HOST LISTS AND KEYS FOR EACH PLANT GENUS

(in alphabetical order)

Bet-Byt

Beta

Betonica

BETULA

Bidens

Bifora

Bifrenaria

Bignonia

Bilderdykia

Billardiera

Billbergia

Bischofia

Biscutella

Biserrula

Bistorta

Bituminaria

Bixa

Blackstonia

Blainvillea

Blechnum

Blechum

Blepharis

Blephilia

Bletia

Bletilla

Blitum

Blotiella

Blumea

Blumeopsis

Bocconia

Boechera

Boehmeria

Boerhavia

Boisduvalia

Bolboschoenus

Boltonia

Bomarea

Bombax

Bonjeania

Bontia

Borago

Boronia

Borreria

Bossekia

Bothriochloa

Bothriocline

Bothriospermum

Bougainvillea

Bouteloua

Bouvardia

Bowkeria

Boykinia

Brachanthemum

Brachiaria

Brachychiton

Brachycome

Brachyglottis

Brachylaena

Brachypodium

Brachyscome

Brachystegia

Brachytheciastrum

Brachythecium

Brasenia

Brasilettia

Brassaia

Brassica

Breea

Bremeria

Brevipodium

Breynia

Brickellia

Bridelia

Brillantaisia

Briza

Bromopsis

Bromus

Brosimum

Broussonettia

Browallia

Brugmansia

Brunella

Brunellia

Brunfelsia

Brunnera

Brya

Bryanthus

Bryonia

Bryophyllum

Bryum

Buchanania

Buchenavia

Buchnera

Buddleja

Bufonia

Buglossoides

Bulbine

Bulbinella

Bulbophyllum

Bulbostylis

Bulnesia

Bunchosia

Bunias

Bunium

Buphthalmum

Bupleurum

Bursaria

Bursera

Butea

Butia

Butomus

Buxus

Byttneria

BetaAmaranthaceae
Beta bengalensis Myzus persicae
B. maritimaAphis fabae, nasturtii; Myzus antirrhinii, persicae
B. vulgarisAphis craccivora, fabae, gossypii, nasturtii, sambuci,
(incl. vars cicia, macrorhiza, solanella;
rapa, saccharifera) Aulacorthum solani; Brachycaudus helichrysi;
Brachyunguis harmalae; Brevicoryne brassicae;
Hayhurstia atriplicis; [Lipaphis pseudobrassicae];
Macrosiphum euphorbiae, stellariae;
Myzus ascalonicus, persicae;
Pemphigus betae, [bursarius], fuscicornis
[populitransversus], populivenae;
Prociphilus erigeronensis;
Rhopalosiphoninus latysiphon, staphyleae ssp. tulipaellus;
Smynthurodes betae; [Uroleucon sonchi]

Key to aphids on Beta:-

1SIPH present and only 0.6-0.8 × cauda…..2
SIPH present or absent, but if present then more than 0.8 × cauda..…3
2ANT PT/BASE less than 0.7. SIPH short and broad, less than 1.5 × basal width. ABD TERG 1 and 7 always with marginal tubercles (MTu) …..Brachyunguis harmalae
ANT PT/BASE 1.4-2.5. SIPH 3-4 times longer than their basal width, and slightly swollen over distal 0.7. ABD TERG 1 and 7 never with MTu .….Hayhurstia atriplicis
3SIPH dark, slightly swollen and only 0.25-0.5 × ANT III and 0.8-1.0 × cauda, which is broadly triangular and about as long as its basal width .….Brevicoryne brassicae
SIPH present or absent, but if present then pale or dark, 0.5-1.6 × ANT III and 0.8-3.5 × cauda, which is either longer than its basal width or helmet-shaped..…4
4 SIPH pale with subapical polygonal reticulation (at least 4-5 rows of closed cells). ANT tubercles with inner faces smooth and divergent. ANT III with 1-10 rhinaria, and with longest hairs 0.6-1.2 × BD III…..5
SIPH (if present) pale or dark, without subapical polygonal reticulation unless black and very markedly swollen. ANT tubercles absent or weakly developed or, if well-developed, then with inner faces spiculose and steep-sided (parallel or apically convergent). ANT III with 0-4 rhinaria (if with 1-4 then longest hairs less than 0.5 × BD III) …..6
5Femora usually with a dark spot or patch near apices. Dorsal hairs on head and ABD TERG 3 mostly longer than ANT BD III…..Macrosiphum stellariae
Femora pale or honey brown near apex. Dorsal hairs on head and ABD TERG 3 not longer than ANT BD III…..Macrosiphum euphorbiae
6 SIPH black, tapering/cylindrical and 2.1-3.5 × cauda which bears 10-20 hairs. ABD TERG 2-4 consistently with well-developed flat marginal tubercles (MTu) …..Aphis sambuci
Without that combination of characters….go to key to polyphagous aphids
Betonica see StachysLamiaceae
Betula BirchesBetulaceae

Seventy-two species of aphids in 18 genera feed on Betula. Although the degree of host plant specificity may be somewhat greater than in Alnus-feeding aphids, only a small number of aphid species seem to restrict their feeding to a single species of Betula. Therefore, as in the case of Alnus, a single key is provided to all birch-feeding aphids.

Host Plant List:-

(bg indicates records from exotic hosts in botanic gardens)

Betula aetnensis = B. etnensis
B. alba see B. pendula, B. pubescens
B. albosinensisChinese Red-Barked Birch
Betulaphis pelei; Calaphis flava bg; Euceraphis betulae bg;
Hamamelistes similibetulae, spinosus; Symydobius oblongus
B. alleghaniensisYellow Birch
Betulaphis quadrituberculata;
Calaphis betulaecolens, flava, viridipallida;
Euceraphis betulae bg, betulijaponicae bg,
caerulescens bg;
Hamamelistes spinosus
B. alnoidesBetacallis querciphaga, sikkimensis;
Betulaphis hissarica, longicornis;
Clethrobius comes, dryobius;
Euceraphis betulae bg; Hamamelistes sp. (miyabei?);
[Mesocallis obtusirostris];
Mollitrichosiphum montanum, nandii
Neobetulaphis chaetosiphon, immaculata, pusilla;
Taoia indica
B. alpestrisHamamelistes betulinus; Hormaphis betulae
B. americana?Hamamelistes spinosus
B. andrewsiiCalaphis flava bg; Euceraphis betulae bg
B. caeruleaBetulaphis quadrituberculata; Calaphis flava bg;
Callipterinella minutissima bg; Euceraphis betulae bg;
Glyphina betulae; Symydobius oblongus
B. carpatica = B. pubescens var. glabrata
B. celtiberica see B. pubescens
B. chinensisCallipterinella callipterabg; Symydobius kabae
B. cordifoliaEuceraphis papyrifericola
B. corylifoliaEuceraphis punctipennisbg
B. costataCalaphis similis; Clethrobius comes;
Euceraphis betulijaponicae; Glyphina betulae;
Symydobius kabae
B. dahuricaBetulaphis japonica, quadrituberculata;
Calaphis betulicola, flava bg, similis;
Callipterinella calliptera, tuberculata;
Euceraphis betulae group bg, betulijaponicae,
caerulescens;
Glyphina betulae; Hamamelistes betulinus;
Hormaphis betulae; Neobetulaphis alba;
Stomaphis betulidahuricae; Symydobius kabae, oblongus
B. davurica = B. dahurica
B. divaricata Betulaphis quadrituberculata bg; Calaphis flava bg;
Clethrobius comes; Euceraphis caerulescens;
Glyphina betulae bg; Hamamelistes betulinus;
Monaphis antennata bg
B. ermaniiBetacallis odaiensis;
Betulaphis japonica, quadrituberculata;
Calaphis betulicola, flava bg, similis;
Callipterinella minutissima , tuberculata;
Clethrobius comes;
Euceraphis caerulescens, ontakensis, punctipennisbg;
Hamamelistes betulinus; Hormaphis betulae;
Neobetulaphis alba;
[Stomaphis sp. 1 of Yamamoto et al. 2020]
Symydobius [alniarius ssp. nipponicus], kabae, oblongus
B. etnensis Callipterinella calliptera; Euceraphis betulae
B. fontinalis = B.occidentalis
B. forestiiCalaphis flava bg; Callipterinella minutisssima bg;
Clethrobius comes bg; Euceraphis punctipennis bg;
Hormaphis betulae bg
B. fruticosaBetulaphis japonica, quadrituberculata bg; Calaphis arctica;
Euceraphis [punctipennis]; Symydobius oblongus
B. glandulosaAmerican Dwarf Birch
Betulaphis pelei; Calaphis betulaefoliae, viridipallida;
Euceraphis borealis
B. gmeliniSymydobius [alniarius], kabae
B. grossaCalaphis flavabg; Callipterinella callipterabg;
Euceraphis betulae bg, punctipennisbg;
Hamamelistes betulinus, kagamii; Symydobius oblongus
B. hissaricaBetulaphis hissarica
B. humilisEuceraphis punctipennis; Calaphis flava;
Symydobius oblongus
B. jacquemontii see B. utilis
B. kamtschaticaCallipterinella calliptera, tuberculata; Clethrobius comes;
Euceraphis betulijaponicae, punctipennisbg ;
Glyphina pseudoschrankiana;
Hamamelistes betulinus
B. kirghisorum Euceraphis betulae, betulicola
B. latifoliaCalaphis flava bg; Stomaphis takahashii
B. lentaBlack Birch, Cherry Birch
Euceraphis mucida; Hamamelistes spinosus
B. litwinowiiBetulaphis brevipilosa, quadrituberculata;
Callipterinella minutissima;
Euceraphis betulae, punctipennis; Symydobius oblongus
B. luminiferaBetacallis luminifera, querciphaga; Euceraphis sp.
B. lutea = B. alleghaniensis
B. mandshurica = B. platyphylla
B. maximowicziana Betacallis odaiensis;
Betulaphis japonica, quadrituberculata;
Calaphis flava bg; Callipterinella minutissima;
Clethrobius comes; Euceraphis [punctipennis];
Hamamelistes betulinus, miyabei;
Monaphis antennata; Symydobius kabae
B. microphyllaCalaphis flava; Callipterinella calliptera, tuberculata;
Euceraphis betulae, punctipennis;
Glyphina betulae, pseudoschrankiana;
Hormaphis betulae; Monaphis antennata;
Symydobius oblongus
B. middendorfii = B. divaricata
B. nana(incl. sspp. exilis, European Dwarf Birch
rotundifolia) Aphis galiae; Betulaphis pelei, quadrituberculata;
Calaphis arctica, betulicola, flava; Clethrobius comes;
Euceraphis borealis, punctipennis;
Symydobius nanae, oblongus
B. nigraRiver Birch
Calaphis betulella, flava, neobetulella;
Callipterinella tuberculata; Euceraphis betulae;
Hamamelistes spinosus; Hormaphis cornu;
Pemphigus ephemeratus; [Symydobius kabae]
B. occidentalis (= B. fontinalis) Western Black Birch
Betulaphis quadrituberculata;
Calaphis betulaecolens, betulaefoliae, coloradensis, flava;
Euceraphis quednaui; Symydobius intermedius, oblongus
B. ovalifoliaCallipterinella minutissimabg; Glyphina betulae;
Euceraphis punctipennisbg
B. papyriferaPaper-bark Birch
Betulaphis quadrituberculata;
Calaphis betulaecolens, betulaefoliae, flava, viridipallida;
Callipterinella calliptera, minutissima, tuberculata;
Clethrobius comes;
Euceraphis papyrifericola, punctipennis bg;
Glyphina betulae, setosa; Hamamelistes spinosus;
Hormaphis cornu (?);
Monaphis antennata; Symydobius americana, oblongus
B. pendula (= B. verrucosa) Silver Birch
(incl. dalecarlica) [Aphis fabae, spiraecola];
Betulaphis brevipilosa, quadrituberculata;
Calaphis betulaecolens, betulicola, flava;
Callipterinella calliptera, minutissima, tuberculata;
Clethrobius comes; Euceraphis betulae, [punctipennis];
Glyphina betulae, pseudoschrankiana;
Hamamelistes betulinus, spinosus;
Hormaphis betulae; [Macrosiphum euphorbiae];
Monaphis antennata; Stomaphis quercus;
Symydobius oblongus
B. platyphyllaBetacallis odaiensis; Betulaphis japonica, quadrituberculata;
(incl. var. japonica) Calaphis betulicola, flava, similis;
Callipterinella calliptera, minutissimabg, tuberculata;
Clethrobius comes;
Euceraphis betulae, betulijaponicae, [caerulescens];
Glyphina betulae, pseudoschrankiana;
Hamamelistes betulinus; Hormaphis betulae;
Monaphis antennata; Neobetulaphis alba, [hebeiensis];
Nippolachnus piri;
Stomaphis takahashii, [Stomaphis sp. 3 of Yamamoto et al. 2020];
Symydobius [brevicapillus], [fumus], kabae, oblongus
B. populifoliaGray Birch
Betulaphis brevipilosabg, quadrituberculatabg;
Calaphis betulaecolens, flavabg, leonardi;
Callipterinella calliptera;
Euceraphis betulaebg, lineata, papyrifericola;
Hamamelistes spinosus; Symydobius oblongusbg
B. procurvaGlyphina betulae, pseudoschrankiana
B. pubescens (incl. varsDowny Birch
carpatica, celtiberica, Betulaphis [brevipilosa], quadrituberculata;
glabrata, pumila) Calaphis betulicola, flava;
Callipterinella calliptera, minutissima, tuberculata;
Clethrobius comes;
Euceraphis [betulae], punctipennis, [Euceraphis sp.
(Stekolshchikov 2017)];
Glyphina betulae, pseudoschrankiana;
Hamamelistes betulinus; Hormaphis betulae;
Monaphis antennata;
Stomaphis quercus; Symydobius oblongus
B. pumilaAmerican Low Birch
Calaphis betulaefoliae, manitobensis; Hamamelistes spinosus
B. raddeanaEuceraphis punctipennis; Glyphina betulae;
Symydobius oblongus
B. rezniczenkoana Callipterinella tuberculata; Symydobius oblongus
B. sandbergiiBetulaphis quadrituberculata bg; Calaphis flava bg;
Callipterinella minutissima bg; Euceraphis betulae bg
B. schmidtiiClethrobius comesbg;
[Monaphis sp. nr. antennata (Korea: Y. Lee et al. 2017)]
B. tatewakiana Clethrobius comes
B. tauschiiCallipterinella tuberculata
B. tianschanica Betulaphis brevipilosa;
Calaphis flava; tuberculata, ugamica;
Callipterinella calliptera, tuberculata; Clethrobius comes;
Euceraphis betulae, [punctipennis];
Glyphina betulae, pseudoschrankiana;
Symydobius oblongus
B. tortuosa = B. pubescens var. pumila
B. turkestanica Betulaphis hissarica; Calaphis flava, ugamica;
Clethrobius comes; Euceraphis betulaebg
B. ulmifolia = B. grossa
B. utilisIndian Paper Birch
(incl. var. jacquemontii) Betacallis querciphaga;
Betulaphis brevipilosa, hissarica, longicornis,
quadrituberculata bg;
Calaphis flava bg; Callipterinella tuberculata;
Clethrobius dryobius; Euceraphis betulae bg;
Eutrichosiphum manaliensis; Monaphis antennata bg;
Neobetulaphis chaetosiphon, pusilla; Symydobius oblongus bg
Betula sp.[Chaitophorus abdominalis Shinji 1924];
[Clethrobius vermai];
Eutrichosiphum [alnicola], betulae, [raychaudhurii];
[Neonippolachnus betulae (=Nippolachnus piri?)];
Stomaphis radicicola; [Symydobius paucisensorius];
Taoia chuansiensis

