorter than cauda	…..Longicaudinus corydalisicola
–	SIPH as long as or longer than cauda	…..2
2	R IV+V 0.45-0.55 × HT II. First tarsal segments with 5 (-6) hairs	…..Pseudocercidis tutigulus
–	R IV+V 0.6-1.7 × HT II. First tarsal segments with 2-3 hairs	…..3
3	SIPH with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation (at least 3 rows)	…..4
–	SIPH without any distinct rows of polygonal reticulation	…..5
4	R IV+V 0.6-0.8 × HT II. ABD TERG 2-4 frequently bearing marginal tubercles (MTu) as large as or larger than spiracular apertures	…..Macrosiphum dicentrae
–	R IV+V 0.8-1.0 × HT II. If ABD TERG 2-4 have any MTu then they are usually very small, not much larger than hair bases	…..Macrosiphum corydalis (or M. euphorbiae)
5	Head spiculose both dorsally and ventrally with inner faces of ANT tubercles well-developed and steep-sided, almost parallel. ANT III with (0-)1-3 small rhinaria near base. SIPH cylindrical for most of length, pale except at apices, with a well-developed apical flange	…..6
–	Without that combination of characters; if head is spiculose then SIPH are clavate or ANT III is without any rhinaria, or both	…..go to key to polyphagous aphids
6	ANT III-VI almost wholly dusky/dark. R IV+V 0.93-1.07 × ANT VI BASE	…..Aulacorthum corydalicola
–	ANT III-VI only dark at apices of segments. R IV+V 1.06-1.27 × ANT VI BASE	…..Aulacorthum solani

*Corylopsis*	Hamamelidaceae
*Corylopsis gotoana*	Hydronaphis impatiens
*C. pauciflora*	Hydronaphis impatiens; Pseudomegoura magnoliae;
*C. spicata*	Hydronaphis impatiens
*Corylopsis* sp.	Scleromyzus corylopsis

Key to apterae on Corylopsis:-

(All 3 species have spinulose heads and slightly swollen siphunculi.)

1	Cauda short and rounded, hardly longer than its basal width. Tergum dark sclerotic, with a reticulate pattern of minute spinules	…..Hydronaphis impatiens
–	Cauda finger-like, much longer than its basal width. Tergum pale	…..2
2	Antennal tubercles weakly developed. Antennae and tibiae mainly pale, darker distally	…..Scleromyzus corylopsis
–	Antennal tubercles well developed. Antennae and tibiae entirely dark	…..Pseudomegoura magnoliae

*Corylus* Cobnuts and Hazelnuts	Corylaceae
*Corylus americana*	Macrosiphum (Neocorylobium) coryli, pseudocoryli
*C. avellana* (incl. var. pontica)	Common Filbert or Hazelnut
	Corylobium avellanae; [Macrosiphum euphorbiae]; Macrosiphum (Neocorylobium) corylicola; Mesocallis (Paratinocallis) corylicola; Myzocallis coryli; Neochromaphis coryli
*C. chinensis*	Myzocallis coryli
*C. colchica*	Corylobium avellanae; Myzocallis coryli
*C. colurna* (incl. var. chinensis)	Corylobium avellanae; Myzocallis coryli; Pterocallis affinis
*C. cornuta* (incl. var. californica)	Corylobium avellanae; Illinoia corylina, macgillivrayae; Macrosiphum (Neocorylobium) coryli, pseudocoryli, vandenboschi
*C. heterophylla* (incl. var. thunbergii)	Corylobium avellanae; Macrosiphum (Neocorylobium) corylicola; Mesocallis pteleae; Mesocallis (Paratinocallis) corylicola, occulta, yunnanensis; [Myzus persicae]; Neochromaphis coryli; Pterocallis heterophylla; Tinocallis (Sappocallis) nikkoensis
*C. maxima*	Corylobium avellanae; Myzocallis coryli
*C. sieboldiana* (incl. var brevirostris)	Macrosiphum (Neocorylobium) corylicola; Mesocallis pteleae; Mesocallis (Paratinocallis) corylicola; Myzocallis coryli; Neochromaphis coryli; Pterocallis montana; Tinocallis (Sappocallis) nikkoensis
*C. sieboldiana* var. *mandshurica*	Betacallis alnicolens; Macrosiphum (Neocorylobium) skurichinae; Mesocallis pteleae, sawashibae; Mesocallis (Paratinocallis) corylicola, occulta; Neochromaphis coryli

Key to the aphids on Corylus:-

This is a revised version of the key given by Blackman & Eastop (2000).

1	Head with a transverse black band ventrally between the eyes	…..Betacallis alnicolens
–	Head without a transverse ventral black band	…..2
2	Cauda knobbed, anal plate bilobed. SIPH as small, truncate cones. (Adult viviparae usually or always alate)	…..3
–	Cauda finger-shaped, anal plate entire. SIPH long and tubular, with subapical polygonal reticulation. (Adult viviparae usually mainly apterous)	…..13
3	ANT PT/BASE more than 2.0	…..Myzocallis coryli
–	ANT PT/BASE 0.1-1.2	…..4
4	Forewings with extensive pattern of dark markings. PT extremely short, ANT PT/BASE only about 0.1	…..Neochromaphis coryli
–	Forewings sometimes with pigment along veins and/or on pterostigma, but without any extensive pigmented areas. ANT PT/BASE at least 0.2	…..5
5	Spinal hairs on ABD TERG 1-4 long, up to 6 × basal diameter of ANT III, pointed and spine-like, on low tuberculate bases	…..Pterocallis heterophylla
–	Spinal hairs on ABD TERG 1-4 all short, not or hardly exceeding basal diameter of ANT III, or if longer then capitate	…..6
6	ANT PT/BASE 0.2-0.45	…..Pterocallis montana
–	ANT PT/BASE 0.5 or more	…..7
7	Mesonotum and ABD TERG 2 and 3 each with a pair of large spinal hair-bearing processes. ANT III with 15-19 secondary rhinaria	…..Tinocallis (Sappocallis) nikkoensis
–	Mesonotum and ABD TERG 2 and 3 without or with only very low spinal processes. ANT III with 2-14 secondary rhinaria	…..8
8	Abdominal marginal tubercles each bearing a single small hair. ANT III (of alata) with 7-14 rhinaria	…..9
–	Abdominal marginal tubercles mostly with 2-3 hairs. ANT III with 2-11 rhinaria	…..10
9	Front of head and ANT III dark. R IV+V 1.2-1.4 × HT II. All viviparae alate	…..Mesocallis pteleae
–	Front of head and ANT III pale. R IV+V 0.8-1.0 × HT II. Viviparae apterous or alate	…..Mesocallis sawashibae
10	ABD TERG 8 with 5-7 hairs. ABD TERG 1-7 with 6-10 spinopleural hairs, the spinal hairs often grouped on paired low processes	…..Pterocallis affinis
–	ABD TERG 8 with 2 hairs. ABD TERG 1-7 each either with only a single pair of spinal hairs (those on 3, 5 and 7 being displaced laterally), or with 3-6 spinopleural hairs (with or without separate raised bases)	…..11
11	ANT PT/BASE 0.6-0.7. R IV+V 1.5-1.7 × HT II. ABD TERG 1-7 each with 3-6 spino-pleural hairs (with or without separate raised bases), some of which may be of neotenic form (i.e. long with expanded apices)	…..Mesocallis (Paratinocallis) yunnanensis
–	ANT PT/BASE 0.8-1.1. R IV+V 0.9-1.2 × HT II. ABD TERG 1-7 each with only a single pair of spinal hairs (those on 3, 5 and 7 being displaced laterally)	…..12
12	ANT 0.75-0.92 × BL and R IV+V 0.80-1.00 × HT II	…..Mesocallis (Paratinocallis) corylicola
–	ANT 0.60-0.77 × BL and R IV+V 1.00-1.14 × HT II	….. Mesocallis (Paratinocallis) occulta*
13	Dorsal hairs of aptera long, thick and slightly capitate, arising from large tubercles	…..Corylobium avellanae
–	Dorsal hairs of aptera shorter, not capitate, not borne on tubercles	…..14
14	Dorsal cuticle strongly sclerotised and very wrinkled (although quite pale)	…..Macrosiphum (Neocorylobium) vandenboschi
–	Dorsal cuticle not sclerotic, smooth	…..15
15	SIPH slightly but distinctly swollen proximal to reticulated subapical zone	…..16
–	SIPH tapering/cylindrical	…..17
16	R IV+V bearing 14-16 accessory hairs and 1.4-1.5 × HT II which is 0.10-0.11 mm long	…..Illinoia corylina
–	R IV+V bearing 6-9 accessory hairs and 1.05-1.25 × HT II which is 0.12-0.15 mm long	….. Illinoia macgillivrayae
17	Hind tibiae and SIPH of aptera wholly black, cauda dusky to dark	…..Macrosiphum (Neocorylobium) corylicola
–	Hind tibiae of aptera with paler middle section; SIPH wholly black or pale at bases, cauda pale to dusky	…..18
18	Aptera with abdominal cuticle usually pigmented marginally, and also dorsally across ABD TERG 5-7. SIPH wholly black, ABD TERG 8 and cauda contrastingly pale	…..Macrosiphum (Neocorylobium) coryli
–	Aptera with abdomen wholly pale. SIPH usually paler at base, cauda pale or dusky	…..19
19	R IV+V 1.4-1.8 × HT II and bearing 14-18 accessory hairs. ANT III with 2-7 rhinaria in a row	…..Macrosiphum (Neocorylobium) pseudocoryli
–	R IV+V c. 2 × HT II and bearing 6-8 accessory hairs. ANT III with 1-3 rhinaria near base	…..Macrosiphum (Neocorylobium) skurichinae