Key to birch-feeding aphids:-

(Couplets 4-6 have ben revised following Aoki et al. (2001), and couplets 34-36 (now 40-47) following Blackman & De Boise (2002))

1Antennae of aptera very short, less than 0.2× BL, 3- or 4-segmented. Antennae of alata (where known) 4- or 5-segmented with annular (ring-like) rhinaria…..2
Antennae of aptera and alata 5- or 6-segmented. Secondary rhinaria circular, oval or transversely elongate but never completely encircling antenna…..8
2 Adult aptera aleyrodiform, free-living on upper surface of leaf, with wax glands all around body producing a white wax fringe. Hind wing of alata with only one oblique vein (sometimes branched)…..3
Adult apterae in gall or pseudogall on under or upper side of leaf, not aleyrodiform (except in similibetulae; and aleyrodiform or coccidiform adults or immatures of other species may occur as overwintering stages on twigs). Hind wing of alata (where known) with 2 oblique veins…..4
3 Aleyrodiform adult only 0.64-0.94 mm long, dark brown to black in life with a fringe of separate, rod-like wax filaments. Alata with 3 antennal segments …..Hormaphis cornu
– Aleyrodiform adult 1.0-1.2 mm long, yellowish or greenish-brown in life with fringing wax filaments fused into plates. Alata with 5 antennal segments …..Hormaphis betulae
4Adult aptera aleyrodiform, brown in life with a fringe of wax threads, feeding singly on underside of leaf and producing small conical pouch galls on upperside. (Alata unknown) …..Hamamelistes similibetulae
Gall-producing adult aptera not aleyrodiform …..5
5Galls comprising cockscomb-like bags with irregular spine-like projections, protruding on upperside of leaf…..Hamamelistes miyabei
Galls comprising reddish to crimson corrugations or blisters of leaf lamina between veins, with aphids feeding on underside…..6
6Alata with SIPH absent or inconspicuous….. Hamamelistes spinosus
Alata having SIPH with dark rims…..7
7In 1st instar larvae the longer hair on HT I is 24-42 μm long, longer than the width of HT II…..Hamamelistes kagamii
In 1st instar larvae the longer hair on HT I is 12-20 μm long, shorter than the width of HT II ….. Hamamelistes betulinus
8 ANT PT/BASE less than or about equal to 1.0…..9
ANT PT/BASE clearly more than 1.0, and usually more than 1.5 (the single exception is one species with very small apterae, Callipterinella minutissima, which has PT/BASE in the range 1.1-1.8) …..48
9 Rostrum longer than body…..10
Rostrum shorter than body…..13
10 ABD TERG 1-7 with large paired dark spinal sclerotic areas, often broken into small sclerites…..Stomaphis quercus
ABD TERG 1-5 or 1-6 without dark sclerotic areas. (ABD TERG 6 and 7 with or without paired sclerites) …..11
11SIPH absent in aptera…..Stomaphis betulidahuricae*
SIPH present in all morphs…..12
12 HT II more than 2 × longer than second segments of fore and mid-tarsi …..Stomaphis takahashii
HT II at most 1.45 × longer than second segments of fore and mid-tarsi …..Stomaphis radicicola
13ANT PT peg-like, less than 2× its basal width…..14
ANT PT finger-like, more than 2× its basal width…..18
14 Eyes of aptera multifaceted…..Nippolachnus piri
Eyes of aptera reduced to 3 facets…..15
15 Dorsum pale. Body hairs inconspicuous. SIPH absent …..Pemphigus ephemeratus
Dorsum pigmented, hairs conspicuous. SIPH present as pores on small cones …..16
16Dorsal and marginal body hairs of aptera long and fine…..Glyphina setosa
Dorsal and marginal body hairs of aptera thick and spine-like…..17
17 Dorsum adorned with short wrinkles, sometimes extending into a reticulation …..Glyphina pseudoschrankiana
Dorsum with wart-like cuticular ornamentation…..Glyphina betulae
18Anal plate with a medial cleft, dividing into two lobes…..19
Anal plate entire, rounded or with a slight medial indentation, but not clearly bilobed …..31
19Cauda of aptera with a very clear constriction, separating off a distinct terminal knob …..20
Cauda of aptera semicircular or triangular, without a clear constriction…..25
20Antennae longer than body. SIPH with a single long hair…..21
Antennae much shorter than body. SIPH with or without hairs…..22
21Knob of cauda elongate, about 2× as long as wide. ANT VI (including PT) less than 0.5× ANT III…..Taoia chuansiensis
Knob of cauda only a little longer than wide. ANT VI almost as long as ANT III …..Taoia indica
22 ABD TERG 1-3 of aptera with minute spinopleural hairs, 8-10 µm long …..23
ABD TERG 1-3 of aptera with thick spinopleural hairs, expanded apically, 20-60 µm long, with elevated or tuberculate bases…..24
23Tergum of aptera pigmented, sclerotic, scabrous or variolose. R IV+V 0.8-0.9 × longer than HT II. SIPH with one or two hairs appended at base …..Neobetulaphis chaetosiphon
Tergum of aptera mostly smooth, unpigmented. R IV+V about as long as HT II. SIPH without any hairs appended at base…..Neobetulaphis immaculata
24Aptera with ANT VI BASE more than 0.5× ANT III. Longest spinopleural hairs on ABD TERG 1-3 are 40-60 µm long…..Neobetulaphis alba
Aptera with ANT VI BASE less than 0.5× ANT III. Longest spinopleural hairs on ABD TERG 1-3 are 20-30 µm long…..Neobetulaphis pusilla
25 Aptera with all dorsal body hairs long and capitate (fig. 31A)…..26
Aptera with spinal and pleural hairs, or at least those on ABD TERG 1-4, inconspicuous, much shorter than posterior marginal hairs and those on ABD TERG 8 (figs 31B-D) …..28
26SIPH of aptera densely spinulose…..Betulaphis hissarica
SIPH of aptera smooth or weakly imbricated…..27
27R IV+V shorter than HT II…..Betulaphis quadrituberculata
R IV+V longer than HT II…..Betulaphis longicornis
28 Aptera with spinal and pleural hairs on ABD TERG 7 as short and inconspicuous as those on more anterior tergites. Marginal hairs on thorax and ABD TERG 1-4 also very short. Dorsal abdominal hairs only long and capitate on ABD TERG 8, and marginal hairs only long and capitate on ABD TERG 5-8. Dorsal cuticle very wrinkled (fig. 31B) …..Betulaphis brevipilosa
Aptera with at least some of spinal and pleural hairs on ABD TERG 5-7 long and capitate, in addition to marginal hairs and those on ABD TERG 8. Dorsal cuticle smooth or somewhat wrinkled…..29
29R IV+V less than 0.06 mm long, about as long as its basal width, less than 0.65 × ANT VI BASE…..Betulaphis japonica
R IV+V more than 0.07 mm long, more than 0.7 × ANT VI BASE…..30
30 Aptera with marginal hairs on ABD TERG 1-3 shorter than or about as long as basal diameter of ANT III (fig. 31C)…..Betulaphis pelei
Aptera with marginal hairs on ABD TERG 1-3 mostly much longer than basal diameter of ANT III (fig. 31D)…..Betulaphis quadrituberculata (short-haired form)
31Cauda broadly rounded, without a trace of a constriction. Viviparae both apterous (but alatiform) and alate, with 2-3 white bands on antennae…..32
Cauda with a constriction separating the terminal part as a knob. Viviparae all full-winged, with antennae not contrastedly banded…..36
32ANT PT/BASE (0.77-) 0.85-1.20…..33
ANT PT/BASE less than 0.85…..34
33 Alata with wing veins heavily black-bordered…..Symydobius americanus
Wing veins of alata without black borders…..Symydobius nanae
34ANT III with 12-22 circular or oval secondary rhinaria spaced out along length of segment (fig. 32B). Wing veins of alata black-bordered…..Symydobius intermedius
ANT III with 1-35 transverse oval to elongate oval secondary rhinaria closely set on basal 0.5-0.75 of segment (e.g. fig. 32C). Wing veins of alata not black-bordered …..35
35 Abdominal marginal sclerites each bearing 1-7 circular, transparent tubercles (fig. 29C). Body, legs and antennae clothed in numerous long, fine hairs, those on ANT III and tibia being mainly longer than the diameters of their respective segments (fig. 32C) …..Symydobius kabae
Abdominal marginal sclerites without tubercles. Hairs shorter and not so fine, those on ANT III (fig. 32D) and tibia mostly not exceeding diameters of their respective segments …..Symydobius oblongus
36 Hairs on ANT III long and fine, 2 or more × longer than basal width of segment …..37
Length of hairs on ANT III at most equal to basal diameter of the segment …..39
37SIPH bearing several hairs near base…..Clethrobius dryobius
SIPH without hairs…..38
38Tibiae wholly black…..Clethrobius comes
Tibiae at least partly pale…..Clethrobius vermai
39ANT VI BASE with 2-12 hairs, very rarely with only 1. Thorax without ventral dark pigmentation (except sometimes in autumn populations)…..40
ANT VI BASE always with only 1 hair, located near primary rhinarium. Thorax with meso- and metasternites usually dark or dusky…..42
40ANT V less than 2× longer than ANT VI BASE, which bears 3-12 hairs and is 3.3-4.8× longer than R IV+V. Tibiae usually with a longitudinal stripe of dark pigment on dorsal side, but pale ventrrally for most of length…..Euceraphis lineata
ANT V more than 2× longer than ANT VI BASE, which bears 2-5 hairs and is 1.7-3.7× longer than R IV+V. Tibiae without a longitudinal stripe; either wholly dark or dark at base and/or apex with pale middle region…..41
41Tibiae wholly and rather uniformly dark (except sometimes at extreme base). ANT III with secondary rhinaria extending for 0.4-0.5 of length…..Euceraphis mucida
Tibiae usually pale or with pale middle section, if mainly dark then the palest part is in the middle and the distal part is scabrous and completely black . ANT III with secondary rhinaria on basal 0.3-0.4 of length…..Euceraphis quednaui
42ANT VI BASE 1.7-2.6× longer than HT II…..Euceraphis caerulescens
ANT VI BASE 0.8-1.7× longer than HT II…..43
43ANT VI BASE 2.35-3.10× longer than R IV+V, which is 0.11-0.14 mm long. R IV+V 0.52-0.62× longer than HT II…..Euceraphis borealis
ANT VI BASE 1.24-2.72× longer than R IV+V, which is 0.12-0.19 mm long. R IV+V 0.55-0.93× longer than HT II…..44
44Hind femora dark over distal c.0.7 of length, and hind tibiae almost wholly dark. ANT V 2.3-2.6× longer than ANT VI BASE…..Euceraphis ontakensis
Hind femore pale or only dark apically or along their dorsal sides, and hind tibiae usually with at least middle section pale, sometimes wholly dark in autumn but then ANT V is 2.7-3.5× longer than ANT VI BASE…..45
45HT II 1.24-1.75× longer than ANT I (measured along outside of segment), and usually (0.9-2.3×) longer than than ANT PT….46
HT II 0.70-1.28× longer than ANT I (measured along outside of segment), and usually (0.7-1.1×) shorter than than ANT PT…..47
46ANT VI BASE usually (90% of specimens) 0.80-1.32× longer than HT II, and (75% of specimens) 1.2-2.1× longer than R IV+V. Early spring populations often with black cross-bands on all tergites…..Euceraphis betulae
ANT VI BASE usually (90% of specimens) 1.33-1.75× longer than HT II, and (75% of specimens) 2.1-2.5× longer than R IV+V. Early spring populations never with black cross-bands on all tergites, sometimes with 1-2 dark spinal patches…..Euceraphis punctipennis
47R IV+V 0.12-0.15 mm long, usually (85% of specimens) 0.57-0.67× longer than HT II …..Euceraphis betulijaponicae
R IV+V 0.14-0.17 mm long, usually (85% of specimens) 0.67-0.79× longer than HT II …..Euceraphis papyrifericola
48 ANT PT/BASE 7.0-9.0, with a very small primary sensorium between PT and base of ANT VI. Secondary rhinaria, numerous, circular and scattered on ANT III, not in a row (fig. 32A) ….Monaphis antennata
ANT PT/BASE not more than 3.0, with primary sensorium of normal size. Secondary rhinaria on ANT III of alata more-or-less in a row…..49
49SIPH tubular…..50
SIPH in form of small truncate cones, without hairs…..54
50SIPH without hairs. Cauda tongue-shaped, longer than its basal width …..Aphis galiae
SIPH with numerous long hairs. Cauda much shorter than its basal width …..51
51 Hind tibiae with a series of transverse ridges (fig. 27A)…..52
Hind tibiae without transverse ridges…..53
52 SIPH of aptera dark, curved outward, 0.4-0.5 × BL. (In alata 0.6-0.75 ×BL) …..Mollitrichosiphum nandii
SIPH of aptera pale, almost straight, 0.5-0.85 × BL. (In alata 0.8-0.9 × BL) …..Mollitrichosiphum montanum
53SIPH very long, 0.45-0.51× BL. ANT PT/BASE 2.7-3.2 …..Eutrichosiphum betulae
SIPH short and thick, c.0.2 × BL. ANT PT/BASE 1.1-1.3 …..Eutrichosiphum manaliensis
54Alata with ANT PT/BASE less than 1.5. Apterous vivipara very small, BL less than 1.5 mm, with antennae 5-segmented, less than 0.5× BL …..Callipterinella minutissima
Alata with ANT PT/BASE more than 1.5. Apterous vivipara, if present, with BL greater than 1.5 mm and 6-segmented antennae at least 0.6 × BL…..55
55 Head and thorax deeply pigmented, and a pattern of dorsal abdominal markings on more than two tergites…..56
Head and thorax pale or only lightly pigmented, or pale with distinctive dark markings, and dorsal abdomen with any dark markings restricted to two tergites…..57
56 Abdomen with separate dark dorsal transverse bars on all tergites …..Callipterinella calliptera
Abdomen with a large dark quadrate patch on ABD TERG 4-6 …..Callipterinella tuberculata
57 Head with a black transverse band across the venter between the eyes…..58
Head without a ventral transverse band…..61
58 Marginal tubercles on ABD TERG 2-5 or 4-5, and whole of SIPH, pigmented. R IV+V less than 1.2× HT II…..59
Marginal tubercles on ABD TERG 2-4 pale, those on 5 either pale or pigmented. R IV+V at least 1.25× HT II…..60
59 Head and prothorax with a dark dorsal longitudinal median stripe. Forewing veins evenly pigmented…..Betacallis querciphaga
Head and prothorax without a dorsal longitudinal median stripe. Media of forewing pale, but Cu1b and distal part of Cu1a thickly bordered with fuscous …..Betacallis odaiensis
60 ANT III with 17-25 secondary rhinaria, on basal 0.5-0.7 of segment …..Betacallis sikkimensis
ANT III with 28-45 secondary rhinaria, extending more than 0.75 of length of segment …..Betacallis luminifera
61Alata with a distinctive pattern of dark markings dorsally; longitudinal stripes on head and thorax, and transverse bars or patches on abdomen…..62
Alata without a distinctive pattern of dark dorsal markings…..63
62 Dorsal abdomen with separate double black bars on ABD TERG 4 and 5 …..Calaphis betulella
Dorsal abdomen with a large black quadrate patch on ABD TERG 4 and 5 …..Calaphis neobetulella
63Knob of cauda elongate, longer than wide ….. Calaphis (Cepegillettea) betulaefoliae
Knob of cauda globular, no longer than its maximum width…..64
64 Apterous morph…..65
Alate morph…..71
65Most proximal secondary rhinarium on ANT III located near base of segment, no further from base of segment than the length of ANT II…..66
Rhinaria on ANT III placed towards middle of segment, most proximal one about as far from base as the combined lengths of ANT I + II…..68
66 R IV+V 0.09-0.105 mm, less than 0.8× HT II, and bearing only 2-4 accessory hairs besides the 3 subapical pairs…..Calaphis viridipallida
R IV+V at least 0.11 mm long, more than 0.8× HT II, with 4-8 accessory hairs …..67
67 SIPH with dark distal zone. ANT III with 4-8 secondary rhinaria …..Calaphis ugamica*
SIPH without dark distal zone. ANT III with 2-5 secondary rhinaria …..Calaphis flava
68 Antennae and legs wholly pale. Dorsal and marginal body hairs short and inconspicuous, except on frons and posterior abdomen…..Calaphis manitobensis
Antennae with dark apices to antennal segments, tibiae and tarsi. Dorsal and marginal body hairs conspicuous…..69
69 Dorsal abdominal hairs arising from lightly pigmented tubercles. ANT III only as long as, or a little longer than, head width across eyes…..Calaphis arctica
Dorsal abdominal hairs often arising from tubercles, but these are unpigmented. ANT III at least 1.5× head width across eyes…..70
70SIPH usually dark brown distally. R IV+V more than 0.125 mm long, as long as or longer than HT II, with 14-23 accessory hairs. ANT III with 5-14 rhinaria …..Calaphis betulicola
SIPH usually pale, occasionally a little darker at flange. R IV+V less than 0.12 mm long, shorter than HT II, with 4-7 accessory hairs. ANT III with 3-7 rhinaria …..Calaphis coloradensis
71 SIPH with apical halves dark brown to black…..Calaphis betulicola
SIPH pale, rarely a little dusky at flange…..72
72ANT III with 4-8 secondary rhinaria…..Calaphis coloradensis
ANT III with 8-21 secondary rhinaria…..73
73Tibiae dark, forewing veins heavily bordered with fuscous…..74
Tibiae pale except at base and apex, forewing veins dark but not heavily bordered …..76
74 R IV+V usually more than 0.14 mm long, as long as or a little longer than HT II …..Calaphis betulaecolens
R IV+V usually less than 0.14 mm long, shorter than HT II…..75
75 Hairs on ANT III very short, all less than 0.5× basal diameter of segment …..Calaphis similis
Hairs on ANT III mainly more than 0.5× basal diameter of segment …..Calaphis leonardi
76 R IV+V 0.09-0.105 mm, less than 0.8× HT II, and bearing only 2-4 accessory hairs …..Calaphis viridipallida
R IV+V at least 0.11 mm long, more than 0.8× HT II, and bearing 4-8 accessory hairs …..Calaphis flava (or Calaphis ugamica* – see text)