Corynabutilon see Abutilon

Malvaceae

*Corynephorus* (including Weingartneria)	Poaceae
*Corynephorus articulatus* = C. divaricatus
*C. canescens*	Atheroides serrulatus; Baizongia pistaciae; Chaetosiphella berlesei, tshernavini; Forda formicaria, marginata; Geoica setulosa, utricularia; Laingia psammae; Paracletus cimiciformis; Schizaphis weingaertneriae; Sitobion avenae; Tetraneura ulmi
*C. divaricatus*	Sitobion fragariae
Corynephorus spp.	Baizongia pistaciae

Use key to apterae of grass-feeding aphids under Digitaria.

Corysanthes see Corybas

Orchidaceae

Coryspermum see Corispermum

Amaranthaceae

Corytholoma see Sinningia

Gesneraciae

Cosmia see Calandrinia

Portulacaceae

*Cosmos*	Asteraceae
*Cosmos bipinnatus*	Aphis fabae, fabae ssp. cirsiiacanthoidis, gossypii, solanella, spiraecola; Brachycaudus cardui, helichrysi; [Longicaudus trirhodus]; [Macrosiphoniella kuwayamai]; Myzus ornatus, persicae; Protaphis middletonii
*C. caudatus*	Aphis gossypii, spiraecola
*C. sulphureus*	Aphis gossypii
Cosmos spp.	Aphis coreopsidis, craccivora, solitaria; [Capitophorus carduinus]; Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Uroleucon ambrosiae, compositae, [kashmiricum]

Key to apterae on Cosmos:-

1	ANT tubercles weakly developed. SIPH 0.24-0.4 × BL, more than 8 × their midlength diameter, and about 2 × the much paler cauda. Head, ANT I, II and basal part of III very pale, contrasting with dark rest of ANT. Longest hair on ANT III less than 0.4 × BD III	..….Aphis coreopsidis
–	Either ANT tubercles well developed, or if weakly developed then the other characters do not all apply	…..2
2	ANT tubercles weakly developed. SIPH pale (sometimes dark-tipped) and more than 4 × their midlength diameter, 1.1-1.5 × cauda. ANT PT/BASE 1.3-1.8. ANT III with 0-15 rhinaria on distal half, and ANT IV with 0-4. RIV+V 1.4-1.6 × HT II and bearing 3-6 accessory hairs	…..Aphis solitaria
–	Either ANT tubercles well developed, of if weakly developed then the other characters do not all apply	…..3
3	Dorsum with an extensive dark sclerotic shield. Cauda short and rounded, not longer than its basal width. Spiracular apertures large and rounded	…..Brachycaudus cardui
–	Either dorsum without an extensive dark shield or other characters do not apply	…..go to key to polyphagous aphids

*Costus* (including Cheilocostus)	Costaceae
*Costus afer*	Pentalonia nigronervosa; Pseudoregma sundanica
*C. malortieanus*	Pentalonia nigronervosa
*C. mexicanus* = C. pictus
*C. pictus*	Pentalonia nigronervosa; Pseudoregma sundanica
*C. pulverulentus*	Pentalonia nigronervosa
*C. speciosus*	Pseudoregma nicolaiae

Use key to apterae on Hedychium.

*Cota*	Asteraceae
*Cota tinctoria*	Brachycaudus helichrysi

(or try key to apterae on Anthemis)

*Cotinus*	Anacardiaceae
*Cotinus coggygria*	Aphis fabae; Carolinaia rhois; Semiaphis sp. (Bozhko 1976a: 67)

Key to apterae on Cotinus:-

1	SIPH very small, less than 0.5 × cauda	…..Semiaphis sp.
–	SIPH more than 0.7 × cauda	…..2
2	SIPH dark, clavate, about 2 × the pale cauda which bears 5 hairs	…..Carolinaia rhois
–	SIPH dark, cylindrical or tapering, 0.7-1.8 × the black cauda which bears 11-24 hairs	…..Aphis fabae

(or if none of these three fit, try key to polyphagous aphids)

*Cotoneaster*	Rosaceae
*Cotoneaster acutifolius*	Aphis pomi
C. acutifolius var. lucidus	Aphis fabae, gossypii, pomi; [Dysaphis affinis]; Rhopalosiphum oxyacanthae
C. acutifolius var. villosulus	Aphis pomi; Eriosoma lanigerum; Nearctaphis yohoensis
*C. amoenus* = C. franchetii
*C. applanata* = C. dielsianus
*C. bacillaris*	Aspidophorodon indica; Dysaphis microsiphon
*C. bullatus*	Aphis pomi; Myzus persicae
*C. buxifolius* see C. prostratus
*C. conspicuus*	Aphis gossypii
*C. dammeri*	Aphis pomi; Eriosoma lanigerum
*C. davidianus* = C. horizontalis
*C. denticulatus* = Amelanchier denticulata
*C. dielsianus*	Aphis pomi; Rhopalosiphum oxyacanthae
*C. distichus* = C. nitidus
*C. divaricatus*	Aphis pomi, [spiraephaga]
*C. franchetii*	Aphis pomi, spiraecola; Aulacorthum solani
*C. frigidus*	Aphis pomi, spiraecola
*C. genitiana*	Aphis spiraecola
*C. glaucophyllus* (incl. var. serotinus)	Aphis pomi, [Aphis sp. (Leonard 1972a: 100)]
*C. harrovianus*	Aphis gossypii
*C. hebephyllus*	Aphis pomi
*C. henryanus* = C. salicifolius var. henryanus
*C. horizontalis*	Aphis pomi, spiraecola; Eriosoma lanigerum; Rhopalosiphum oxyacanthae
*C. humifusus* = C. dammeri
*C. insignis*	Aphis pomi; Dysaphis microsiphon
*C. integrifolius* = C. microphyllus var. thymifolius
*C. integerrimus*	Anuromyzus cotoneasteris; Aphis pomi; Rhopalosiphum oxyacanthae
*C. karatavicus*	Dysaphis microsiphon
*C. lucidus* = C. acutifolius var. lucidus
*C. megalocarpus*	Aphis spiraecola
*C. melanocarpus*	Aphis pomi, spiraecola, [Aphis sp. (Davletshina 1964: 125)]; Dysaphis [anthrisci], [flava], microsiphon; Rhopalosiphum oxyacanthae
*C. moupinensis*	Aphis pomi
*C. microphyllus* (incl. var. thymifolius)	Aphis gossypii, pomi; Rhopalosiphum oxyacanthae
*C. monopyrenus* = C. hebephyllus
*C. multiflorus*	Aphis pomi; Dysaphis microsiphon; Eriosoma lanigerum; Rhopalosiphum oxyacanthae
*C. nebrodensis*	Aphis pomi
*C. niger* = C. melanocarpus
*C. nitens*	[Aphis sp. (Leonard 1972a: 100)]
*C. nitidus*	Myzus persicae
*C. nummularius*	Dysaphis microsiphon
*C. obscurus*	Aphis pomi
*C. obtusus* = C. bacillaris
*C. pannosus*	Aphis gossypii, spiraecola
*C. praecox*	Aphis fabae
*C. prostratus* = C. rotundifolius
*C. racemiflorus*	Anuromyzus cotoneasteris; [Aphis sp. (Leonard 1972a:100)]
*C. rhytidophyllus*	[Aphis sp. (Leonard 1972a: 100)]
*C. roseus*	Aphis pomi
*C. rotundifolius*	[Aphis sp. (Leonard 1972a: 99)]; Myzus persicae
*C. salicifolius* (incl. var. henryanus)	Aphis gossypii, pomi, spiraecola; Rhopalosiphum oxyacanthae
*C. saxatilis*	Anuromyzus cotoneasteris; Dysaphis microsiphon
*C. serotinus* = C. glaucophyllus var. serotinus
*C. simonsii*	Aphis pomi; [Dysaphis angelicae, lauberti]; Rhopalosiphum oxyacanthae
*C. tauricus*	Anuromyzus cotoneasteris
*C. villosulus* = C. acutifolius var. villosulus
*C. vulgaris* = C. integerrimus
*C. wardii*	[Aphis sp. (Leonard 1972a, 100)]; Myzus persicae
*C. zabelii*	Aphis pomi; Myzus persicae
Cotoneaster sp.	[Aphis (Toxoptera) citricidus]; [Eriosoma phaenax (sexuparae, Pakistan and India)]