BidensAsteraceae
Bidens aristosaAphis coreopsidis
B. aureaAphis spiraecola; Myzus ornatus
B. bipinnataAphis aurantii, coreopsidis, fabae, gossypii, spiraecola;
Brachycaudus helichrysi; Macrosiphoniella yomogifoliae;
Pemphigus sp. (as lactucae); Prociphilus erigeronensis
B. biternataAphis craccivora, gossypii, spiraecola; Myzus ornatus
B. cernuaAphis fabae, mimuli, [tripolii]; Brachycaudus helichrysi;
[Macrosiphum rosae]; Myzus ornatus, persicae;
Pemphigus borealis, Pemphigus sp.;
[Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae]; Uroleucon chrysanthemi
B. chrysantha Uroleucon ambrosiae
B. chrysanthemoides = B. laevis
B. comosa = B. tripartita
B. connataAphis coreopsidis; Uroleucon chrysanthemi
B. coronata (?)Uroleucon chrysanthemi
B. frondosaAphis coreopsidis, gossypii, nasturtii, spiraecola;
Aulacorthum solani; Brachycaudus helichrysi;
[Rhodobium porosum]; [Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae];
Uroleucon chrysanthemi
B. grantiiMyzus ornatus
B. laevisAphis fabae, gossypii, nasturtii; Neomyzus circumflexus;
Uroleucon chrysanthemi, [rudbeckiae]
B. leucantha (?)Aphis spiraecola
B. megapotamica = Thelesperma magapotamicum
B. odorataGeopemphigus torsus
B. pinnata = B. pilosa
B. pilosaAcyrthosiphon bidenticola, ilka;
Aphis aurantii, citricidus, coreopsidis, craccivora, fabae,
gossypii, [illinoisensis], solanella, spiraecola;
Aulacorthum solani; Brachycaudus [cardui], helichrysi;
Hyperomyzus carduellinus; [Hysteroneura setariae];
Macrosiphum euphorbiae;
Myzus ornatus, persicae; Neomyzus circumflexus
[Rhopalosiphum padi, rufiabdominale];
[Tricaudatus polygoni]; Ucrimyzus villalobosi;
Uroleucon ambrosiae, compositae
B. reptansAphis coreopsidis, gossypii, spiraecola;
Uroleucon pseudambrosiae
B. subalternansAphis coreopsidis, spiraecola
B. tripartitaAphis coreopsidis, fabae, gossypii, nasturtii, [taukogi],
triglochinis, [Aphis sp. Davletshina1964: 124];
Brachycaudus helichrysi; [Epipemphigus niisimae];
Macrosiphoniella tanacetaria;
Pemphigus borealis, [bursarius], [fuscicornis];
[Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae]; Smynthurodes betae;
Uroleucon chrysanthemi, tripartitum
B. urbanii = B. chrysantha
B. vulgataAphis coreopsidis, fabae; Myzus persicae;
Pemphigus sp. [as betae]; Prociphilus erigeronensis;
Uroleucon chrysanthemi
B. wallichii = B. bipinnata
Bidens spp.[Aphis frangulae group], solitaria; Capitophorus litanensis;
[Hyperomyzus pullatus]; Pemphigus tartareus;
Uroleucon erigeronense, tucumani, [zerogutierrezis]

Key to aphids on Bidens:-

1 ANT PT/BASE less than 0.5. SIPH absent (on roots)..…2
ANT PT/BASE more than 1.0. SIPH present (on aerial parts)..…10
2 Only alatae (sexuparae) or alatiform nymphs present..…3
Apterae present..…7
3 (Al.) ABD TERG (1-) 3-8 each bearing transverse dark bands. Oblique veins of hind wing parallel and widely spaced……4
(Al.) ABD TERG pale. Oblique veins of hind wing divergent, with bases adjacent ……5
4 (Al.) Body and appendages bearing numerous long fine hairs. ABD TERG 8 with 25-50 hairs. ANT II 0.4-0.5 × ANT III and bearing 20-30 hairs. ANT BASE VI 4.5-12 × PT. Rhinaria on ANT III with plain rims..…Smynthurodes betae
(Al.) Body and appendages with hairs rather sparse and short. ABD TERG 8 with only 2-3 hairs. ANT II about 0.25 × ANT III and bearing 5-8 hairs. ANT BASE VI 2.8-4.5 × PT. Rhinaria on ANT III with strongly fimbriate rims…..Geopemphigus torsus
5 (Al.) Secondary rhinaria distributed ANT III 12-27, IV 6-14, V 5-15, BASE VI 3-10. ANT VI BASE with 12-18 hairs. ANT BASE VI 2.5-4.0 × PT. R IV+V with 4-6 accessory hairs. Cauda with 15-20 hairs……Prociphilus erigeronensis
(Al.) Secondary rhinaria distributed ANT III 5-10, IV 1-4, V and BASE VI 0. ANT VI BASE with only 2 hairs. ANT BASE VI 4.0-6.0 × PT. R IV+V without accessory hairs. Cauda with 2-5 hairs…..6
6 (Al.) ANT III longer than ANT IV+V together. Secondary rhinaria on III 8-10, and on IV 2-3…..Pemphigus borealis
(Al.) ANT III a little shorter than ANT IV+V together. Secondary rhinaria on III 5-7, on IV 2-3..…Pemphigus tartareus
7 Dorsal body and antennae clothed in numerous fine hairs. Primary rhinaria with thick sclerotised rims. Wax pore plates absent..….Smynthurodes betae
Dorsal body and antennae with sparse hairs. Primary rhinaria with ciliate rims. Wax pore plates present at least on posterior abdomen…..8
8 Head without wax pore plates. R IV+V usually without accessory hairs ..…Pemphigus sp.
Head with wax pore plates. R IV+V with 2 or more accessory hairs……9
9 Abdomen with a dark posterior extension of cauda and anal plate, which is strongly convex. R IV+V 0.95-1.2 × HT II and bearing 4-10 accessory hairs .….Prociphilus erigeronensis
Cauda and anal plate not on a dark posterior extension of the abdomen. (Cauda very small, and anal plate divided into dorsal and posterioventral parts by a marked concavity.) R IV+V 0.74-0.86 × HT II, with 2 accessory hairs …..Geopemphigus torsus
10 ANT tubercles weakly developed, not extending forward beyond middle of front of head in dorsal view. ABD TERG 1 and 7 with or without marginal tubercles (MTu) ..…11
ANT tubercles moderately to well developed, extending clearly beyond middle of front of head in dorsal view. ABD TERG 1 and 7 without MTu..….17
11 Cauda helmet-shaped, not longer than its basal width in dorsal view, with a basal constriction. SIPH pale, smooth, with a subapical annular incision. Spiracular apertures large and rounded. ABD TERG 1 and 7 without MTu…..Brachycaudus helichrysi
Cauda tongue- or finger-shaped, longer than its basal width, without a basal constriction. SIPH pale or dark, without a subapical annular incision. Spiracular apertures small and reniform. ABD TERG 1 and 7 with MTu…..12
12 SIPH 0.24-0.40 × BL, about twice as long as the much paler cauda. Head, ANT I, II and basal part of III very pale, contrasting with dark rest of antenna ..….Aphis coreopsidis
SIPH only up to 0.2 × BL. Cauda pale or dark. Head and antennal segments differently pigmented …..13
13 SIPH entirely dark …..go to key to polyphagous aphids, starting at couplet 24
SIPH pale, sometimes with dark tips…..14
14 ANT PT/BASE 1.8-3.0. Longest hairs on ANT III 0.4-0.7 × BD III …..Aphis nasturtii
ANT PT/BASE 1.1-1.8. Longest hairs on ANT III 0.7-1.2 × BD III…..15
15R IV+V 1.4-1.6 × HT II, with 3-6 accessory hairs. ANT III usually with 1-15 rhinaria on distal part, often of bursiform type (sunk in pits), and IV with 0-4 …..Aphis solitaria
R IV+V 1.0-1.3 × HT II, with 2 (-3) accessory hairs. ANT III and IV usually without rhinaria (except in alatiform specimens)…..16
16 SIPH 1.5-2.0 × longer than their basal width, shorter than ANT PT, and also shorter than cauda. (Secondary rhinaria in alata III 9-20, IV 4-6, V 0)…..Aphis mimuli
SIPH 2.0-3.5 × longer than their basal width, longer than ANT PT and often longer than cauda. (Secondary rhinaria in alata III 25-60, IV 9-25, V 7-17) …..Aphis triglochinis
17 SIPH wholly dark, with a distal zone of polygonal reticulation.….18
SIPH pale or dark, or pale basally and dark distally, but if wholly dark then without any subapical reticulation..…25
18 Cauda dark like SIPH..…19
Cauda much paler than SIPH.….22
19 Tibia with paler middle section. Femora pale on basal 0.3-0.5. R IV+V not stilletto-shaped, with short accessory hairs. First tarsal segments with 5 hairs..…20
Tibiae wholly black. Femora almost wholly dark, with only about basal 0.1 pale. R IV+V stilletto-shaped, with very long accessory hairs on basal half of R IV. First tarsal segments with 3 hairs…..21
20 BL c. 5.0 mm. ANT III with 30-32 rhinaria on basal half …..Uroleucon tripartitum*
BL 1.9-4.1 mm. ANT III with 41-78 rhinaria on 0.8-0.9 of length…..Uroleucon compositae
21 ANT PT 4.8-6.8 × R IV+V. R IV+V 0.7-0.9 × HT II ..…Macrosiphoniella tanacetaria
ANT PT 2.4-3.5 × R IV+V. R IV+V 1.0-1.3 × HT II …..Macrosiphoniella yomogifoliae
22 SIPH usually at least 1.6 × cauda, which bears 7-12 hairs …..Uroleucon tucumani
SIPH less than 1.5 × cauda, which bears 16-28 hairs…..23
23 HT II rather long and thin, 6 or more × longer than its maximum thickness and 0.9-1.1 × R IV+V…..Uroleucon pseudambrosiae
HT II less than 5 × its maximum thickness and 0.7-1.1 × R IV+V….. 24
24 R IV+V 0.15-0.16 mm, 0.9-1.0 × HT II…..Uroleucon chrysanthemi
R IV+V 0.16-0.22 mm, 1.1-1.33 × HT II……Uroleucon ambrosiae
25Head smooth with inner faces of ANT tubercles smooth and divergent ..…26
Head spiculose or nodulose with inner faces of ANT tubercles steep-sided, convergent or parallel…..go to key to polyphagous aphids, starting at couplet 5
26SIPH with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation…..27
SIPH without subapical polygonal reticulation…..28
27 SIPH with a distinctly paler basal part contrasting with dark distal part, and with polygonal reticulation on distal 0.25-0.35 of total length. Some of distal caudal hairs usually shorter and blunt or capitate…..Uroleucon erigeronense
SIPH pale or dusky, without contrastingly pale basal part, and with polygonal reticulation on distal 0.13-0.20 of length. Distal caudal hairs all pointed …..Macrosiphum euphorbiae
28 Dorsal hairs long and capitate, the spinal and marginal ones c. 3 × ANT BD III …..Capitophorus litanensis
Dorsal hairs short, less than 1.5 × ANT BD III…..29
29 SIPH swollen on distal 0.7 of length.…..30
SIPH tapering/cylindrical…..31
30 Prothoracic spiracular apertures much larger than those on abdomen, which are reniform. Secondary rhinaria distributed ANT III 11-29, IV 0-16, V 0 (-9). ANT PT/BASE 4.3-5.6. Alata with a dorsal abdominal (imperfect) patch .…..Hyperomyzus carduellinus
Prothoracic spiracular apertures not much larger than those on abdomen. Secondary rhinaria only on ANT III (1-20). ANT PT/BASE 5.3-8.2. Alata without any dorsal abdominal dark patch…..Ucrimyzus villalobosi
31ANT PT/BASE 5.9-7.5. ANT dark except at base, and SIPH dark except for basal 0.2-0.3 of length..…Acyrthosiphon bidenticola
ANT PT/BASE 3.0-3.75. ANT and SIPH mainly pale/dusky .…..Acyrthosiphon ilka
BiforaApiaceae
Bifora radiansAphis fabae
BifrenariaOrchidaceae
Bifrenaria aureofulva Cerataphis orchidearum
B. secunda = B. aureofulva
BignoniaBignoniaceae
B. capensis = Tecoma capensis
B. radicans = Campsis radicans
B. stans = Tecoma stans
B. unguis-cati = Dolichandra unguis-cati
B. venusta = Pyrostegia venusta
Bignonia sp.Aphis gossypii, [punicae]; [Macrosiphum rosae];
Myzus ornatus

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

Bilderdykia see FallopiaPolygonaceae
BillardieraPittosporaceae
Billardiera fusiformis Myzus persicae
B. heterophyllaAphis spiraecola
B. lineata = Marianthus lineatus
B. scandensAphis spiraecola; Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

BillbergiaBromeliaceae
Billbergia nutansMyzus persicae
B. ×windiiMyzus persicae
BischofiaEuphorbiaceae
Bischofia javanica Aphis aurantii, odinae, [Aphis sp. (Leonard 1972a: 98)];
B. trifoliata = B. javanica

Use key to polyphagous aphids, starting at couplet 25.

BiscutellaBrassicaceae
Biscutella auriculata Brevicoryne brassicae
B. austriaca see B. laevigata
B. cichoriifoliaBrevicoryne brassicae
B. laevigata (incl. ssp. austriaca) Aphis fabae; Brevicoryne brassicae;
Myzus persicae

Key to apterae on Biscutella:-

SIPH barrel-shaped, 0.8-1.0 × cauda which is broadly triangular, about as long as its basal width, and bears 7-8 hairs…..Brevicoryne brassicae
Without that combination of characters…..go to key to polyphagous aphids
BiserrulaFabaceae
Biserrula pelecinus = Astragalus pelecinus
Bistorta Polygonaceae
Bistorta bistortoidesAphthargelia symphoricarpi (? – see text);
[Illinoia sp. (Washington, USA; aphidtrek.org)]
B. vivipara = Persicaria vivipara
BituminariaFabaceae
Bituminaria bituminosa Aphis craccivora, cytisorum

Use key to apterae on Caragana.

BixaBixaceae
Bixa orellanaAphis gossypii; Neomyzus circumflexus;
Sinomegoura citricola

(Use key to polyphagous aphids)

BlackstoniaGentianaceae
Blackstonia perfoliata Aphis gentianae; Macrosiphum euphorbiae;
Neomyzus circumflexus

Key to apterae on Blackstonia:-

ANT tubercles weakly developed. ABD TERG 1-5 and 7 with large domed marginal tubercles (MTu)…..Aphis gentianae
Without that combination of characters…..go to key to polyphagous aphids
BlainvilleaAsteraceae
Blainvillea gayana Aphis gossypii
B. rhomboideaUroleucon ambrosiae group

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

BlechnumBlechnaceae
Blechnum brownei Aphis gossypii
(incl. pyramidatum)
B. buchtieniiGibbomyzus pteridophytorum
B. occidentaleIdiopterus nephrelepidis
B. orientaleMacromyzus woodwardiae; Micromyzus filicis
B. patersoniiIdiopterus nephrelepidis
B. spicantMacrosiphum dryopteridis; Taiwanomyzus alpicola

Use key to fern-feeding aphids under Polypodium.

BlechumAcanthaceae
Blechum pyramidatum Aphis gossypii
BlepharisAcanthaceae
Blepharis boerhaviaefolia Aphis gossypii
BlephiliaLamiaceae
Blephilia hirsutaAphis coreopsidis
BletiaOrchidaceae
Bletia spp.Myzus ascalonicus, persicae

Use key to polyphagous aphids, or key to orchid-feeding aphids under Cymbidium.

BletillaOrchidaceae
Bletilla striataAphis gossypii; Pseudomegoura magnoliae

Use key to polyphagous aphids, or try key to orchid-feeding aphids under Cymbidium.

BlitumAmaranthaceae
Blitum capitatum Aphis fabae; Macrosiphum euphorbiae
B. virgatumAphis fabae

Use key to apterae on Chenopodium.