Key to apterae on Cotoneaster:-

1	ANT PT/BASE less than 0.5. SIPH as pores with partly sclerotised rims. Wax glands present, each consisting of a ring of large facets around a central area	…..Eriosoma lanigerum
–	ANT PT/BASE more than 0.5. SIPH tubular or as short, truncate cones. Wax glands absent	…..2
2	Cauda helmet-shaped or triangular, as short as or shorter than its basal width	…..3
–	Cauda tongue- or finger-shaped, clearly longer than its basal width	…..5
3	SIPH with close-set transverse rows of small spinules. SIPH less than 2 × their midlength diameter. Abdomen with dark patch on ABD TERG 3-6	…..Nearctaphis yohoensis
–	SIPH smooth or with normal imbrication. Either SIPH longer or dorsal abdomen pale	…..4
4	Dorsum pale, membranous. SIPH very short, truncate cones, less than 2 × their midlength diameter. Cauda pentagonal, with 5 hairs	…..Dysaphis microsiphon
–	Dorsum dark, sclerotic. SIPH tubular, more than 3 × their midlength diameter (Fig.24a). Cauda triangular, pointed, with 6-7 hairs (Fig.24b)	…..Anuromyzus cotoneasteris
5	Front of head with a well-developed scabrous median tubercle bearing 4 thick, slightly capitate hairs (Fig.24c), and ABD TERG 8 with a similar hair-bearing process (Fig.24d). SIPH long, smooth and flangeless (Fig.24e). ANT PT/BASE less than 1.3	…..Aspidophorodon indica
–	Front of head and ABD TERG 8 without scabrous processes. SIPH imbricated, with flange. ANT PT/BASE more than 1.5	…..6
6	Head spiculose, with well-developed ANT tubercles, their inner faces parallel or apically convergent	…..7
–	Head almost smooth, with ANT tubercles weakly developed	…..8
7	SIPH slightly clavate. ANT tubercles with inner faces apically convergent. ANT III without rhinaria	…..Myzus persicae
–	SIPH tapering, with no trace of distal swelling. ANT tubercles with inner faces approximately parallel. ANT III usually with 1-2 small rhinaria near base	…..Aulacorthum solani
8	SIPH pale with darker apices; cylindrical over most of length, and constricted subapically, with large flange. Dorsal cuticle ornamented with spicules, mostly arranged in polygons	…..Rhopalosiphum oxyacanthae
–	SIPH dark, tapering to a moderate flange. Dorsal cuticle without spicules arranged in polygons	…..9
9	Cauda paler than SIPH, without any midway constriction, and bearing 4-8 hairs	…..Aphis gossypii
–	Cauda as dark as SIPH, often slightly constricted near its midpoint, and bearing 7-19 hairs	…..10
10	Dorsal abdomen usually with scattered dark markings anterior to SIPH and dark cross-bands on ABD TERG 7 and 8. ANT III 1.2-1.9 × cauda which is usually without any constriction and bears 11-24 hairs	…..Aphis fabae
–	Dorsal abdomen without any dark markings. ANT III 0.9-1.2 × cauda, which usually has a distinct midlength constriction and bears 6-19 hairs	…..11
11	Marginal tubercles (MTu) present on ABD TERG 2-4. Cauda with 10-19 hairs (rarely less than 13) R IV+V more than 0.13 mm	…..Aphis pomi
–	MTu absent from ABD TERG 2-4. Cauda with 7-15 hairs (rarely more than 12). R IV+V less than 0.125 mm	…..Aphis spiraecola