BlotiellaDennstaedtiaceae
Blotiella natalensis Idiopterus nephrelepidis
BlumeaAsteraceae
Blumea aurita = B. viscosa
B. axillaris Aphis gossypii
B. balsamiferaAphis gossypii; Protaphis formosana;
Uroleucon [gobonis], orientale
B. chinensisAleurodaphis blumeae
B. laceraAphis gossypii, spiraecola; Brachycaudus helichrysi;
Myzus ornatus, persicae
B. laciniataAphis gossypii
B. megacephalaAleurodaphis blumeae
B. solidaginoides = B. axillaris
B. viscosa Aphis gossypii; Uroleucon ambrosiae
B. wightianaAphis gossypii
Blumea spp.Uroleucon budhium, compositae

Key to apterae on Blumea:-

1Body flattened and dorsum sclerotic, with fused head and pronotum, fused ABD TERG 1-7, and a crenulate rim due to a continuous marginal row of wax glands. Cauda knobbed, anal plate bilobed…..Aleurodaphis blumeae
Body not flattened, segments not fused, no crenulate margin of wax glands. Cauda not knobbed, anal plate entire…..2
2ANT PT/BASE about 1. SIPH a little shorter than cauda, which is broadly triangular with a rounded apex…..Aphis formosana
ANT PT/BASE more than 1.5 (or less than 0.5). SIPH longer than cauda, which is helmet-shaped or tongue-shaped…..3
3SIPH wholly dark with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation.….4
SIPH pale or dark, but if wholly dark then without any subapical polygonal reticulation ..…go to key to polyphagous aphids
4R IV+V 1.1-1.4 × HT II…..5
R IV+V long and thin, 1.7-2.0 × HT II…..6
5Cauda pale, contrasting with dark SIPH, which are 1.0-1.5 × cauda. Coxae pale. ANT III with 8-35 rhinaria…..Uroleucon ambrosiae
Cauda almost as dark as SIPH, which are 1.7-2.3 × cauda. Coxae dark. ANT III with 51-77 rhinaria…..Uroleucon compositae
6SIPH with polygonal reticulation on distal 0.12-0.17 of length .…..Uroleucon budhium
SIPH with polygonal reticulation on distal 0.21-0.30 of length ……Uroleucon orientale
BlumeopsisAsteraceae
Blumeopsis falcata Brachycaudus helichrysi
BocconiaPapaveraceae
Bocconia frutescens Acyrthosiphon bidenticola; Aulacorthum solani;
Brachycaudus helichrysi; Macrosiphum euphorbiae;
Myzus persicae; Neomyzus circumflexus
Bocconia sp.[Sitobion avenae]

Key to apterae on Bocconia:-

ANT tubercles well developed with smooth divergent inner faces. ANT dark except at base, with ANT PT/BASE 5.9-7.5. SIPH dark except for pale basal 0.2-0.3 of length, with any subapical polygonal reticulation restricted to much less than 0.1 of length ..…Acyrthosiphon bidenticola
Without that combination of characters …..go to key to polyphagous aphids
BoecheraBrassicaceae
Boechera strictaAphis gossypii
B. laevigata Pemphigus populitransversus
Use key under Arabis.
BoehmeriaUrticaceae
Boehmeria candidissinia Myzus ornatus
B. cylindricaAphis gossypii; [Uroleucon ambrosiae]
B. frutescens = Oreocnide frutescens
B. japonicaMyzus moriokae, boehmeriae
B. longispicaMyzus persicae
B. nipononiveaMyzus boehmeriae, moriokae
B. nivea (incl. candicens, tenacissima)Aphis craccivora, gossypii; Aulacorthum solani;
Myzus boehmeriae, moriokae, ornatus, persicae
B . pannosaAulacorthum solani
B. platanifoliaMyzus boehmeriae; Neomyzus circumflexus
B. platyphyllaMyzus persicae
B. polystachya[Schoutedenia ralumensis]
B. sidaefolia[Matsumuraja sp.]; Neomyzus circumflexus
B. spicataMyzus boehmeriae
Boehmeria sp.[Aphis (Toxoptera) citricidus]; [Capitophorus indicus];
Myzus fataunae, indicus

Key to aphids on Boehmeria:-

1ANT tubercles well developed, with inner faces parallel or convergent and strongly nodulose or spiculose..…2
ANT tubercles weakly developed (or if well developed then smooth and divergent) ..…go to key to polyphagous aphids
2Dorsal hairs and those on ANT III longer than BD III .…. “Myzusmoriokae*
Dorsal hairs and hairs on ANT III mostly very short and inconspicuous, less than 0.5 × BD III (except those on head and ABD TERG 7 and 8)…..3
3ANT PT/BASE 1.7-2.5. SIPH strongly imbricated or scabrous, and curved or with asymmetrical swelling of inner side..…4
ANT PT/BASE 2.8-4.5. SIPH variously imbricated, straight, tapering or slightly clavate .….6
4ANT 5-segmented. Dorsal cuticle sclerotic, wrinkled and/or nodulose. ABD TERG 7 extended posteriorly, cowl-like…..Myzus fataunae
ANT 6-segmented. Dorsum membranous or sclerotic. ABD TERG 7 not extended posteriorly..…5
5Dorsal abdomen with a pattern of dark intersegmental ornamentation. ANT V shorter than ANT IV.….Myzus ornatus
Dorsal abdomen without dark intersegmental ornamentation. ANT V longer than IV (?) …..Myzus indicus*
6Dorsum with distinctive black markings; a large roughly horseshoe-shaped abdominal patch, and paired patches on thoracic tergites ….. Neomyzus circumflexus
Dorsum without dark markings…..7
7SIPH tapering or cylindrical on distal half. R IV+V 1.3-1.5 × HT II. (Immatures with spinules on hind tibiae)…..Myzus boehmeriae
SIPH slightly clavate. R IV+V 0.9-1.1 × HT II. (Immatures without spinules on hind tibiae)..…Myzus persicae
BoerhaviaNyctaginaceae
Boerhavia coccinea Aphis gossypii
B. diffusaAphis craccivora, gossypii, spiraecola; Myzus persicae
B. erectaAphis [coreopsidis], craccivora, gossypii, spiraecola
B hispida (?)Aphis gossypii, spiraecola
B. repensAphis gossypii
B. viscosa = B. coccinea

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

BoisduvaliaOnagraceae
Boisduvalia densiflora Aphis (Bursaphis) sp., Idaho USA (see aphidtrek.org)
(= Epilobium densiflorum)
Bolboschoenus see ScirpusCyperaceae
Boltonia see KalimerisAsteraceae
Boltonia indica = Kalimeris indica
B. lautureana = Kalimeris lautureana
BomareaAlstroemeriaceae
Bomarea caldasiana = B. multiflora
B. multifloraBrachycaudus helichrysi
BombaxBombacaceae
Bombax buonopozense Aphis (Toxoptera) citricidus
B. ceibaAphis citricidus, gossypii, spiraecola; Myzus persicae
B. malabaricum = B. ceiba

(Use key to polyphagous aphids )

Bonjeania see LotusFabaceae
BontiaScrophulariaceae
Bontia daphnoides Aphis gossypii; Myzus persicae

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

BoragoBoraginaceae
Borago officinalis Aphis fabae, gossypii, nasturtii, symphyti, [triglochinis],
[varians];
Aulacorthum solani; Brachycaudus cardui, helichrysi;
Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus ornatus, persicae;
[Uroleucon compositae]
B. orientalis = Trachystemon orientalis
Borago spp.Brachycaudus cardui ssp. turanica

Key to apterae on Borago:-

1. Cauda helmet-shaped, not longer than its basal width, with a basal constriction. Spiracular apertures rounded. SIPH with a subapical annular incision…..2
Cauda tongue- or finger-shaped, longer than its basal width. Spiracular apertures reniform. SIPH without a subapical annular incision …..go to key to polyphagous aphids, (noting that specimens running to Aphis gossypii may be A. symphyti – see text for this species)
2. SIPH pale or slightly dusky, less than 1.5 × cauda. R IV+V 1.2-1.3 × HT II. Dorsal abdomen without dark sclerotization…..Brachycaudus helichrysi
SIPH dusky or dark, more than 1.8 × cauda. R IV+V 1.3-2.0 × HT II. Dorsal abdomen with variably developed dark sclerotization …..Brachycaudus cardui (incl. ssp. turanica)
BoroniaRutaceae
Boronia denticulata Macrosiphum euphorbiae
B. megastigmaAphis gossypii; Myzus ornatus, persicae

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

Borreria see SpermacoceRubiaceae
Bossekia see RubusRosaceae
Bossekia deliciosa see Rubus deliciosa
B. nutkana see Rubus parviflorus
B. odorata see Rubus odoratus
BothriochloaPoaceae
Bothrichloa bladhii Hysteroneura setariae; Metopolophium dirhodum;
Rhopalosiphum padi; Sitobion avenae
B. caucasica = B. bladhii
B. glabra = B. bladhii
B. insculptaForda orientalis; Hysteroneura setariae;
Sitobion africanum, miscanthi
B. ischaemumSchizaphis graminum;Sipha flava, maydis;
Sitobion avenae; Tetraneura ulmi
B. pertusaForda orientalis, riccobonii; Hysteroneura setariae;
Rhopalosiphum maidis; Sitobion lambersi, miscanthi;
Tetraneura akinire

Use key to apterae of grass-feeding aphids under Digitaria.

BothrioclineAsteraceae
Bothriocline laxa Aphis gossypii
B. longipesAphis gossypii; Capitophorus elaeagni;
Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus persicae;
Uroleucon compositae
B. inyanganaMyzus persicae
B. ugandensisAphis gossypii; Brachycaudus helichrysi;
Uroleucon compositae

Key to apterae on Bothriocline:-

Hairs on front of head and dorsal body mostly long and capitate, with tuberculate bases. ANT PT/BASE more than 6. SIPH pale with dark apices …..Capitophorus elaeagni
Dorsal hairs not capitate, without tuberculate bases. ANT PT/BASE less than 6. SIPH dark or pale, with or without dark apices…..go to key to polyphagous aphids
BothriospermumBoraginaceae
Bothriospermum chinense Myzus persicae
B. tenellum = B. zeylanicum
B. zeylanicumBrachycaudus helichrysi; Myzus persicae

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

BougainvilleaNyctaginaceae
Bougainvillea brasiliensis = B. spectabilis
B. buttianaMyzus persicae
B. glabra (incl. var. sanderiana) Aphis aurantii, craccivora, fabae, gossypii, spiraecola;
Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus persicae
B. spectabilisAphis aurantii, [bougainvilleae Börner in Bodenheimer &
Swirski 1957 (nomen nudum)], citricidus, craccivora,
fabae, gossypii, odinae, spiraecola;
Brachycaudus helichrysi; [Greenidea ficicola];
Myzus antirrhinii, ornatus, persicae;
Neomyzus circumflexus
B. spinosa Aphis craccivora
Bougainvillea spp. Lizerius cermeli; [Schoutedenia ralumensis];
Sinomegoura citricola

Key to aphids on Bougainvillea:-

Fore femora much thicker than mid and hind femora. Anal plate bilobed. Cauda with a constriction and an elongate knob. SIPH as short dark truncate cones. Apt. with long, pointed marginal processes. Forewing of al. with pterostigma extended to tip and heavily infuscated cubital veins..…Lizerius cermeli
Fore femora similar in thickness to mid and hind femora. Anal plate entire. Other characters not as above…..go to key to polyphagous aphids
BoutelouaPoaceae
Bouteloua americana Sipha flava
B. gracilisSitobion graminis

Use key to apterae of grass-feeding aphids under Digitaria.

BouvardiaRubiaceae
Bouvardia spp.Aphis gossypii, spiraecola; Macrosiphum euphorbiae;
Myzus ornatus, persicae

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

BowkeriaStilbaceae
Bowkeria gerrardiana = B. verticillata
B. verticillataMyzus ornatus, persicae

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

BoykiniaSaxifragaceae
Boykinia elata = B. occidentalis
B. occidentalisNasonovia stroyani

BrachanthemumAsteraceae
Brachanthemum fruticulosumMyzus ornatus
BrachiariaPoaceae
Brachiaria brizantha Sitobion africanum, graminis, leelamaniae
B. comataAphis gossypii; Hysteroneura setariae
B. deflexaHysteroneura setariae
B. fasciculata Sipha flava; Tetraneura akinire
B. humidicolaSitobion africanum
B. kotschyana = B. comata
B. lachnanthaSitobion graminis
B. lataAphis gossypii
B. muticaHysteroneura setariae; Rhopalosiphum maidis;
Schizaphis graminum, hypersiphonata; Sitobion miscanthi;
Tetraneura akinire
B. paspaloides = Urochloa glumaris
B. ramosaSitobion graminis; Tetraneura akinire, radicicola group
B. remotaTetraneura akinire
B. reptansHysteroneura setariae; Pseudoregma panicola;
Schizaphis graminum; Tetraneura akinire
B. subquadripara Hysteroneura setariae; Rhopalosiphum padi
Brachiaria sp.(?) Pentalonia gavarri (as Micromyzus brachiariae)

Use key to apterae of grass-feeding aphids under Digitaria.

BrachychitonSterculiaceae
Brachychiton spp. Myzus persicae; Sitobion sp.

Brachycome see BrachyscomeAsteraceae
BrachyglottisAsteraceae
Brachyglottis huntii Brachycaudus helichrysi
BrachylaenaAsteraceae
Brachylaena dentata (?) Aphis gossypii
B. discolorAphis (Toxoptera) aurantii
B. ramifloraUroleucon compositae

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

Brachypodium (including Brevipodium) Poaceae
Brachypodium phoenicoides Myzus persicae; Sipha elegans, flava
B. pinnatumAnoecia corni, major, zirnitsi; Metopolophium dirhodum;
Paracletus cimiciformis; Rhopalomyzus poae;
Rhopalosiphum padi; Sipha maydis;
Tetraneura africana, longisetosa, ulmi
B. retusumAtheroides serrulatus; Rhopalosiphum oxyacanthae;
Schizaphis graminum; Sipha elegans
B. sylvaticumAnoecia corni, major, zirnitsi; Diuraphis noxia;
Forda rotunda; Melanaphis pyraria;
Metopolophium dirhodum; Rhopalosiphum padi;
Sitobion avenae, miscanthi; Tetraneura longisetosa

Use key to apterae of grass-feeding aphids under Digitaria.

Brachyscome (including Brachycome) Asteraceae
B. iberidifolaUroleucon compositae
B. multifidaMyzus persicae

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

BrachystegiaFabaceae
Brachystegia spp. Aphis craccivora, gossypii

(Use key to polyphagous aphids )

BrachytheciastrumBrachytheciaceae
Brachytheciastrum velutinum Muscaphis musci

Use key to moss-feeding aphids under Polytrichum.

BrachytheciumBrachytheciaceae
Brachythecium albicans Pseudacaudella rubida
B. frigidumMyzodium mimulicola
B. rivulareMyzodium mimulicola
B. rutabulumMuscaphis musci
B. salebrosumMuscaphis escherichi
B. starkii[Pachypappa sacculi]
B. velutinumMuscaphis musci
Brachythecium sp. [Clydesmithia canadensis]; [Prociphilus xylostei]

Use key to moss-feeding aphids under Polytrichum.

Brasilettia see PeltophorumFabaceae
BraseniaCabombaceae
Brasenia schreberi Rhopalosiphum maidis
Brassaia see ScheffleraAraliaceae
BrassiaOrchidaceae
Brassia cochleata Myzus ornatus
B. lawrenceana = B. cochleata
BrassicaBrassicaceae
Brassica alba = Sinapis alba
B. arvensis = Sinapis arvensis
B. barrelieriBrevicoryne brassicae
B. campestris = B. rapa
B. caulorapa = B. oleracea
B. cernua = B. juncea
B. chinensis = B. rapa
B. elongataAphis nasturtii, triglochinis
B. fimbriata = B. oleracea
B. fruticulosaBrevicoryne brassicae
B. hirta = Sinapis alba
B. integrifolia = B. juncea
B. junceaAphis gossypii; Aulacorthum solani;
(incl. var. crispifolia) Brachycaudus helichrysi; Brevicoryne brassicae;
[Liosomaphis himalayensis]; Lipaphis pseudobrassicae;
Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus ornatus, persicae;
Rhopalosiphoninus staphyleae; [Sitobion avenae, miscanthi];
[Utamphorophora commelinensis]
B. kaber = Sinapis arvensis
B. napobrassica = B. napus
B. napus (incl. vars Aphis fabae; Brevicoryne brassicae;
esculenta, rapifera) Lipaphis pseudobrassicae; Myzus ascalonicus, persicae;
Pemphigus populitransversus; Smynthurodes betae
B. nigraAphis fabae; Aulacorthum solani;
Brevicoryne brassicae; Lipaphis erysimi, pseudobrassicae;
Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus ornatus, persicae;
Pemphigus populitransversus; Protaphis middletonii
B. oleraceaAphis craccivora, fabae, gossypii, nasturtii, spiraecola;
(incl. vars acephala, Aulacorthum [prasinum], solani; Brachycaudus helichrysi;
alboglabra, botrytis, Brevicoryne brassicae; [Dysaphis montemartinii ghanii];
capitata, caulorapa, [Hyalopterus pruni]; Lipaphis pseudobrassicae;
gongyloides, ramosa) Macrosiphum euphorbiae;
Myzus antirrhinii, ascalonicus, ornatus, persicae;
Pemphigus populitransversus; Protaphis middletonii;
Rhopalosiphoninus latysiphon;
[Sitobion miscanthi]; Smynthurodes betae
B. pekinensis = B. rapa
B. petsai = B. rapa
B. rapaAcyrthosiphon gossypii; Brevicoryne brassicae;
[Dysaphis tulipae]; [Liosomaphis himalayensis];
Lipaphis erysimi, [lepidii], pseudobrassicae;
Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus antirrhinii, persicae;
Pemphigus populitransversus; Protaphis middletonii;
Pseudobrevicoryne buhri;
Rhopalosiphoninus staphyleae; Smynthurodes betae;
[Tuberocephalus longqishanensis (= Myzus padellus?)]
B. rugosa = B. juncea
B. rupestrisBrevicoryne brassicae
B. sabularia = B. barrelieri
B. sinapistrum = Sinapis arvensis
B. tournefortiiBrevicoryne brassicae
Brassica spp.Brevicoryne nigrisiphunculata; Lipaphis unguibrevis;
[Myzus certus]

Key to apterae on Brassica and Sinapis:-

(See Blackman & Eastop (2000) for simpler keys to aphids on cultivated Brassica spp.)

1SIPH present and only 0.6-0.8 × cauda. ANT PT/BASE less than 0.8..…Brachyunguis harmalae
SIPH present or absent, but if present then ANT PT/BASE is always more than 1 ..…2
2SIPH as very short, flangeless, pigmented cones, less than 0.5 × cauda. Apt. with secondary rhinaria on distal part of ANT III, and also usually on IV and V .….Pseudobrevicoryne buhri
SIPH either absent or tubular and at least 0.6 × cauda. ANT of aptera with or without secondary rhinaria, but these are always restricted to ANT III..…3
3SIPH slightly swollen, but not clavate (without narrow section on basal half). ANT tubercles absent, or if developed then not projecting forward beyond middle part of head, so that front of head is convex, straight or sinuate in dorsal view. ABD TERG 1 and 7 without marginal tubercles (MTu)…..4
Without this combination of characters; i.e. if SIPH are present then they are tapering, cylindrical or clavate (with narrow section on basal half), and either ANT tubercles are very well-developed or ABD TERG 1 and 7 have MTu..…8
4ANT III 2.5-3.7 × SIPH, which are 0.65-1.0 × cauda.….5
ANT III 1.2-1.7 × SIPH, which are 1.2-1.6 × cauda.….6
5SIPH 0.8-1.0 × cauda, which is as dark as SIPH and broadly triangular. R IV+V 0.6-0.7 × HT II. ANT PT/BASE 2.3-3.8. (Al. with secondary rhinaria on ANT III 40-78, IV 0-5, V 0) ..…Brevicoryne brassicae
SIPH 0.65-0.8 × cauda, which is tongue-shaped and pale, contrasting with jet black SIPH. R IV+V 0.85-0.95 × HT II. ANT PT/BASE 1.3-2.2. (Al. with secondary rhinaria distributed ANT III 36-38, IV 0, V 0)..…Brevicoryne nigrisiphunculata
6ANT PT/BASE about 1.2. SIPH more than 2 × ANT PT. (Al. with secondary rhinaria on ANT III 5-8, IV 0-2, V 0).….Lipaphis unguibrevis
ANT PT/BASE 1.8-2.7. SIPH about as long as ANT PT. (Al. with secondary rhinaria on ANT III 9-32, IV 2-13, V 0-3)..…7
7ANT III + PT together 1.95-2.5 × SIPH (90% of specimens less than 2.4 ×) …..Lipaphis erysimi
ANT III + PT together 2.1-3.2 × SIPH (90% of specimens more than 2.4 ×) …..Lipaphis pseudobrassicae
8 Thoracic spiracles enlarged, much larger than abdominal spiracles. ANT PT/BASE 7.0-11.4, usually more than 8.0. Hairs on ANT III 0.7-1.1 × BD III. Dorsum usually with paired dark intersegmental markings…..Nasonovia ribisnigri
Without that combination of characters..…9
9SIPH pale, very long and attenuated distally, thinner than hind tibiae at their respective midlengths, 0.33-0.45 × BL and 2.5-3.5 × cauda…..Acyrthosiphon gossypii
SIPH (if present) pale or dark, thicker and relatively shorter…..10
10ANT PT/BASE 1.1-1.8. SIPH 0.7-1.3 × cauda…..Aphis triglochinis
Without that combination of characters; if ANT PT/BASE is less than 1.9 then SIPH are either absent or more than 1.3 × cauda…..11
11SIPH mainly pale and moderately clavate. Dorsal abdomen evenly darkly pigmented. Cauda dark…..Myzus raphanense*
Without that combination of characters; If SIPH are pale and clavate then dorsum and cauda are pale…..go to key to polyphagous aphids
BreeaAsteraceae
Breea segeta Aphis gossypii; Capitophorus elaeagni, [evelaeagni];
[Hyperomyzus sinilactucae]; Uroleucon cephalonopli

Use key to apterae on Cirsium.

BremeriaRubiaceae
Bremeria landia Aphis spiraecola
(var holosericea)
Brevipodium see BrachypodiumPoaceae
Breynia (including Melanthesa) Phyllanthaceae
Breynia cernuaAphis eugeniae; Schoutedenia ralumensis
B. disticha Schoutedenia ralumensis
B. formosana = B. vitis-idaea
B. fruticosaSchoutedenia ralumensis
B. microphyllaSitobion breyniae
B. nivosa = B. disticha
B. oblongifoliaSchoutedenia ralumensis
B. officinalis = B. vitis-idaea
B. patens =B. retusa
B. racemosaSchoutedenia ralumensis
B. retusa Aphis spiraecola
B. rhamnoides = B. vitis-idaea
B. vitis-idaea Aphis gossypii; Schoutedenia ralumensis;
Sitobion phyllanthi

Key to apterae on Breynia:-

1ABD TERG 7 with a pair of long, pointed backwardly-directed processes. SIPH as short cones. ANT 5-segmented, with ANT PT/BASE less than 1 ..…Schoutedenia ralumensis
ABD TERG 7 without processes. SIPH tubular, much longer than wide. ANT usually 6-segmented, with ANT PT/BASE more than 2…..2
2SIPH with subapical polygonal reticulation (if with only a few indistinct polygonal cells then SIPH are constricted at apex and have a very small flange). ABD TERG 1 and 7 without marginal tubercles (MTu)…..3
SIPH without subapical reticulation. ABD TERG 1 and 7 with MTu…..4
3Dorsum with transverse segmental bands or rows of sclerites, and large marginal sclerites which usually bear small tubercles (MTu) on ABD TERG 2-4 (-6). ANT PT/BASE 3.0-4.2. R IV+V 0.6-0.8 × HT II. SIPH long and thin, constricted at apex, with slight subapical swelling and often rather indistinct subapical polygonal reticulation …..Sitobion phyllanthi
Dorsum without sclerotic markings. MTu usually absent. ANT PT/BASE 5.2-6.5. R IV+V 0.85-0.94 × HT II. SIPH with polygonal reticulation over about distal 0.3 of length …..Sitobion breyniae
4Cauda black with 8-16 hairs. Hind tibia with a row of short spine-like hairs on ventral side of basal half. HT I with 3 hairs. ANT PT/BASE 2.5-3.5 …..Aphis eugeniae
Without that combination of characters …..go to key to polyphagous aphids, starting at couplet 24
Brickellia (incl. Kuhnia) Asteraceae
Brickellia eupatorioides Uroleucon atripes
B. grandifloraAphis coreopsidis
B. hebecarpa = B. paniculata
B. leptophylla = B. eupatorioides
B. microphyllaUroleucon nevadense
B. nutanticepsUroleucon mexicanum, paucosensoriatum
B. paniculata Brachycaudus helichrysi
B. veronicifoliaUroleucon erigeronense
Brickellia sp.Uroleucon erigeronense, reynoldense