*Cotula*	Asteraceae
*Cotula australis*	Brachycaudus helichrysi; Myzus ascalonicus
*C. coronopifolia*	Aphis coronopifoliae, triglochinis; Brachycaudus helichrysi; Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus persicae
*C. hemisphaerica*	Aphis spiraecola
*C. plumosa* = Leptinella plumosa
Cotula spp.	[Acutosiphon obliquoris]; Aphis nasturtii; Myzus ornatus

Key to apterae on Cotula:-

1	Cauda helmet-shaped, as short as or shorter than its basal width. Spiracular apertures large and rounded. SIPH smooth, conical, with marked subapical annular incision	…..Brachycaudus helichrysi
–	Cauda tongue-shaped, much longer than its basal width. Spiracular apertures reniform. SIPH imbricated, without a marked subapical incision	…..2
2	SIPH mainly pale (often dusky-tipped). ANT tubercles weakly developed. ABD TERG 1 and 7 with marginal tubercles (MTu)	…..3
–	SIPH pale or dark, but if pale then ANT tubercles are well developed and ABD TERG 1 and 7 lack MTu	…..go to key to polyphagous aphids
3	ANT PT/BASE 1.9-3.0	…..Aphis nasturtii
–	ANT PT/BASE 1.1-1.8	…..4
4	SIPH less than 2 × longer than their basal width, and less than 0.9 × cauda. (Sec. rhin. in al. III 11-17, IV 2-7, V 0)	…..Aphis coronopifoliae
–	SIPH more than 2 × longer than their basal width, and more than 0.9 × cauda. (Sec. rhin. in al. III 25-60, IV 9-25, V 7-17)	…..Aphis triglochinis

*Cotyledon*	Crassulaceae
*Cotyledon barbeyi*	Myzus persicae
*C. orbiculata*	Aphis gossypii, sedi; Myzus persicae
*C. wickensii* = C. barbeyi
*Cotyledon* sp.	Macrosiphum euphorbiae

Use key to apterae on Sedum.

*Cotylelobium*	Dipterocarpaceae
*Cotylelobium “malayensis”* (= malayanum?)	Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii

*Cousinia*	Asteraceae
*Cousinia affinis*	Macrosiphoniella tuberculata; Protaphis cousiniae; Smynthurods betae; Turanoleucon mitjaevi
*C. alata*	Dysaphis cousiniae; Protaphis cousiniae;Turanoleucon mitjaevi
*C. calcitrapa*	Macrosiphoniella tuberculata
*C. chaetocephala*	Macrosiphoniella tuberculata
*C. chrysantha*	Aphis craccivora; Protaphis cousiniae
*C. cylindracea*	Macrosiphoniella tuberculata
*C. karatavica*	Dysaphis cousiniae; Protaphis anuraphoides, cousiniae
*C. lepida*	Macrosiphoniella tuberculata
*C. microcarpa*	[Aphis cirsiioleracei]; Brachycaudus cardui; Dysaphis cousiniae; Protaphis cousiniae
*C. perovskiensis*	Aphis craccivora; Protaphis anuraphoides; Xerobion compositae
*C. piptocephala*	Macrosiphoniella tuberculata
*C. platyceps* (?)	[Macrosiphoniella sp. (Kadyrbekov 2003c)]
*C. platylepis*	Turanoleucon mitjaevi
*C. pseudomollis*	Dysaphis pseudomolli
*C. pulchella*	Dysaphis cousiniae; [Nasonovia ribisnigri];Trama troglodytes
*C. radians*	Dysaphis cousiniae, cousiniae ssp. minor, radicivorans
*C. resinosa*	Dysaphis cousiniae
*C. stocksii*	Macrosiphoniella tuberculata
*C. syrdariensis*	[Protaphis iliensis]
*C. tenella*	Brachycaudus cardui
*C. triflora*	Protaphis cousiniae
*C. umbrosa*	Dysaphis cousiniae, radicivorans
Cousinia spp	Aphis [acanthoidis], craccivora, fabae, gossypii, solanella; Brachycaudus viridanus; [Protaphis harmalae]; Rectinasus buxtoni; Uroleucon sonchi ssp. afghanicum