Key to apterae on Brickellia:-

1SIPH with a distal zone of polygonal reticulation extending over 0.3 or more of length. ANT tubercles rather well developed, their inner faces broadly divergent.….2
SIPH without any polygonal reticulation. ANT tubercles weakly developed or absent .….4
2SIPH 4-6 × cauda. Small aphid, BL 1.1-1.3 mm…..Uroleucon nevadense
SIPH 1.0-2.35 × cauda. BL more than 1.5 mm…..3
3SIPH pale at base, 1.8-2.35 × cauda, which has 6-10 hairs, the most distal 3-4 of which are shorter than the more proximal (lateral) hairs, and often blunt. Tibiae pale or dusky on basal half..…Uroleucon erigeronense
SIPH entirely dark, 1.0-1.8 × cauda which has all hairs pointed. Tibiae uniformly pigmented, brown or black…..4
4 SIPH with polygonal reticulation extending over distal 0.41-0.60 of length…..Uroelucon mexicanum
SIPH with distal polygonal reticulation extending over less than 0.4 of length …..5
5 ABD TERG 2-5 with marginal tubercles (MTu) …..Uroleucon atripes
ABD TERG 2-5 without MTu…..6
6ABD TERG 8 with 4 hairs. SIPH nearly smooth basad of reticulated zone…..Uroleucon paucosensoriatum
ABD TERG 8 with 2 hairs. SIPH eveny spiculated basad of reticulated area…..Uroleucon reynoldense
7Cauda helmet-shaped, not longer than its basal width. SIPH short, conical, pale and smooth ..…Brachycaudus helichrysi
Cauda tongue-shaped, more than twice its basal width. SIPH long and thin, dark and imbricated..…Aphis coreopsidis

BrideliaEuphorbiaceae
Bridelia atroviridis Sitobion sp.
B. bridelifoliaSitobion halli
B. minutifloraGreenideoida elongata
B. mollis [Aphis craccivora]
B. monoica = B. tomentosa
B. ovataAphis (Toxoptera) citricidus; Sinomegoura citricola
B. tomentosaAphis (Toxoptera) citricidus; Greenidea brideliae, fulva;
Greenideoida elongata, fransseni;
Bridelia sp.Aphis gossypii; Schoutedenia ralumensis

Key to species on Bridelia:-

1 SIPH as pores on very broad cones. ABD TERG 7 with a pair of long, pointed, backward projections…..Schoutedenia ralumensis
SIPH tubular. ABD TERG 7 without long projections…..2
2 SIPH with numerous long hairs…..3
SIPH without hairs…..6
3 Antenna 6-segmented, with ANT PT/BASE more than 2.0. SIPH with a reticulate pattern of pale transverse interconnected striae either at base or over most of their length. Cauda with a terminal papilla …..4
Antenna 5-segmented, with ANT PT/BASE about 1.0. SIPH without a reticulate pattern. Cauda semicircular, without a papilla…..5
4SIPH with pale reticulation extending over almost their entire length. Cauda with apical papilla short, not or hardly longer than its width at base. R IV+V less than 1.4 × HT II …..Greenidea brideliae
SIPH with reticulation only at base. Cauda with apical papilla finger-like, more than twice as long as its basal width. R IV+V long and slender, more than 1.9 × HT II …..Greenidea fulva*
5Body 2.5-3.3 × its maximum width. ANT III 2.2-2.7 × ANT IV. SIPH 0.89-1.55 mm long. Dorsum with minute spinules in irregular transverse rows …..Greenideoida elongata
Body 2.0-2.2 × its maximum width. ANT III 1.7-2.0 × ANT IV. SIPH 0.63-0.87 mm long. Dorsum without spinules …..Greenideoida fransseni*
6 Antennal tubercles weakly developed. Cauda tongue-shaped, rounded at apex …..7
Antennal tubercles moderately to well developed. Cauda finger-like, tapering distally …..8
7 Stridulatory apparatus present. Cauda as black as SIPH, with over 20 hairs ….. Aphis (Toxoptera) citricidus
No stridulatory apparatus. Cauda paler than SIPH, with 4-7 hairs …..Aphis gossypii (or try key to polyphagous aphids)
8 SIPH about 0.2 × BL, similar in length to cauda, without any polygonal reticulation …..Sinomegoura citricola
SIPH 0.25-0.35 × BL, clearly longer than cauda, with an subapical zone of polygonal reticulation …..Sitobion halli, Sitobion sp.
BrillantaisiaAcanthaceae
Brillantaisia cicatricosa Myzus ornatus
B. niteus = B. owariensis
B. owariensisAphis gossypii

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

BrizaPoaceae
Briza maximaMetopolophium dirhodum; Sitobion fragariae
B.mediaForda formicaria, marginata; Rhopalosiphum padi;
Sitobion avenae
B. minorMelanaphis pyraria; Rhopalosiphum padi; Sipha maydis;
Sitobion avenae

Use key to apterae of grass-feeding aphids under Digitaria.

Bromopsis see BromusPoaceae
Bromus (including Ceratochloa) Poaceae
Bromus arvensis Anoecia corni; Forda marginata;
Schizaphis dubia, longicaudata, rufula; Sipha maydis;
Tetraneura ulmi
B. berteroanusMetopolophium dirhodum; Rhopalosiphum padi;
Sitobion avenae
B. biebersteiniiSipha flava
B. carinatusDiuraphis mexicana, noxia;
Metopolophium dirhodum, fasciatum;
Rhopalosiphum padi; Utamphorophora bromicola
B. catharticus (incl. Anoecia corni, vagans; Aploneura lentisci;
unioloides, wildenowii) Diuraphis mexicana, noxia; Geoica lucifuga;
Metopolophium chandrani, dirhodum;
Rhopalosiphum maidis, padi, rufiabdominale;
Schizaphis graminum; Sipha maydis;
Sitobion africanum, avenae, fragariae, graminis, miscanthi;
Tetraneura ulmi
B. ciliatusForda marginata; Sitobion fragariae
B. commutatusSchizaphis graminum; Sitobion avenae
B. danthoniaeDiuraphis noxia; Forda hirsuta, marginata, pawlowae;
Geoica utricularia; Tetraneura ulmi
B. diandrus Israelaphis ilharcoi
B. erectusAnoecia furcata; Forda formicaria, marginata, pawlowae;
Metopolophium dirhodum; Rhopalosiphum padi;
Schizaphis graminum; Sipha elegans, maydis;
Sitobion avenae, fragariae
B. gussonei = B. diandrus
B. hordeaceusAnoecia corni, furcata, haupti; Aploneura lentisci;
Diuraphis noxia; Forda formicaria, marginata, pawlowae;
Metopolophium dirhodum, festucae; Rhopalosiphum padi;
Schizaphis graminum; Sipha maydis;
Sitobion avenae, fragariae, miscanthi, paludum;
Tetraneura ulmi
B. inermisAnoecia corni, haupti; [Ceratovacuna korotnevi];
Cryptaphis bromi;
Diuraphis bromicola, frequens, holci;
Forda formicaria, marginata;
Metopolophium dirhodum; Paracletus cimiciformis;
Rhopalosiphum maidis, padi;
Schizaphis graminum; Sipha elegans, maydis;
Sitobion avenae, [Sitobion sp. (Raychaudhuri 1984)];
Tetraneura ulmi
B. japonicusAnoecia corni; Diuraphis bromicola; Forda marginata;
Geoica utricularia;
Paracletus bykovi ssp. uzbekistanicus, cimiciformis;
Rhopalosiphum padi; Schizaphis graminum;
Sitobion akebiae, avenae, fragariae
B. lanceolatusRhopalosiphum padi; Sitobion avenae, fragariae
B. madritensisDiuraphis noxia; Forda formicaria, marginata, riccobonii;
Geoica utricularia; Melanaphis pyraria;
Metopolophium dirhodum; Myzus persicae;
Rhopalosiphum maidis, padi; Schizaphis graminum;
Sipha maydis; Sitobion avenae, fragariae
B. marginatusDiuraphis mexicana, noxia, tritici; Forda marginata;
Sipha flava
B. maximus = B. rigidus
B. mollis = B. hordeaceus
B. nemoralis = B. ramosus
B. oxyodonSitobion avenae
B. polyanthusDiuraphis mexicana
B. porteriSchizaphis graminum
B. proximus var. genuinus Diuraphis mexicana, noxia
B. racemosusMacrosiphum euphorbiae;
Metopolophium dirhodum, festucae cerealium;
Myzus persicae; Rhopalosiphum padi;
Sitobion avenae, fragariae
B. ramosusForda formicaria, marginata; Rhopalosiphum padi;
Sitobion avenae, fragariae
B. rigens = B. scoparius
B. rigidus (incl. maximus) Anoecia haupti; Aploneura lentisci; Baizongia pistaciae;
Diuraphis noxia; Forda formicaria;
Geoica utricularia; Israelaphis carmini, ilharcoi, lambersi;
Melanaphis pyrexia; Metopolophium dirhodum;
Myzus persicae; Rhopalosiphum padi; Schizaphis graminum;
Sipha maydis; Sitobion avenae, fragariae
B. rubensAphis craccivora; Diuraphis noxia
B. scoparius Forda marginata; Geoica utricularia;
Melanaphis pyrarius; Paracletus bykovi; Sipha maydis;
Sitobion avenae; Tetraneura ulmi
B. secalinusDiuraphis bromicola; Rhopalosiphum padi;
Schizaphis graminum; Sitobion avenae
B. squarrosusRhopalosiphum padi; Sitobion lambersi
B. sterilisAnoecia corni; Aploneura lentisci; Atheroides serrulatus;
Baizongia pistaciae; Forda formicaria, marginata;
Geoica utricularia; Hyalopteroides humilis;
Israelaphis ilharcoi; Metopolophium dirhodum;
Paracletus bykovi ssp. uzbekistanicus;
Rhopalosiphoninus latysiphon; Rhopalosiphum padi;
Schizaphis graminum; Sipha elegans;
Sitobion avenae, fragariae;
Tetraneura ulmi
B. tectorumDiuraphis mexicana, noxia; Forda marginata;
Melanaphis pyraria; Paracletus bykovi;
Rhopalosiphum padi; Schizaphis graminum;
Sitobion avenae, fragariae
B. unioloides = B. catharticus
B. variegatusSitobion avenae, fragariae
B. villosus = B. madritensis
B. willdenowii = B. catharticus
Bromus spp.[Aploneura ampelina]; Chaetosiphella tshernavini;
Laingia psammae; Metopolophium albidum

Use key to apterae of grass-feeding aphids under Digitaria.

BrosimumMoraceae
Brosimum gaudichaudii Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii
BroussonettiaMoraceae
Broussonettia kazinoki Aphis gossypii; [Cavariella araliae]
B. papyriferaAphis gossypii; Myzus persicae

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

BrowalliaSolanaceae
Browallia americana Aphis fabae
B. viscosa = B. americana
Browallia sp.Aphis spiraecola

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

BrugmansiaSolanaceae
Brugmansia arborea Myzus persicae; Neomyzus circumflexus
B. ×candidaMacrosiphum euphorbiae
B. sanguineaMyzus persicae
B. suaveolensAulacorthum solani; Myzus persicae;
Neomyzus circumflexus

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

Brunella see PrunellaLamiaceae
BrunelliaBrunelliaceae
Brunellia comocladifolia Neomyzus circumflexus
BrunfelsiaSolanaceae
Brunfelsia americana Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii
B. uniflora[Ceratopemphigus zehntneri]
BrunneraBoraginaceae
Brunnera macrophylla Aphis gossypii; Neomyzus circumflexus
Use key to apterae on Anchusa.
BryaFabaceae
Brya ebenusAphis craccivora
BryanthusEricaceae
Bryanthus empetriformis Macrosiphum opportunisticum
BryoniaCucurbitaceae
Bryonia albaAphis fabae, nasturtii
B. dioicaAphis fabae, gossypii, spiraecola; Macrosiphum euphorbiae
B. rhamnoides (?) Aphis gossypii

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

BryophyllumCrassulaceae
Bryophyllum calycinum = Kalanchoe pinnata
B. delagoense Neomyzus circumflexus
B. pinnatum Aphis gossypii, sedi, [Aphis sp. (Leonard 1972a)];
Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus persicae;
Neomyzus circumflexus
B. proliferumMyzus ornatus; Neomyzus circumflexus
B. waldheimii Aphis gossypii; Myzus persicae

Use key to apterae on Kalanchoe.

BryumBryaceae
Bryum pallensJacksonia papillata
Bryum sp.Muscaphis musci

Use key to moss-feeding aphids under Polytrichum.

Buchanania Anacardiaceae
Buchanania latifolia [Formosaphis micheliae]

BuchenaviaCombretaceae
Buchenavia sp. Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii
BuchneraOrobanchaceae
Buchnera hispida Aphis gossypii
BuddlejaScrophulariaceae
Buddleja asiatica [Aiceona retipennis]; Aphis gossypii
B. brasiliensisMyzus persicae
B. coriaceaMyzus persicae
B. curvifloraAphis spiraecola; Myzus persicae
B. cystisoides (?)Aphis gossypii
B. davidii (incl. var. Aphis craccivora, faabae, verbasci;
nanhoensis) Myzus antirrhinii, ornatus, persicae
B. macrostachya Aphis gossypii
B. madagascariensis Aphis gossypii, spiraecola, verbasci; Myzus persicae;
[Hyalopterus pruni]
B. officinalisAphis gossypii
B. paniculataAphis raji, verbasci
B. variabilis = B. davidii
B. veneniferaAphis spiraecola
Buddleja spp. [Aphis paraverbasci]; Aulacorthum solani;
Brachycaudus helichrysi; [Greenideoidea lutea];
[Mollitrichosiphum nandii]; [Taoia indica]

Key to apterae on Buddleja:-

1R IV+V 1.3-1.9 × cauda and 0.7-1.5 × ANT PT…..2
R IV+V shorter than cauda and 0.2-0.6 × ANT PT …..go to key to polyphagous aphids; specimens from B. davidii running to Myzus persicae are likely to be M. antirrhinii
2SIPH 6-17 × longest lateral abdominal hair (which is 23-51 μm). SIPH (1.8-) 2.0-2.6 × cauda, and 1.1-1.75 × R IV+V. ANT PT 5.9-15 × longest lateral abdominal hair. ANT PT/BASE 1.85-2.75, only less than 2.1 in large specimens with BASE VI at least 0.125 mm. ABD TERG 1 and 7 consistently with marginal tubercles (MTu). (Al. with 12-32 secondary rhinaria on ANT III and 1-10 on IV) …..Aphis verbasci
SIPH 1.8-2.7 × longest lateral abdominal hair (which is 78-103 μm). SIPH 1.2-2.0 (-2.4) × cauda, and 0.6-1.15 × R IV+V. ANT PT 1.5-2.4 × longest lateral abdominal hair. ANT PT/BASE 1.1-2.0. ABD TERG 1 with MTu, but ABD TERG 7 often without. (Al. with 4-9 secondary rhinaria on ANT III, and 0 on IV)…..Aphis raji
BufoniaCaryophyllaceae
Bufonia macropetala Macrosiphum euphorbiae
BuglossoidesBoraginaceae
Buglossoides arvensis Aphis craccivora; Brachycaudus cardui
B. purpureocaerulea Aulacorthum solani; Myzus persicae
B. tenuiflora[Anuraphis lithospermi Rusanova 1942 (nomen nudum)]

Key to apterae on Buglossoides:-

Dorsum with an extensive dark sclerotic shield. Spiracular apertures large and rounded. Mesosternum with a pair of dark mammariform processes …..Brachycaudus cardui
Without that combination of characters; if dorsum has extensive dark sclerotisation then spiracular apertures are small and reniform. No mesosternal processes …..go to key to polyphagous aphids
BulbineAsphodelaceae
Bulbine alooides Macrosiphum euphorbiae
Bulbine spp.Aphis gossypii

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

BulbinellaAsphodelaceae
Bulbinella sp.Myzus persicae
BulbophyllumOrchidaceae
Bulbophyllum sp. Cerataphis orchidearum
BulbostylisCyperaceae
Bulbostylis hispidula Aphis gossypii
BulnesiaZygophyllaceae
Bulnesia retamo Aphis craccivora
BunchosiaMalpighiaceae
Bunchosia lanceolata = B. lindeniana
B. lindenianaMyzus persicae
BuniasBrassicaceae
Bunias erucagoBrevicoryne brassicae
BuniumApiaceae
Bunium capusii [Cavariella aegopodii]
B. persicumCavariella [aegopodii], bunii; [Rhopalomyzus narzikulovi]
B. setosum (?setaceum) [Brachyunguis flexosiphon]; [Cavariella aegopodii];
Dysaphis foeniculus;
Hyadaphis coriandri, haplophylli;
Semiaphis anthrisci, dauci, horvathi
Bunium sp.Dysaphis bunii; Hyadaphis coerulescens

Key to apterae on Bunium:-

1SIPH very small and flangeless, only c.0.5 × cauda or less, with apex curved towards midline…..2
SIPH at least 0.6 × cauda…..4
2ANT PT/BASE 2.5-3.5…..Semiaphis anthrisci
ANT PT/BASE 1.6-2.5…..3
3 Well-developed flat marginal tubercles (MTu) usually present on prothorax and ABD TERG 1-5, mostly much larger than spiracular apertures, and spinal tubercles (STu) usually present on ABD TERG 5-7…..Semiaphis horvathi
ANT PT/BASE 2.5-3.5. MTu and STu irregularly present, MTu rarely larger than the spiracular apertures, except on ABD TERG 5…..Semiaphis dauci
4Cauda helmet-shaped, not longer than its basal width. SIPH dark, tapering ….5
Cauda tongue-shaped, distinctly longer than its basal width. SIPH pale or dark, clavate or with some swelling…..6
5Pronotum with a pair of pleural hairs close to the posterior border …..Dysaphis bunii*
Pronotum without a pair of pleural hairs…..Dysaphis foeniculus
6ABD TERG 8 with a backwardly-pointing supracaudal process. ANT PT/BASE about 1.1 ..…Cavariella bunii*
No supracaudal process. ANT PT/BASE more than 1.5..…7
7SIPH short and stumpy, less than 0.1 × BL..…Hyadaphis coriandri
SIPH swollen or clavate, more than 0.1 × BL..…8
8ANT PT/BASE 2.4-3.3. R IV+V 0.9-1.1 × HT II ..…Hyadaphis coerulescens
ANT PT/BASE 1.8-2.2. R IV+V 0.5-0.7 × HT II..…Hyadaphis haplophylli
BuphthalmumAsteraceae
Buphthalmum salicifolium Brachycaudus helichrysi; Capitophorus inulae
Buphthalmum sp. Aulacorthum solani

Key to apterae on Buphthalmum:-

Dorsal hairs thick and capitate. ANT PT/BASE 5.5-9.5 …..Capitophorus inulae
Dorsal hairs pointed or inconspicuous. ANT PT/BASE less than 5.5 …..go to key to polyphagous aphids
BupleurumApiaceae
Bupleurum aureum Aphis bupleuri, [ fabae], talgarica; Hyadaphis bupleuri;
Macrosiphum bupleuri, gei;
Semiaphis anthrisci, dauci, sphondylii
B. baldenseAphis bupleuri
B. czimganicum = B. falcatum ssp. cernuum
B. euphorbioides Semiaphis heraclei
B. exaltatum = B. falcatum ssp. cernuum
B. falcatum (incl. ssp. cernuum) Aphis bupleuri;
Hyadaphis agabiformis, bupleuri
B. fruticosumAphis caroliboerneri; Cavariella aegopodii]
B. krylovianumAphis talgarica; Semiaphis sphondylii
B. linearifolium = B. falcatum ssp. cernuum
B. longifoliumAphis funitecta, talgarica;
Macrosiphum bupleuri, cholodkovskyi;
Semiaphis anthrisci
B. multinerveAphis funitecta, talgarica; Semiaphis sphondylii
B. praealtumAphis bupleuri
B. ranunculoides Aphis bupleuri
B. rigidumAphis caroliboerneri
B. rossicum = B. falcatum
B. scorzonerifolium Aphis bupleuri; Hyadaphis mongolica
B. stellatumSemiaphis sp. (Switzerland, BMNH colln, leg. Stäger)
Bupleurum sp.Hyadaphis bupleuriphila;
Semiaphis sp. (France, BMNH colln, leg. G. Remaudière)

Key to aphids on Bupleurum:-

1ANT tubercles well developed, divergent. SIPH very long with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation…..2
ANT tubercles absent or weakly developed. SIPH without subapical reticulation …..4
2R IV+V 0.70-0.79 × HT II…..Macrosiphum bupleuri
R IV+V 0.8-1.2 × HT II…..3
3ANT IV 1.0-1.4 × ANT V. ANT III 4.9-6.9 × BASE VI and 0.85-1.25 × PT. Anterior part (“disc”) of subgenital plate bearing 2-7 hairs (usually 2-3) .….Macrosiphum cholodkovskyi
ANT IV 0.9-1.1 × ANT V. ANT III 4.0-5.2 × BASE VI and 0.70-1.1 × PT. Anterior part of subgenital plate with 2-12 (usually 5-6) hairs..…Macrosiphum gei
4SIPH not swollen. If marginal tubercles (MTu) are present at all then they occur on ABD TERG 1 and 7..…5
SIPH with distinct swelling. If MTu are present then they are on ABD TERG 2-4 (-6) never on ABD TERG 1 and 7..…8
5ANT (of apt.) usually without secondary rhinaria…..6
ANT III-IV (-V) (of apt.) with secondary rhinaria……7
6ANT PT/BASE 2.0-2.2. SIPH 0.56-0.77 × cauda, which bears 5-8 hairs. (Al. with secondary rhinaria distributed ANT III 7-16, IV 1-5, V 0-3)..…Aphis caroliboerneri
ANT PT/BASE 1.35-1.45. SIPH 0.47-0.53× cauda, which bears c.11-12 hairs. (Al. unknown)…..Aphis talgarica
7SIPH very short, 0.6-0.7 × HT II. MTu on ABD TERG 1 and 7 very small, or absent. (Al. with rhinaria distributed ANT III 54-67, IV 32-40, V 14-18) ..…Aphis funitecta
SIPH 0.8-1.1 × HT II. Large MTu present on ABD TERG 1 and 7. (Al. with secondary rhinaria distrubuted ANT III 28-41, IV 13-15, V 0-10).….Aphis bupleuri
8SIPH very small and flangeless, only c.0.5 × cauda or less, with apex curved towards midline. ANT PT/BASE more than 1.5…..Semiaphis sp(p).
SIPH at least 0.6 × cauda, if shorter than cauda then ANT PT/BASE less than 1 …..9
9SIPH clearly shorter than (about 0.75 ×) cauda. ANT PT/BASE less than 1 …..Hyadaphis agabiformis
SIPH 0.9-1.25 × cauda. ANT PT/BASE more than 1..…10
10Dorsum sclerotic, with strongly impressed reticulate sculpturing …..Hyadaphis mongolica
Dorsum membranous or only lightly sclerotised, variably reticulated, not strongly impressed…..11
11SIPH and cauda dark (dusky in hot weather dwarfs). R IV+V 0.45-0.6 × HT II. SIPH 0.95-1.25 × cauda. ANT PT/BASE 0.8-2.4..…Hyadaphis bupleuri
SIPH and cauda pale. R IV+V 0.75-1.02 × HT II. SIPH 1.27-1.67× cauda. ANT PT/BASE 2.1-3.8..…Hyadaphis bupleuriphila
BursariaPittosporaceae
Bursaria spinosa Aphis gossypii; Brachycaudus helichrysi
(incl. vars incana, inermis)
Use key to polyphagous aphids.
BurseraBurseraceae
Bursera simaruba Aphis aurantii, craccivora, gossypii, spiraecola

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

ButeaFabaceae
Butea frondosa = B. monosperma
B. minor (?)Brachycaudus helichrysi
B. monospermaAphis aurantii, craccivora, gossypii

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

Butia Arecaceae
Butia capitataCerataphis brasiliensis
B. eriospathaCerataphis brasiliensis

Use key to apterae on palms under Calamus.

ButomusButomaceae
Butomus umbellatus Aphis nasturtii; Macrosiphum euphorbiae;
Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae

Key to apterae on Butomus:-

1ANT tubercles well developed, with inner faces divergent. SIPH mainly pale, 0.25-0.35 × BL, cylindrical on distal half and with a subapical zone of polygonal reticulation ..…Macrosiphum euphorbiae
ANT tubercles weakly developed. SIPH about 0.2 × BL, without polygonal reticulation …..2
2SIPH pale or only dark at apices, cylindrical or tapering. Dorsum without bead-like spinules …..Aphis nasturtii
SIPH dusky or dark, swollen on distal half. Dorsal cuticle with a reticulate pattern of bead-like spinules..…Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae
(or try key to polyphagous aphids)
BuxusBuxaceae
Buxus harlandiiMyzus persicae
B. liukiuensisSinomegoura citricola
B. sempervirensAphis aurantii, fabae, spiraecola;
Myzus persicae; Protaphis middletonii;
B. sinicaAphis (Toxoptera) citricidus
B. wallichiana[Amphicercidus tuberculatus]
Buxus spp.[Taiwanaphis decaspermi]; [Macrosiphum rosae]

Use key to polyphagous aphids.

ByttneriaMalvaceae
Byttneria bilobaAphis (Toxoptera) aurantii