Key to apterae on Cousinia:-

1	Antennae densely hairy; e.g. base of last antennal segment with more than 20 hairs. SIPH absent	…..2
–	Antennae less hairy; base of last antennal segment with less than 10 hairs. SIPH present	.…4
2	HT II greatly elongated, more than 0.5 × hind tibia	……Trama troglodytes
–	HT II of normal length	…..3
3	R IV+V very long, 2.5-3.1 × HT II	…..Rectinasus buxtoni
–	R IV+V 0.9-1.1 × HT II	…..Smynthurodes betae
4	Cauda short, conical or helmet-shaped, not longer than its basal width in dorsal view	…..5
–	Cauda clearly longer than its basal width	…..12
5	ANT PT/BASE 0.5-1.2. SIPH 0.6-1.2 × cauda	…..6
–	ANT PT/BASE more than 2. SIPH 1.0-3.4 × cauda	…..8
6	SIPH conical with broad bases, shorter than their basal width. ANT PT/BASE 0.5-0.7	…..Xerobion compositae
–	SIPH tubular, 1.3-2.5 × their basal width. ANT PT/BASE 0.8-1.2	…..7
7	Longest hairs on ABD TERG 3 are 1.2-1.3 × ANT BD III. SIPH 0.8-1.2 × cauda, almost cylindrical, 1.7-2.5 × their basal width, with a distinct flange	…..Protaphis anuraphoides
–	Longest hairs on ABD TERG 3 are 0.5-0.9 × ANT BD III. SIPH 0.7-1.1 × cauda, tapering, 1.3-1.75 × their basal width, with a small flange	…..Protaphis terricola or cousiniae
8	Spiracular apertures large and rounded	…..9
–	Spiracular apertures reniform	…..10
9	Dorsum with an extensive dark shield. BL 1.8-2.4 mm. (Al. with 15-36 rhinaria on ANT III)	…..Brachycaudus cardui
–	Dorsam without a dark shield. BL 1.3-1.7 mm. (Al. with c.7 rhinaria on ANT III)	…..Brachycaudus viridanus*
10	STu absent, and MTu on ABD TERG 1-5 absent or inconspicuous. R IV+V longer than ANT PT	…..Dysaphis pseudomolli
–	Spinal tubercles (STu) usually present on head and posterior ABD TERG, and well-developed marginal tubercles (MTu) present on ABD TERG 1-5 or 1-7. R IV+V shorter than ANT PT	…..11
11	MTu present on ABD TERG 1-7	…..Dysaphis radicivorans*
–	MTu present on ABD TERG 1-5 only	…..Dysaphis cousiniae
12	SIPH mainly or wholly dark with subapical polygonal reticulation on distal 0.16-0.43 of length	…..13
–	SIPH pale or dark, but if dark then without polygonal reticulation	……go to key to polyphagous aphids
13	SIPH with reticulation on distal 0.16-0.27 of length. Postsiphuncular sclerites present	…..Uroleucon sonchi (ssp. afghanicum?)
–	SIPH with reticulation on distal 0.3-0.43 of length. Postsiphuncular sclerites absent	…..14
14	Dorsal abdominal hairs borne on rounded tubercles. R IV+V less than 0.25 mm long, 0.7-1.3 × HT II. SIPH c.1.4-1.5 × cauda, which is pale	…..Macrosiphoniella tuberculata
–	Dorsal abdominal hairs without tuberculate bases. R IV+V more than 0.3 mm long, 1.95-2.15 × HT II. SIPH 1.9-2.4 × cauda, which is dark	…..Turanoleucon mitjaevi